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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abraham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abraham (disambiguation)">Abraham (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abram (disambiguation)">Abram (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avraham (disambiguation)">Avraham (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avram (disambiguation)">Avram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Abraham<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> (originally Abram)<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is the common <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008-10">[8]</a> In Judaism, he is the founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">special relationship</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-12">[9]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">in Islam</a>, he is a link in the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">chain of Islamic prophets</a> that begins with <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a> and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4">[4]</a> As the namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered in other Abrahamic religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze Faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abraham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Hbo">אַבְרָהָם</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg/247px-Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg/371px-Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg/494px-Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="680"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Casting_out_Hagar_and_Ishmael" title="Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael">Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael</a> (1657) by <a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Giovanni Francesco Barbieri</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Died 175 years old in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>: traditional founder of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish nation">Jewish nation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20123-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005-2">[2]</a> spiritual ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20126-3">[3]</a> major <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a> and originator of <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> faith in <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5">[5]</a> third spokesman (natiq) prophet of <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> (concubine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah">Keturah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Oldest to youngest:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> (son, with Hagar) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (son, with Sarah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Zimran" title="Zimran">Zimran</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan (son of Abraham)">Medan</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian (son of Abraham)">Midian</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ishbak" title="Ishbak">Ishbak</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a> (son, with Keturah) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Amathlai" title="Amathlai">Amathlai</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Closest to furthest:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Haran" title="Haran">Haran</a> (brother) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a> (brother) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> (half-sister and wife) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (grandson) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> (grandson) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> (nephew) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> (great-grandsons) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dinah" title="Dinah">Dinah</a> (great-granddaughter) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> see: <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">Abraham's family tree</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The story of the life of Abraham as told in the narrative of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father <a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a> and settle in the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, Abraham's son, by his wife <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>, while Isaac's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> is also promised that he will be the founder of a great nation. Abraham purchases a tomb (the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin to earn his parents' approval. Abraham later marries <a href="/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah">Keturah</a> and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons receive only "gifts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200926%E2%80%9331-13">[10]</a> Most scholars view the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">patriarchal age</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> and the period of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">biblical judges</a>, as a late literary construct that does not relate to any particular historical era,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941%E2%80%9342-14">[11]</a> and after a century of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no evidence has been found for a historical Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> It is largely concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">early Persian period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC, as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Judah</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counterclaim on <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and the Exodus tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006227%E2%80%93228,_260-17">[14]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#The_Abraham_cycle_in_the_Bible">1 The Abraham cycle in the Bible</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Structure_and_narrative_programs">1.1 Structure and narrative programs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins_and_calling">1.2 Origins and calling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sarai">1.3 Sarai</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Abram_and_Lot_separate">1.4 Abram and Lot separate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Chedorlaomer">1.5 Chedorlaomer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Covenant_of_the_pieces">1.6 Covenant of the pieces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hagar">1.7 Hagar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sarah">1.8 Sarah</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Three_visitors">1.9 Three visitors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Abraham's_plea">1.10 Abraham's plea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Abimelech">1.11 Abimelech</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Isaac">1.12 Isaac</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ishmael">1.13 Ishmael</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Binding_of_Isaac">1.14 Binding of Isaac</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Later_years">1.15 Later years</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative">2 Historicity and origins of the narrative</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Historicity">2.1 Historicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Origins_of_the_narrative">2.2 Origins of the narrative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Amorite_origin_hypothesis">2.3 Amorite origin hypothesis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Palestine_origin_hypothesis">2.4 Palestine origin hypothesis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religious_traditions">3 Religious traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Judaism">3.1 Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Christianity">3.2 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Islam">3.3 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Druze">3.4 Druze</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Mandaeism">3.5 Mandaeism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith">3.6 Baháʼí Faith</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#In_the_arts">4 In the arts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Painting_and_sculpture">4.1 Painting and sculpture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Christian_iconography">4.2 Christian iconography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Literature">4.3 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Music">4.4 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="The_Abraham_cycle_in_the_Bible">The Abraham cycle in the Bible</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_narrative_programs">Structure and narrative programs</h3></div> The Abraham cycle is not structured by a unified plot centered on a conflict and its resolution or a problem and its solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928-18">[15]</a> The episodes are often only loosely linked, and the sequence is not always logical, but it is unified by the presence of Abraham himself, as either actor or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928%E2%80%9329-19">[16]</a> These themes form "narrative programs" set out in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.11.27">Genesis 11:27–31</a> concerning the sterility of Sarah and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.12.1-3">12:1–3</a> in which Abraham is ordered to leave the land of his birth for the land YHWH will show him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928%E2%80%9329-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_calling">Origins and calling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham%27s_Journey_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/220px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/220px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/330px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/440px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham's Journey to Canaan according to the Book of Genesis.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a>, the ninth in descent from <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, was the father of Abram, <a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haran" title="Haran">Haran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: הָרָן Hārān) and <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Haran was the father of <a href="/wiki/Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a>, who was Abram's nephew; the <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">family</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a>. Haran died there. Abram married <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah (Sarai)</a>. Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed for <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, but settled in a place named <a href="/wiki/Haran_(biblical_place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haran (biblical place)">Haran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חָרָן Ḥārān), where Terah died at the age of 205.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> According to some exegetes (like <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated to Ur, while some of his family remained in Haran.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> God had told Abram to leave his country and kindred and go to a land that he would show him, and promised to make of him a great nation, bless him, make his name great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and the substance and souls that they had acquired, and traveled to <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> in Canaan.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Then he pitched his tent in the east of <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>, and built an altar which was between Bethel and <a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarai">Sarai</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="323"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/330px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/440px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham's Counsel to Sarai, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a>, New York)</figcaption></figure> There was a severe famine in the land of Canaan, so that Abram, Lot, and their households traveled to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was his sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a>, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God afflicted Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try to find out what was wrong.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abram_and_Lot_separate">Abram and Lot separate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></div> When they lived for a while in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> after being banished from Egypt and came back to the <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a> area, Abram's and Lot's sizable herds occupied the same pastures. This became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen had become so troublesome that Abram suggested that Lot choose a separate area, either on the left hand or on the right hand, that there be no conflict between them. Lot decided to go eastward to the plain of <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a>, where the land was well watered everywhere as far as <a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</a>, and he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Abram went south to <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> and settled in the plain of <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a>, where he built another altar to worship <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/180px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="4163"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/180px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/270px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/360px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Meeting of Abraham and Melchizedek, canvas by <a href="/wiki/Dieric_Bouts" title="Dieric Bouts">Dieric Bouts the Elder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1464–1467</figcaption></figure> During the rebellion of the Jordan River cities, <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with his entire household by the invading Elamite forces. The Elamite army came to collect the spoils of war, after having just defeated the king of Sodom's armies.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Lot and his family, at the time, were settled on the outskirts of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> One person who escaped capture came and told Abram what happened. Once Abram received this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed north in pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vale_of_Siddim" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Vale of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a>. When they caught up with them at <a href="/wiki/Dan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan (Bible)">Dan</a>, Abram devised a battle plan by splitting his group into more than one unit, and launched a night raid. Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram's unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King <a href="/wiki/Chedorlaomer" title="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</a> at Hobah, just north of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. They freed Lot, as well as his household and possessions, and recovered all of the goods from Sodom that had been taken.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out to meet with him in the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_dale" class="mw-redirect" title="King's dale">Valley of Shaveh</a>, the "king's dale". Also, <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a> king of Salem (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>), a priest of <a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a>, brought out bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Abram then gave Melchizedek a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tenth</a> of everything. The king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions if he would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share to which his allies were entitled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_of_the_pieces">Covenant of the pieces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a></div> The voice of the Lord came to Abram in a vision and repeated the promise of the land and descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a covenant ceremony, and God told of the future bondage of Israel in Egypt. God described to Abram the land that his offspring would claim: the land of the <a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenizzite" title="Kenizzite">Kenizzites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmonites" title="Kadmonites">Kadmonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizzites" title="Perizzites">Perizzites</a>, Rephaims, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girgashites" title="Girgashites">Girgashites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagar">Hagar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hagar in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/180px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2114"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/180px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/270px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/360px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>, Bible illustration from 1897</figcaption></figure> Abram and Sarai tried to make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, because after 10 years of living in Canaan, no child had been born. Sarai then offered her Egyptian slave, <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>, to Abram with the intention that she would bear him a son.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> After Hagar found she was pregnant, she began to despise her mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wilderness. An angel spoke with Hagar at the fountain on the way to <a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a>. He instructed her to return to Abram's camp and that her son would be "a wild ass of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the face of all his brethren." She was told to call her son <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>. Hagar then called God who spoke to her "<a href="/wiki/El_Roi" title="El Roi">El-roi</a>", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, the well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(biblical)" title="Kadesh (biblical)">Kadesh</a> and Bered. She then did as she was instructed by returning to her mistress in order to have her child. Abram was 86 years of age when Ishmael was born.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarah">Sarah</h3></div> Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Abraham then received the instructions for the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">covenant of the pieces</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcision</a> was to be the sign.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> God declared Sarai's new name: "<a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>", blessed her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a son also of her".<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear [a child]?'"<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Immediately after Abraham's encounter with God, he had his entire household of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_visitors">Three visitors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="311"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/330px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/440px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham and the Three Angels, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, c. 1896–1902</figcaption></figure> Not long afterward, during the heat of the day, Abraham had been sitting at the entrance of his tent by the <a href="/wiki/Terebinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Terebinth">terebinths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a>. He looked up and saw three men in the presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground to welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order <a href="/wiki/Ash_cake" title="Ash cake">ash cakes</a> made from choice flour, then he ordered a servant-boy to prepare a choice calf. When all was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> One of the visitors told Abraham that upon his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at the tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the prospect of having a child at their ages. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at her age, as nothing is too hard for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abraham's_plea">Abraham's plea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot (biblical person)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="422"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/330px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/440px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham Sees Sodom in Flames, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, c. 1896–1902</figcaption></figure> After eating, Abraham and the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> for their detestable sins that were so great, it moved God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God revealed plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the two other visitors left for Sodom. Then Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men found in the city, would not God spare the city?" For the sake of ten righteous people, God declared that he would not destroy the city.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> When the two visitors arrived in Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at his house for the night. A rally of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot bring out his guests so that they may "know" (<abbr title="verse">v.</abbr> 5) them. However, Lot objected and offered his virgin daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally of men instead. They rejected that notion and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his male guests,<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> thus confirming the wickedness of the city and portending their imminent destruction.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he stood before God. He "looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of the plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, as "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace."<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abimelech">Abimelech</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/150px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 331px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/150px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/225px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/300px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Caravan of Abraham, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, before 1903 (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a>, New York)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis</a></div> Abraham settled between <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(South_of_Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadesh (South of Israel)">Kadesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a> in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistines</a>". While he was living in <a href="/wiki/Gerar" title="Gerar">Gerar</a>, Abraham openly claimed that Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> had her brought to him. God then came to Abimelech in a dream and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had not laid hands on her, so he inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation, especially since Abraham had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed have a blameless heart and that is why he continued to exist. However, should he not return the wife of Abraham back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to why he had brought such great guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham stated that he thought there was no fear of God in that place, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as not being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife."<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve as Sarah's vindication before all. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since God had stricken the women with infertility because of the taking of Sarah.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> After living for some time in the land of the Philistines, Abimelech and <a href="/wiki/Phicol" title="Phicol">Phicol</a>, the chief of his troops, approached Abraham because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at a well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Well" title="Abraham's Well">Abraham's Well</a>. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this sworn oath, they called the place of this well: <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back to <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, Abraham planted a <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_in_the_Bible" title="List of plants in the Bible">tamarisk</a> grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name of the LORD, the everlasting God."<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isaac">Isaac</h3></div> As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year,<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Sarah became pregnant and bore a son to Abraham, on the first anniversary of the covenant of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred years old", when his son whom he named <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> was born; and he circumcised him when he was eight days old.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> For Sarah, the thought of giving birth and nursing a child, at such an old age, also brought her much laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Isaac continued to grow and on the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great feast to honor the occasion. During the celebration, however, Sarah found Ishmael mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the birthright of Isaac.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishmael">Ishmael</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam#The_sacrifice" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ishmael in Islam § The sacrifice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/180px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/180px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/270px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/360px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael, by <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_der_Werff" title="Adriaen van der Werff">Adriaen van der Werff</a>, c. 1699 (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum" title="Rhode Island School of Design Museum">Rhode Island School of Design Museum</a>, Rhode Island)</figcaption></figure> Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born to Sarah. When she found Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham to send both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the advice of his God. God told Abraham not to be distressed but to do as his wife commanded. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be called to thee."<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> He also said Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Early the next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together. He gave her bread and water and sent them away. The two wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a moment of despair, she burst into tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">angel of the Lord</a> confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and will be "living on his sword". A well of water then appeared so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archer</a> living in the wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Paran</a>. Eventually his mother found a wife for Ishmael from her home country, the land of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binding_of_Isaac">Binding of Isaac</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_(Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/180px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="3633"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/180px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/270px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/360px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac, by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1635 (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg)</figcaption></figure> At some point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to offer his son up as a sacrifice in the land of <a href="/wiki/Moriah" title="Moriah">Moriah</a>. The patriarch traveled three days until he came to the mount that God told him of. He then commanded the servants to remain while he and Isaac proceeded alone into the mount. Isaac carried the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the way, Isaac asked his father where the animal for the burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering". Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, he was interrupted by the angel of the Lord, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of his son. The place was later named as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah-jireh" title="Jehovah-jireh">Jehovah-jireh</a>. For his obedience he received another promise of numerous descendants and abundant prosperity. After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">Abraham's family tree</a></div> Sarah died, and Abraham buried her in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field from Ephron the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> After the death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> named <a href="/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah">Keturah</a>, by whom he had six sons: <a href="/wiki/Zimran" title="Zimran">Zimran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan (son of Abraham)">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian (son of Abraham)">Midian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishbak" title="Ishbak">Ishbak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> According to the Bible, reflecting the change of his name to "Abraham" meaning "a father of many nations", Abraham is considered to be the progenitor of many nations mentioned in the Bible, among others the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amalek#Amalekites_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenizzite" title="Kenizzite">Kenizzites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midianites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> and through his nephew Lot he was also related to the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Abraham lived to see Isaac marry <a href="/wiki/Rebekah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebekah">Rebekah</a>, and to see the birth of his twin grandsons <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Esau" title="Jacob and Esau">Jacob and Esau</a>. He died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative">Historicity and origins of the narrative</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="294"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Well" title="Abraham's Well">Abraham's Well</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> In the early and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._Ernest_Wright" title="G. Ernest Wright">G. Ernest Wright</a> and biblical scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Alt" title="Albrecht Alt">Albrecht Alt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright_(biblical_scholar)" title="John Bright (biblical scholar)">John Bright</a> believed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived in the "<a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">patriarchal age</a>", the 2nd millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> But, in the 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Historicity_of_the_Patriarchal_Narratives" title="The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives">The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives</a> (1974),<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">John Van Seters</a>' <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_History_and_Tradition" title="Abraham in History and Tradition">Abraham in History and Tradition</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Thompson, a literary scholar, based his argument on archaeology and ancient texts. His thesis centered on the lack of compelling evidence that the patriarchs lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, and noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions and concerns. Van Seters examined the patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages strongly suggested that they were <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> creations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118%E2%80%9319-70">[67]</a> Van Seters' and Thompson's works were a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> in biblical scholarship and archaeology, which gradually led scholars to no longer consider the patriarchal narratives as historical.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, but this has not found acceptance among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> By the beginning of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob credible historical figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_narrative"> Origins of the narrative</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/220px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/220px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/330px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/440px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Gate">Abraham's Gate, Tel Dan, Israel</a></figcaption></figure> Abraham's story, like those of the other patriarchs, most likely had a substantial oral prehistory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard200127-75">[72]</a> (he is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a>). As with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, Abraham's name is apparently very ancient, as the tradition found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.17:5">Genesis 17:5</a>, "Father of a multitude", is a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201623%E2%80%9324-78">[75]</a> At some stage the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> became part of the written tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs to the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2009260-79">[76]</a> The mechanisms by which this came about remain unknown,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201226-80">[77]</a> but there are currently at least two hypotheses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227%E2%80%9328-81">[78]</a> The first, called Persian Imperial authorisation, is that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a legal basis on which to function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to establish the power structures and relative positions of its various groups, notably the priesthood and the lay "elders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227%E2%80%9328-81">[78]</a> The completion of the Torah and its elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or more about combining older texts as writing new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193-82">[79]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> written during the Exile (i.e., in the first half of the 6th century BCE), <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land based on inheritance from Abraham; but the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200943-84">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> similarly testifies of tension between the people of Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "<a href="/wiki/Golah" title="Golah">gôlâ</a>"), stating that God is the father of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Exodus and not with Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200944-86">[83]</a> The conclusion to be inferred from this and similar evidence (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a>), is that the figure of Abraham must have been preeminent among the great landowners of Judah at the time of the Exile and after, serving to support their claims to the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200944-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amorite_origin_hypothesis">Amorite origin hypothesis</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Amzallag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissim Amzallag">Nissim Amzallag</a>, the Book of Genesis portrays Abraham as having an <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2011:31&version=nrsv">Genesis 11:31</a> associates him with the territory of the Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and the Amorite migration into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Likewise, some scholars like <a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Fleming" title="Daniel E. Fleming">Daniel E. Fleming</a> and Alice Mandell have argued that the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from the ancient city-state of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, suggesting that the Genesis stories retain historical memories of the ancestral origins of some of the Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine_origin_hypothesis">Palestine origin hypothesis</h3></div> The earliest possible reference to Abraham may be the name of a town in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> listed in a victory inscription of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sheshonq_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheshonq I">Sheshonq I</a> (biblical <a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak</a>), which is referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting the possible existence of an Abraham tradition in the 10th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009-90">[87]</a> The orientalist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Liverani" title="Mario Liverani">Mario Liverani</a> proposed to see in the name Abraham the mythical eponym of a Palestinian tribe from the 13th century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found in the stele of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth-She'an</a> and dating back to 'around 1289 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> The tribe probably lived in the area surrounding or close to <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth-She'an</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to prefix their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood ties between tribe members as common descent from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result of intra-tribal ties. The name of this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection of the story of the return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> suggested that the oldest Abraham traditions originated in the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they contained an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autochthonous" class="extiw" title="wikt:autochthonous">autochthonous</a> hero story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the book of Genesis (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Ezekiel.33">Ezekiel 33</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Isaiah.51">Isaiah 51</a>): do not depend on Genesis 12–26; do not have an indication of a Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.<a href="#cite_note-:82-92">[89]</a> Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which is too far from Beit She'an, and the oldest tradition of him might be about the altar he built in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-:82-92">[89]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Religious_traditions">Religious traditions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Abraham is given a high position of respect in three major world faiths, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the covenant, the special relationship between the Jewish people and God—leading to the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews are the chosen people of God</a>. In Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> taught that Abraham's faith in God—preceding the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">Mosaic law</a>—made him the prototype of all believers, Jewish or <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a>; and in Islam, he is seen as a link in the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">chain of prophets</a> that begins with <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> In Jewish tradition, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, the first Jew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20123-1">[1]</a> His story is read in the weekly <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> reading portions, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Parashot" class="mw-redirect" title="Parashot">parashot</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech-Lecha (parsha)">Lech-Lecha</a> (לֶךְ-לְךָ), <a href="/wiki/Vayeira_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayeira (parsha)">Vayeira</a> (וַיֵּרָא), <a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayei Sarah (parsha)">Chayei Sarah</a> (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and <a href="/wiki/Toledot_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledot (parsha)">Toledot</a> (תּוֹלְדֹת). <a href="/wiki/Hanan_bar_Rava" title="Hanan bar Rava">Hanan bar Rava</a> taught in <a href="/wiki/Abba_Arikha" title="Abba Arikha">Abba Arikha</a>'s name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiyya_bar_Abba" title="Hiyya bar Abba">Hiyya bar Abba</a> taught that <a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_the_Idol_Shop" title="Abraham and the Idol Shop">Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol shop</a> in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">Legends of the Jews</a>, God created heaven and earth for the sake of the merits of Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations-98">[94]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">biblical flood</a>, Abraham was the only one among the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake God,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace-99">[95]</a> studied in the house of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> to learn about the "Ways of God,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5%E2%80%936-100">[96]</a> continued the line of <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">High Priest</a> from Noah and Shem, and assigning the office to <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">his seed</a> forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved from the fiery furnace of <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> following his brave action of breaking the idols of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> into pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909-101">[97]</a> During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to praise God also knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech-102">[98]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, he is the one whose name would appear united with God, as <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God of anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob-103">[99]</a> He was also mentioned as the father of thirty nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob-104">[100]</a> Abraham is generally credited as the author of the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a>, one of the earliest extant books on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a>, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> is specified in the Bible as a test;<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> the other nine are not specified, but later rabbinical sources give various enumerations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Abraham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/240px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/240px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/360px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/480px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="infobox-caption">Abraham and the Angels, by <a href="/wiki/Aert_de_Gelder" title="Aert de Gelder">Aert de Gelder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680–85 (<a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, Rotterdam)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">First Patriarch</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze faith">Druze faith</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-109">[105]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 October – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><a href="#cite_note-LCMS-110">[106]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Abraham is revered as the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">prophet</a> to whom God chose to reveal himself and with whom God initiated a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant Theology">Covenant Theology</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaReMu-111">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> declared that all who believe in Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>) are "included in the seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-12">[9]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Romans">Romans</a> 4, Abraham is praised for his "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the concept of partakers of the covenant of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the saving power of Christ".