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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book#" >  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//d33xdlntwy0kbs.cloudfront.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//scholar.google.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="Full Text (PDF)" href="/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1.full.pdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/plain" title="Full Text (Plain)" href="/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1.full.txt" /> <meta name="type" content="article" /> <meta name="category" content="article" /> <meta name="HW.identifier" content="/biorxiv/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.26.461876.atom" /> <meta name="HW.pisa" content="biorxiv;2021.09.26.461876v1" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" content="A structural biology community assessment of AlphaFold 2 applications" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1101/2021.09.26.461876" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="2021-09-26" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" /> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2021, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International), CC BY 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" /> <meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="Most proteins fold into 3D structures that determine how they function and orchestrate the biological processes of the cell. Recent developments in computational methods have led to protein structure predictions that have reached the accuracy of experimentally determined models. While this has been independently verified, the implementation of these methods across structural biology applications remains to be tested. Here, we evaluate the use of AlphaFold 2 (AF2) predictions in the study of characteristic structural elements; the impact of missense variants; function and ligand binding site predictions; modelling of interactions; and modelling of experimental structural data. For 11 proteomes, an average of 25% additional residues can be confidently modelled when compared to homology modelling, identifying structural features rarely seen in the PDB. AF2-based predictions of protein disorder and protein complexes surpass state-of-the-art tools and AF2 models can be used across diverse applications equally well compared to experimentally determined structures, when the confidence metrics are critically considered. In summary, we find that these advances are likely to have a transformative impact in structural biology and broader life science research. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest." /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mehmet Akdel" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Douglas E V Pires" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Eduard Porta Pardo" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Jürgen Jänes" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arthur O Zalevsky" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bálint Mészáros" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Patrick Bryant" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Lydia L. Good" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Roman A Laskowski" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Gabriele Pozzati" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Aditi Shenoy" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Wensi Zhu" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Petras Kundrotas" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Victoria Ruiz Serra" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Carlos H M Rodrigues" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alistair S Dunham" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="David Burke" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Neera Borkakoti" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sameer Velankar" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Adam Frost" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kresten Lindorff-Larsen" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alfonso Valencia" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sergey Ovchinnikov" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Janani Durairaj" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="David B Ascher" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Janet M Thornton" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Norman E Davey" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Amelie Stein" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Arne Elofsson" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Tristan I Croll" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Pedro Beltrao" /> <meta name="article:published_time" content="2021-09-26" /> <meta name="article:section" content="New Results" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="A structural biology community assessment of AlphaFold 2 applications" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Most proteins fold into 3D structures that determine how they function and orchestrate the biological processes of the cell. Recent developments in computational methods have led to protein structure predictions that have reached the accuracy of experimentally determined models. While this has been independently verified, the implementation of these methods across structural biology applications remains to be tested. Here, we evaluate the use of AlphaFold 2 (AF2) predictions in the study of characteristic structural elements; the impact of missense variants; function and ligand binding site predictions; modelling of interactions; and modelling of experimental structural data. For 11 proteomes, an average of 25% additional residues can be confidently modelled when compared to homology modelling, identifying structural features rarely seen in the PDB. AF2-based predictions of protein disorder and protein complexes surpass state-of-the-art tools and AF2 models can be used across diverse applications equally well compared to experimentally determined structures, when the confidence metrics are critically considered. In summary, we find that these advances are likely to have a transformative impact in structural biology and broader life science research.</p>" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="bioRxiv" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_mjid" content="biorxiv;2021.09.26.461876v1" /> <meta name="citation_id" content="2021.09.26.461876v1" /> <meta name="citation_public_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1.abstract" /> <meta name="citation_full_html_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1.full" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.26.461876.full.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1101/2021.09.26.461876" /> <meta name="citation_num_pages" content="34" /> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article" /> <meta name="citation_section" content="New Results" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2021.09.26.461876" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mehmet Akdel" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Bioinformatics Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6092-3494" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Douglas E V Pires" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Systems and Computational Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-2119" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Eduard Porta Pardo" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC)" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-4239" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jürgen Jänes" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2540-1236" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Arthur O Zalevsky" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-8119" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bálint Mészáros" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Molecular Biology Laboratory" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-4449" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Patrick Bryant" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Dep of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Science for Life Laboratory" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3439-1866" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lydia L. 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A. 117, 1496–1503." /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="A structural biology community assessment of AlphaFold 2 applications" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@biorxivpreprint" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/biorxiv_logo_homepage7-5-small.png" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Most proteins fold into 3D structures that determine how they function and orchestrate the biological processes of the cell. Recent developments in computational methods have led to protein structure predictions that have reached the accuracy of experimentally determined models. While this has been independently verified, the implementation of these methods across structural biology applications remains to be tested. Here, we evaluate the use of AlphaFold 2 (AF2) predictions in the study of characteristic structural elements; the impact of missense variants; function and ligand binding site predictions; modelling of interactions; and modelling of experimental structural data. For 11 proteomes, an average of 25% additional residues can be confidently modelled when compared to homology modelling, identifying structural features rarely seen in the PDB. AF2-based predictions of protein disorder and protein complexes surpass state-of-the-art tools and AF2 models can be used across diverse applications equally well compared to experimentally determined structures, when the confidence metrics are critically considered. In summary, we find that these advances are likely to have a transformative impact in structural biology and broader life science research. