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id="toc-Earliest_records_to_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_records_to_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Earliest records to 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_records_to_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_modern_respirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_modern_respirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Summary of modern respirators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_modern_respirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User_seal_check" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_seal_check"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>User seal check</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_seal_check-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fit_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fit_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fit testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fit_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_with_surgical_mask" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_with_surgical_mask"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contrast with surgical mask</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_with_surgical_mask-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surgical_N95" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_N95"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Surgical N95</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_N95-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respirator_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respirator_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Respirator selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respirator_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_filtration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_filtration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of filtration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_filtration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of filtration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_filtration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_filter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_filter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mechanical filter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_filter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canister_or_chemical_cartridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canister_or_chemical_cartridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canister or chemical cartridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canister_or_chemical_cartridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-purifying_respirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-purifying_respirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Air-purifying respirators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Air-purifying_respirators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Air-purifying respirators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Air-purifying_respirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filtering_facepiece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtering_facepiece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Filtering facepiece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtering_facepiece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elastomeric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elastomeric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Elastomeric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elastomeric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powered_air-purifying_respirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powered_air-purifying_respirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Powered air-purifying respirators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powered_air-purifying_respirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere-supplying_respirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere-supplying_respirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Atmosphere-supplying respirators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atmosphere-supplying_respirators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atmosphere-supplying respirators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-supplying_respirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-contained_breathing_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Self-contained breathing apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplied_air_respirator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplied_air_respirator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Supplied air respirator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplied_air_respirator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_respirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_respirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Escape respirators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escape_respirators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Escape respirators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Escape_respirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smoke_hood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoke_hood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Smoke hood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoke_hood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Self-contained breathing apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuous-flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous-flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Continuous-flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous-flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-rescue_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-rescue_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Self-rescue device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-rescue_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disadvantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierarchy_of_Controls_point_of_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy_of_Controls_point_of_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Hierarchy of Controls point of view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy_of_Controls_point_of_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Respirator_non-compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respirator_non-compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Respirator non-compliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respirator_non-compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1.1</span> <span>Beards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterfeiting,_modification,_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterfeiting,_modification,_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Counterfeiting, modification, and revocation of regulated respirators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterfeiting,_modification,_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_fit_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_fit_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Issues with fit testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_fit_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_respirator_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_respirator_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Issues with respirator design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_respirator_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_lack_of_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_lack_of_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Issues with lack of regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_lack_of_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Respirator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="قناع تنفس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناع تنفس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B9i-am" title="Chhùi-am – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhùi-am" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Респиратор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Респиратор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0scara_de_protecci%C3%B3_respirat%C3%B2ria" title="Màscara de protecció respiratòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màscara de protecció respiratòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polomaska" title="Polomaska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polomaska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemschutzmaske" title="Atemschutzmaske – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atemschutzmaske" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarilla" title="Mascarilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mascarilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskara_(iragazkia)" title="Maskara (iragazkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskara (iragazkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque_de_protection" title="Masque de protection – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masque de protection" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1laitheoir" title="Análaitheoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Análaitheoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara" title="Máscara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máscara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBng-choi-%C3%A9" title="Fûng-choi-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fûng-choi-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1%EC%9A%A9_%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8%EA%B5%AC" title="호흡용 보호구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호흡용 보호구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschera_respiratoria" title="Maschera respiratoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maschera respiratoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מסכת סינון אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסכת סינון אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რესპირატორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რესპირატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Респиратор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Респиратор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_pwoteksyon" title="Mas pwoteksyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mas pwoteksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Респираторлор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Респираторлор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratorius" title="Respiratorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Respiratorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="റെസ്പിറേറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെസ്പിറേറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93u-d%C3%A1e%CC%A4k" title="Kēu-dáe̤k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kēu-dáe̤k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Хорт утааны баг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хорт утааны баг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademhalingsbeschermingsmasker" title="Ademhalingsbeschermingsmasker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ademhalingsbeschermingsmasker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="マスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ndedrettsvern" title="Åndedrettsvern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åndedrettsvern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maska_oddechowa" title="Maska oddechowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maska oddechowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_respirat%C3%B3ria" title="Máscara respiratória – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máscara respiratória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Респиратор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Респиратор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratori" title="Respiratori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Respiratori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respir%C3%A1tor_(filter)" title="Respirátor (filter) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Respirátor (filter)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Respirator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengityssuojain" title="Hengityssuojain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hengityssuojain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andningsskydd" title="Andningsskydd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andningsskydd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3amut" title="Taɣamut – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taɣamut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirat%C3%B6r" title="Respiratör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Respiratör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9)" title="Респіратор (пристрій) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Респіратор (пристрій)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baengzgoemqbak" title="Baengzgoemqbak – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Baengzgoemqbak" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E7%BD%A9" title="口罩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="口罩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E7%BD%A9" title="口罩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="口罩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedok_ambekan" title="Kedok ambekan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kedok ambekan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the mechanical device used to assist breathing, see <a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">Ventilator</a>. For the mask worn during surgery, see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Surgical_N95">Respirator § Surgical N95</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">Surgical mask</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #A31BAA;"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Respirator</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SH9550-Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SH9550-Cropped.jpg/200px-SH9550-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SH9550-Cropped.jpg/300px-SH9550-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SH9550-Cropped.jpg/400px-SH9550-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">White, disposable cup <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95</a> filtering facepiece respirator</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">mask</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;">Regulated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;">Regulation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/42_CFR_84" class="mw-redirect" title="42 CFR 84">42 CFR 84</a>, <a href="/wiki/NFPA_1981" class="mw-redirect" title="NFPA 1981">NFPA 1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/K13.1-1973" class="mw-redirect" title="K13.1-1973">ANSI Z88.7-2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_N95" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical N95">21 CFR 878.4040</a>, <a href="/wiki/EN_143" class="mw-redirect" title="EN 143">EN 143</a>, <a href="/wiki/EN_149" class="mw-redirect" title="EN 149">EN 149</a>, EN 137, <a href="/wiki/EN_14387" class="mw-redirect" title="EN 14387">EN 14387</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271779" class="extiw" title="d:Q271779">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>respirator</b> is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres including <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead fumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases">gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> such as dusts and airborne pathogens such as <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>. There are two main categories of respirators: the <i>air-purifying respirator</i>, in which respirable air is obtained by filtering a contaminated atmosphere, and the <i>air-supplied respirator</i>, in which an alternate supply of breathable air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contaminants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air-Purifying_Respirator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Air-Purifying_Respirator.