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}</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/></head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Egypt skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Egypt</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about the modern country. For the ancient realm, see <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">For other uses, see <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(disambiguation)" title="Egypt (disambiguation)">Egypt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected indefinitely in response to an ongoing high risk of vandalism."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"> <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">جمهورية مصر العربية Ǧumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah Arab Republic of Egypt</div> </th> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;"> <tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Egypt"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/125px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/188px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/250px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Egypt"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" width="85" height="116" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="602"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a></td> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Anthem: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">Bilady, Bilady, Bilady</a> My country, my country, my country <center> <div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" style="width:220px;height:23px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="85.797732426304" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Bilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (129 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="128838"></source>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Bilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg">download the clip</a> or <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Egypt_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Egypt_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="250" height="250" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Egypt_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Egypt_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Egypt_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Egypt_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"></div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="image" title="Location of Egypt"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Egypt_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg/280px-Egypt_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" width="280" height="280" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Egypt_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg/420px-Egypt_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Egypt_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg/560px-Egypt_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_EGY_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="254"/></a></div> </div> <div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"></div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2">Capital and largest city</td> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=30_2_N_31_13_E_type:country">30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E / 30.033; 31.217</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Official languages</th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic" class="mw-redirect">Arabic</a><a href="#endnote_offlang">[a]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_people" title="Egyptian people" class="mw-redirect">Egyptian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Government</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republic" title="Constitutional republic" class="mw-redirect">constitutional republic</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Acting President</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Acting Prime Minister</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Mahlab" title="Ibrahim Mahlab">Ibrahim Mahlab</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Legislature</th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">House of Representatives</a> (dissolved)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Establishment</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Unification of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S.Dept_of_State.2FEgypt-2">[2]</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> 3200 BC </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali Dynasty" class="mw-redirect">Muhammad Ali Dynasty</a> inaugurated</td> <td>9 July 1805<a href="#cite_note-Crabit.C3.A8s-3">[3]</a> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">Independence</a> from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>28 February 1922 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Republic declared</a></td> <td>18 June 1953 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Revolution Day</a></td> <td>25 January 2011 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">Current Constitution</a></td> <td>18 January 2014 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Area</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>1,002,450 km2 (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">30th</a>) 387,048 sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Water (%)</td> <td>0.632</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Population</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">2014 estimate</td> <td>86,000,000<a href="#cite_note-popclock-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">15th</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Egypt#2006" title="Census in Egypt" class="mw-redirect">2006</a> census</td> <td>72,798,000<a href="#cite_note-pop1882-2006-5">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td> <td>84/km2 (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">126th</a>) 218/sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td> <td>2014 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>$576.350 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td> <td>$6,714<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (nominal)</td> <td>2014 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td>$275.748 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td> <td>$3,213<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> (2008)</td> <td>30.8<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> medium</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2013)</td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> 0.662<a href="#cite_note-HDI-8">[8]</a> medium · <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">112th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a> (<code><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EGP</a></code>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2">Time zone</th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Summer (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time" class="mw-redirect">EEST</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3<a href="#endnote_dst">[b]</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Drives on the</th> <td>right</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Egypt" title="Telephone numbers in Egypt">Calling code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B20" title="+20" class="mw-redirect">+20</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:EG" title="ISO 3166-2:EG">EG</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg" title=".eg">.eg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1." title="مصر." class="mw-redirect">مصر.</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="font-size:xx-small;"> <td align="right">a.</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><a href="#ref_offlang">^</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> is the sole official language.<big style="font-size:115%;"><a href="#cite_note-Provisional_Constitution-9">[9]</a></big> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> is the national <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>. Other <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">dialects and minority languages</a> are spoken regionally.</td> </tr> <tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedbottomrow"> <td align="right">b.</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><a href="#ref_dst">^</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_time" title="Summer time" class="mw-redirect">Summer time</a> has been reintroduced <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Egypt" title="Daylight saving time in Egypt">in 2014</a>.</td> </tr> </table> Egypt <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/En-us-Egypt.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11"/></a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Egypt.ogg" title="File:En-us-Egypt.ogg">i</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ˈ</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">iː</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">dʒ</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ɪ</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">p</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">t</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مصر‎ Miṣr), officially: the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_country" title="Transcontinental country" class="mw-redirect">transcontinental country</a> spanning the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">northeast corner of Africa</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia" title="Southwest Asia" class="mw-redirect">southwest corner of Asia</a>, via a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> formed by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. Most of its territory of 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi) lies within the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley" title="Nile Valley" class="mw-redirect">Nile Valley</a> of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and is bordered by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the north, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> to the east, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the east and south, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to the south and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the west. With over 86 million inhabitants, Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East, and the 15th-most populated in the world. The great majority of its people<a href="#cite_note-popclock-4">[4]</a> live near the banks of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> is found. The large regions of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> Desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and other major cities in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern state, having been continuously inhabited since the 10th millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Its monuments, such as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Necropolis</a> and its <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx</a>, were constructed by its <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient civilization</a>, which was one of the most powerful of its time and one of the first six civilizations to arise independently in the world. Its ancient ruins, such as those of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>, and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a> outside <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, are a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest from around the world. Egypt's rich cultural legacy, as well as the attraction of its <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a>, have made <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">tourism</a> a vital part of the economy, employing about 12 percent of the country's workforce. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">economy of Egypt</a> is one of the most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. Egypt is considered to be a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names">1 Names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory_and_Ancient_Egypt">2.1 Prehistory and Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt">2.2 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Middle_Ages">2.3 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Egypt_Eyalet">2.4 Egypt Eyalet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Muhammad_Ali_dynasty">2.5 Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Republic">2.6 Republic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Revolution">2.7 Revolution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.2 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Politics">4 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Law">4.1 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Military">4.2 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Human_rights">4.3 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.4 Foreign relations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">5 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Tourism">6.1 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Transport">6.2 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Railway">6.2.1 Railway</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Metro">6.2.2 Metro</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Air_Transport">6.2.3 Air Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Suez_Canal">6.2.4 Suez Canal</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Languages">7.1 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Religion">7.2 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Largest_cities">7.3 Largest cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Arts">8.1 Arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Literature">8.2 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Popular_culture">8.3 Popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Cinema_in_Egypt">8.4 Cinema in Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Music_of_Egypt">8.5 Music of Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Dance_in_Egypt">8.6 Dance in Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Museums">8.7 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Festivals">8.8 Festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Cuisine">8.9 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sports">8.10 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Telecommunication">9 Telecommunication</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Cellular">9.1 Cellular</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Smart_Village">9.2 Smart Village</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Post">9.3 Post</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Education">10 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Healthcare">11 Healthcare</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Health_Insurance">11.1 Health Insurance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Names</h2> The English name Egypt is derived from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος), via <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> Egypte and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Aegyptus. It is reflected in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">early Greek</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets as a-ku-pi-ti-yo. The adjective aigýpti-, aigýptios was borrowed into Coptic as gyptios, and from there into Arabic as qubṭī, back formed into قبط qubṭ, whence English <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt" title="Copt" class="mw-redirect">Copt</a>. The Greek forms were borrowed from <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Egyptian" title="Late Egyptian" class="mw-redirect">Late Egyptian</a> (Amarna) Hikuptah "Memphis", a corruption of the earlier <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> name Hwt-ka-Ptah (⟨ḥwt-k-ptḥ⟩), meaning "home of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_soul" title="Egyptian soul" class="mw-redirect">ka</a> (soul) of Ptah", the name of a temple to the god <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> at <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> attributed the word to a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> in which Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος) evolved as a compound from Aigaiou huptiōs (Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως), meaning "below the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>". Miṣr (IPA: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Arabic" title="Help:IPA for Arabic">[mesˤr]</a>) is the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Arabic" title="Literary Arabic" class="mw-redirect">Literary Arabic</a> and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA for Egyptian Arabic" class="mw-redirect">[mɑsˤɾ]</a>) is the common pronunciation in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>. The name is of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic" title="Semitic" class="mw-redirect">Semitic</a> origin, directly <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim), literally meaning "the two straits" (a reference to the dynastic separation of upper and lower Egypt).[<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The word originally connoted "metropolis" or "civilization" and means "country", or "frontier-land". The ancient Egyptian name of the country was 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 ⟨km.t⟩, which means "black land", referring to the fertile black soils of the Nile flood plains, distinct from the deshret (⟨dšṛt⟩), or "red land" of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This name is commonly vocalized as Kemet, but was probably pronounced [kuːmat] in ancient Egyptian.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The name is realized as kēme and kēmə in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as Χημία (Khēmía, which in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a> means <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Another name was ⟨tꜣ-mry⟩ "land of the riverbank".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The names of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a> were Ta-Sheme'aw (⟨tꜣ-šmꜥw⟩) "sedgeland" and Ta-Mehew (⟨tꜣ mḥw⟩) "northland", respectively. <h2>History</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of Egypt</a></div> <h3>Prehistory and Ancient Egypt</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div> There is evidence of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_carvings" title="Rock carvings" class="mw-redirect">rock carvings</a> along the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> terraces and in desert oases. In the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a>, a culture of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishers</a> was replaced by a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>-grinding <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. Climate changes or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Early <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_people" title="Tribal people" class="mw-redirect">tribal peoples</a> migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economy</a> and more centralized <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> By about 6000 BC, a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture rooted in the Nile Valley.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarian" title="Badarian" class="mw-redirect">Badarian</a> culture and the successor <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a> series are generally regarded as precursors to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">dynastic Egypt</a>. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphic</a> inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/220px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/330px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/440px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" title="Giza Necropolis">pyramids of Giza</a>, built during the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom" title="Old Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Old Kingdom</a>.</div> </div> </div> A unified kingdom was founded c. 3150 BC by King <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>, leading to a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_dynasties" title="List of Egyptian dynasties" class="mw-redirect">series of dynasties</a> that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egyptian culture</a> flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Art of Ancient Egypt" class="mw-redirect">arts</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">language</a> and customs. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" title="Protodynastic Period of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">first two ruling dynasties</a> of a unified Egypt set the stage for the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom" title="Old Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Old Kingdom</a> period, c. 2700–2200 BC., which constructed many <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a>, most notably the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third dynasty of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Third Dynasty</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">pyramid of Djoser</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Fourth Dynasty</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza pyramids</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>. A <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">second period of disunity</a> heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic" title="Semitic" class="mw-redirect">Semitic</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a>. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a>, who founded the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> and relocated the capital from <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom" title="New Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">New Kingdom</a> c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" title="Power in international relations" class="mw-redirect">international power</a> that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)" title="Tombos (Nubia)">Tombos</a> in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, and included parts of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a>, including <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and his wife <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>. The first historically attested expression of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> came during this period as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a>. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyans</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Nubians</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtieth_dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Thirtieth Dynasty</a> was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Achaemenid_Egypt" title="History of Achaemenid Egypt">fell to the Persians</a> in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a>, was defeated in battle. <h3>Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/180px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" width="180" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/270px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/360px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="510"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> The Greek Ptolemaic queen <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII" class="mw-redirect">Cleopatra VII</a> and her son by Julius Caesar, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a> at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Temple of Dendera.