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest." /> <meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="A structural biology community assessment of AlphaFold 2 applications" /> <meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1" /> <meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="bioRxiv" /> <meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="Most proteins fold into 3D structures that determine how they function and orchestrate the biological processes of the cell. Recent developments in computational methods have led to protein structure predictions that have reached the accuracy of experimentally determined models. While this has been independently verified, the implementation of these methods across structural biology applications remains to be tested. Here, we evaluate the use of AlphaFold 2 (AF2) predictions in the study of characteristic structural elements; the impact of missense variants; function and ligand binding site predictions; modelling of interactions; and modelling of experimental structural data. For 11 proteomes, an average of 25% additional residues can be confidently modelled when compared to homology modelling, identifying structural features rarely seen in the PDB. AF2-based predictions of protein disorder and protein complexes surpass state-of-the-art tools and AF2 models can be used across diverse applications equally well compared to experimentally determined structures, when the confidence metrics are critically considered. In summary, we find that these advances are likely to have a transformative impact in structural biology and broader life science research. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest." /> <meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/biorxiv_logo_homepage7-5-small.png" /> <meta name="citation_date" content="2021-09-26" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" title="Powerpoint" href="/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1.ppt" /> <meta name="description" content="bioRxiv - the preprint server for biology, operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a research and educational institution" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/node/2175507" /> 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class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node2175507" data-node-nid="2175507" id="node-2175507--21399703844" data-pisa="biorxiv;2021.09.26.461876v1" data-pisa-master="biorxiv;2021.09.26.461876" data-apath="/biorxiv/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.26.461876.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-biorxiv-article-top clearfix has-author-tooltip" > <span class="biorxiv-article-type"> New Results </span> <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">A structural biology community assessment of AlphaFold 2 applications</h1> <div class="highwire-cite-authors" ><span class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="0"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6092-3494" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Mehmet</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Akdel</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="1"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-2119" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Douglas E V</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pires</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="2"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-4239" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Eduard</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Porta Pardo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="3"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2540-1236" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Jürgen</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jänes</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="4"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-8119" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Arthur O</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zalevsky</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="5"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-4449" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Bálint</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mészáros</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="6"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3439-1866" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Patrick</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Bryant</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="7"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-8542" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Lydia L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Good</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="8"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5528-0087" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Roman A</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Laskowski</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="9"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-9939" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Gabriele</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pozzati</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="10"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-2501" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Aditi</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shenoy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Wensi</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="12"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5080-1664" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Petras</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kundrotas</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="13"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0514" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Victoria</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ruiz Serra</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">Carlos H M</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rodrigues</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="15"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-3025" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Alistair S</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dunham</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="16"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8830-3951" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">David</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Burke</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="17"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-1490" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Neera</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Borkakoti</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sameer</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Velankar</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="19"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2231-2577" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Adam</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Frost</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="20"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4750-6039" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Kresten</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lindorff-Larsen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21"><span class="nlm-given-names">Alfonso</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Valencia</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="22"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2774-2744" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Sergey</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ovchinnikov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="23"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-4556" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Janani</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Durairaj</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="24"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-2413" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">David B</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ascher</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="25"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-4096" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Janet M</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Thornton</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="26"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-4850" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Norman E</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Davey</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="27"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-1681" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Amelie</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stein</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="28"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-9751" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Arne</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Elofsson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="29"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3514-8377" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Tristan I</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Croll</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="30"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-7703" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-orcid hw-icon-color-orcid"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">View ORCID Profile</span></a><span class="nlm-given-names">Pedro</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Beltrao</span></span></span></div> <div class="highwire-cite-metadata" ><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">doi:</span> https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876 </span></div> </div> <div id="hw-article-author-popups-node-2175507--21399703844" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Mehmet Akdel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>1</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Bioinformatics Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research</span>, <span class='nlm-country'>Netherlands</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Mehmet%2BAkdel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Akdel%20M&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on 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href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Douglas%2BE%2BV%2BPires%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pires%20DE&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ADouglas%2BE%2BV%2BPires%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-2119" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Douglas E V Pires</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Eduard Porta Pardo </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>3</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC)</span>, Badalona, <span class='nlm-country'>Spain</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>4</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Eduard%2BPorta%2BPardo%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Porta%20Pardo%20E&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a 