<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaReMu-111">[107]</a> Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, have emphasized Abraham as the spiritual father of all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210-113">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> declared that Christians are "children (or "seed") of Abraham by faith", <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> stated that "by means of their faith Christians possess the promises made to Abraham", and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> recalled Abraham as "a paradigm of the man of faith."<a href="#cite_note-114">[e]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the largest Christian denomination, calls Abraham "our father in Faith" in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic prayer">Eucharistic prayer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a>, recited during the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>. He is also commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">calendars of saints</a> of several denominations: on 20 August by the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, 28 August in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (with the full <a href="/wiki/Daily_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily office">office</a> for the latter), and on 9 October by the Roman Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LCMS-110">[106]</a> In the introduction to his 15th-century translation of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>'s account of Abraham, <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> noted that this patriarch's life was read in church on <a href="/wiki/Sunday_before_Lent" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday before Lent">Quinquagesima Sunday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caxton-115">[110]</a> He is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of those in the hospitality industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247-116">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> commemorates him as the "Righteous Forefather Abraham", with two <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a>. The first time is on 9 October (for those churches which follow the traditional <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>, 9 October falls on 22 October of the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>), where he is commemorated together with his nephew "Righteous Lot". The other is on the "Sunday of the Forefathers" (two Sundays before Christmas), when he is commemorated together with other <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">ancestors of Jesus</a>. Abraham is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>, just before the Anaphora, and Abraham and Sarah are invoked in the prayers said by the priest over a newly married couple. A popular <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> sung in many English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a> by children is known as "Father Abraham" and emphasizes the patriarch as the spiritual progenitor of Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2000-117">[112]</a> Some Christian theologians equate the <a href="#Three_visitors">"three visitors"</a> with the Holy <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, seeing in their apparition a <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> experienced by Abraham<a href="#cite_note-Bucur-118">[113]</a> (see also the articles on the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mamre#Late_Roman_festival_and_Byzantine_basilica" title="Mamre">Mamre</a> and the church at the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Oak_of_Mamre" title="Oak of Mamre">Oak of Mamre</a>"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham,_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Folios of a prophetic and heroic genealogy including an illustration of Abraham, from a manuscript of a Turkish translation of the 13th century cosmological text</figcaption></figure> Islam regards Ibrahim (Abraham) as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> via Ismail (Ishmael).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4">[4]</a> Ibrāhīm is mentioned in 35 <a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapters of the Quran">chapters of the Quran</a>, more often than any other biblical personage apart from <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-119">[114]</a> He is called both a hanif (<a href="/wiki/Monotheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheist">monotheist</a>) and muslim (one who submits),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200-120">[115]</a> and Muslims regard him as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>, the archetype of the perfect <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, and the revered reformer of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELings2004-121">[116]</a> Islamic traditions consider Ibrāhīm the first Pioneer of Islam (which is also called millat Ibrahim, the "religion of Abraham"), and that his purpose and mission throughout his life was to proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness of God</a>. In Islam, Abraham holds an exalted position among the major prophets and he is referred to as "Ibrahim Khalilullah", meaning "Abraham the Friend of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>". Besides <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Isaac">Ishaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqub" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub">Yaqub</a>, Ibrahim is among the most honorable and the most excellent men in sight of God.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaulana2006104-124">[119]</a> Ibrahim was also mentioned in Quran as "Father of Muslims" and the role model for the community.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze">Druze</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> regard Abraham as the third spokesman (natiq) after <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, who helped transmit the foundational teachings of monotheism (tawhid) intended for the larger audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6">[6]</a> He is also among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history according to the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, Abraham (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: ࡀࡁࡓࡀࡄࡉࡌ, romanized: Abrahim) is mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Ginza_Rabba/Right_Ginza/Book_18" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Ginza Rabba/Right Ginza/Book 18">Book 18</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a> as the patriarch of the Jewish people. <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> consider Abraham to have been originally a Mandaean priest, however they differ with Abraham and Jews regarding circumcision which they consider to be bodily mutilation and therefore forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-GR_Lidzbarski-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrowerHaranGawaita-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a>: 18, 185 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a> considered Abraham as a <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a>, and as the originator of <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> states that Abraham was born in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A1201410-133">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> states that the language which Abraham spoke, when "he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>", is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> ('Ibrání), so "the language of the crossing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBah%C3%A1%CA%BCu'll%C3%A1h197654-134">[129]</a> To ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the Abraham was born to a family that was ignorant of the oneness of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A120144-135">[130]</a> Abraham opposed his own people and government, and even his own kin, he rejected all their gods, and, alone and single-handed, he withstood a powerful nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A120144-135">[130]</a> These people believed not in one God <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">but in many gods</a>, to whom they ascribed miracles, and hence they all rose up against Abraham. No one supported him except his nephew <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> and "one or two other individuals of no consequence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A120144-135">[130]</a> At last the intensity of his enemies' opposition obliged him, utterly wronged, to forsake his native land. Abraham then came to "these regions", that is, to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A120144-135">[130]</a> To Bahá'u'lláh, the "Voice of <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God</a>" commanded Abraham to offer up <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> as a sacrifice, so that his steadfastness in the faith of God and his detachment from all else but him may be demonstrated unto men. The purpose of God, moreover, was to sacrifice him as a ransom for the sins and iniquities of all the peoples of the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBah%C3%A1%CA%BCu'll%C3%A1h197623-136">[131]</a> In the Baháʼí texts, like the Islamic texts, Abraham is often referred to as "the Friend of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22-137">[132]</a> 'Abdu'l-Bahá described Abraham as the founder of monotheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A1197822-138">[133]</a> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá also suggested the "holy manifestations who have been the sources or founders of the various religious systems" were united and agreed in purpose and teaching, and the Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> and Bahá'u'lláh are one in "spirit and reality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%CA%BBAbdu'l-Bah%C3%A11912118-139">[134]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/220px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/220px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/330px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/440px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>16th-century plaster cast of a late-Roman-era <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifice of Isaac">Sacrifice of Isaac</a>. The hand of God originally came down to restrain Abraham's knife (both are now missing).</figcaption></figure> Paintings on the life of Abraham tend to focus on only a few incidents: the sacrifice of Isaac; meeting Melchizedek; entertaining the three angels; Hagar in the desert; and a few others.<a href="#cite_note-Abeart-140">[f]</a> Additionally, Martin O'Kane, a professor of Biblical Studies, writes that the parable of <a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a> resting in the "<a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a>", as described in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, became an iconic image in Christian works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2007135-141">[135]</a> According to O'Kane, artists often chose to divert from the common literary portrayal of Lazarus sitting next to Abraham at a banquet in Heaven and instead focus on the "somewhat incongruous notion of Abraham, the most venerated of patriarchs, holding a naked and vulnerable child in his bosom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2007135-141">[135]</a> Several artists have been inspired by the life of Abraham, including <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> (1471–1528), <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> (1573–1610), <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Philip van Dyck</a> (Dutch painter, 1680–1753), and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a> (French painter, 1600–1682). <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (Dutch, 1606–1669) created at least seven works on Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1577–1640) did several, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> did at least five on Abraham, Gustave Doré (French illustrator, 1832–1883) did six, and <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> (French painter and illustrator, 1836–1902) did over twenty works on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-Abeart-140">[f]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus">Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus</a> depicts a set of biblical stories, including Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. These sculpted scenes are on the outside of a marble <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> used for the burial of <a href="/wiki/Junius_Bassus_Theotecnius" title="Junius Bassus Theotecnius">Junius Bassus</a>. He died in 359. This sarcophagus has been described as "probably the single most famous piece of early Christian relief sculpture."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgers1993-142">[136]</a> The sarcophagus was originally placed in or under <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>, was rediscovered in 1597, and is now below the modern basilica in the Museo Storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro (Museum of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>. The base is approximately 4 ft × 8 ft × 4 ft (1.2 m × 2.4 m × 1.2 m). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scenes depicted were chosen as precursors of Christ's sacrifice in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in an early form of <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>. Just to the right of the middle is Daniel in the lion's den and on the left is Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. <a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a> created figural sculptures by molding plastered gauze strips over live models in his 1987 work Abraham's Farewell to Ishmael. The human condition was central to his concerns, and Segal used the Old Testament as a source for his imagery. This sculpture depicts the dilemma faced by Abraham when Sarah demanded that he expel Hagar and Ishmael. In the sculpture, the father's tenderness, Sarah's rage, and Hagar's resigned acceptance portray a range of human emotions. The sculpture was donated to the Miami Art Museum after the artist's death in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_iconography">Christian iconography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83,_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham in paradise, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery" title="Gračanica Monastery">Gračanica Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> Abraham can sometimes be identified by the context of the image – the meeting with <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abraham_and_three_angels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abraham and three angels">the three visitors</a>, or <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacrifice_of_Isaac" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sacrifice of Isaac">the sacrifice of Isaac</a>. In solo portraits a sword or knife may be used as his accessory, as in <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AbrahamMorlaiterJRS.JPG" class="extiw" title="commons:File:AbrahamMorlaiterJRS.JPG">this statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Morlaiter" title="Giovanni Maria Morlaiter">Giovanni Maria Morlaiter</a> or <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AbrahamMonacoJRS.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:AbrahamMonacoJRS.jpg">this painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Monaco" title="Lorenzo Monaco">Lorenzo Monaco</a>. The Bible describes him as an "older" person, and beardless.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> As early as the beginning of the 3rd century, Christian art followed Christian <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)#Offering_of_Isaac" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a> in making the sacrifice of Isaac a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrifice on the cross, and its memorial in the sacrifice of the Mass. See for example <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AltarFuldaClunyJRS.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:AltarFuldaClunyJRS.jpg">this 11th-century Christian altar</a> engraved with Abraham's and other sacrifices taken to prefigure that of Christ in the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/220px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="471" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 471px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/220px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="471" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/330px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/440px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> of Abraham in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Mother_Church,_Ploie%C5%9Fti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Mother Church, Ploieşti (page does not exist)">Holy Mother Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C5%9Fti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploieşti">Ploieşti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> Some early Christian writers interpreted the three visitors as the <a href="/wiki/Triune_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Triune God">triune God</a>. Thus in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, Rome, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HospitalityAbrahamSMMaggioreJRS.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:HospitalityAbrahamSMMaggioreJRS.jpg">a 5th-century mosaic</a> portrays only the visitors against a <a href="/wiki/Gold_ground" title="Gold ground">gold ground</a> and puts semitransparent copies of them in the "heavenly" space above the scene. In Eastern Orthodox art, the visit is the chief means by which the Trinity is pictured (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_-_Hospitality_of_Abraham_-_Walters_371185.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Russian - Hospitality of Abraham - Walters 371185.jpg">example</a>). Some images do not include Abraham and Sarah, like Andrei Rublev's Trinity, which shows only the three visitors as beardless youths at a table.<a href="#cite_note-Boguslawski-146">[140]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, Abraham is portrayed as one of the biblical figures waiting for the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgement">Final Judgement</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a> (original <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> title: Frygt og Bæven) is an influential philosophical work by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, published in 1843 under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio (John the Silent). Kierkegaard wanted to understand the anxiety that must have been present in Abraham when God asked him to sacrifice his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1980155%E2%80%93156-147">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._G._Hardy" title="W. G. Hardy">W. G. Hardy</a>'s novel Father Abraham (1935) tells the fictionalized life story of Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> In her short story collection <a href="/wiki/Sarah_and_After" title="Sarah and After">Sarah and After</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Reid_Banks" title="Lynne Reid Banks">Lynne Reid Banks</a> tells the story of Abraham and Sarah, with an emphasis on Sarah's view of events.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> In 1681, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> released a Dramatic motet (Oratorio), Sacrificim Abrahae H.402 – 402 a – 402 b, for soloists, chorus, doubling instruments and continuo. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_de_Brossard" title="Sébastien de Brossard">Sébastien de Brossard</a> composed a <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> Abraham ou le sacrifice d'Isaac. between 1703 and 1708.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> released an opera named <a href="/wiki/The_Cave_(opera)" title="The Cave (opera)">The Cave</a>. The title refers to the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>. The narrative of the opera is based on the story of Abraham, and his immediate family, as it is recounted in religious texts, and understood by individuals from different cultures and religious traditions.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited_(song)" title="Highway 61 Revisited (song)">Highway 61 Revisited</a>"<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> is the title track for his 1965 album <a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited" title="Highway 61 Revisited">Highway 61 Revisited</a>. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> magazine ranked the song as number 364 in their <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time">500 Greatest Songs of All Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Stanza 1, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> tells Abraham to "<a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">kill me a son</a>". God wants the killing done on Highway 61. Abram, the original name of the biblical Abraham, is also the name of Dylan's own father.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham I (disambiguation)">Abraham I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham II (disambiguation)">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_III_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham III (disambiguation)">III</a> (disambiguations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Path" title="Abraham Path">Abraham Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Gate">Abraham's Gate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan">Tel Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod#Nimrod_vs._Abraham" title="Nimrod">Nimrod vs. Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Enlil" title="Shu-Enlil">Ibarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrium" title="Ibrium">Ibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_fathers" title="List of oldest fathers">List of oldest fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈeɪbrəhæm, -həm/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>אַבְרָהָם‎, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: ʾAvraham, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>: ʾAḇrāhām; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek language">Biblical Greek</a>: Ἀβραάμ, Abraám; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>إبراهيم‎, Ibrāhīm </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אַבְרָם‎, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: ʾAvram, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>: ʾAḇrām </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1992">Jeffrey 1992</a>, p. 10 writes "In the NT Abraham is recognized as the father of Israel and of the Levitical priesthood (Heb. 7), as the "legal" forebear of Jesus (i.e. ancestor of Joseph according to Matt. 1), and spiritual progenitor of all Christians (Rom. 4; Gal. 3:16, 29; cf. also the Visio Pauli)" </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> MSS variants: bat Barnebo, bat bar-Nebo, bar-bar-Nebo, bat Karnebi, bat Kar Nebo. Karnebo (outpost of <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>) is attested as a <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> theophoric place-name in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> inscriptions, including the <a href="/wiki/Andre_Michaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Michaux">Michaux stone</a>. It referred to at least two separate cities in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Rabbinic tradition connects Karnebo to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> Kar (כר lamb), translating it <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">pure</a> lambs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1992">Jeffrey 1992</a>, p. 10 states "St. Augustine, following Paul, regards all Christians as children (or "seed") of Abraham by faith, although "born of strangers" (e.g. In Joan. Ev. 108). St. Ambrose likewise says that by means of their faith Christians possess the promises made to Abraham. Abraham's initial departure from his homeland is understood by St. Caesarius of Arles as a type of Christian leaving the world of carnal habits to follow Christ. Later commentators as diverse as Luther and Kierkegaard recall Abraham as a paradigm of the man of faith. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abeart-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abeart_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abeart_140-1">b</a> For a very thorough online collection of links to artwork about Abraham see: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesuswalk.com/abraham/abraham-artwork.htm">"Artwork Depicting Scenes from Abraham's Life"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artwork+Depicting+Scenes+from+Abraham%27s+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuswalk.com%2Fabraham%2Fabraham-artwork.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20123-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20123_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20123_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMendes-Flohr2005">Mendes-Flohr 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20126-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20126_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2000a">Smith 2000a</a>, p. 22, 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Genesis 25:7-31 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCarter2000">McCarter 2000</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2010">Wright 2010</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200926–31-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200926%E2%80%9331_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, pp. 26–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941–42-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941%E2%80%9342_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNutt1999">McNutt 1999</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200198_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Frevel, Christian. History of Ancient Israel. Atlanta, Georgia. <a href="/wiki/SBL_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="SBL Press">SBL Press</a>. 2023. p. 38. ISBN 9781628375138. "[I]t cannot be proven or excluded that there have been historical persons named Abraham, Sarai, Ishmael, Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, Rachel, Leah, and so on." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006227–228,_260-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006227%E2%80%93228,_260_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, pp. 227–228, 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928–29-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928%E2%80%9329_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928%E2%80%9329_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Freedman, Meyers & Beck. Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4">978-0-8028-2400-4</a>, 2000, p. 551 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2020:12">Genesis 20:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsson,_Gerhard1983" class="citation journal cs1">Larsson, Gerhard (1983). "The Chronology of the Pentateuch: A Comparison of the MT and LXX". Journal of Biblical Literature. 102 (3): 401–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3261014">10.2307/3261014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3261014">3261014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+MT+and+LXX&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-409&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3261014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3261014&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Reuven_Chaim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/148219/jbq_444_KleinMeso.pdf">"Nahmanides' Understanding of Abraham's Mesopotamian Origins"</a> (PDF). Jewish Bible Quarterly. 44 (4): 233–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nahmanides%27+Understanding+of+Abraham%27s+Mesopotamian+Origins&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-240&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Klein%2C+Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10900%2F148219%2Fjbq_444_KleinMeso.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:4%E2%80%936">Genesis 12:4–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:14%E2%80%9317">Genesis 12:14–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:18%E2%80%9320">Genesis 12:18–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_W._Coats1983" class="citation book cs1">George W. Coats (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrrdUOovklIC&pg=PA113">Genesis, with an Introduction to Narrative Literature</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 113–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1954-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-1954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%2C+with+an+Introduction+to+Narrative+Literature&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1954-3&rft.au=George+W.