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt" title="History of Ptolemaic Egypt" class="mw-redirect">History of Ptolemaic Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Roman province)</a></div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> was a powerful <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" title="Hellenistic civilization" class="mw-redirect">Hellenistic</a> state, extending from southern <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in the east, to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> became the capital city and a center of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greek</a> culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The last ruler from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> line was <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII" class="mw-redirect">Cleopatra VII</a>, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian" title="Octavian" class="mw-redirect">Octavian</a> had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" title="Hellenistic culture" class="mw-redirect">Hellenistic culture</a> continued to thrive in Egypt well after the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest</a>. Christianity was brought to Egypt by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Saint Mark the Evangelist" class="mw-redirect">Saint Mark the Evangelist</a> in the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-24">[24]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reign marked the transition from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> to the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> had by then been translated into Egyptian. After the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in AD 451, a distinct <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Egyptian Coptic Church</a> was firmly established.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <h3>Middle Ages</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt in the Middle Ages</a></div> The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)#Persian_and_Arab_conquests" title="Aegyptus (Roman province)" class="mw-redirect">Persian</a> invasion early in the 7th century, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">conquered by the Islamic Empire</a> by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders that have flourished to this day.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-24">[24]</a> These earlier rites had survived the period of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Muslim rulers nominated by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Caliphate</a> remained in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt" title="History of Arab Egypt" class="mw-redirect">control of Egypt</a> for the next six centuries, with <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> as the seat of the Caliphate under the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a>. With the end of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people" title="Turkic people" class="mw-redirect">Turco</a>-<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> military caste, took control about AD 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-27">[27]</a> The mid-14th-century <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killed about 40% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <h3>Egypt Eyalet</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/270px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" width="270" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/405px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/540px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1298"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Napoleon defeated Mamluk troops in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a>, 21 July 1798, painted by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois,_Baron_Lejeune" title="Louis-François, Baron Lejeune" class="mw-redirect">Lejeune</a></div> </div> </div> Egypt was conquered by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks" class="mw-redirect">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1517, after which it became a province of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The defensive militarization damaged its civil society and economic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-27">[27]</a> The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-27">[27]</a> Between 1687 and 1731, Egypt experienced six famines.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The 1784 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> cost it roughly one-sixth of its population.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans" title="Sultans" class="mw-redirect">Sultans</a> to control, due in part to the continuing power and influence of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluks" title="Mamluks" class="mw-redirect">Mamluks</a>, the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries. As such, Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Republic" title="First French Republic" class="mw-redirect">French</a> forces of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I" title="Napoleon I" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon I</a> in 1798. After the French were expelled, power was seized in 1805 by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> remained nominally an Ottoman province. It was granted the status of an <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">autonomous vassal state</a> or <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> in 1867. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik Pasha</a> governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Egypt" title="British occupation of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">British occupation</a> of 1882. Nevertheless, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> (1867–1914) remained a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> Ottoman province until 5 November 1914,<a href="#cite_note-Treaty-31">[31]</a> when it was declared a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in reaction to the decision of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> of the Ottoman Empire to join the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War" title="First World War" class="mw-redirect">First World War</a> on the side of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. <h3>Muhammad Ali dynasty</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt" title="History of Ottoman Egypt" class="mw-redirect">History of Ottoman Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/200px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg" width="200" height="285" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/300px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/400px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="4020"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> is founder <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> and first <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">khedive</a> of the Egypt and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.</div> </div> </div> After the French were defeated by the British, a power vacuum was created in Egypt, and a three-way power struggle ensued between the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks" class="mw-redirect">Ottoman Turks</a>, Egyptian <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnauts" title="Arnauts">Albanian mercenaries</a> in the service of the Ottomans. It ended in victory for the Albanians led by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>. While he carried the title of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of Egypt, his subordination to the Ottoman porte was merely nominal.[<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Muhammad Ali established a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952. In later years, the dynasty became a British puppet.<a href="#cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2-32">[32]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg/170px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg" width="170" height="272" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg/255px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg/340px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1875"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Female nationalists demonstrating in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, 1919</div> </div> </div> The introduction in 1820 of long-staple <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> transformed its agriculture into a cash-crop <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> before the end of the century, concentrating land ownership and shifting production towards international markets.<a href="#cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2-32">[32]</a> Muhammad Ali annexed <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sudan" title="Northern Sudan" class="mw-redirect">Northern Sudan</a> (1820–1824), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (1833), and parts of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans. His military ambition required him to modernize the country: he built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2-32">[32]</a> Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> to a great modernized army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim</a> (in September 1848), then by a grandson <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I</a> (in November 1848), then by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Said</a> (in 1854), and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il</a> (in 1863). The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a> it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_control" title="Dual control">controllers</a> who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:192px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg/190px-1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg" width="190" height="189" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg/285px-1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg/380px-1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> British infantry near <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, 17 July 1942</div> </div> </div> Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879, with <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Urabi" title="Ahmad Urabi" class="mw-redirect">Ahmad Urabi</a> a prominent figure. Fearing a reduction of their control, the UK and France intervened militarily, bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir" title="Battle of Tel el-Kebir">battle of Tel el-Kebir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> They reinstalled Ismail's son <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik</a> as figurehead of a de facto British protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1906, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinshaway_Incident" title="Dinshaway Incident" class="mw-redirect">Dinshaway Incident</a> prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement. In 1914, the Protectorate was made official, and the title of the head of state was changed to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">sultan</a>, to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, who was backing the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_powers" title="Central powers" class="mw-redirect">Central powers</a> in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II</a> was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel</a>, as sultan.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> After the First World War, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Zaghlul" title="Saad Zaghlul" class="mw-redirect">Saad Zaghlul</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a> led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>. When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> on 8 March 1919, the country arose in its <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919" title="Egyptian revolution of 1919" class="mw-redirect">first modern revolution</a>. The revolt led the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_coalition_government_(1916%E2%80%931922)" title="United Kingdom coalition government (1916–1922)" class="mw-redirect">UK government</a> to issue a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence</a> on 22 February 1922.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">new government</a> drafted and implemented a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Egypt" title="1923 Constitution of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">constitution</a> in 1923 based on a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a> in 1924. In 1936, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936" title="Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty</a> was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> known as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">1952 Revolution</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement</a> forced King <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">Farouk</a> to abdicate in support of his son <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt" title="Fuad II of Egypt">Fuad</a>. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-39">[39]</a> <h3>Republic</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Egypt" title="History of the Republic of Egypt">History of the Republic of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Armor.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Egyptian_Armor.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Armor.jpg" width="220" height="84" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Egyptian_Armor.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Egyptian_Armor.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="434"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Armor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, 1973</div> </div> </div> Following the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">1952 Revolution</a> by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement</a>, the rule of Egypt passed to military hands. On 18 June 1953, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt_(1953%E2%80%931958)" title="Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)" class="mw-redirect">Egyptian Republic</a> was declared, with General <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" title="Muhammad Naguib">Muhammad Naguib</a> as the first President of the Republic. Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> – the real architect of the 1952 movement – and was later put under <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>. Nasser assumed <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power" title="Political power" class="mw-redirect">power</a> as President in June 1956. British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. He <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956, prompting the 1956 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>. In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> with <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen" title="North Yemen">North Yemen</a> (formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a>. In 1959, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine Government</a> of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored. In early 1960s, Egypt became fully involved in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a>. The Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nasser, supported the Yemeni republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and chemical weapons. Despite several military moves and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate. Egyptian commitment in Yemen was greatly undermined later. On May 1967, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> closed the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a> to passage of Israeli ships. On 26 May <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".<a href="#cite_note-Mutawi2002p95-40">[40]</a> Israel considered the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a> closure a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">Casus belli</a>. In the 1967 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Day_War" title="Six Day War" class="mw-redirect">Six Day War</a>, Israel attacked Egypt, and occupied <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, which Egypt had <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">occupied</a> since the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. During the 1967 war, an <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">Emergency Law</a> was enacted, and remained in effect until 2012, with the exception of an 18-month break in 1980/81.<a href="#cite_note-fidh-41">[41]</a> Under this law, police powers were extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship is legalized. At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor.<a href="#cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010.2C_p.120-42">[42]</a> Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, and most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrollments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser.<a href="#cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010.2C_p.120-42">[42]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Begin,_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg/220px-Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg/330px-Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg/440px-Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="388"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Begin,_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat" title="Anwar El Sadat" class="mw-redirect">Anwar Al Sadat</a>.</div> </div> </div> In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>. Sadat switched Egypt's <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infitah" title="Infitah">Infitah</a> economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">October War</a>, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments however were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernize Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_Bread_Riots" title="1977 Egyptian Bread Riots">1977 Egyptian Bread Riots</a>. Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Egypt_Peace_Treaty" title="Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty" class="mw-redirect">peace treaty</a> in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and led to Egypt's expulsion from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, but it was supported by most Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, Sadat was assassinated by an Islamic extremist. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-46">[46]</a> Hosni Mubarak reaffirmed Egypt's relationship with Israel yet eased the tensions with Egypt's Arab neighbors as well. Domestically, Mubarak faced many serious problems. Even though farm and industry output expanded, the economy could not keep pace with the population boom. Mass poverty and unemployment led rural families to stream into cities like Cairo where they ended up in crowded slums, barely managing to survive. In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt" title="Copt" class="mw-redirect">Copts</a> and foreign tourists as well as government officials.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy.p.4-47">[47]</a> In the 1990s an <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist" title="Islamist" class="mw-redirect">Islamist</a> group, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a>, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a>, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations. As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 17 November 1997, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_massacre" title="Luxor massacre">62 people, mostly tourists, were massacred</a> near <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>. In late February 2005, Mubarak announced a reform of the presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls for the first time since the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">1952 movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> However, the new law placed restrictions on the candidates, and led to Mubarak's easy re-election victory.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Voter turnout was less than 25%.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Election observers also alleged government interference in the election process.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> After the election, Mubarak imprisoned <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_Nour" title="Ayman Nour">Ayman Nour</a>, the runner-up.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Human Rights Watch's 2006 report on Egypt detailed serious human rights violations, including routine <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-56">[56]</a> In 2007, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> released a report alleging that Egypt had become an international center for torture, where other nations send suspects for interrogation, often as part of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Egypt's foreign ministry quickly issued a rebuttal to this report.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorized broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2009, Dr. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_El_Deen_Hilal_Dessouki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki (page does not exist)">Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki</a>, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a>), described Egypt as a "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaonic" title="Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect">pharaonic</a>" political system, and democracy as a "long term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".<a href="#cite_note-09CAIRO1468-60">[60]</a> <h3>Revolution</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%93present_Egyptian_civil_unrest" title="Timeline of the 2011–present Egyptian civil unrest" class="mw-redirect">Timeline of the 2011–present Egyptian civil unrest</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/220px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/330px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/440px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="462"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Celebrations in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> after <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Suleiman" title="Omar Suleiman">Omar Suleiman</a>'s statement announcing <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>'s resignation</div> </div> </div> On 25 January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government. On 11 February 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Jubilant celebrations broke out in Cairo's <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> at the news.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_military" title="Egyptian military" class="mw-redirect">Egyptian military</a> then assumed the power to govern.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Mohamed Hussein Tantawi</a>, chairman of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a>, became the de facto interim <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On 13 February 2011, the military dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> A <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2011" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2011">constitutional referendum</a> was held on 19 March 2011. On 28 November 2011, Egypt held its <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2011%E2%80%932012" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012" class="mw-redirect">first parliamentary election</a> since the previous regime had been in power. Turnout was high and there were no reports of major irregularities or violence.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> was elected president on 24 June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_Qandil" title="Hisham Qandil" class="mw-redirect">Hisham Qandil</a> announced his 35 member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Liberal and secular groups walked out of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Egypt" title="Constituent Assembly of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">constituent assembly</a> because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> On 22 November 2012, President Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The move has led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-violencebreaks-72">[72]</a> On 5 December 2012, tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of president Morsi clashed, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country's revolution.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Mohamed Morsi offered a "national dialogue" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2012" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012">December 2012 constitutional referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LaTimes-74">[74]</a> On 30 June 2013, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2013" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2013" class="mw-redirect">massive protests</a> were organized across Egypt against <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsi" title="Morsi" class="mw-redirect">Morsi</a>'s rule, leading to the ousting of Morsi by the military on 3 July 2013, where the military removed Morsi from power in a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and installed an interim government.