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>A half-face <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">elastomeric air-purifying respirator</a>. This kind of respirator is reusable, with the filters being replaced periodically.</figcaption></figure> <p>Air-purifying respirators range from relatively inexpensive, single-use, disposable face masks, known as <a href="/wiki/Filtering_facepiece_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtering facepiece respirator">filtering facepiece respirators</a>, reusable models with replaceable cartridges called <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">elastomeric respirators</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">powered air-purifying respirators</a> (PAPR), which use a pump or fan to constantly move air through a filter and supply purified air into a mask, helmet or hood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_records_to_19th_century">Earliest records to 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest records to 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medico_peste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Medico_peste.jpg/170px-Medico_peste.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Medico_peste.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Plague doctor</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of protective respiratory equipment can be traced back as far as the first century, when <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 23 AD</span>–79) described using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> suggested that a finely woven cloth dipped in water could protect sailors from a toxic weapon made of powder that he had designed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> introduced a primitive respirator in 1799 when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Jeffreys" title="Julius Jeffreys">Julius Jeffreys</a> first used the word "respirator" as a mask in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuck-1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuck-1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png/220px-John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/John_Stenhouse%27s_mask.png 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut of Stenhouse's mask</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1848, the first US patent for an air-purifying respirator was granted to <a href="/wiki/Lewis_P._Haslett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis P. Haslett">Lewis P. Haslett</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his 'Haslett's Lung Protector,' which filtered dust from the air using one-way clapper valves and a filter made of moistened wool or a similar <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous</a> substance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutson Hurd patented a cup-shaped mask in 1879 which became widespread in industrial use.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inventors in Europe included <a href="/wiki/John_Stenhouse" title="John Stenhouse">John Stenhouse</a>, a Scottish chemist, who investigated the power of charcoal in its various forms, to capture and hold large volumes of gas. He built one of the first respirators able to remove toxic gases from the air, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated charcoal</a> to become the most widely used filter for respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a> took Stenhouse's mask, added a filter of cotton wool saturated with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a>, and charcoal, and in 1871 invented a 'fireman's respirator', a hood that filtered smoke and gas from air, which he exhibited at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in London in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1874, Samuel Barton patented a device that 'permitted respiration in places where the atmosphere is charged with noxious gases, or vapors, smoke, or other impurities.'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, Miles Philips began using a "mundebinde" ("mouth bandage") of sterilized cloth which he refined by adapting a chloroform mask with two layers of cotton mull.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-How_a_Man_may_Breath_Safely_in_a_Poisonous_Atmosphere_b10154140_010_tif_zw12z649n.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3046" /></a><figcaption> "How a Man may Breathe Safely in a Poisonous Atmosphere", an apparatus providing oxygen while using caustic soda to absorb carbon dioxide, 1909</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wu_Lien-teh#Pneumonic_plague" title="Wu Lien-teh">Wu Lien-teh § Pneumonic plague</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu_Lien-teh&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In the winter of 1910, Wu was given instructions from the Foreign Office of the Imperial Qing court<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Peking, to travel to <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> to investigate an unknown disease that killed 99.9% of its victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the beginning of the large <a href="/wiki/Pneumonic_plague" title="Pneumonic plague">pneumonic plague</a> epidemic of Manchuria and Mongolia, which ultimately claimed 60,000 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Wu was able to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Postmortem" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmortem">postmortem</a> (usually not accepted in China at the time) on a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> woman who had died of the plague.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having ascertained via the autopsy that the plague was <a href="/wiki/Airborne_transmission" title="Airborne transmission">spreading by air</a>, Wu developed <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical masks</a> into more substantial masks with layers of <a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">gauze</a> and cotton to filter the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gérald Mesny, a prominent French doctor who had come to replace Wu, refused to wear a mask and died days later of the plague.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mask was widely produced, with Wu overseeing the production and distribution of 60,000 masks in a later epidemic, and it featured in many press images.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Lien-teh_:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Lien-teh_:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask#First_World_War" title="Gas mask">Gas mask § First World War</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_mask&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">extensive use of chemical weapons</a>. The German army successfully used <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">poison gas</a> for the first time against Allied troops at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, Belgium on April 22, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin, issued to the troops by May 1. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Veil_Respirator" title="Black Veil Respirator">Black Veil Respirator</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a>, which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetherellMathers2007157_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetherellMathers2007157-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Macpherson_(physician)" title="Cluny Macpherson (physician)">Cluny Macpherson</a> created a mask made of chemical-absorbing fabric which fitted over the entire head: a 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent mica eyepiece.