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of Biology, University of Copenhagen</span>, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, <span class='nlm-country'>Denmark</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Kresten%2BLindorff-Larsen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lindorff-Larsen%20K&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AKresten%2BLindorff-Larsen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4750-6039" target="_blank" class="" 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href="/search/author1%3AAlfonso%2BValencia%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-22"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Sergey Ovchinnikov </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>11</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Division of Science, Harvard University</span>, Cambridge, MA 02138</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Sergey%2BOvchinnikov%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ovchinnikov%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ASergey%2BOvchinnikov%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2774-2744" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Sergey Ovchinnikov</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-23"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Janani Durairaj </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>12</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Biozentrum, University of Basel</span>, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, <span class='nlm-country'>Switzerland</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Janani%2BDurairaj%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Durairaj%20J&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJanani%2BDurairaj%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-4556" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Janani Durairaj</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-24"><div class="author-tooltip-name">David B Ascher </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>2</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Systems and Computational Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne</span>, Melbourne, Victoria, <span class='nlm-country'>Australia</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=David%2BB%2BAscher%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ascher%20DB&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ADavid%2BB%2BAscher%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-2413" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for David B Ascher</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-25"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Janet M Thornton </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>5</span><span class='nlm-institution'>European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)</span>, Cambridge, <span class='nlm-country'>UK</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Janet%2BM%2BThornton%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Thornton%20JM&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJanet%2BM%2BThornton%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-4096" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Janet M Thornton</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-26"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Norman E Davey </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>13</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Institute of Cancer Research</span>, London, <span class='nlm-country'>UK</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Norman%2BE%2BDavey%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Davey%20NE&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ANorman%2BE%2BDavey%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-4850" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Norman E Davey</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-27"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Amelie Stein </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>9</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen</span>, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, <span class='nlm-country'>Denmark</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Amelie%2BStein%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Stein%20A&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AAmelie%2BStein%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-1681" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Amelie Stein</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-28"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Arne Elofsson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>8</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Dep of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Science for Life Laboratory</span>, 17121 Solna, <span class='nlm-country'>Sweden</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Arne%2BElofsson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Elofsson%20A&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AArne%2BElofsson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-9751" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Arne Elofsson</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-29"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Tristan I Croll </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>14</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, The University of Cambridge</span>, Cambridge, <span class='nlm-country'>UK</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Tristan%2BI%2BCroll%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Croll%20TI&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ATristan%2BI%2BCroll%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3514-8377" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Tristan I Croll</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-30"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Pedro Beltrao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>5</span><span class='nlm-institution'>European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)</span>, Cambridge, <span class='nlm-country'>UK</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Pedro%2BBeltrao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Beltrao%20P&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3APedro%2BBeltrao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-7703" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Pedro Beltrao</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="mailto:alfonso.valencia@bsc.es" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">alfonso.valencia@bsc.es</a> <a href="mailto:so@fas.harvard.edu" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">so@fas.harvard.edu</a> <a href="mailto:janani.durairaj@gmail.com" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">janani.durairaj@gmail.com</a> <a href="mailto:david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">david.ascher@unimelb.edu.au</a> <a href="mailto:thornton@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">thornton@ebi.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:norman.davey@icr.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">norman.davey@icr.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">amelie.stein@bio.ku.dk</a> <a href="mailto:arne@bioinfo.se" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">arne@bioinfo.se</a> <a href="mailto:tic20@cam.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">tic20@cam.ac.uk</a> <a href="mailto:pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">pbeltrao@ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="item-list"><ul class="tabs inline panels-ajax-tab"><li class="first"><a href="/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461876v1" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="biorxiv_tab_art" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:2175507" data-trigger="" data-url-enabled="1">Abstract</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:2175507/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li><li><a 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Recent developments in computational methods have led to protein structure predictions that have reached the accuracy of experimentally determined models. While this has been independently verified, the implementation of these methods across structural biology applications remains to be tested. Here, we evaluate the use of AlphaFold 2 (AF2) predictions in the study of characteristic structural elements; the impact of missense variants; function and ligand binding site predictions; modelling of interactions; and modelling of experimental structural data. For 11 proteomes, an average of 25% additional residues can be confidently modelled when compared to homology modelling, identifying structural features rarely seen in the PDB. AF2-based predictions of protein disorder and protein complexes surpass state-of-the-art tools and AF2 models can be used across diverse applications equally well compared to experimentally determined structures, when the confidence metrics are critically considered. In summary, we find that these advances are likely to have a transformative impact in structural biology and broader life science research.</p></div><h3>Competing Interest Statement</h3><p id="p-4">The authors have declared no competing interest.</p><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-biorxiv-copyright" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="field field-name-field-highwire-copyright field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Copyright </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.<span class="license-type"> It is made available under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">CC-BY 4.0 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class="highwire-cite-authors" ><span class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Mehmet</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Akdel</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Douglas E V</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pires</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Eduard</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Porta Pardo</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Jürgen</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jänes</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Arthur O</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zalevsky</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Bálint</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mészáros</span></span>, <span 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