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-75">[75]</a> On 4 July 2013, 68-year old Egyptian judge <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a> was sworn in as acting president over the new government following the removal of Morsi. On 18 January 2014, the interim government institutionalised a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">new constitution</a>. The constitution was supported by 98.1% by a voter turnout of only 38.6%.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <h2>Geography</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg/220px-Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg/330px-Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg/440px-Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2493"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aswan_Nile_R09.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> A branch of the Nile near Aswan</div> </div> </div> Egypt lies primarily between latitudes <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_parallel_north" title="22nd parallel north">22°</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25°</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_meridian_east" title="35th meridian east">35°E</a>. At 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,660 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> it is the world's 30th-largest country. Nevertheless, due to the aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that about 99% of the population uses only about 5.5% of the total land area.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> 98% of Egyptians live on 3% of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FoubergMurphy2009-79">[79]</a> Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_nation" title="Transcontinental nation" class="mw-redirect">transcontinental nation</a>, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea. Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> scattered about. Winds create prolific <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">sand dunes</a> that peak at more than 100 feet (30 m) high. Egypt includes parts of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Desert" title="Sahara Desert" class="mw-redirect">Sahara Desert</a> and of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a>. These deserts protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats and were referred to as the "red land" in ancient Egypt. Towns and cities include <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the second largest city; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the modern Egyptian capital and largest city; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Mahalla_El-Kubra" title="El-Mahalla El-Kubra">El-Mahalla El-Kubra</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, the site of the Pyramid of Khufu; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Safaga" title="Port Safaga" class="mw-redirect">Port Safaga</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_el_Sheikh" title="Sharm el Sheikh" class="mw-redirect">Sharm el Sheikh</a>; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, where the south end of the Suez Canal is located; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a>; and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Al-Minya</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oases</a> include <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahariya_Oasis" title="Bahariya Oasis">Bahariya</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">el Dakhla</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">el Kharga</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorates" title="Protectorates" class="mw-redirect">Protectorates</a> include Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate and Siwa. See <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Protectorates" title="Egyptian Protectorates">Egyptian Protectorates</a> for more information. <h3>Climate</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_sat.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egypt_sat.png/220px-Egypt_sat.png" width="220" height="198" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egypt_sat.png/330px-Egypt_sat.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egypt_sat.png/440px-Egypt_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1241"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_sat.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Satellite image of Egypt</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate of Egypt</a></div> Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in),<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> mostly between October and March. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a> is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Temperatures average between 80 and 90 °F (26.7 and 32.2 °C) in summer, and up to 109 °F (43 °C) on the Red Sea coast. Winter temperatures average between 55 and 70 °F (13 and 21 °C). A steady wind from the northwest helps lower temperatures near the Mediterranean coast. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamaseen" title="Khamaseen" class="mw-redirect">Khamaseen</a> is a wind that blows from the south in spring, bringing sand and dust, and sometimes raises the temperature in the desert to more than 100 °F (38 °C). Prior to the construction of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, the Nile flooded annually (colloquially The Gift of the Nile) replenishing Egypt's soil. This gave the country consistent harvest throughout the years. The potential rise in sea levels due to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> could threaten Egypt's densely populated coastal strip and have grave consequences for the country's economy, agriculture and industry. Combined with growing demographic pressures, a significant rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_refugees" title="Environmental refugees" class="mw-redirect">environmental refugees</a> by the end of the 21st century, according to some climate experts.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_(Iolanda_reef).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_%28Iolanda_reef%29.jpg/220px-Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_%28Iolanda_reef%29.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_%28Iolanda_reef%29.jpg/330px-Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_%28Iolanda_reef%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_%28Iolanda_reef%29.jpg/440px-Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_%28Iolanda_reef%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_reef_in_Ras_Muhammad_nature_park_(Iolanda_reef).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Coral reef in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park" title="Ras Muhammad National Park">Ras Muhammad</a> national park near the southern coast of Sinai with many schooling colored fish in the scene.</div> </div> </div> <h3>Biodiversity</h3> Egypt signed the Rio <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 9 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> It has subsequently produced a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" title="Biodiversity Action Plan" class="mw-redirect">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>, which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Where many <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">CBD</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" title="Biodiversity Action Plan" class="mw-redirect">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans</a> neglect biological kingdoms apart from animals and plants,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Egypt's plan was unusual in providing balanced information about all forms of life. The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <h2>Politics</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 317px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 152px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Al_Sisi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/150px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg" width="150" height="198" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/225px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/300px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1170"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Sisi" title="General Sisi" class="mw-redirect">General Sisi</a> lead the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a> to remove Morsi.</div> </div> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 152px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/150px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg" width="150" height="199" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/225px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/300px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="849"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> was the first democratically elected head of state in Egyptian history.</div> </div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">House of Representatives</a>, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, is Specialized in the Legislature power.<a href="#cite_note-legisl-cia-89">[89]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a> were last held between <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2011%E2%80%932012" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012" class="mw-redirect">November 2011 and January 2012</a> which was later dissolved. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2014" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 2014">The next parliamentary election</a> will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a> pushed the date.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_presidential_election,_2014" title="Egyptian presidential election, 2014">presidential election</a> is now scheduled for 26 and 27 of May, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On 3 July 2013 following millions of protesters demonstrated across Egypt against <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsi" title="Morsi" class="mw-redirect">Morsi</a> reported as one of the biggest protests in world history.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> then-<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army_ranks" title="Egyptian Army ranks">General</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Al-Sisi" title="Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi" class="mw-redirect">Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi</a> announced the removal of President <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsi" title="Morsi" class="mw-redirect">Morsi</a> from office and suspending the constitution for modification. 50-member constitution committee was formed for modifying <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">the constitution</a> which was later published for <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2014" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2014">public voting</a> and was adopted in 18 January 2014.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> rated <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_rights" title="Political rights" class="mw-redirect">political rights</a> in Egypt at "5" (with 1 representing the most free and 7 the least), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> as "5" which gave it the freedom rating of "Partly Free."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a> predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the 19th century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The ideology espoused by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> such as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> is mostly supported by the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Egypt has the oldest continuous parliamentary tradition in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-pogar-97">[97]</a> The first popular assembly was established in 1866. It was disbanded as a result of the British occupation of 1882, and the British allowed only a consultative body to sit. In 1923, however, after the country's independence was declared, a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-pogar-97">[97]</a> <h3>Law</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Egypt" title="Law of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Law of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG/220px-Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG/330px-Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG/440px-Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt">Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt</a>.</div> </div> </div> The legal system is based on <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law" title="Sharia law" class="mw-redirect">Islamic</a> and civil law (particularly <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code" title="Napoleonic code" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic codes</a>); and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> jurisdiction only with reservations.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-39">[39]</a> Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation. Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Justice (Egypt)">Ministry of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia. In a family court, a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's testimony.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 26 December 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood attempted to institutionalise a controversial new constitution. It was approved by the public in a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2012" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012">referendum</a> held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, but with only 33% electorate participation.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> It replaced the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Provisional_Constitution_of_Egypt" title="2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt" class="mw-redirect">2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt</a>, adopted following the revolution. The Penal code was unique as it contains a "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy Law</a>."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The present court system allows a death penalty including against an absent individual <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tried_in_absentia" title="Tried in absentia" class="mw-redirect">tried in absentia</a>. Several Americans and Canadians were sentenced to death in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">secular constitution</a> sets up a president and parliament.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-103">[103]</a> The president is elected to a four year term and may serve 2 terms.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-103">[103]</a> The parliament may impeach the president.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-103">[103]</a> Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Religion" title="Freedom of Religion" class="mw-redirect">freedom of thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-103">[103]</a> The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-103">[103]</a> Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-103">[103]</a> <h3>Military</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG/170px-Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG" width="170" height="253" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG/255px-Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG/340px-Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="2840"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Air_Force_F-16.JPEG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16" title="F-16" class="mw-redirect">F-16</a> refueling during <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bright_Star" title="Operation Bright Star">Operation Bright Star</a></div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Armed forces</a> have a combined troop strength of around 468,500 active personnel in addition 1,000,000 reservists for a total of 1,468,500 strong.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> According to the former chair of Israel's Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Steinitz" title="Yuval Steinitz">Yuval Steinitz</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a> has roughly the same number of modern warplanes as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> and far more Western tanks, artillery, anti-aircraft batteries and warships than the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Egypt is speculated by Israel to be the second country in the region with a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_satellite" title="Spy satellite" class="mw-redirect">spy satellite</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptSat_1" title="EgyptSat 1">EgyptSat 1</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> in addition to EgyptSat 2 launched on 16 April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> is being progressively replaced by more modern U.S., French, and British equipment, a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Navy" title="Egyptian Navy">Egyptian Navy</a> is the largest navy in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World" title="Arab World" class="mw-redirect">Arab World</a>, and is the seventh largest in the world measured by the number of vessels.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The United States of America provides Egypt with annual military assistance, which in 2009 amounted to US$ 1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.43 billion in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-09CAIRO874-109">[109]</a> The military has a lot of influence in the political life of Egypt as well as the economy and it exempts itself from laws that apply to other sectors. It also enjoys considerable power, prestige and independence within the state and has been widely considered part of the Egyptian "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_within_a_state" title="State within a state">deep state</a>".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2011-110">[110]</a> <h3>Human rights</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights in Egypt</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Egypt" title="Sudanese refugees in Egypt">Sudanese refugees in Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution of Copts</a></div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Organization_for_Human_Rights" title="Egyptian Organization for Human Rights">Egyptian Organization for Human Rights</a> is one of the longest-standing bodies for the defence of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">human rights in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2003, the government established the National Council for Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The council came under heavy criticism by local activists, who contend it was a propaganda tool for the government to excuse its own violations<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and to give legitimacy to repressive laws such as the Emergency Law.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Forum_on_Religion_%26_Public_Life" title="Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life" class="mw-redirect">Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life</a> ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</a>, a bipartisan independent agency of the U.S. government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> According to a 2010 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> for those who <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">leave Islam</a>; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.<a href="#cite_note-pgap-118">[118]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christians" title="Coptic Christians" class="mw-redirect">Coptic Christians</a> face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches.<a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-119">[119]</a> Intolerance of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'ís</a> and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a>, also remains a problem.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-56">[56]</a> When the government moved to computerize identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" title="Bahá'í" class="mw-redirect">Bahá'ís</a>, could not obtain <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Identification_Card_Controversy" title="Egyptian Identification Card Controversy" class="mw-redirect">identification documents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2008-120">[120]</a> An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognized.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-121">[121]</a> Clashes continue between military and supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi, at least <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Egyptian_raids" title="August 2013 Egyptian raids" class="mw-redirect">595 civilians were killed</a> in Cairo on 14 August 2013,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> the worst mass killing in Egypt’s modern history.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Egypt actively practises <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>. Egypt’s authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-124">[124]</a> The United Nations human rights office<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and various <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO" title="NGO" class="mw-redirect">NGOs</a><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> expressed “deep alarm” after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Courtcourt sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on March 25, 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">ousting</a> in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <h3>Foreign relations</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_meets_with_Egyptian_Foreign_Minister_Fahmy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Egyptian Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmy speaks with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry at the outset of a meeting in Cairo, Egypt, on 3 November 2013.</div> </div> </div> The permanent <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters of the Arab League</a> are located in Cairo and the Secretary General of the Arab League has traditionally been Egyptian. Former Foreign Minister Nabil El-Arabi is the current group's Secretary General. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> in 1978 to protest the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt-Israel_Peace_Treaty" title="Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty" class="mw-redirect">Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty</a>, returning in 1989. Egypt was the first Arab state to establish diplomatic relations with Israel, with the signing of the treaty. Despite the peace treaty, Israel is still largely considered an enemy country within Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Egypt has historically played an important role as a mediator in resolving disputes between various Arab states, and in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli-Palestinian conflict" class="mw-redirect">Israeli-Palestinian dispute</a>. Egypt is a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major ally</a> of the United States. Former Egyptian <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" title="Deputy Prime Minister" class="mw-redirect">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> served as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> from 1991 to 1996. In the 21st century, Egypt has had a major problem with immigration, as millions of persons from other African nations flee poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <h2>Administrative divisions</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorates of Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Egypt" title="Regions of Egypt">Regions of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Egypt%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/350px-Egypt%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" width="350" height="323" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Egypt%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/525px-Egypt%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Egypt%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/700px-Egypt%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Governorates of Egypt</div> </div> </div> Egypt is divided into 27 governorates. The governorates are further divided into regions. The regions contain towns and villages. Each governorate has a capital, sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate. <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ol> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_el-Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate">Kafr el-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharqia_Governorate" title="Al Sharqia Governorate">Al Sharqia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a></li> </ol> </div> <h2>Economy</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_Exports_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Egypt_Exports_2.jpg/220px-Egypt_Exports_2.jpg" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Egypt_Exports_2.jpg/330px-Egypt_Exports_2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Egypt_Exports_2.jpg/440px-Egypt_Exports_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="853"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_Exports_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Graphical depiction of Egypt's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.