<sup id="cite_ref-Gas_mask_Lefebure_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gas_mask_Lefebure-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gas_mask_rooms_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gas_mask_rooms-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macpherson presented his idea to the British War Office Anti-Gas Department on May 10, 1915; prototypes were developed soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer-MaguireBaker2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer-MaguireBaker2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the <a href="/wiki/British_Smoke_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="British Smoke Hood">British Smoke Hood</a> in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Gas_mask_RCS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gas_mask_RCS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More elaborate <a href="/wiki/Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbent</a> compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet (<a href="/wiki/PH_helmet" title="PH helmet">PH helmet</a>), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">diphosgene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">chloropicrin</a>. In summer and autumn 1915, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harrison_(chemist)" title="Edward Harrison (chemist)">Edward Harrison</a>, Bertram Lambert and John Sadd developed the Large Box Respirator.<sup id="cite_ref-Gas_mask_gasmasknet_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gas_mask_gasmasknet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This canister gas mask had a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose and began to be issued in February 1916. A compact version, the <a href="/wiki/Small_Box_Respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Box Respirator">Small Box Respirator</a>, was made a universal issue from August 1916.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#Early_US_respirator_standards" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator § Early US respirator standards</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster memorial signage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>A memorial for the workers of the <a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel">Hawks Nest Tunnel</a> who died of <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">US Bureau of Mines</a> (USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster#Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster</a>, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three, under 30 CFR 14 Schedule 21.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_history_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coal_Mine_Health_and_Safety_Act_of_1969" title="Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969">Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act</a> establishing <a href="/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration" title="Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration">MESA</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970</a>, establishing NIOSH,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other regulations established around the time, reshuffled regulatory authority for respirators, and moved regulations from Part 14 to Part 11 by 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:10_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nonetheless continued the use of USBM-era regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_history_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>In the 1970s, the successor to the United States Bureau of Mines and NIOSH developed standards for single-use respirators, and the first single-use respirator was developed by <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> and approved in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3M used a <a href="/wiki/Melt_blowing" title="Melt blowing">melt blowing</a> process that it had developed decades prior and used in products such as ready-made <a href="/wiki/Ribbon" title="Ribbon">ribbon</a> bows and <a href="/wiki/Bra" title="Bra">bra</a> cups; its use in a wide array of products had been pioneered by designer <a href="/wiki/Sara_Little_Turnbull" title="Sara Little Turnbull">Sara Little Turnbull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s">1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator § Approval of Part 84 and replacement of 30 CFR 11</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Historically, respirators in the US had generally been approved by <a href="/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration" title="Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration">MESA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a>/<a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> under <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">federal regulation</a> 30 CFR 11. On July 10, 1995, in response to respirators exhibiting "low initial efficiency levels", new 42 CFR 84 standards, including the N95 standard, were enforced under a three-year transition period,<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_register_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_register-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending on July 10, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:10_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard for N95 respirators includes, but is not limited to, a filtration of at least 95% under a 0.3 micrometer<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 200 milligram test load of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>. Standards and specifications are also subject to change.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_pink_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_pink-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:10_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once 42 CFR 84 was in effect, MSHA, under a proposed rule change to 30 CFR 11, 70, and 71, would withdraw from the approval process of rated respirators (outside of respirators used for mining).<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_pro84_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_pro84-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020">2020</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China normally makes 10 million masks per day, about half of the world production. During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, people in the United States, and in a lot of countries in the world, were urged to make their own cloth masks due to the widespread shortage of commercial masks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024">2024</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932024_H5N1_outbreak" title="2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak">2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> The CDC recommends farm workers wear PPE, including N95 or better respirators, when working with farm animals potentially infected with H5N1.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, outbreaks of H5N1 have continued among dairy workers, likely due to workers' fear of retaliation by their employers, and reluctance by employers and state officials to allow CDC investigators into dairy farms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_modern_respirators">Summary of modern respirators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Summary of modern respirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg/400px-N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg/600px-N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg/800px-N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Types of respirators by physical form. Click to enlarge.