+Coats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrrdUOovklIC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagolu1998" class="citation book cs1">Pagolu, Augustine (1 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRolnGU5KvAC&pg=PA59">The Religion of the Patriarchs</a>. A&C Black. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-935-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-935-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Patriarchs&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-935-5&rft.aulast=Pagolu&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRolnGU5KvAC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2014:8%E2%80%9312">Genesis 14:8–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2013:12">Genesis 13:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2014:13%E2%80%9316">Genesis 14:13–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Noth, Martin. A History of Pentateuchal Traditions (Englewood Cliffs 1972) p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeligs1961" class="citation journal cs1">Zeligs, Dorothy F. (1961). "Abraham and the Covenant of the Pieces: A Study in Ambivalence". American Imago. 18 (2): 173–186. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-860X">0065-860X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26301751">26301751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Imago&rft.atitle=Abraham+and+the+Covenant+of+the+Pieces%3A+A+Study+in+Ambivalence&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-186&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26301751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0065-860X&rft.aulast=Zeligs&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=53&letter=H">"Jewish Encyclopedia, Hagar"</a>. Jewishencyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia%2C+Hagar&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D53%26letter%3DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2016:4%E2%80%9316">Genesis 16:4–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:5">Genesis 17:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:10%E2%80%9314">Genesis 17:10–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:15%E2%80%9316">Genesis 17:15–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:17">Genesis 17:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:22%E2%80%9327">Genesis 17:22–27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2018:1%E2%80%938">Genesis 18:1–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2018:15">Genesis 18:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2018:17%E2%80%9333">Genesis 18:17–33</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:1%E2%80%939">Genesis 19:1–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:12%E2%80%9313">Genesis 19:12–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:27%E2%80%9329">Genesis 19:27–29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2020:1%E2%80%937">Genesis 20:1–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2020:12&version=nrsv">Genesis 20:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2020:8%E2%80%9318">Genesis 20:8–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2021:22%E2%80%9334&version=nrsv">Genesis 21:22–34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:21">Genesis 17:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:1%E2%80%935">Genesis 21:1–5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:6%E2%80%937">Genesis 21:6–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:8%E2%80%9313">Genesis 21:8–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:12">Genesis 21:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:9%E2%80%9313">Genesis 21:9–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:14%E2%80%9321">Genesis 21:14–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:1%E2%80%9319&version=nrsv">Genesis 22:1–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2023:1%E2%80%9320">Genesis 23:1–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:1%E2%80%936">Genesis 25:1–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:12%E2%80%9318">Genesis 25:12–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2036:1%E2%80%9343&version=nrsv">Genesis 36:1–43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:12%E2%80%9316">Genesis 36:12–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:9%E2%80%9316">Genesis 36:9–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:1%E2%80%935">Genesis 25:1–5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:35%E2%80%9338">Genesis 19:35–38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:7%E2%80%9310">Genesis 25:7–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%201:32">1 Chronicles 1:32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1959" class="citation book cs1">Bright, John (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&q=Abraham">A History of Israel</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22068-6&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VG67yLs-LAC%26q%3DAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1974" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o91vmgEACAAJ&q=The+Historicity+of+the+Patriarchal+Narratives:+The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Abraham">The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham</a>. Gruyter, Walter de, & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110040968" title="Special:BookSources/9783110040968"><bdi>9783110040968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historicity+of+the+Patriarchal+Narratives%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Abraham&rft.pub=Gruyter%2C+Walter+de%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9783110040968&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do91vmgEACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BHistoricity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPatriarchal%2BNarratives%3A%2BThe%2BQuest%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BHistorical%2BAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeters1975" class="citation book cs1">Seters, John Van (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MySUQgAACAAJ&q=Abraham+in+history+and+tradition">Abraham in History and Tradition</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01792-2"><bdi>978-0-300-01792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01792-2&rft.aulast=Seters&rft.aufirst=John+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMySUQgAACAAJ%26q%3DAbraham%2Bin%2Bhistory%2Band%2Btradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118–19-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118%E2%80%9319_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMooreKelle2011">Moore & Kelle 2011</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1991" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e1x9Rs_zdG8C&q=A+Century+of+Biblical+Archaeology">A Century of Biblical Archaeology</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25392-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25392-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Biblical+Archaeology&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25392-9&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De1x9Rs_zdG8C%26q%3DA%2BCentury%2Bof%2BBiblical%2BArchaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 98: "There are a few sporadic attempts by conservative scholars to "save" the patriarchal narratives as history, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a> [...] By and large, however, the minimalist view of Thompson's pioneering work, The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives, prevails." </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2007" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2007). "Some Recent Issues in the Study of the History of Israel". In Williamson, H. G. M (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.001.0001/upso-9780197264010-chapter-5">Understanding the History of Ancient Israel</a>. British Academy. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197264010.001.0001">10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-173494-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-173494-6"><bdi>978-0-19-173494-6</bdi></a>. <q>The fact is that we are all minimalists – at least, when it comes to the patriarchal period and the settlement. When I began my PhD studies more than three decades ago in the USA, the 'substantial historicity' of the patriarchs was widely accepted as was the unified conquest of the land. These days it is quite difficult to find anyone who takes this view.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Issues+in+the+Study+of+the+History+of+Israel&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+History+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197264010.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-173494-6&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197264010.001.0001%2Fupso-9780197264010-chapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 98 and fn.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard200127-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard200127_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPitard2001">Pitard 2001</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2033:24&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 33:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2063:16&version=nrsv">Isaiah 63:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201623–24-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201623%E2%80%9324_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2016">Thompson 2016</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2009260-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2009260_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201226-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201226_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnns2012">Enns 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227%E2%80%9328_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227%E2%80%9328_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, pp. 217, 227–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrConway2010">Carr & Conway 2010</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezekiel%2033:24">33:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200943-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200943_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2063:16">63:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200944-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200944_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200944_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmzallag2023" class="citation book cs1">Amzallag, Nissim (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qee-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Yahweh and the Origins of Ancient Israel: Insights from the Archaeological Record</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-31478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-31478-7"><bdi>978-1-009-31478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Origins+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+Insights+from+the+Archaeological+Record&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-31478-7&rft.aulast=Amzallag&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQee-EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2004" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Daniel E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUcs-FQv4uIC&pg=PA193">"Genesis in History and Tradition: The Syrian Background of Israel's Ancestors, Reprise"</a>. In Hoffmeier, James K.; Millard, Alan R. (eds.). The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions. Eerdmans. pp. 193–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2173-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2173-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2173-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+in+History+and+Tradition%3A+The+Syrian+Background+of+Israel%27s+Ancestors%2C+Reprise&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Biblical+Archaeology%3A+Reassessing+Methodologies+and+Assumptions&rft.pages=193-232&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2173-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUcs-FQv4uIC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandell2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandell, Alice (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">"Genesis and its Ancient Literary Analogues"</a>. In Arnold, Bill T. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Genesis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42375-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42375-5"><bdi>978-1-108-42375-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+and+its+Ancient+Literary+Analogues&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Genesis&rft.pages=143-46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42375-5&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EpgEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCarter2000">McCarter 2000</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The stele reads: «The Apiru of Mount Yarumta, together with the Tayaru, attack the Raham tribe». J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, p. 255. Princeton, 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinRömer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Römer, Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29972948">"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between "Realia" and "Exegetica""</a>. Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 3 (1): 3–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820">10.1628/219222714x13994465496820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Bible+and+Ancient+Israel&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+Historical+Background+of+the+Abraham+Narrative%3A+Between+%22Realia%22+and+%22Exegetica%22&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-23&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=R%C3%B6mer%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29972948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.91a">"Bava Batra 91a"</a>. www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Bava+Batra+91a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBava_Batra.91a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Yamada, Shigeo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/40/0/40_56/_pdf">"Karus on the Frontiers of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Orient 40 (2005)</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashbam_on_Bava_Batra.91a.14.2?lang=bi">"Rashbam on Bava Batra 91a:14:2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sefaria.org">http://www.sefaria.org</a>. Retrieved 2021-03-08. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bereishit_Rabbah.38">"Bereishit Rabbah 38"</a>. www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Bereishit+Rabbah+38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBereishit_Rabbah.38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol I: The Wicked Generations. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: In the Fiery Furnace. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5–6-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5%E2%80%936_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasher1840">Jasher 1840</a>, p. 22, Ch9, vv 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: The Covenant with Abimelech. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: Joy and Sorrow in the House of Jacob. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: The Birth of Esau and Jacob. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Sefer Yetzirah Hashalem (with Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentary), <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a> (editor), Jerusalem 1972, p. 46 (Hebrew / Judeo-Arabic) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Pirkei Avot 5:3 – עֲשָׂרָה נִסְיוֹנוֹת נִתְנַסָּה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם וְעָמַד בְּכֻלָּם, לְהוֹדִיעַ כַּמָּה חִבָּתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+22:1&version=gnt">Genesis 22:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1928" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (1928). The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465546623" title="Special:BookSources/978-1465546623"><bdi>978-1465546623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-1465546623&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana_2008_17-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2008" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2008). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Michigan University press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903900369" title="Special:BookSources/9781903900369"><bdi>9781903900369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Michigan+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781903900369&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCMS-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCMS_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCMS_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/commemorations">"Commemorations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%94Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorations&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%94Missouri+Synod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fworship%2Fchurch-year%2Fcommemorations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaReMu-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaReMu_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaReMu_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatersReidMuether2020">Waters, Reid & Muether 2020</a>: "Paul also shows us how the Abrahamic covenant relates to the covenantal administrations that precede and follow it. ... There is, then, covenantal continuity between the inaugural administration of God's one gracious covenant in the garden of Eden (Gen. 3:15) and the subsequent administration of that covenant to Abraham and his family (Gen. 12; 15; 17). The Abrahamic administration serves to reveal more of the person and work of Christ and, in this way, continue to administer Christ to human beings through faith." </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Firestone, Reuven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmje.usc.edu/articles/abraham.php">"Abraham."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233637/http://cmje.usc.edu/articles/abraham.php">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopedia of World History. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1992">Jeffrey 1992</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Caxton-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Caxton_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaxton" class="citation web cs1">Caxton, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume1.asp#Abraham">"Abraham"</a>. The Golden Legend. Internet Medieval Source Book. Retrieved 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Golden+Legend&rft.atitle=Abraham&rft.aulast=Caxton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fgoldenlegend%2FGoldenLegend-Volume1.asp%23Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolweck1924">Holweck 1924</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2000-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2000_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000b" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Carol (2000b). The Ultimate Guide to the Bible. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78059-7"><bdi>978-0-226-78059-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+in+Children%27s+Books%3A+The+University+of+Chicago+Guide+to+Children%27s+Literature%2C+1973%E2%80%9378&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-226-78059-7&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Zena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxgsBHor_LgC%26dq%3D%2522Sarah%2Band%2BAfter%2522%2BLynne%2BReid%2BBanks%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.opera-scores.com/O/S%C3%A9bastien+de+Brossard/Abraham+ou+le+sacrifice+d'Isaac.html#:~:text=Composer:+Brossard+S%C3%A9bastien+de+Full,full+scores+in+pdf">"Cantata: Abraham ou le sacrifice d'Isaac Sébastien de Brossard. 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Duluth News Tribune. 28 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duluth+News+Tribune&rft.atitle=From+Odessa+to+Duluth%3A+The+journey+of+Bob+Dylan%27s+grandparents&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Flifestyle%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Ffrom-odessa-to-duluth-the-journey-of-bob-dylans-grandparents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻAbdu'l-Bahá1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> (1978). 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Haifa, Israel: Baháʼí World Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-374-3"><bdi>978-0-87743-374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Answered+Questions&rft.place=Haifa%2C+Israel&rft.edition=Newly+revised&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+World+Centre&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-374-3&rft.au=%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fabdul-baha%2Fsome-answered-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻAbdu'l-Bahá1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> (1912). MacNutt, Howard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/promulgation-universal-peace/">The Promulgation of Universal Peace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promulgation+of+Universal+Peace&rft.date=1912&rft.au=%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fabdul-baha%2Fpromulgation-universal-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaháʼu'lláh1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a> (1976). <a href="/wiki/Shogi_Effendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogi Effendi">Shogi Effendi</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/gleanings-writings-bahaullah">Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh</a>. Translated by Shoghi Effendi. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-187-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87743-187-6"><bdi>0-87743-187-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gleanings+from+the+Writings+of+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87743-187-6&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fbahaullah%2Fgleanings-writings-bahaullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrConway2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. 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Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16572-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retellings%3A+The+Bible+in+Literature%2C+Music%2C+Art+and+Film&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16572-4&rft.aulast=Exum&rft.aufirst=Jo+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bTVrpXSXe8C%26q%3DBiblical%2BArt%2BAbraham%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Louis</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf">The Legends of the Jews</a> (PDF). Translated by Henrietta Szold. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swartzentrover.com%2Fcotor%2Fe-books%2Fmisc%2FLegends%2FLegends%2520of%2520the%2520Jews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolweck1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Holweck" title="Frederick George Holweck">Holweck, Frederick George</a> (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. B. Herder Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Saints&rft.pub=B.+Herder+Book+Co&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Holweck&rft.aufirst=Frederick+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasher1840" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thebookofjasher1840/page/n55/mode/2up">The Book of Jasher</a>. 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Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3634-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Biblical+Tradition+in+English+Literature&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3634-2&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=David+Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzD6xVr1CizIC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard, Søren</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptofanxiety0000kier">The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02011-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02011-2"><bdi>978-0-691-02011-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Anxiety%3A+A+Simple+Psychologically+Orienting+Deliberation+on+the+Dogmatic+Issue+of+Hereditary+Sin&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02011-2&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptofanxiety0000kier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_D._Levenson" title="Jon D. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691155692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691155692"><bdi>978-0691155692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheriting+Abraham%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Patriarch+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0691155692&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUO2Mhd-drcC%26q%3DInheriting%2BAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLings2004" class="citation book cs1">Lings, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JAwAAAAYAAJ">Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now</a>. Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901383-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901383-07-2"><bdi>978-1-901383-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+From+Before+Genesis+Until+Now&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-901383-07-2&rft.aulast=Lings&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JAwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaulana2006" class="citation book cs1">Maulana, Mohammad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFskAQAAIAAJ">Encyclopaedia of Quranic Studies (Set of 26 Vols.)</a>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2771-9"><bdi>978-81-261-2771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Quranic+Studies+%28Set+of+26+Vols.%29&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2771-9&rft.aulast=Maulana&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFskAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarter2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._Kyle_McCarter_Jr." title="P. Kyle McCarter Jr.">McCarter, P. Kyle</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Abraham+Isaac+Ishmael&pg=PA8">"Abraham"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, Noel David</a>; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=McCarter&rft.aufirst=P.+Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26q%3DAbraham%2BIsaac%2BIshmael%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1999" class="citation book cs1">McNutt, Paula M. 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Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9"><bdi>978-0-664-22265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22265-9&rft.aulast=McNutt&rft.aufirst=Paula+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhd28MdGNyTYC%26q%3DAbraham%2Bpatriarchal%2B%2522known%2Bhistory%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes-Flohr2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Mendes-Flohr" title="Paul R. 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Farmington Hills, Mi: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787666118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787666118"><bdi>978-0787666118</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Practices&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0787666118&rft.aulast=Mendes-Flohr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. 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Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/693560718">693560718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Pub.+Company&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F693560718&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26q%3DThompson%2B%2522Van%2BSeters%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Peters, Francis Edward</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA9">Islam, a Guide for Jews and Christians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400825486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400825486"><bdi>978-1400825486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+a+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1400825486&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYJ2c9E9IM8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitard2001" class="citation book cs1">Pitard, Wayne T. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Pitard&rft.aufirst=Wayne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26q%3Doral%2Btradition%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutgers1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rutgers, Leonard Victor (1993). "The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (review)". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 1 (1): 94–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.0.0155">10.1353/earl.0.0155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170301601">170301601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+the+Sarcophagus+of+Junius+Bassus+%28review%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-96&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170301601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.0.0155&rft.aulast=Rutgers&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC">Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-122-1&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2009" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&pg=PA30">The Exegesis of the Pentateuch: Exegetical Studies and Basic Questions</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149905-0"><bdi>978-3-16-149905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exegesis+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Exegetical+Studies+and+Basic+Questions&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149905-0&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7g4yqsv0S0cC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2009" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nq9lD5wnBMC&q=abraham+druze&pg=PA3">The a to Z of the Druzes</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810868366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810868366"><bdi>978-0810868366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+a+to+Z+of+the+Druzes&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810868366&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Nq9lD5wnBMC%26q%3Dabraham%2Bdruze%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)" title="Peter Smith (historian)">Smith, Peter</a> (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71">A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744803" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780744803"><bdi>978-1780744803</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1780744803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYfrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thompson, Thomas L.