</div> </div> </div> Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and Europe. The completion of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam" title="Aswan High Dam" class="mw-redirect">Aswan High Dam</a> in 1970 and the resultant <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The government has invested in communications and physical infrastructure. Egypt has received <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">United States foreign aid</a> since 1979 (an average of $2.2 billion per year) and is the third-largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Egypt’s economy mainly relies on these sources of income: tourism, remittances from Egyptians working abroad and revenues from the Suez Canal.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydro power</a>. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (590,000 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 660,000 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 1,940 cubic kilometres (470 cu mi), and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a> up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 457px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg/220px-San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg" width="220" height="165" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg/330px-San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg/440px-San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3040"/></a></div> </div> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis)_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg" width="220" height="165" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"/></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Stefano_Grand_Plaza" title="San Stefano Grand Plaza">San Stefano Grand Plaza</a> in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (left) and view from <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.</div> </div> </div> Economic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>. In its annual report, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms.<a href="#cite_note-IMF-133">[133]</a> Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">taxation law</a> implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenue</a> by the year 2006. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak, exceeding $6 billion in 2006, due to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_theory_of_economics" title="Liberal theory of economics" class="mw-redirect">economic liberalization</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">priva</a><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_privatizations#Egypt" title="List of privatizations">tization</a> measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin.[<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues, followed by a 60% drop in foreign exchange reserves, a 3% drop in growth, and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticize their government for higher prices of basic goods while their <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standards of living</a> or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The government promised major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="Emirates Telecommunications Corporation">Etisalat</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> 2013, Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_America_(CV-66)_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg/220px-USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg/330px-USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg/440px-USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2007"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_America_(CV-66)_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></div> </div> </div> Egypt's most prominent multinational companies are the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orascom_Group" title="Orascom Group">Orascom Group</a> and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as many small and medium size enterprises. Some of these companies are the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xceedcc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xceedcc (page does not exist)">Xceed Contact Center</a>, Raya, E Group Connections and C3. The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement. An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians abroad contribute actively to the development of their country through <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittances" title="Remittances" class="mw-redirect">remittances</a> (US$ 7.8 billion in 2009), as well as circulation of human and social capital and investment.<a href="#cite_note-IOMEgypt-139">[139]</a> Remittances, money earned by Egyptians living abroad and sent home, reached a record US$21 billion in 2012, according to the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Egyptian society is moderately unequal in terms of income distribution, with an estimated 35 - 40% of Egypt's population earning less than the equivalent of $2 a day, while only around 2–3% may be considered wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <h3>Tourism</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism in Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Moez_Street.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Moez_Street.jpg/220px-Al_Moez_Street.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Moez_Street.jpg/330px-Al_Moez_Street.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Moez_Street.jpg/440px-Al_Moez_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1170"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Moez_Street.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Al Muizz Street has the greatest concentration of medieval architectural treasures in the Islamic world</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg/220px-Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg/330px-Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg/440px-Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Menkaure.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a></div> </div> </div> Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Egypt's economy. More than 12.8 million tourists visited Egypt in 2008, providing revenues of nearly $11 billion. The tourism sector employs about 12% of Egypt's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Tourism Minister Hisham Zaazou told industry professionals and reporters that tourism generated some $9.4 billion in 2012, a slight increase over the $9 billion seen in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg/220px-Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg/330px-Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg/440px-Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharm_el_Sheikh_R01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> White Knight Bay, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_el_Sheikh" title="Sharm el Sheikh" class="mw-redirect">Sharm el Sheikh</a></div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Necropolis</a> is Egypt's most iconic site. It is also Egypt's most popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a> as one of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_World" title="Seven Wonders of the World" class="mw-redirect">Seven Wonders of the World</a>. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterreanean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, colored coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practicing sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh" title="Sharm el-Sheikh">Sharm el-Sheikh</a> (or City of Peace), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> (known as world's greatest open air museum/ or City of the 1/3 of world monuments), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Sidr" title="Ras Sidr" class="mw-redirect">Ras Sidr</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a> and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist’s destinations of the recreational tourism. With a lot of touristic activities in Egypt it's considered a fun place for historical, religious, medical and entertainment tourism. <h3>Transport</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport in Egypt</a></div> Transport in Egypt is centered in Cairo and largely follows the pattern of settlement along the Nile. <h4>Railway</h4> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Railways" title="Egyptian National Railways">Egyptian National Railways</a></div> The main line of the nation's 40,800-kilometer (25,400 mi) railway network which is the second oldest railway network in the history runs from Alexandria to Aswan and is operated by Egyptian National Railways. The badly maintained vehicle road network has expanded rapidly to over 21,000 miles, consisting of 28 line, 796 stations, 1800 train covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases. <h4>Metro</h4> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo Metro</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro-1-l.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Metro-1-l.jpg/220px-Metro-1-l.jpg" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Metro-1-l.jpg/330px-Metro-1-l.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Metro-1-l.jpg/440px-Metro-1-l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="365"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro-1-l.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> The Cairo Metro (line 2)</div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo Metro</a> in Egypt is the first of only two full-fledged metro systems in Africa and the Arab World. It is considered one of the most important recent projects in Egypt which cost around 12 billion Egyptian pounds. The system consists of three operational lines with a fourth line expected in the future. <h4>Air Transport</h4> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a></div> Egypt is considered one of the pioneer countries in using air transport having established its most important and main flag carrier airline of Egypt, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a> in 1932, 100% owned by the Egyptian Government. The airline is based at <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International Airport">Cairo International Airport</a>, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 75 destinations in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americas" title="The Americas" class="mw-redirect">the Americas</a>. The Current <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a> fleet includes 80 airplane. <h4>Suez Canal</h4> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG/220px-Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG/330px-Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG/440px-Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bridge" title="Suez Canal Bridge">Suez Canal Bridge</a></div> </div> </div> The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important center of the maritime transport in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> without navigation around <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point. the canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5.6 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the "Ballah By-Pass" and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez. <h2>Demographics</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics of Egypt</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 15em; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> <tr> <th colspan="3" class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.25em; font-size:110%">Historical populations in thousands</th> </tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%"> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; width: 3em;">Year</th> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; text-align: right;"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr>  </th> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; text-align: right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate">±% p.a.</abbr>  </th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1882</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">6,712</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">—    </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1897</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">9,669</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.46%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1907</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">11,190</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+1.47%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1917</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">12,718</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+1.29%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">1927</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">14,178</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">+1.09%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1937</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">15,921</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+1.17%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1947</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">18,967</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+1.77%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1960</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">26,085</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.48%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1966</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">30,076</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.40%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">1976</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">36,626</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">+1.99%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1986</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">48,254</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.80%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1996</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">59,312</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.08%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2006</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">72,798</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.07%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2013</th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">84,314</td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+2.12%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;">Source: Population in Egypt<a href="#cite_note-pop1882-2006-5">[5]</a></td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/220px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" width="220" height="202" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/330px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/440px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Egypt population density (people per km2)</div> </div> </div> Egypt is the most populated country in the Middle East, and the third most populous on the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_continent" title="African continent" class="mw-redirect">African continent</a>, with about 84 million inhabitants as of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-popclock-4">[4]</a> Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine#Modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">medical advances</a> and increases in agricultural productivity <a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> enabled by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Egypt's population was estimated at only 3 million when <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" title="Napoleon I of France" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon</a> invaded the country in 1798.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Egypt's people are highly urbanized, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centers and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">fellahin</a>, or farmers, that reside in rural villages. Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-39">[39]</a> Ethnic minorities include the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_people" title="Abaza people" class="mw-redirect">Abazas</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language" title="Berber language" class="mw-redirect">Berber</a>-speaking <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siwis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siwis (page does not exist)">Siwis</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a>) of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>, and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_people" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a> communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a> clans mostly in the Nile Delta and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanization increases. According to the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>, an estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, 332,600 in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, 226,850 in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, 190,550 in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% reside mostly in Europe and North America (318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada and 90,000 in Italy).<a href="#cite_note-IOMEgypt-139">[139]</a> Egypt also hosts an unknown number of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees" title="Refugees" class="mw-redirect">refugees</a> and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-Refugees-147">[147]</a> There are some 70,000 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Refugees-147">[147]</a> and about 150,000 recently arrived <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Iraqi refugees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> but the number of the largest group, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Egypt" title="Sudanese refugees in Egypt">Sudanese</a>, is contested.<a href="#cite_note-149">[nb 1]</a> The once-vibrant and ancient <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" title="Greeks in Egypt">Greek</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jewish communities in Egypt</a> have almost <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands" title="Jewish exodus from Arab lands" class="mw-redirect">disappeared</a>, with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew" class="mw-redirect">Jews</a> visit on religious or other occasions and tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities. Among the people of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity. <h3>Languages</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages of Egypt</a></div> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Republic is <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Provisional_Constitution-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken languages</a> are: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> (68%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'idi Arabic</a> (29%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic" title="Bedawi Arabic">Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic</a> (1.6%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a> (0.6%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> (0.3%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a> (0.3%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> (0.1%), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwi_language" title="Siwi language" class="mw-redirect">Siwi</a> and others. Additionally, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> are the main languages of immigrants. In <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the 19th century there was a large community of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Egyptians" title="Italian Egyptians">Italian Egyptians</a> and Italian was the "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>" of the city. The main foreign languages taught in schools, by order of popularity, are <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and Italian. Historical <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_languages" title="Egyptian languages" class="mw-redirect">Egyptian languages</a>, also known as Copto-Egyptian, consist of ancient <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, and form a separate branch among the family of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" title="Afro-Asiatic languages" class="mw-redirect">Afro-Asiatic languages</a>. The "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné" class="mw-redirect">Koiné</a>" dialect of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, though not native to Egypt, was important in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic" title="Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect">Hellenistic</a> Alexandria. It was used extensively in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of that culture. Later translations from Greek to Arabic became the subject of study by Arab scholars. <h3>Religion</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion in Egypt</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tr style="background:#ddd"> <th colspan="5">Religions in Egypt (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pew-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-rel-151">[150]</a></th> </tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px;">Religions</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:green; width:90%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">90%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Orthodox Christian</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:purple; width:9%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Other</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">1%</td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg/270px-Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg" width="270" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg/405px-Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg/540px-Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1188"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_HDR.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Muhammad_Ali" title="Mosque of Muhammad Ali">Mosque of Muhammad Ali</a> was built between 1828 and 1848 by Ottoman Egyptian wāli <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Pasha" title="Muhammad Ali Pasha" class="mw-redirect">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> in memory of his son <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusun_Pasha" title="Tusun Pasha">Tusun Pasha</a>.</div> </div> </div> Egypt is a predominantly <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni" class="mw-redirect">Sunni</a> Muslim country with <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as its state religion. The percentage of adherents of various religions is a controversial topic in Egypt. An estimated 90% are identified as Muslim, 9% as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christians" title="Coptic Christians" class="mw-redirect">Coptic Christians</a>, and 1% as other Christian denominations. <a href="#cite_note-152">[nb 2]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" title="Non-denominational Muslims" class="mw-redirect">Non-denominational Muslims</a> form roughly 12% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> After Islam arrived in the 7th century, Egypt emerged as a center of politics and culture in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. Under <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, Islam became the official <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> the main source of law.