</figcaption></figure> <p>All respirators have some type of facepiece held to the wearer's head with straps, a cloth harness, or some other method. Facepieces come in many different styles and sizes to accommodate all types of face shapes. </p><p>A full facepiece covers the mouth, nose and eyes and if sealed, is sealed round the perimeter of the face. Unsealed versions may be used when air is supplied at a rate which prevents ambient gas from reaching the nose or mouth during inhalation. </p><p>Respirators can have half-face forms that cover the bottom half of the face including the nose and mouth, and full-face forms that cover the entire face. Half-face respirators are only effective in environments where the contaminants are not toxic to the eyes or facial area. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Escape_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape respirator">escape respirator</a> may have no component that would normally be described as a mask, and may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip instead. Alternatively, an escape respirator could be a time-limited <a href="#Self-contained_breathing_apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a>. </p><p>For hazardous environments, like <a href="/wiki/Confined_space" title="Confined space">confined spaces</a>, atmosphere-supplying respirators, like <a href="#Self-contained_breathing_apparatus">SCBAs</a>, should be used. </p><p>A wide range of industries use respirators including healthcare & pharmaceuticals, defense & public safety services (defense, firefighting & law enforcement), oil and gas industries, manufacturing (automotive, chemical, metal fabrication, food and beverage, wood working, paper and pulp), mining, construction, agriculture and forestry, cement production, power generation, painting, shipbuilding, and the textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Respirators require user training in order to provide proper protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_seal_check">User seal check</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: User seal check"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Multiple people doing positive pressure user seal checks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each time a wearer dons a respirator, they must perform a seal check to be sure that they have an airtight seal to the face so that air does not leak around the edges of the respirator. (PAPR respirators may not require this because they don't necessarily seal to the face.) This check is different than the periodic fit test that is performed by specially trained personnel using testing equipment. Filtering facepiece respirators are typically checked by cupping the hands over the facepiece while exhaling (positive pressure check) or inhaling (negative pressure check) and observing any air leakage around the facepiece. Elastomeric respirators are checked in a similar manner, except the wearer blocks the airways through the inlet valves (negative pressure check) or exhalation valves (positive pressure check) while observing the flexing of the respirator or air leakage. Manufacturers have different methods for performing seal checks and wearers should consult the specific instructions for the model of respirator they are wearing. Some models of respirators or filter cartridges have special buttons or other mechanisms built into them to facilitate seal checks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fit_testing">Fit testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fit testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">Respirator fit test</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirator_fit_test&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">respirator fit test</a> checks whether a respirator properly fits the face of someone who wears it. The fitting characteristic of a respirator is the ability of the mask to separate a worker's <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> from ambient air. </p> This is achieved by tightly pressing the mask flush against the face (without gaps) to ensure an efficient seal on the mask perimeter. Because wearers cannot be protected if there are gaps, it is necessary to test the fit before entering into contaminated air. Multiple forms of the test exist.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrast_with_surgical_mask">Contrast with surgical mask</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contrast with surgical mask"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A table listing the attributes of surgical masks and N95 respirators in eight categories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf/page1-194px-Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf/page1-291px-Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf/page1-388px-Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>An infographic on the difference between <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical masks</a> and <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">N95</a> respirators</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a> is a loosely-placed, unsealed barrier, meant to stop <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplets" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory droplets">droplets</a>, and other liquid-borne particles from the mouth and nose that may contain <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A surgical mask may not block all particles, due to the lack of fit between the surface of the face mask and the face.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filtration efficiency of a surgical mask ranges between 10% and 90% for any given manufacturer, when measured using tests required for NIOSH certification. A study found that 80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed between 12 and 25% leakage.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> A CDC study found that in public indoor settings, consistently wearing a respirator was linked to a 83% lower risk of testing positive for COVID-19, as compared to a 66% reduction when using surgical masks, and 56% for cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surgical_N95">Surgical N95</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Surgical N95"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png/200px-3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png/300px-3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png/400px-3M_Surgical_N95_Respirator.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> 1860 surgical <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95</a>, with a non-surgical 3M 8210 in the background</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#In_healthcare" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator § In healthcare</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Respirators used in healthcare are traditionally a specific variant called a surgical respirator, which is both approved by NIOSH as a respirator and cleared by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> as a medical device similar to a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_ohscomp_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_ohscomp-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may also be labeled "Surgical N95", "medical respirators", or "healthcare respirators".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference lies in the extra fluid-resistant layer outside, typically colored blue.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to 42 CFR 84, surgical N95s are regulated under FDA regulation 21 CFR 878.4040.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) requires healthcare workers who are expected to perform patient activities with those suspected or confirmed to be infected with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> to wear respiratory protection, such as an N95 respirator.