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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vormen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vormen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verklaringen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verklaringen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verklaringen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verklaringen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_cultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_cultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Moderne cultuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_cultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stigmata (religie)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 49 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ستيغماتا – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيغماتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Стигмата – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стигмата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(religi%C3%B3)" title="Estigma (religió) – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estigma (religió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisering" title="Stigmatisering – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stigmatisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisation" title="Stigmatisation – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stigmatisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_(%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Στίγματα (Χριστιανισμός) – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στίγματα (Χριστιανισμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmato" title="Stigmato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stigmato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(milagro)" title="Estigma (milagro) – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estigma (milagro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(erlijioa)" title="Estigma (erlijioa) – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estigma (erlijioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="استیگماتا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیگماتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisaatio" title="Stigmatisaatio – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stigmatisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmates" title="Stigmates – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stigmates" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiogmata" title="Stiogmata – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stiogmata" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(milagre)" title="Estigma (milagre) – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estigma (milagre)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%94" title="סטיגמטה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיגמטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(rana)" title="Stigma (rana) – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stigma (rana)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma" title="Stigma – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stigma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիգմատներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիգմատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmate" title="Stigmate – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stigmate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%97%95" title="聖痕 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖痕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%ED%9D%94" title="성흔 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성흔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(religio)" title="Stigma (religio) – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stigma (religio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ACgmate" title="Stìgmate – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stìgmate" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma" title="Stigma – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stigma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Стигма – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стигма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygmat_(religia)" title="Stygmat (religia) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stygmat (religia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(fen%C3%B4meno)" title="Estigma (fenômeno) – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estigma (fenômeno)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmate" title="Stigmate – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stigmate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Стигматы – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стигматы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(rana)" title="Stigma (rana) – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stigma (rana)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatiz%C3%A1cia" title="Stigmatizácia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stigmatizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigme" title="Stigme – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stigme" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Стигма (рана) – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стигма (рана)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisering_(religion)" title="Stigmatisering (religion) – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stigmatisering (religion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonda_matakatifu" title="Madonda matakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madonda matakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="สติกมาตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สติกมาตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Стигмати – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стигмати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="اسٹگماٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹگماٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Dấu Thánh – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Rumoldasterfbed.