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown2-154">[152]</a> It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow native <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqah" title="Tariqah" class="mw-redirect">orders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost15Million-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a>[<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost15Million-156">[154]</a> There is also a minority of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a" class="mw-redirect">Shi'a</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a> estimates the Shia population at one to 2.2 million<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> and could measure as much as three million.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi" title="Salafi" class="mw-redirect">Salafi</a> (ultra-conservative) population is estimated at five to six million.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> is famous for its numerous <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> and has been dubbed "the city of 1,000 minarets".<a href="#cite_note-The_Independent_on_Cairo-161">[159]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg/220px-Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg/330px-Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg/440px-Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1195"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_Church.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Church of The Virgin Mary, Ismailia</div> </div> </div> Of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christian minority in Egypt</a> over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" title="Oriental Orthodox" class="mw-redirect">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christian Church.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt</a> and various other <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, the largest formerly being the Christians of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians" class="mw-redirect">Syro</a>-<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, or "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a>", descent who belong to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" title="Greek Orthodox" class="mw-redirect">Greek Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic" title="Maronite Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Maronite Catholic</a> denominations.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Syro-Lebanese Christians formerly had a much larger community in Egypt before the Nasser regime and the adoption of laws of nationalization. Ethnic <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> also made up a large <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" title="Greek Orthodox" class="mw-redirect">Greek Orthodox</a> population in the past. Likewise Armenians made up the then larger <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Orthodox" title="Armenian Orthodox" class="mw-redirect">Armenian Orthodox</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic" title="Armenian Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Catholic</a> communities, with <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Egyptians" title="Italian Egyptians">Italian Egyptians</a> largely making up the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Egypt" title="Roman Catholicism in Egypt">Roman Catholic</a> community. Egypt hosts two major religious institutions, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, established in the middle of the 1st century CE by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Saint Mark the Evangelist</a>, and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>, founded in 970 CE by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> as the first[<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement" class="mw-redirect">dubious</a> – <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Egypt#Dubious" title="Talk:Egypt">discuss</a>] Islamic University in the world. Egypt recognizes only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths practiced by Egyptians, such as the small <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í</a> community, are not recognized by the state, and Baha'is face persecution.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include such religions on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Egyptian identification card controversy</a>), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognized faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.<a href="#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2008-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-121">[121]</a> <h3>Largest cities</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of cities in Egypt">List of cities in Egypt</a></div> <table class="navbox" style="width: 100%"> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0; line-height:1.4em;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left; margin-left:0.75em"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Egypt" title="Template:Largest cities of Egypt">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Egypt (page does not exist)">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Egypt&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> Largest cities or towns of Egypt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1&srt=pnan&col=abcq&msz=1500&geo=-69">world-gazetteer Estimates for 2012</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank</th> <th><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of cities in Egypt">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th> <th>Pop.</th> <th>Rank</th> <th><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of cities in Egypt">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th> <th>Pop.</th> <th></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" class="image" title="Cairo"><img alt="Cairo" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/120px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" width="120" height="93" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/180px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/240px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1331"/></a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Montaza.jpg" class="image" title="Alexandria"><img alt="Alexandria" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/View_from_Montaza.jpg/120px-View_from_Montaza.jpg" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/View_from_Montaza.jpg/180px-View_from_Montaza.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/View_from_Montaza.jpg/240px-View_from_Montaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540"/></a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></td> <td align="right">8,105,071</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a></td> <td align="right">403,202</td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg" class="image" title="Giza"><img alt="Giza" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg/120px-PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg/180px-PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg/240px-PyramidsofGiza_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360"/></a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg" class="image" title="Shubra El-Kheima"><img alt="Shubra El-Kheima" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg/120px-ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg/180px-ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg/240px-ShubraPalaceFacade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"/></a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubra_El-Kheima" title="Shubra El-Kheima">Shubra El-Kheima</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a></td> <td align="right">4,388,219</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia" class="mw-redirect">Ismailia</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a></td> <td align="right">352,411</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a></td> <td align="right">3,348,401</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a></td> <td align="right">338,959</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubra_El-Kheima" title="Shubra El-Kheima">Shubra El-Kheima</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a></td> <td align="right">1,072,951</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharqia_Governorate" title="Al Sharqia Governorate">Al Sharqia</a></td> <td align="right">314,331</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a></td> <td align="right">607,353</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a></td> <td align="right">299,296</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a></td> <td align="right">547,352</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a></td> <td align="right">281,891</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a></td> <td align="right">487,896</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a></td> <td align="right">253,767</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura" title="Mansoura" class="mw-redirect">Mansoura</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a></td> <td align="right">480,494</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damanhour" title="Damanhour" class="mw-redirect">Damanhour</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a></td> <td align="right">252,017</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Mahalla_El-Kubra" title="El-Mahalla El-Kubra">El-Mahalla El-Kubra</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></td> <td align="right">458,297</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef</a></td> <td align="right">223,789</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></td> <td align="right">437,793</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a></td> <td align="right">223,124</td> </tr> </table> <h2>Culture</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg/220px-Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg/330px-Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg/440px-Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1204"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azhar_Park_Cairo_View.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Park" title="Al-Azhar Park">Al-Azhar Park</a> is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_Public_Spaces" title="Project for Public Spaces">Project for Public Spaces</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg/220px-LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg/330px-LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg/440px-LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LibraryAlexandria1-Omar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> is a commemoration of the ancient <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> in Egypt's second largest city.</div> </div> </div> Egypt is a recognized cultural trend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world, and contemporary Arabic and Middle-Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and Judaism; and a new language, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, and its spoken descendant, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The work of early 19th-century scholar <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a> renewed interest in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian antiquity</a> and exposed Egyptian society to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mubarak" title="Ali Mubarak" class="mw-redirect">Ali Mubarak</a> a native <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyuti" title="Suyuti" class="mw-redirect">Suyuti</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqrizi" title="Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect">Maqrizi</a>, who themselves studied the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">history</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">language</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">antiquities</a> of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Loutfi_Goumah" title="Muhammad Loutfi Goumah">Muhammad Loutfi Goumah</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_el-Hakim" title="Tawfiq el-Hakim" class="mw-redirect">Tawfiq el-Hakim</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Awad" title="Louis Awad">Louis Awad</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Amin" title="Qasim Amin">Qasim Amin</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar" title="Mahmoud Mokhtar">Mahmoud Mokhtar</a>. They forged a <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and faith in science to bring progress.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <h3>Arts</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:382px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Hunefer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BD_Hunefer.jpg/380px-BD_Hunefer.jpg" width="380" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BD_Hunefer.jpg/570px-BD_Hunefer.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BD_Hunefer.jpg/760px-BD_Hunefer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="409"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Hunefer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Weighing of the heart scene from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></div> </div> </div> The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art and architecture. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>, also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilization is renowned for its colossal <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a> and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a> designed by ancient architect and engineer <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a>, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a>, and the temple of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel" class="mw-redirect">Abu Simbel</a>. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Fathy" title="Hassan Fathy">Hassan Fathy</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_Wissa_Wassef" title="Ramses Wissa Wassef">Ramses Wissa Wassef</a>, to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar" title="Mahmoud Mokhtar">Mahmoud Mokhtar</a>'s sculptures, to the distinctive <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic iconography</a> of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Fanous" title="Isaac Fanous">Isaac Fanous</a>. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera House</a> serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. <h3>Literature</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Literature" title="Egyptian Literature" class="mw-redirect">Egyptian Literature</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necip_Mahfuz.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Necip_Mahfuz.jpg/180px-Necip_Mahfuz.jpg" width="180" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Necip_Mahfuz.jpg/270px-Necip_Mahfuz.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Necip_Mahfuz.jpg/360px-Necip_Mahfuz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="584"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necip_Mahfuz.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> the first Arabic-language writer to win the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Literature.</div> </div> </div> Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The first modern Egyptian novel <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)" title="Zaynab (novel)">Zaynab</a> by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a> was published in 1913 in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian vernacular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Egyptian novelist <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> was the first Arabic-language writer to win the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Egyptian women writers include <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Nawal El Saadawi</a>, well known for her <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>, and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat" title="Alifa Rifaat">Alifa Rifaat</a> who also writes about women and tradition. Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> among Egyptians, represented by the works of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Fouad_Negm" title="Ahmed Fouad Negm">Ahmed Fouad Negm</a> (Fagumi), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Jaheen" title="Salah Jaheen" class="mw-redirect">Salah Jaheen</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_el-Abnudi" title="Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi">Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi</a>. <h3>Popular culture</h3> Egypt's media industry has flourished, today with more than thirty satellite channels and over one hundred motion pictures produced each year. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" title="Media of Egypt">Egyptian media</a> are highly influential throughout the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World" title="Arab World" class="mw-redirect">Arab World</a>, attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-tbs-173">[171]</a> Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-fh-174">[172]</a> <h3>Cinema in Egypt</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg/180px-Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg" width="180" height="231" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg/270px-Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg/360px-Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1023"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_Sharif_-_Zhivago_-_1965.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a> is considered the most famous actor in Egypt starring in <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> and winning two <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards" class="mw-redirect">Golden Globe Awards</a></div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cinema" title="Egyptian cinema" class="mw-redirect">Egyptian cinema</a> became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studio_Misr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studio Misr (page does not exist)">Studio Misr</a>, financed by industrialist <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Pasha_Harb" title="Talaat Pasha Harb" class="mw-redirect">Talaat Harb</a>, emerged as the leading Egyptian studios, a role the company retained for three decades.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> For more than 100 year, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.[<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Egypt in considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Actors from all over the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World" title="Arab World" class="mw-redirect">Arab World</a> seeks for appearing in the Egyptian Cinema for the sake of fame. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival" title="Cairo International Film Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</a> has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <h3>Music of Egypt</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music of Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulthum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kulthum.jpg/180px-Kulthum.jpg" width="180" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Kulthum.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Kulthum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="326"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulthum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a> is widely regarded as the greatest female Arabic singer in history.</div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian music</a> is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egyptian culture</a> since antiquity. The ancient <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> credited one of their gods <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> with the invention of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, which <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> in turn used as part of his effort to civilize the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdu-l_Hamuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdu-l Hamuli (page does not exist)">Abdu-l Hamuli</a>, Almaz and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Osman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud Osman (page does not exist)">Mahmud Osman</a>, who influenced the later work of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayed_Darwish" title="Sayed Darwish">Sayed Darwish</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab" title="Mohammed Abdel Wahab">Mohammed Abdel Wahab</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Halim_Hafez" title="Abdel Halim Hafez">Abdel Halim Hafez</a> whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_Diab" title="Amr Diab">Amr Diab</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mounir" title="Mohamed Mounir">Mohamed Mounir</a>. <h3>Dance in Egypt</h3> Today, Egypt is often considered the home of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly dance</a>. Egyptian <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly dance</a> has two main styles - <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_baladi" title="Raqs baladi" class="mw-redirect">raqs baladi</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_sharqi" title="Raqs sharqi">raqs sharqi</a>. There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_baladi" title="Raqs baladi" class="mw-redirect">raqs baladi</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia_Gamal" title="Samia Gamal">Samia Gamal</a> was the most famous dancer in Egypt. <h3>Museums</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">List of museums in Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg/220px-The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg/330px-The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg/440px-The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1824"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Egyptian_Museum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egyptian_Museum" title="The Egyptian Museum" class="mw-redirect">The Egyptian Museum</a></div> </div> </div> Egypt has one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Thus, it has been in contact with many other civilizations and nations and also has been through so many eras, starting from pre-historic age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Egypt" title="List of conflicts in Egypt">the big number of conflicts</a> Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutmask.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tutmask.jpg/180px-Tutmask.jpg" width="180" height="240" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tutmask.jpg/270px-Tutmask.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tutmask.jpg/360px-Tutmask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutmask.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Tutankhamun's burial mask is <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egyptian_Museum" title="The Egyptian Museum" class="mw-redirect">The Egyptian Museum</a>'s major attraction</div> </div> </div> The Three main museums in Egypt are; <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egyptian_Museum" title="The Egyptian Museum" class="mw-redirect">The Egyptian Museum</a> which has more than 120,000 items, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Military_Museum" title="Egyptian National Military Museum">Egyptian National Military Museum</a> and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_of_October_Panorama" title="6th of October Panorama">6th of October Panorama</a>. The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), also known as the Giza Museum, is a planned museum of artifacts of ancient Egypt. Described as the largest archaeological museum in the world,<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> the museum is scheduled to open in 2015. The museum will be sited on 50 hectares (120 acres) of land approximately two kilometers from the Giza Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau. <h3>Festivals</h3> Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as mulid. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> has a special flavor in Egypt, celebrated with sounds, lights (local lanterns known as fawanees) and much flare that many Muslim tourists from the region flock to Egypt to witness during Ramadan. The ancient spring festival of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_El_Nessim" title="Sham El Nessim" class="mw-redirect">Sham en Nisim</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: Ϭⲱⲙ‘ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ shom en nisim) has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian months</a> of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paremoude" title="Paremoude" class="mw-redirect">Paremoude</a> (April) and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashons" title="Pashons">Pashons</a> (May), following <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> Sunday. <h3>Cuisine</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian cuisine</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo_koshary.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cairo_koshary.jpg/275px-Cairo_koshary.jpg" width="275" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cairo_koshary.jpg/413px-Cairo_koshary.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cairo_koshary.jpg/550px-Cairo_koshary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo_koshary.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushari" title="Kushari">Kushari</a>, one of Egypt's national dishes.</div> </div> </div> Egyptian cuisine is notably conducive to vegetarian diets, as it relies heavily on vegetable dishes. Though food in Alexandria and the coast of Egypt tends to use a great deal of fish and other seafood, for the most part Egyptian cuisine is based on foods that grow out of the ground. Meat has been very expensive for most Egyptians throughout history, so a great number of vegetarian dishes have been developed. Some consider <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshari" title="Koshari" class="mw-redirect">koshari</a> (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">ful medames</a> (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulukhiyya" title="Mulukhiyya" class="mw-redirect">mulukhiyya</a>, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit. <h3>Sports</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/220px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/330px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/440px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Crowd in Cairo Stadium</div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sport" title="National Sport" class="mw-redirect">National Sport</a> of Egypt. The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Derby" title="Cairo Derby">Cairo Derby</a> is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a> is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamalek_SC" title="Zamalek SC">Zamalek SC</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a> was named in 2000 by the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a> as the "<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Clubs_of_the_20th_Century" title="CAF Clubs of the 20th Century">African Club of the Century</a>". Al Ahly is currently the most successful club in terms of international titles won together Boca Juniors and A.C Milan (18). The <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">Egyptian national football team</a> won the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" title="African Cup of Nations" class="mw-redirect">African Cup of Nations</a> seven times, including three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010. considered the most successful African national team, Egypt has only qualified to the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> two times only though. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramy_Ashour_Australian_Open_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ramy_Ashour_Australian_Open_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ramy_Ashour_Australian_Open_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" width="220" height="254" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ramy_Ashour_Australian_Open_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ramy_Ashour_Australian_Open_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="338"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramy_Ashour_Australian_Open_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramy_Ashour" title="Ramy Ashour">Ramy Ashour</a> World N.1 <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a> player in 2010</div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been known for its fierce competition in international championships since the 1930s. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_Shabana" title="Amr Shabana">Amr Shabana</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramy_Ashour" title="Ramy Ashour">Ramy Ashour</a> are Egypt's best players. Among all African nations, the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_basketball_team" title="Egypt national basketball team">Egypt national basketball team</a> holds the record for best performance at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="FIBA Basketball World Cup">Basketball World Cup</a> and at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Further, the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship" title="FIBA Africa Championship">African Championship</a>. In the 34 times the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="African Men's Handball Championship">African Men's Handball Championship</a> has been held, Egypt has won first place five times (including 2008), five times second place, and four times third place. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Egypt has taken part</a> in the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since 1912. Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup">2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. <h2>Telecommunication</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications in Egypt</a></div> The wired and wireless telecommunication industry in Egypt has started in 1854 with the first telegram line connecting <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> & <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> launching. while the first telephone line between the two cities was installed in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-te-182">[180]</a> In September 1999 a national project for technology renaissance was announced which reflects the interest the Egyptian government gave for necessity of developing the information technology industry in Egypt then. <h3>Cellular</h3> Cellular <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> services were first launched in Egypt in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-te-182">[180]</a> Egypt has 3 companies offering cellular services; <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobinil" title="Mobinil">Mobinil</a> owned by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Telecom_Holding" title="Global Telecom Holding">Global Telecom Holding</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A." title="Orange S.A.">Orange S.A.</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Egypt" title="Vodafone Egypt">Vodafone Egypt</a> owned by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Egypt" title="Telecom Egypt">Telecom Egypt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etisalat_Egypt" title="Etisalat Egypt">Etisalat</a> owned by <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Telecommunication_Corporation" title="Emirates Telecommunication Corporation" class="mw-redirect">Emirates Telecommunication Corporation</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>Smart Village</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Village_Egypt" title="Smart Village Egypt">Smart Village Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smartvillagelandscape.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smartvillagelandscape.JPG/220px-Smartvillagelandscape.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smartvillagelandscape.JPG/330px-Smartvillagelandscape.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smartvillagelandscape.JPG/440px-Smartvillagelandscape.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smartvillagelandscape.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Village_Egypt" title="Smart Village Egypt">Smart Village Egypt</a></div> </div> </div> Smart Villages development and Management Company was founded in November 2001 as a Public-Private-Partnership investment with a mandate to establish and manage a branded chain of Technology cluster and Business parks as well as variety of other products and services. It specialize in the establishment and management of communities through innovative thought and practical work. It includes Communication Centre building, Business Service Center, Conference Center, and Technological incubators which support new small businesses and small investors in the field of technology. <h3>Post</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Post" title="Egypt Post">Egypt Post</a></div> Egypt Post which was established in 1865 is one of the oldest institutions in Egypt, Egypt is considered one of the countries that contributed in establishing the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> along with another 21 country named initially under the name "General Postal Union", as a result of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bern" title="Treaty of Bern">Treaty of Bern</a> signed on 9 October 1874. Egypt also contributed in establishing The Arab Postal Union and The African Postal Union. Egypt Post's clients overtook the number of 15 million. Egypt Post is an economic organization contributes directly in achieving the country's plan for of achieving the development in this field. <h2>Education</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education in Egypt</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CairoUniv.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/220px-CairoUniv.jpg" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/330px-CairoUniv.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/440px-CairoUniv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="804"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CairoUniv.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a></div> </div> </div> The adult literacy rate in 2010 was estimated at 72.0%.<a href="#cite_note-unescolit-183">[181]</a> A European-style education system was first introduced in Egypt by the Ottomans in the early 19th century in order to nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-184">[182]</a> Under British occupation investment in education was curbed drastically, and secular public schools, which had previously been free, began to charge fees.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-184">[182]</a> In the 1950s, president Nasser phased in free education for all Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-184">[182]</a> The Egyptian curriculum influenced other Arab education systems, which often employed Egyptian-trained teachers.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-184">[182]</a> Demand soon outstripped the level of available state resources, causing the quality of public education to deteriorate.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-184">[182]</a> Today this trend has culminated in poor teacher–student ratios (often around one to fifty) and persistent gender inequality.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-184">[182]</a> Basic education, which includes six years of primary and three years of preparatory school, is a right for Egyptian children from the age of six.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-edu-185">[183]</a> After grade 9, students are tracked into one of two strands of secondary education: general or technical schools. General secondary education prepares students for further education, and graduates of this track normally join higher education institutes based on the results of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaweya_Amma" title="Thanaweya Amma">Thanaweya Amma</a>, the leaving exam.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-edu-185">[183]</a> Technical secondary education has two strands, one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five. Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam, but this is generally uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-edu-185">[183]</a> According to the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top-ranking universities in Egypt are <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> (1203rd worldwide), <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" title="American University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a> (1306th) and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura_University" title="Mansoura University">Mansoura University</a> (1712th).<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> for 2013 top-ranking universities in Egypt are American University in Cairo (348 worldwide), Cairo University (551-600) and <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a> (601-650).<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <h2>Healthcare</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Health in Egypt</a></div> In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 4.66% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 16.04 physicians and 33.80 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The life expectancy at birth was 73.20 years in 2011, or 71.30 years for males and 75.20 years for females. Egypt spends 3.7 percent of its gross domestic product on health including treatment costs 22 percent incurred by citizens and the rest by the state. <a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> According to the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 2008, an estimated 91.1% of Egypt's girls and women aged 15 to 49 have been subjected to <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">genital mutilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <h3>Health Insurance</h3> The state is keen on extending health insurance coverage to include non-insured new categories. The total number of the insured beneficiaries reached 37.300 million, of which about 27.92 million under laws and a number of 11.208 million insured child under ministerial decrees, showing an insurance coverage of about 51.6 percent of Egypt’s population.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <h2>See also</h2> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px;"> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="32" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MiddleEast_blacky.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/31px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" width="31" height="28" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/47px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/62px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Egypt-related_articles" title="Index of Egypt-related articles">Index of Egypt-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Outline of ancient Egypt">Outline of ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt" title="Outline of Egypt">Outline of Egypt</a></li> </ul> <h2>Notes</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://web.archive.org/web/20070914031546/http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?subm=&ssm=&cid=96">The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants</a> at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived September 14, 2007) for a lower estimate. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://web.archive.org/web/20071230012918/http://www.eohr.org/ref/">"The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.eohr.org/ref/">the original</a> on 30 December 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Organization+for+Human+Rights&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eohr.org%2Fref%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  states on its web site that in 2000 the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> claimed that "between two and five million Sudanese have come to Egypt in recent years". Most <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugees" title="Sudanese refugees" class="mw-redirect">Sudanese refugees</a> come to Egypt in the hope of resettling in Europe or the US.</li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> The population of Egypt is estimated as being 90% Muslim, 9% Coptic Christian and 1% other Christian by the US Department of State (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/egypt/180843.htm">"Background Note: Egypt"</a>. US Department of State. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2011-03-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Egypt&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fegypt%2F180843.htm&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ); the CIA World Factbook (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">"Egypt"</a>. CIA. 2008-09-04.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Feg.html&rft.pub=CIA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ) and the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt">"Egypt"</a>. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2008-08-15.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-the-fco%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fegypt&rft.pub=Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ). Microsoft Encarta Online similarly estimates the Sunni population at 90% of the total. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://web.archive.org/web/20091021003619/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761557408___0/Egypt.html">Egypt</a>. Microsoft Encarta Online. 2008-09-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761557408___0/Egypt.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-21.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Ftext_761557408___0%2FEgypt.html&rft.pub=Microsoft+Encarta+Online&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ). The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life gave a higher estimate of the Muslim population at 94.6% (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">"Mapping The Global Muslim Population"</a> (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Retrieved 25 July 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Mapping+The+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religion+and+Public+Life&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> )</li> </ol> </div> <h2>References</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://books.google.com/books?id=YmZyAAAAMAAJ&q=state">Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-182-4">978-0-86531-182-4</a>. "Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity."<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Goldschmidt%2C+Arthur&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.btitle=Modern+Egypt%3A+The+Formation+of+a+Nation-State&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmZyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstate&rft.isbn=978-0-86531-182-4&rft.pages=5&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S.Dept_of_State.2FEgypt-2"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S.Dept_of_State.2FEgypt_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm">"Background Note: Egypt"</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a>. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Egypt&rft.date=10+November+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5309.htm&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Bureau+of+Near+Eastern+Affairs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crabit.C3.A8s-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Crabit.C3.A8s_3-0">^</a> Pierre Crabitès (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1">Ibrahim of Egypt</a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81121-7">978-0-415-81121-7</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2013. "... on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ..."<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aulast=Pierre+Crabit%C3%A8s&rft.au=Pierre+Crabit%C3%A8s&rft.btitle=Ibrahim+of+Egypt&rft.date=1935&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NbCRckI3EoC%26pg%3DPA1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-81121-7&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popclock-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popclock_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popclock_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popclock_4-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/?lang=2">"Population Clock"</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Public_Mobilization_and_Statistics" title="Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics">Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics</a>. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Population+Clock&rft.date=27+April+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2F%3Flang%3D2&rft.pub=Central+Agency+for+Public+Mobilization+and+Statistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop1882-2006-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop1882-2006_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop1882-2006_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sis.gov.eg/newvr/egyptinfigures/Tables/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/9.pdf">"Population in Censuses by Sex & Sex Ratio (1882–2006)"</a>. Egypt State Information Service.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Population+in+Censuses+by+Sex+%26+Sex+Ratio+%281882%E2%80%932006%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2Fnewvr%2Fegyptinfigures%2FTables%2F1-%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2F9.pdf&rft.pub=Egypt+State+Information+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=14&sy=2010&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=469&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Egypt"</a>. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 April 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2013%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D83%26pr.y%3D14%26sy%3D2010%26ey%3D2013%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D469%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">"GINI index"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=GINI+index&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-8"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_8-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2013/">"The 2013 Human Development Report – "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World""</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">HDRO (Human Development Report Office)</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. pp. 144–147. Retrieved 28 November 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=The+2013+Human+Development+Report+%E2%80%93+%22The+Rise+of+the+South%3A+Human+Progress+in+a+Diverse+World%22&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fglobal%2Fhdr2013%2F&rft.pages=144-147&rft.pub=HDRO+%28Human+Development+Report+Office%29+United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Provisional_Constitution-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Provisional_Constitution_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provisional_Constitution_9-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155">"Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People"</a>. Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Declaration%3A+A+New+Stage+in+the+History+of+the+Great+Egyptian+People&rft.date=30+March+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FEn%2FLastPage.aspx%3FCategory_ID%3D1155&rft.pub=Egypt+State+Information+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hoffmeier, James K (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.galaxie.com/article/13430">"Rameses of the Exodus narratives is the 13th B.C. Royal Ramesside Residence"</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Journal_(theology)" title="Trinity Journal (theology)">Trinity Journal</a>: 1.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=Rameses+of+the+Exodus+narratives+is+the+13th+B.C.+Royal+Ramesside+Residence&rft.aufirst=James+K&rft.au=Hoffmeier%2C+James+K&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.date=1+October+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galaxie.com%2Farticle%2F13430&rft.jtitle=Trinity+Journal&rft.pages=1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aulast=Rosalie%2C+David&rft.au=Rosalie%2C+David&rft.btitle=Pyramid+Builders+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+A+Modern+Investigation+of+Pharaoh%27s+Workforce&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Antonio Loprieno, "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology", in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p 449</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html">"A Brief History of Alchemy"</a>. UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY. Retrieved 21 August 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Alchemy&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fwebprojects2002%2Fcrabb%2Fhistory.html&rft.pub=UNIVERSITY+OF+BRISTOL+SCHOOL+OF+CHEMISTRY&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://books.google.com/?id=bT0q7nt1-gUC">Ancient Records of Egypt</a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76;40. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06975-8">978-0-252-06975-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=Breasted%2C+James+Henry&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.au=Peter+A.+Piccione&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DbT0q7nt1-gUC&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06975-8&rft.pages=76%3B40&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/nile_valley/6000-4000BC">"The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BC Neolithic"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Valley+6000%E2%80%934000+BC+Neolithic&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnile_valley%2F6000-4000BC&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bard, Kathryn A. Ian Shaw, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 69.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml">"The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom"</a>. BBC. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Egyptian+Old+Kingdom&rft.date=17+February+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fegyptians%2Fapocalypse_egypt_01.shtml&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm">"The Kushite Conquest of Egypt"</a>. Ancientsudan.org. Retrieved 25 August 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=The+Kushite+Conquest+of+Egypt&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientsudan.org%2Fhistory_06_nubconegypt.htm&rft.pub=Ancientsudan.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 25–26. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20531-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20531-6">0-520-20531-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Alan+K&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.btitle=Egypt+after+the+Pharaohs+332+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+642&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-520-20531-6&rft.pages=25-26&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77772-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77772-8">0-292-77772-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edmond&rft.aulast=Stanwick&rft.au=Stanwick%2C+Paul+Edmond&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+the+Ptolemies%3A+Greek+kings+as+Egyptian+pharaohs&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-292-77772-8&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_24-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt">"Egypt"</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fegypt&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=El-Daly%2C+Okasha&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rft.aulast=El-Daly&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=140&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-Lughod-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_27-2">c</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Janet L.</a> (1991) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3ArYlgGU2SLiQC&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false">"The Mideast Heartland"</a>. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506774-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506774-3">978-0-19-506774-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=Before+European+Hegemony%3A+The+World+System+A.D.+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.au=Abu-Lughod%2C+Janet+L.&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.btitle=The+Mideast+Heartland&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYlgGU2SLiQC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3Deditions%253ArYlgGU2SLiQC%26pg%3DPA244%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506774-3&rft.pages=243-244&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm">"Egypt – Major Cities"</a>. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+Major+Cities&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fegypt%2F57.htm&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Donald Quataert (2005-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://books.google.com/books?id=T1jR39OM_hsC&pg=PA115">The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44591-7">978-1-139-44591-7</a>. Retrieved 2013-06-21.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=Donald+Quataert&rft.aulast=Donald+Quataert&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700-1922&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1jR39OM_hsC%26pg%3DPA115&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44591-7&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm">"Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows"</a>. ScienceDaily. 2006-11-22. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Volcano+Caused+Historic+Famine+In+Egypt%2C+Study+Shows&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F11%2F061121232204.htm&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_31-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923): Article 17 of the treaty refers to Egypt and Sudan.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973.2C_p_2_32-2">c</a> Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86199-012-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86199-012-2">978-0-86199-012-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=Nejla+M.+Abu&rft.au=Izzeddin%2C+Nejla+M.+Abu&rft.aulast=Izzeddin&rft.btitle=Nasser+of+the+Arabs%3A+an+Arab+assessment&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86199-012-2&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Third+World+Centre+for+Research+and+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Fahmy, Khaled (1997). All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. pp. 119–47.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=Fahmy%2C+Khaled&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.btitle=All+the+Pasha%27s+Men%3A+Mehmed+Ali%2C+his+army+and+the+making+of+modern+Egypt&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=119-47&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, New Jersey, USA; 1984; Scarecrow. p 17.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Jankowski%2C+James&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Jankowski%2C+James&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_39-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">"Egypt"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2 February 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Feg.html&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mutawi2002p95-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Mutawi2002p95_40-0">^</a> Samir A. Mutawi (18 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC&pg=PA94">Jordan in the 1967 War</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52858-0">978-0-521-52858-0</a>. "On 26 May he declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel"<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aulast=Samir+A.+Mutawi&rft.au=Samir+A.+Mutawi&rft.btitle=Jordan+in+the+1967+War&rft.date=18+July+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9bBJusRJIMC%26pg%3DPA94&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52858-0&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fidh-41"><a href="#cite_ref-fidh_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.fidh.org/THE-EMERGENCY-LAW-IN-EGYPT">"The Emergency Law in Egypt"</a>. International Federation for Human Rights. Retrieved 2 February 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=The+Emergency+Law+in+Egypt&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2FTHE-EMERGENCY-LAW-IN-EGYPT&rft.jtitle=International+Federation+for+Human+Rights&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010.2C_p.120-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarek_Osman_2010.2C_p.120_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarek_Osman_2010.2C_p.120_42-1">b</a> Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p.120</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USMC" title="USMC" class="mw-redirect">USMC</a> Major Michael C. 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London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5">978-0-297-82034-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.au=Vatikiotis%2C+P.J.&rft.btitle=The+history+of+modern+Egypt%3A+from+Muhammad+Ali+to+Mubarak&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-297-82034-5&rft.pages=443&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_46-1">b</a> Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html?pagewanted=1&ref=global-home">"Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt"</a>. The New York Times (Egypt). Retrieved 3 November 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=Succession+Gives+Army+a+Stiff+Test+in+Egypt&rft.au=Cambanis%2C+Thanassis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.date=11+September+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F12%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F12egypt.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26ref%3Dglobal-home&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.place=Egypt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy.p.4-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy.p.4_47-0">^</a> Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p.4</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year." (in 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm">... concerns over tourism's future</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a>, Jihad, 2002</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Dunne, Michele (January 2006). "Evaluating Egyptian Reform". Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://web.archive.org/web/20050310152506/http://www.businesstodayegypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4565">"Mubarak throws presidential race wide open"</a>. Business Today Egypt. 2005-03-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.businesstodayegypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4565">the original</a> on 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Mubarak+throws+presidential+race+wide+open&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstodayegypt.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D4565&rft.pub=Business+Today+Egypt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/034kggwf.asp">"Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt's problematic attempt at free elections"</a>. Weeklystandard.com. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Democracy+on+the+Nile%3A+The+story+of+Ayman+Nour+and+Egypt%27s+problematic+attempt+at+free+elections&rft.date=27+March+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F012%2F034kggwf.asp&rft.pub=Weeklystandard.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Gomez, Edward M (2005-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://web.archive.org/web/20050915045155/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2005/09/13/worldviews.DTL">"Hosni Mubarak's pretend democratic election"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2005/09/13/worldviews.DTL">the original</a> on 2005-09-15. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=Edward+M&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Edward+M&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.btitle=Hosni+Mubarak%27s+pretend+democratic+election&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fgate%2Farchive%2F2005%2F09%2F13%2Fworldviews.DTL&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0526/p06s01-wome.html">"Egyptian vote marred by violence"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 26 May 2005. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egyptian+vote+marred+by+violence&rft.date=26+May+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2005%2F0526%2Fp06s01-wome.html&rft.pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/December/20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html">"United States "Deeply Troubled" by Sentencing of Egypt's Nour"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 2005-12-24. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=United+States+%22Deeply+Troubled%22+by+Sentencing+of+Egypt%27s+Nour&rft.date=2005-12-24&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america.gov%2Fst%2Fwashfile-english%2F2005%2FDecember%2F20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_56-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm">"Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt"</a>. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+Overview+of+human+rights+issues+in+Egypt&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2006%2F01%2F18%2Fegypt12212.htm&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6544149.stm">"Egypt torture centre, report says"</a>. BBC News. 11 April 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt+torture+centre%2C+report+says&rft.date=11+April+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6544149.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6551401.stm">"Egypt rejects torture criticism"</a>. BBC News. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt+rejects+torture+criticism&rft.date=13+April+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6551401.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6472031.stm">"Anger over Egypt vote timetable"</a>. BBC News. 20 March 2007. 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US Department of State. 30 July 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=NDP+Insider%3A+Military+will+ensure+transfer+of+power&rft.date=30+July+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikileaks.ch%2Fcable%2F2009%2F07%2F09CAIRO1468.html&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html">"Mubarak Resigns As Egypt's President, Armed Forces To Take Control"</a>. Huffington Post. 2011-02-11. 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Retrieved 11 February 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt+crisis%3A+President+Hosni+Mubarak+resigns+as+leader&rft.date=11+February+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12433045&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hope, Christopher; Swinford, Steven (15 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8326225/WikiLeaks-Egypts-new-man-at-the-top-was-against-reform.html">"WikiLeaks: Egypt's new man at the top 'was against reform'"</a>. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks%3A+Egypt%27s+new+man+at+the+top+%27was+against+reform%27&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Hope%2C+Christopher&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.date=15+February+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fwikileaks%2F8326225%2FWikiLeaks-Egypts-new-man-at-the-top-was-against-reform.html&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Cite uses deprecated parameters (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=53709">"The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Constitutional Proclamation"</a>. Egypt State Information Service. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. "The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces shall represent it internally and externally."<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Council+of+the+Armed+Forces%3A+Constitutional+Proclamation&rft.date=13+February+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FEn%2FStory.aspx%3Fsid%3D53709&rft.pub=Egypt+State+Information+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12443678">"Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended"</a>. BBC. 13 February 2011. 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Retrieved 13 February 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+new+president+moves+into+his+offices%2C+begins+choosing+a+Cabinet&rft.date=25+June+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fegypt-politics&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> "Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post". 3 August 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt+unveils+new+cabinet%2C+Tantawi+keeps+defence+post&rft.date=3+August+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48">"Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers"</a>. 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London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5">978-0-297-82034-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.au=Vatikiotis%2C+P.J.&rft.btitle=The+history+of+modern+Egypt%3A+from+Muhammad+Ali+to+Mubarak&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-297-82034-5&rft.pages=486&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_172-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm#media">"Country profiles: Egypt"</a>. BBC News. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Country+profiles%3A+Egypt&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fcountry_profiles%2F737642.stm%23media&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbs-173"><a href="#cite_ref-tbs_173-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html">"Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt's First Contested Presidential Elections"</a>. Tbsjournal.com. Retrieved 2013-02-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Plus+ca+Change%3A+The+Role+of+the+Media+in+Egypt%27s+First+Contested+Presidential+Elections&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsjournal.com%2FArchives%2FFall05%2FLevinson.html&rft.pub=Tbsjournal.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fh-174"><a href="#cite_ref-fh_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007">"Freedom House 2007 report"</a>. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Freedom+House+2007+report&rft.date=10+May+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D251%26year%3D2007&rft.pub=Freedomhouse.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=Darwish%2C+Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft.aulast=Darwish&rft.btitle=Dream+Makers+on+the+Nile%3A+A+Portrait+of+Egyptian+Cinema&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=12-13&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Film Festivals (1 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.ukhotmovies.com/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/information.html">"Cairo Film Festival information"</a>. Ukhotmovies.com. Retrieved 3 November 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.au=Film+Festivals&rft.aulast=Film+Festivals&rft.btitle=Cairo+Film+Festival+information&rft.date=1+December+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukhotmovies.com%2Ffilm-festivals%2Fcairo-film-festival%2Finformation.html&rft.pub=Ukhotmovies.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html">Music of Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="Kelsey Museum of Archaeology">Kelsey Museum of Archaeology</a>, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Nancy Farghalli (2006-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html">"Marketplace: Egypt's next big thing"</a>. Marketplace. American Public Media. Retrieved 2011-05-31.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.atitle=Marketplace%3A+Egypt%27s+next+big+thing&rft.aulast=Nancy+Farghalli&rft.au=Nancy+Farghalli&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarketplace.publicradio.org%2Fshows%2F2006%2F07%2F25%2FAM200607251.html&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.pub=American+Public+Media&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/football/features/newsid_2299000/2299305.stm">"BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek"</a>. BBC News. 5 August 2002. Retrieved 25 August 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=BBC+Sport+Academy+%26%23124%3B+Al-Ahly+v+Zamalek&rft.date=5+August+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsportacademy%2Fhi%2Fsa%2Ffootball%2Ffeatures%2Fnewsid_2299000%2F2299305.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html">"1950 World Championship for Men"</a>. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=1950+World+Championship+for+Men&rft.date=9+June+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffa%2Fevent%2Fp%2Fcid%2F%2Fsid%2F2902%2F_%2F1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men%2Findex.html&rft.pub=FIBA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html">"Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men"</a>. FIBA. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+1952+Olympic+Games%3B+Tournament+for+Men&rft.date=9+June+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffa%2Fteam%2Fp%2Fsid%2F2933%2Ftid%2F276%2F_%2F1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men%2Findex.html&rft.pub=FIBA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-te-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-te_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-te_182-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://telecomegypt.com.eg/English/te_history.asp">"Historical synopsis of Telecom Egypt's developments"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Historical+synopsis+of+Telecom+Egypt%27s+developments&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelecomegypt.com.eg%2FEnglish%2Fte_history.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescolit-183"><a href="#cite_ref-unescolit_183-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210">"National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15-24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=National+adult+literacy+rates+%2815%2B%29%2C+youth+literacy+rates+%2815-24%29+and+elderly+literacy+rates+%2865%2B%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D210&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edu-chatham-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edu-chatham_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu-chatham_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu-chatham_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu-chatham_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu-chatham_184-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu-chatham_184-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf">"Education in Egypt: Key Challenges"</a>. Chatham House. March 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Education+in+Egypt%3A+Key+Challenges&rft.date=March+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2FResearch%2FMiddle%2520East%2F0312egyptedu_background.pdf&rft.pub=Chatham+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-edu-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-edu_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-edu_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-edu_185-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/reviews-of-national-policies-for-education-higher-education-in-egypt-2010_9789264084346-en">Higher education in Egypt</a> (2010 ed.). OECD. 2010. p. 60. <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-08434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-08434-6">978-92-64-08434-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Higher+education+in+Egypt&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feducation%2Freviews-of-national-policies-for-education-higher-education-in-egypt-2010_9789264084346-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-08434-6&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=OECD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Egypt">"Egypt"</a>. Ranking Web of Universities. Retrieved 26 February 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webometrics.info%2Fen%2Faw%2FEgypt&rft.pub=Ranking+Web+of+Universities&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=21+faculty=+stars=false+search=">QS World University Rankings (2013)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=17&cat_code=8">"Health"</a>. SESRIC.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Health&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-infigures.php%3Fc_code%3D17%26cat_code%3D8&rft.pub=SESRIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=17&cat_code=7">"Demography"</a>. SESRIC.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Demography&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-infigures.php%3Fc_code%3D17%26cat_code%3D7&rft.pub=SESRIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html">"Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices"</a>. WHO. 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=Female+genital+mutilation+and+other+harmful+practices&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Freproductivehealth%2Ftopics%2Ffgm%2Fprevalence%2Fen%2Findex.html&rft.pub=WHO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=729">"SIS"</a>. State Information Service.