<sup id="cite_ref-N95_respirator_:02_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N95_respirator_:02-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC recommends the use of respirators with at least N95 certification to protect the wearer from inhalation of infectious particles including <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS), <a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic" title="Influenza pandemic">pandemic influenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Respirator_selection">Respirator selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Respirator selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air-purifying respirators are respirators that draw in the surrounding air and purify it before it is breathed (unlike air-supplying respirators, which are sealed systems, with no air intake, like those used underwater). Air-purifying respirators <i>filter</i> particulates, gases, and vapors from the air, and may be <a href="/wiki/Pressure#Negative_pressures" title="Pressure">negative-pressure</a> respirators driven by the wearer's inhalation and exhalation, or <a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure" title="Positive pressure">positive-pressure</a> units such as <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">powered air-purifying respirators</a> (PAPRs). </p><p>According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, air-purifying respirators are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates or gases that are greater than the relevant <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">occupational exposure limit</a> but less than the <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">immediately dangerous to life or health</a> level and the manufacturer's maximum use concentration, subject to the respirator having a sufficient <a href="/wiki/Respirator_assigned_protection_factors" title="Respirator assigned protection factors">assigned protection factor</a>. For substances hazardous to the eyes, a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood is recommended. Air-purifying respirators are not effective during <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-deficient_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen-deficient atmosphere">oxygen-deficient atmosphere</a>, or in an unknown atmosphere; in these situations a <a href="#Self-contained_breathing_apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> is recommended instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_filtration">Types of filtration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Types of filtration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_filter">Mechanical filter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mechanical filter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Main Article: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical filter respirator">Mechanical filter respirator (and regulatory ratings)</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/300px--What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm/What_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhat_it_Means_to_be_NIOSH-Approved_-_A_look_into_N95_Certification_Testing.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A video describing N95 certification testing</figcaption></figure> <p>Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in several ways: <i>interception</i> when particles following a line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it; <i>impaction</i>, when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity; by <i>diffusion</i>, where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter, increasing the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the previous two mechanisms; and by using an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic charge">electrostatic charge</a> that attracts and holds particles on the filter surface. </p><p>There are many different filtration standards that vary by jurisdiction. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> defines the categories of particulate filters according to their <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a>. The most common of these are the <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a>, which filters at least 95% of <a href="/wiki/Airborne_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne particles">airborne particles</a> but is not resistant to <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>. </p><p>Other categories filter 99% or 99.97% of particles, or have varying degrees of resistance to oil.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_sheet_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_sheet-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="European standard">European standard</a> EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask, while European standard EN 149 defines classes of "filtering half masks" or "filtering facepieces", usually called <a href="/wiki/FFP_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP mask">FFP masks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, the filtering media in respirators made according to the following standards are similar to U.S. N95 or European FFP2 respirators, however, the construction of the respirators themselves, such as providing a proper seal to the face, varies considerably. (For example, US <a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a>-approved respirators never include earloops because they don't provide enough support to establish a reliable, airtight seal.) Standards for respirator filtration the Chinese KN95, Australian / New Zealand P2, Korean 1st Class also referred to as KF94, and Japanese DS.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canister_or_chemical_cartridge">Canister or chemical cartridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canister or chemical cartridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG/220px-Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG/330px-Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG/440px-Respirator_canister_with_ESLI_for_asid_gases_-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Combined gas and particulate <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">gas mask</a> canister, type BKF (БКФ), for protection against acid gases. It has a transparent body and a special sorbent that changes color upon saturation. This color change may be used for timely replacement of respirators' filters (like an <a href="/wiki/Cartridges_and_canisters_of_air-purifying_respirators#End-of-service-life_indicators_(ESLI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartridges and canisters of air-purifying respirators">end-of-service-life indicator, ESLI</a>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating § Chemical cartridge and canister classifications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas mask</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">gas mask</a> canisters remove gases, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), and other vapors from breathing air by <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chemisorption" title="Chemisorption">chemisorption</a>. A typical <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> vapor respirator cartridge is a metal or plastic case containing from 25 to 40 grams of sorption media such as <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> or certain <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>. The service life of the cartridge varies based, among other variables, on the carbon weight and molecular weight of the vapor and the cartridge media, the concentration of vapor in the atmosphere, the relative humidity of the atmosphere, and the breathing rate of the respirator wearer. When filter cartridges become saturated or particulate accumulation within them begins to restrict air flow, they must be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-CartridgesReplacement_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CartridgesReplacement-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the concentration of harmful gases is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life or health</a>, in workplaces covered by the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act">Occupational Safety and Health Act</a> the US <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> specifies the use of air-supplied respirators except when intended solely for escape during emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Standard_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standard-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> also discourages their use under such conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Учебник-по-выбору-2004_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Учебник-по-выбору-2004-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> Under 42 CFR 84, chemical cartridges and gas mask canisters are defined separately. Use of the TC-14G canister schedule or the TC-23C chemical cartridge schedule for a given respirator depends on whether "acid gas" is a designated contaminant, which is designated for gas mask canisters only, or if the manufacturer is obligated to list all designated contaminants supported by a given chemical cartridge.