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rumoldasterfbed.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Rumoldasterfbed.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rumoldasterfbed.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Rumoldasterfbed.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rumoldasterfbed.tif/lossy-page1-520px-Rumoldasterfbed.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zuster_Rumolda" title="Zuster Rumolda">Zuster Rumolda</a> op haar doodsbed met op haar handen de stigmata, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>In de religieuze betekenis zijn <b>stigmata</b> (<a href="/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks">Oudgrieks</a>: <span lang="grc" title="Oudgrieks">στίγματα</span>, meervoud van <span lang="grc" title="Oudgrieks">στίγμα</span>, <i>stigma</i>: merk of brandmerk) rode plekken, <a href="/wiki/Zweer" title="Zweer">zweren</a> of al dan niet <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloedende</a> <a href="/wiki/Verwonding" title="Verwonding">wonden</a> die optreden bij <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christelijke</a> gelovigen en wel op die plekken van het lichaam waar, volgens de <a href="/wiki/Bijbel_(christendom)" title="Bijbel (christendom)">Bijbel</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Iconografie" title="Iconografie">iconografie</a>, verwondingen werden toegebracht aan het lichaam van <a href="/wiki/Jezus_Christus_(traditioneel-christelijk_benaderd)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezus Christus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)">Jezus</a> voor en tijdens zijn <a href="/wiki/Kruisiging" title="Kruisiging">kruisiging</a>. Het "ontvangen" van de stigmata wordt <i>stigmatisatie</i> genoemd. Soms wordt in plaats van het woord stigmata ook de term 'kruiswonden' of 'de wond(er)tekenen Gods' gebruikt. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vormen">Vormen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vormen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vormen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er zijn vele meldingen van stigmata, die verschillende vormen kunnen aannemen: aan de handen en/of voeten, een wond in de zijde (door de lans van de <a href="/wiki/Romeinen_(volk)" title="Romeinen (volk)">Romeinse</a> soldaat) en hoofdwonden (ten gevolge van de <a href="/wiki/Doornenkroon_(kroon_van_takken)" title="Doornenkroon (kroon van takken)">doornenkroon</a>). Sommigen denken dat gevallen van stigmata duiden op een <a href="/wiki/Wonder" title="Wonder">wonder</a>, terwijl ook gevallen van <a href="/wiki/Oplichterij" class="mw-redirect" title="Oplichterij">oplichterij</a> bekend zijn. </p><p>Bij 'authentiek' gestigmatiseerden is veelal sprake van een elke vrijdagmiddag terugkerend <a href="/wiki/Fenomeen" title="Fenomeen">fenomeen</a> van het lichamelijk en geestelijk mee doormaken van het lijden van <a href="/wiki/Jezus_(traditioneel-christelijk)" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk)">Christus</a>, korte tijd waarna de wonden zich weer oppervlakkig sluiten. Jezus had zijn lijdensuren namelijk ook op een vrijdagmiddag en wel van het jaar 30 of -traditioneel- het jaar 33. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg/260px-Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg/390px-Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg/520px-Domenico_Beccafumi_071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>De stigmatisatie van <a href="/wiki/Catharina_van_Siena" title="Catharina van Siena">Catharina van Siena</a>, door <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Beccafumi" title="Domenico Beccafumi">Domenico Beccafumi</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Padre-Pio-young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Padre-Pio-young.jpg/260px-Padre-Pio-young.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Padre-Pio-young.jpg/390px-Padre-Pio-young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Padre-Pio-young.jpg/520px-Padre-Pio-young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>De jonge <a href="/wiki/Pater_Pio" title="Pater Pio">pater Pio</a> toont zijn stigmata (detail van een foto genomen op 19 augustus 1919) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Door de eeuwen hebben zich meer dan 500 gevallen van stigmatisatie voorgedaan. </p><p>Het eerst gedocumenteerde, maar door het <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Curie" title="Romeinse Curie">Vaticaan</a> niet als stigmata erkende, geval deed zich voor in het jaar <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>. Tijdens een synode in Oseney nabij <a href="/wiki/Oxford_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Oxford (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> werd een jongeman veroordeeld die zichzelf had laten kruisigen om op die wijze de kruiswonden te krijgen en zich vervolgens zich tot <a href="/wiki/Incarnatie" title="Incarnatie">incarnatie</a> van Jezus te verklaren. <a href="/wiki/Aartsbisschop" title="Aartsbisschop">Aartsbisschop</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a> liet de man levenslang opsluiten op water en brood in de Banbury gevangenis. </p><p>Twee jaar later, in <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>, kreeg <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_van_Assisi" title="Franciscus van Assisi">Franciscus van Assisi</a> tijdens een gebedsmeditatie in <a href="/wiki/La_Verna" class="mw-redirect" title="La Verna">La Verna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>) dezelfde wonden in handen, voeten en zijde. In de daaropvolgende eeuw volgden er nog veel gestigmatiseerden, onder wie <a href="/wiki/Birgitta_van_Zweden_(heilige)" title="Birgitta van Zweden (heilige)">Birgitta van Zweden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Catharina_van_Siena" title="Catharina van Siena">Catharina van Siena</a>. In België kent men nog <a href="/wiki/Maria_van_Oignies" title="Maria van Oignies">Maria van Oignies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_van_Spalbeek" title="Elisabeth van Spalbeek">Elisabeth van Spalbeek</a>, een zuster uit de <a href="/wiki/Abdij_van_Herkenrode" title="Abdij van Herkenrode">abdij van Herkenrode</a>. Bekende Nederlandse <a href="/wiki/Mysticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticus">mysticae</a> uit de late middeleeuwen zijn <a href="/wiki/Geertrui_van_Oosten" title="Geertrui van Oosten">Geertrui van Oosten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Liduina_van_Schiedam" title="Liduina van Schiedam">Liduina van Schiedam</a>. </p><p>In de 19de en begin 20e eeuw treedt een algehele heropleving van het fenomeen op, ook in de <a href="/wiki/Lage_landen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lage landen">lage landen</a>, en dan met name bij vrouwen. Bekende stigmatici uit deze periode zijn achtereenvolgens <a href="/wiki/Anna_Catharina_Emmerich" title="Anna Catharina Emmerich">Anna Catharina Emmerich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Visser" title="Dorothea Visser">Dorothea Visser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Lateau" title="Louise Lateau">Louise Lateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theresia_van_Lisieux" title="Theresia van Lisieux">Theresia van Lisieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuster_Rumolda" title="Zuster Rumolda">Maria van Beek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pater_Pio" title="Pater Pio">Padre Pio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Van_Den_Dijck" title="Leonie Van Den Dijck">Leonie Van Den Dijck</a> en <a href="/wiki/Janske_Gorissen" title="Janske Gorissen">Janske Gorissen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verklaringen">Verklaringen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verklaringen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verklaringen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In zijn artikel <i>Hospitality and Pain</i> beschrijft de christelijke <a href="/wiki/Theoloog" title="Theoloog">theoloog</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a> het ontstaan van stigmata als volgt: "Compassie met Christus... het <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">geloof</a> is zo sterk en diep ingeworteld dat de gelovige de intense pijn van de <a href="/wiki/Kruisiging" title="Kruisiging">kruisiging</a> zelf ervaart". Volgens Illich kan stigmatisatie zich dus voordoen bij iemand die exceptioneel sterk gelooft en een immense drang heeft zich te identificeren met (de <a href="/wiki/Iconografie" title="Iconografie">iconografie</a> van) het lijden van Christus. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg/150px-Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg/225px-Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg/300px-Hans_Natonek_Therese_Neumann_1927_Einband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Een kritisch opstel van de Tsjechische journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Hans_Natonek" class="extiw" title="w:de:Hans Natonek">Hans Natonek</a> in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>De plaats en aard van de stigmata verwijzen naar de bloedingen uit de handen en voeten van Jezus toen hij aan het kruis werd genageld. Volgens sommigen kan dit echter geen verband hebben met de kruisiging omdat de handen <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomisch</a> niet geschikt zijn om bij een kruisiging het lichaamsgewicht te dragen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderzijds is het ook mogelijk dat de gangbare afbeelding van de kruisiging van Jezus niet overeenstemt met de historische werkelijkheid waarbij touwen werden gebruikt om de armen aan de dwarsbalk vast te binden en spijkers in de handen werden gedreven om te voorkomen dat een gekruisigde zijn armen uit de touwen kon bevrijden. </p><p>Er zijn in de geschiedenis gevallen bekend waarbij mensen met stigmata toegaven deze wonden aan zichzelf toegebracht te hebben. Zo gaf Magdalena de la Cruz (1487-1560) toe dat zij iedereen bedrogen had. Een dergelijke vorm van <a href="/wiki/Zelfverminking" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelfverminking">zelfverminking</a> wordt wel in verband gebracht met een <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrische_aandoening" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrische aandoening">psychiatrische aandoening</a> zoals het <a href="/wiki/Syndroom_van_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Syndroom van Münchhausen">syndroom van Münchhausen</a>. Mensen die hier aan lijden pijnigen zichzelf of simuleren een <a href="/wiki/Ziekte" title="Ziekte">ziekte</a> in de hoop in het <a href="/wiki/Ziekenhuis" title="Ziekenhuis">ziekenhuis</a> te geraken, waardoor ze worden voorzien van aandacht en zorg. Anderen bootsen de stigmata na in de wetenschap dat sommigen met deze aandoening <a href="/wiki/Heiligverklaring" title="Heiligverklaring">heilig verklaard</a> zijn door de <a href="/wiki/Paus" title="Paus">Paus</a>. Op die manier pogen ze erkenning te vergaren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_cultuur">Moderne cultuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Moderne cultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Moderne cultuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Britse schrijver <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(schrijver)" title="Ian Wilson (schrijver)">Ian Wilson</a> voert geregeld gestigmatiseerden op en ook op het witte doek zijn ze een populair onderwerp: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_God" title="Agnes of God">Agnes of God</a></i> (1985), met <a href="/wiki/Meg_Tilly" title="Meg Tilly">Meg Tilly</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_a_Prayer_(nummer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Like a Prayer (nummer)">Like a Prayer</a></i> (1989), muziekvideo van <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(zangeres)" title="Madonna (zangeres)">Madonna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stigmata_(film)" title="Stigmata (film)">Stigmata</a></i> (1999), met <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Arquette" title="Patricia Arquette">Patricia Arquette</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne" title="Gabriel Byrne">Gabriel Byrne</a> waarin de hoofdpersoon stigmata krijgt terwijl zij niet gelovig is</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_Effect_(film)" title="The Butterfly Effect (film)">The Butterfly Effect</a></i>, het personage Evan simuleert een stigmatisatie om hulp te krijgen van zijn religieuze celgenoot</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcism_of_Emily_Rose" title="The Exorcism of Emily Rose">The Exorcism of Emily Rose</a></i>, de hoofdpersoon krijgt de stigmata</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Know_Who_Killed_me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Know Who Killed me (de pagina bestaat niet)">I Know Who Killed me</a></i> de hoofdpersonages gespeeld door Lindsay Lohan krijgen stigmata</li></ul> <p>Ook in enkele televisieseries kwamen stigmata voor: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i> aflevering "Revelations" (aflevering 3.11, uitgezonden in 1995). Een jonge jongen, gespeeld door <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Zegers" title="Kevin Zegers">Kevin Zegers</a>, krijgt stigmata.</li> <li>In de serie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrono_Crusade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrono Crusade (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrono Crusade</a></i> ontwikkelt Rosette Christopher de stigmata.</li> <li>In een aflevering van <a href="/wiki/Picket_Fences" title="Picket Fences">Picket Fences</a> is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Wylie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Wylie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Adam Wylie</a> gezegend met de stigmata en de gave om mensen miraculeus te genezen.</li> <li>Een aflevering van <i><a href="/wiki/Nip/Tuck" title="Nip/Tuck">Nip/Tuck</a></i> bevat een vrouw die beweert aan stigmata te lijden.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_stigmatici_en_biechtvaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van stigmatici en biechtvaders">Lijst van stigmatici en biechtvaders</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li>Tine VAN OSSELAER e.a., <i>The Devotion and Promotion of Stigmatics in Europe, ca. 1800–1950</i>, Leiden, Brill, 2021.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hade002visi01_01/hade002visi01_01_0016.htm">Visioenen van Hadewijch</a>, dbnl.nl</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033634/http://www.illinoismedieval.org/ems/VOL11/clouse.html">Sint-Elisabeth van Spalbeek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012210333/http://www.bedevaartweb.com/stigmata">Informatie van de Stichting Bedevaartweb over stigmatisten</a></li> <li>Vita Elizabeth sanctimonialis in Erkenrode, Ordinis Cisterciensis, Leodiensis dioecesis," in Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum Bibliothecae regiae Bruxellensis, Subsidia hagiographica 1, vol 1, pt. 1 (Brussels, 1886), 346-47 and 362-78. Dit werk is gebaseerd op de 15de-eeuwse Codex signatus no 2864-71; "Liber monasterii Rube‘vallis in Zonia prope Bruxellam" (p. 346).</li> <li>"Mary of Oignies and Christini the Marvelous, and Medieval Heresy," Mystics Quarterly 14 (1988), 186-96.</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Urte Krass (2010): <i>Kontrollierter Gesichtsverlust. Padre Pio und die Fotografie.</i> In: <i>Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte,</i> Heft IV/2, 2010, p.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew W Maslen & Piers D Mitchell, <i>Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion</i>, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2006 99: 185-188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smalhout" title="Bob Smalhout">Bob Smalhout</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111143905/http://home.solcon.nl/sbvdm/kruisiging.htm">Die verschrikkelijke vrijdag</a> (reconstructie van het lijden van Jezus Christus), De Telegraaf, 30 maart 1985</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&oldid=68171639">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stigmata_(religie)&oldid=68171639</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Drager_stigmata" title="Categorie:Drager stigmata">Drager stigmata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mysterie" title="Categorie:Mysterie">Mysterie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Christelijke_mythologie" title="Categorie:Christelijke mythologie">Christelijke mythologie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 26 sep 2024 om 23:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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