</a> (2016) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0iHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham</a>. Berlin/Boston: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter_GmbH_%26_Co_KG" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG">Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-084144-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-084144-2"><bdi>978-3-11-084144-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historicity+of+the+Patriarchal+Narratives%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Abraham&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-11-084144-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0iHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatersReidMuether2020" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Guy P.; Reid, J. Nicholas; Muether, John R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gAEAAAQBAJ">Covenant Theology: Biblical, Theological, and Historical Perspectives</a>. Crossway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6006-4"><bdi>978-1-4335-6006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+Theology%3A+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6006-4&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Guy+P.&rft.au=Reid%2C+J.+Nicholas&rft.au=Muether%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0gAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._H._Wright" title="Christopher J. H. Wright">Wright, Christopher J. H.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_2QnrMdwNQC&pg=PA72">The Mission of God's People: A Biblical Theology of the Church's Mission</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-32303-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-32303-7"><bdi>978-0-310-32303-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+God%27s+People%3A+A+Biblical+Theology+of+the+Church%27s+Mission&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-310-32303-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_2QnrMdwNQC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azamra.org/Earth/mount-03.html">Abraham smashes the idols</a> (accessed 24 March 2011).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2890">"Journey and Life of the Patriarch Abraham"</a>, a map dating back to 1590.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%90%E1%88%9D" title="አብርሐም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አብርሐም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="इब्राहिम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इब्राहिम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="إبراهيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبراهيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1n" title="Abrahán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abrahán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%A1" title="ܐܒܪܗܡ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܪܗܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1n" title="Abrahán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abrahán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ибрагьим авараг – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ибрагьим авараг" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim" title="İbrahim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbrahim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ابراهیم پئیغمبر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابراهیم پئیغمبر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আব্রাহাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আব্রাহাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аўрам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абрам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨབ་ར་ཧམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨབ་ར་ཧམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1m" title="Abrahám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abrahám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamu" title="Abrahamu – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Abrahamu" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarahama" title="Abarahama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Abarahama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabraham" title="Aabraham – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aabraham" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Αβραάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβραάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراهیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابراهیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81braham" title="Ábraham – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ábraham" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_(aartsfaar)" title="Abraham (aartsfaar) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abraham (aartsfaar)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1m" title="Abrahám – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abrahám" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1n" title="Abrahán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abrahán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%BF%E5%92%B8" title="阿卜拿咸 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿卜拿咸" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઇબ્રાહિમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇબ્રાહિમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌼 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaham" title="Ablaham – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ablaham" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%A8" title="아브라함 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아브라함" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Աբրահամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբրահամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="इब्राहीम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्राहीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAbram" title="UAbram – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UAbram" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramo" title="Abramo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abramo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D" title="אברהם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אברהם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C9%A9ham" title="Abrɩham – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Abrɩham" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82" title="ಅಬ್ರಹಾಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬ್ರಹಾಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრაამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85" title="ابراہم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ابراہم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ибраһим – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибраһим" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamu" title="Abrahamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abrahamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebrah%C3%AEm" title="Îbrahîm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbrahîm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam_Avinu" title="Avraam Avinu – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Avraam Avinu" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Ибрагьим идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ибрагьим идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B3" title="ອັບລາຮຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັບລາຮຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80brams" title="Ābrams – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ābrams" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraomas" title="Abraomas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abraomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberahamo" title="Aberahamo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Aberahamo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalayama" title="Abalayama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Abalayama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_(Terah_fia)" title="Ábrahám (Terah fia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ábrahám (Terah fia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahama_(patriarka)" title="Abrahama (patriarka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abrahama (patriarka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="അബ്രഹാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബ്രഹാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="अब्राहम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अब्राहम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბრაამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ابراهيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابراهيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အာဗြဟာမ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အာဗြဟာမ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراهیم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ابراهیم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-b%C3%A1ik-l%C4%83k-h%C4%81ng" title="Ā-báik-lăk-hāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-báik-lăk-hāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абрахам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Абрахам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အေဘရာဟမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေဘရာဟမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0" title="アブラハム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブラハム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="ИбрахӀим – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ИбрахӀим" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_(bibelsk_person)" title="Abraham (bibelsk person) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abraham (bibelsk person)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarken_Abraham" title="Patriarken Abraham – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patriarken Abraham" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C3%A9han" title="Abréhan – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Abréhan" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraam" title="Abraam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abraam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrohim" title="Ibrohim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibrohim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراہیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابراہیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iebriam" title="Iebriam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iebriam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra%C3%A3o" title="Abraão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abraão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam" title="Avraam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avraam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абрагам – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Абрагам" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абыраам – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Абыраам" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperaamo" title="Aperaamo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aperaamo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubraham" title="Aubraham – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aubraham" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahami" title="Abrahami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abrahami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ابراهيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابراهيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1m_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Abrahám (biblická postava) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abrahám (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Ibraahiim_NNKH" title="Nabi Ibraahiim NNKH – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nabi Ibraahiim NNKH" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئیبراھیم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبراھیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аврам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аврам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_(patriark)" title="Abraham (patriark) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abraham (patriark)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரகாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரகாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahim" title="Brahim – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Brahim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ибраһим пәйгамбәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ибраһим пәйгамбәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4)" title="ఇబ్రాహీం (ప్రవక్త) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇబ్రాహీం (ప్రవక్త)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="อับราฮัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อับราฮัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim" title="İbrahim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbrahim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ybra%C3%BDym_pygamber" title="Ybraýym pygamber – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ybraýym pygamber" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراہیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابراہیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabraham" title="Aabraham – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aabraham" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C3%A5m" title="Abråm – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abråm" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亞伯拉罕 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞伯拉罕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亚伯拉罕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚伯拉罕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="אברהם אבינו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אברהם אבינו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamu" title="Abrahamu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Abrahamu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%B4%E9%83%8E" title="亞巴郎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞巴郎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim" title="İbrahim – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İbrahim" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrauoms" title="Abrauoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Abrauoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亞伯拉罕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞伯拉罕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> 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