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_air_filtration_rating_primarylabel_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_air_filtration_rating_primarylabel-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air-purifying_respirators">Air-purifying respirators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Air-purifying respirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filtering_facepiece">Filtering facepiece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Filtering facepiece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white cup-type filtering facepiece respirator with an exhalation valve and red head and neck straps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg/220px-Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg/330px-Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg/440px-Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Filtering facepiece half mask with exhalation valve (class: FFP3)</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Filtering_facepiece_respirators" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">Mechanical filter (respirator) § Filtering facepiece respirators</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_filter_(respirator)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Filtering facepiece respirators consist mainly of the mechanical filtration medium itself, and are discarded when they become unusable due to damage, dirt, or excessive breathing resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filtering facepieces are typically simple, light, single-piece, half-face masks and employ the first three mechanical filter mechanisms in the list above to remove particulates from the air stream. The most common of these is the white, disposable standard N95 variety; another type is the <a href="/wiki/Surgical_N95" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical N95">Surgical N95</a> mask. It is discarded after single use or some extended period depending on the contaminant. NIOSH recommends not reusing filtering facepieces in biosafety level 2 or 3 laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elastomeric">Elastomeric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Elastomeric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head-only portrait of a male police officer wearing a navy blue peaked cap emblazoned with the New York City coat of arms and navy uniform shirt with gold collar insignia identifying him as a member of the 112th Precinct. His nose and mouth are covered by a gray rubber respirator with bright pink filters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg/220px-Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg/330px-Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg/440px-Police_officer_wearing_half-mask_respirator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a> officer wearing a 3M elastomeric respirator with <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">P100</a>-standard particulate filters in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2007_New_York_City_steam_explosion" title="2007 New York City steam explosion">2007 New York City steam explosion</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric respirator</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastomeric_respirator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric respirators</a>, also called reusable air-purifying respirators,<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_gallery_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_gallery-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seal to the face with <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomeric</a> material, which may be a <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>. They are generally reusable. Full-face versions of elastomeric respirators seal better and protect the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elastomeric_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_elastomeric-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Elastomeric respirators consist of a reusable mask that seals to the face, with exchangeable filters.<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elastomeric respirators can be used with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">chemical cartridge</a> filters that remove gases, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">mechanical filters</a> that retain particulate matter, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As particulate filters, they are comparable<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or, due to the quality and error-tolerance of the elastomeric seal, possibly superior<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to <a href="/wiki/Filtering_facepiece_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtering facepiece respirator">filtering facepiece respirators</a> such as most <i>disposable</i> <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirators</a> and <a href="/wiki/FFP_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP mask">FFP masks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powered_air-purifying_respirators">Powered air-purifying respirators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Powered air-purifying respirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">Powered air-purifying respirator</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powered_air-purifying_respirator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">powered air-purifying respirator</a> (PAPR) is a type of respirator used to safeguard workers against <a href="/wiki/Contaminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminated">contaminated</a> air. PAPRs consist of a headgear-and-fan assembly that takes ambient <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> contaminated with one or more type of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>, actively removes (filters) a sufficient proportion of these hazards, and then delivers the clean air to the user's face or mouth and nose. They have a higher <a href="/wiki/Respirator_assigned_protection_factors" title="Respirator assigned protection factors">assigned protection factor</a> than filtering facepiece respirators such as <a href="/wiki/N95_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="N95 mask">N95 masks</a>. PAPRs are sometimes called positive-pressure masks, blower units, or just blowers.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere-supplying_respirators">Atmosphere-supplying respirators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Atmosphere-supplying respirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These respirators do not purify the ambient air, but supply breathing gas from another source. The three types are the self contained breathing apparatus, in which a compressed air cylinder is worn by the wearer; the supplied air respirators, where a hose supplies air from a stationary source; and combination supplied-air respirators, with an emergency backup tank.