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt&rft.btitle=SIS&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FEn%2FTemplates%2FArticles%2FtmpArticles.aspx%3FCatID%3D729&rft.pub=State+Information+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>External links</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Find more about Egypt at Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></a></td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Egypt">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Egypt">Media</a> from Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Egypt">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Egypt">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Egypt">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Egypt">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> </tr> </table> <dl> <dt>Government</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/">Egypt's Government Services Portal</a> (Arabic, English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.eip.gov.eg/">Egypt Information Portal</a> (Arabic, English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.idsc.gov.eg/">Egypt Information and Decision Support Center</a> (Arabic, English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.sis.gov.eg/">Egypt State Information Services</a> (Arabic, English, French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.egypt.travel/">Egyptian Tourist Authority</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>General</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm">Country Profile</a> from the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Egypt</a> entry at <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/egypt.htm">Egypt</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder#Library" title="University of Colorado at Boulder" class="mw-redirect">University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.arabdecision.org/coun_sel_3_14.htm.htm">Egypt</a> profiles of people and institutions provided by the Arab Decision project</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Egypt">Egypt</a> at <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Egypt">Wikimedia Atlas of Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"/> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/1473947">Egypt</a> at <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/egypt.html">Egypt Maps</a> – <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry-Casta%C3%B1eda_Library" title="Perry-Castañeda Library" class="mw-redirect">Perry-Castañeda Library</a> Map Collection, <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" class="extiw" title="voy:Egypt">Egypt</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Trade</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/EGY/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Egypt</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Other</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17321">History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria in the Light of Recent Discovery</a> by Leonard William King, at Project Gutenberg.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://www.ibtada.com/ibtada.php?cur_page=main&sub=submain&mainpage=ajaib_ghar&page=qadeem_mesar&pgno=1">Egyptian History (urdu)</a></li> <li>By Nile and Tigris - a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British museum between 1886 and 1913, by Sir <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a>, 1920 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/">DjVu</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/1f/">layered PDF</a> formats)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm">Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt</a>.</li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;;">  <div style="font-size:110%;">Geographic locale</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;"> <div style="padding:0px;;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Egypt_topics&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;">Egypt <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egypt-related_topics" title="List of Egypt-related topics" class="mw-redirect">topics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Achaemenid_Egypt" title="History of Achaemenid Egypt">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt" title="History of Ptolemaic Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)#Christian_Egypt" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Muslim_Egypt" title="History of Muslim Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt" title="History of Ottoman Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Egypt" title="History of the Republic of Egypt">Republic</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–present)">Crisis since 2011</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Egypt" title="List of lakes in Egypt" class="mw-redirect">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Egypt" title="Law enforcement in Egypt">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of Presidents of Egypt">list</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of Prime Ministers of Egypt">list</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Subdivisions</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of cities in Egypt">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Egypt" title="Regions of Egypt">regions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land.2C_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">airports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egyptian_society" title="Category:Egyptian society">Society</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" title="Media of Egypt">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;;"> <div> <div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt" title="Outline of Egypt">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Egypt-related_articles" title="Index of Egypt-related articles">Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Egypt">WikiProject</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Template:Governorates of Egypt">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:Governorates of Egypt">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Governorates_of_Egypt&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorates of Egypt</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Egypt"><img alt="Flag of Egypt" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/50px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="50" height="33" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/75px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/100px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_el-Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate">Kafr el-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate" class="mw-redirect">Sharqia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Canal</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai" title="Sinai" class="mw-redirect">Sinai</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;">Countries and territories of <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> Egypt</li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_recognized_state" title="Partially recognized state" class="mw-redirect">Partially recognized state</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(administrative_division)" title="Territory (administrative division)" class="mw-redirect">Territories</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADR" title="SADR" class="mw-redirect">SADR</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>1</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>2</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>2</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a>2</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Alhucemas" title="Peñón de Alhucemas">Alhucemas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a>2</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/Egypt</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala%27ib_Triangle" title="Hala'ib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a>3</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a>4</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_Area" title="Abyei Area" class="mw-redirect">Abyei Area</a>5</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a>5</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div>1Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADR" title="SADR" class="mw-redirect">SADR</a>. 2Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3Disputed between Sudan and Egypt. 4<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a> located between Egypt and Sudan. 5Disputed between Sudan and South Sudan.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Middle_East&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="Middle East (orthographic projection).svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="70" height="70" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of conflicts in the Middle East" class="mw-redirect">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;">Countries and territories of the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;">Countries bordering the <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> Egypt</li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;;">  <div style="font-size:110%;">International membership</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;"> <div style="padding:0px;;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arab_League&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="List-Class article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_League" title="Geography of the Arab League">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Defence_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Joint Defence Council (Arab League)">Joint Defence Council</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="image"><img alt="Emblem of the Arab League.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" width="55" height="59" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Membership</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Observers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Suspended</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Arab_League" title="Enlargement of the Arab League">Candidates</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Diplomacy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_Monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League Monitors in Syria" class="mw-redirect">Arab League Monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Arab_League" title="Life in the Arab League" class="mw-redirect">Life</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_the_Arab_League" title="Transport in the Arab League">Transport</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Non-Aligned_Movement&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members.2C_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">List of members of Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India and the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement (page does not exist)">Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement (page does not exist)">Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Structure</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Organizations</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Principles</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Summits</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Foreign_Ministers_Conference" title="Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference">Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975.E2.80.931979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_Union&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Union_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="Map of African Union" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" title="Countries bordering the African Union" class="mw-redirect">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" title="Extreme points of the African Union" class="mw-redirect">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Court_of_Justice" title="African Court of Justice">African Court of Justice</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Deputy Chairperson of the African Union Commission" class="mw-redirect">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AU_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="AU Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee" title="Political Affairs Committee">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Institutions_of_the_African_Union" title="Financial Institutions of the African Union" class="mw-redirect">Financial Institutions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_%E2%80%93_United_Nations_Hybrid_Operation_in_Darfur" title="African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Politics of the African Union" class="mw-redirect">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" title="Symbols of the African Union" class="mw-redirect">Symbols</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Free_Trade_Zone" title="African Free Trade Zone">African Free Trade Zone</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_African_Union" title="Life in the African Union">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_African_Union" title="Languages of the African Union">Languages</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theory</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_(currency)" title="Afro (currency)" class="mw-redirect">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G-15_nations&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Summits</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel-Saharan States">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel-Saharan States">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel-Saharan States">Community of Sahel-Saharan States</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Suspended</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Observers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Countries and territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Muslim communities</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">International organizations</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:La_Francophonie&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Membership</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;;">Members</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li>Egypt</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>1</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the Francophonie" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" width="100" height="67" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;;">Observers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0;font-size:90%;line-height:1.0em;padding-bottom:0.4em;;"> <div>1 Associate member. 2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Organization</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Culture</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=26_N_30_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:EG">26°N 30°E / 26°N 30°E / 26; 30</a> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <tr> <td style="width:0%; padding-right:5px" rowspan="5"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440"/></div> </div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> Mediterranean</td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> Mediterranean</td> <td style="width:0%; padding-left:5px" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></td> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right"> <div class="floatright"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></div> </td> <td style="width:0%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap">  <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> Egypt  </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left"> <div class="floatleft"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"/> <a href="/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> </tr> </table>   <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&oldid=608509136">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&oldid=608509136</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" 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hreflang="frp">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptu" title="Exiptu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm">Bamanankan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0" title="মিশর – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp" title="Ai-ki̍p – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Егіпет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Эгіпет – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptn" title="Egyptn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨའི་ཅི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – буряад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%9E%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މިޞްރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%ADjip" title="Ííjip – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptojska" title="Egyptojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptus" title="Egiptus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αίγυπτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptujo" title="Egiptujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu" title="Egitu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland" title="Egyptaland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjit" title="Egjit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%89igipt" title="An Éigipt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Egypt" title="Yn Egypt – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipet" title="Egipet – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%88ipheit" title="An Èipheit – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exipto" title="Exipto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4" title="ઇજિપ્ત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82i-khi%CC%8Dp" title="Âi-khi̍p – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Иҗибдин Араб Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8" title="이집트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Aikupika" title="‘Aikupika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw">Hawai`i</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եգիպտոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptowska" title="Egyptowska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eh%C3%ADpto" title="Ehípto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0" title="মিশর – Bishnupuriya Manipuri" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypto" title="Egypto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe" title="IGibhithe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland" title="Egyptaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejiptu" title="Ejiptu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ეგვიპტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="مِسر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejyp" title="Ejyp – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn">Kirundi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misri" title="Misri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Египет Араб Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri" title="Misiri – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip" title="Ejip – Haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Hill Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj">Кырык мары</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayifto" title="Ayifto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мисри – лакку" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe">Лакку</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мисри – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92%C4%A3ipte" title="Ēģipte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptas" title="Egiptas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto – Ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipte" title="Ejipte – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/misrygu%27e" title="misrygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">Lojban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit – lumbaart" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptom" title="Egyiptom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipta" title="Ejipta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഈജിപ്റ്റ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A1ittu" title="Eġittu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="इजिप्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ეგვიპტე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masia" title="Masia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီဂျစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idjipt" title="Idjipt – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipta" title="Ijipta – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(land)" title="Egypte (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(laand)" title="Egypte (laand) – Low Saxon (Netherlands)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिश्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88" title="エジプト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naggitto" title="Naggitto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мисар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejiipt" title="Ejiipt – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Agypte" title="Êgypte – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" title="ଇଜିପ୍ଟ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijiipti" title="Ijiipti – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr" title="Misr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਿਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94" title="អេហ៊្សីប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip" title="Ijip – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αίγυπτος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egito" title="Egito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty">Reo Mā`ohi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihiptu" title="Ihiptu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Еґіпет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Эгиипэт – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypta" title="Egypta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikupito" title="Aikupito – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="ईजिप्तदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mit%C3%A2" title="Kâmitâ – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg">Sängö</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egittu" title="Egittu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyp" title="Egyp – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – Seeltersk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjipti" title="Egjipti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggittu" title="Eggittu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe" title="IGibhithe – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D1%B7%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8A" title="Єгѷптъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masar" title="Masar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="میسر – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptakondre" title="Egiptakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Египат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypti" title="Egypti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="எகிப்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%A3er" title="Maṣer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitte" title="Egitte – tarandíne" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мисыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="ఈజిప్టు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejitu" title="Ejitu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศอียิปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80" title="Миср – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCs%C3%BCr" title="Müsür – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Єгипет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1" title="مىسىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egito" title="Egito – vèneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ai Cập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4g%C3%BCpt%C3%A4n" title="Lägüptän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BCpt%C3%BCs" title="Egüptüs – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edjipe" title="Edjipe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte – West-Vlams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isipt" title="Isipt – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9F" title="עגיפטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%81g%C3%ADpt%C3%AC" title="Ẹ́gíptì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20140517004629/http://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehypte" title="Ehypte – Zeeuws" lang="zea" 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