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-contained_breathing_apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Self-contained breathing apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-contained_breathing_apparatus&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> (SCBA) is a respirator worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">immediately dangerous to life or health</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically used in <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a> and industry. The term <i>self-contained</i> means that the SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> (e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called industrial breathing sets. Some types are also referred to as a compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA) or simply breathing apparatus (BA). Unofficial names include <i>air pack</i>, <i>air tank</i>, <i>oxygen cylinder</i> or simply <i>pack</i>, terms used mostly in <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a>. If designed for use under water, it is also known as a <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba set</a> (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). </p><p>An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., 2,216 to 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a> (15,280 to 37,920 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>), about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and a respiratory interface, which may be a mouthpiece, half mask or full-face mask, assembled and mounted on a framed carrying harness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008190_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008190-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> A self-contained breathing apparatus may fall into one of three categories: open-circuit, closed-circuit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008191_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008191-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or continuous-flow.<sup id="cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplied_air_respirator">Supplied air respirator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Supplied air respirator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Supplied-air_respirator" title="Supplied-air respirator">Supplied-air respirator</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplied-air_respirator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Supplied-air_respirator" title="Supplied-air respirator">supplied-air respirator</a> (SAR) or air-line respirator is a breathing apparatus used in places where the ambient air may not be safe to breathe. It uses an air hose to supply air from outside the danger zone. It is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> (SCBA), except that SCBA users carry their air with them in high pressure cylinders, while SAR users get it from a remote stationary air supply connected to them by a hose.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplied-air_respirator_selection_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplied-air_respirator_selection-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be equipped with a backup air tank in case the air-line gets cut.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplied-air_respirator_gallery_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplied-air_respirator_gallery-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_respirators">Escape respirators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Escape respirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg/220px-Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg/330px-Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg/440px-Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dr%C3%A4ger-Parat-3200-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="4380" /></a><figcaption>A simple <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_(company)" title="Dräger (company)">Dräger</a> escape respirator. This model has no hood, and instead comes with <a href="/wiki/Noseclip" title="Noseclip">noseclips</a> to ensure the wearer breathes only through the filter.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoke_hood">Smoke hood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Smoke hood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_hood&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">smoke hood,</a> also called an Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Device (RPED),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a hood wherein a <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> airtight bag seals around the head of the wearer while an <a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">air filter</a> held in the mouth connects to the outside atmosphere and is used to breathe. Smoke hoods are a class of emergency <a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">breathing apparatus</a> intended to protect victims of fire from the effects of <a href="/wiki/Smoke_inhalation" title="Smoke inhalation">smoke inhalation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smoke hood is a predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">gas mask</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first modern smoke hood design was by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Morgan" title="Garrett Morgan">Garrett Morgan</a> and patented in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-Smoke_hood_:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smoke_hood_:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_2">Self-contained breathing apparatus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Self-contained breathing apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuous-flow">Continuous-flow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Continuous-flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus#Continuous-flow" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus § Continuous-flow</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-contained_breathing_apparatus&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Escape SCBAs, also known as ESCBAs, come with hoods, are meant for escapes only, and are operated in continuous flow mode.<sup id="cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_twoseven_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_twoseven-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_scbaescape_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_scbaescape-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Escape only SCBAs, designed for escape from <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">IDLH</a> situations, regardless of type, are usually limited to 3-10 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_open_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_open-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-rescue_device">Self-rescue device</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Self-rescue device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">Self-contained self-rescue device</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-contained_self-rescue_device&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">self-contained self-rescue device</a>, SCSR, self-contained self-rescuer, or air pack is a type of <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus#Closed-circuit" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">closed-circuit SCBA</a><sup id="cite_ref-Self-contained_self-rescue_device_NIOSH_book_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-contained_self-rescue_device_NIOSH_book-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a portable <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> source for providing breathable air when the surrounding atmosphere lacks oxygen or is contaminated with toxic gases, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>. </p><p>Self-rescuers are intended for use in environments such as coal mines where there is a risk of fire or explosion, and in a location where no external rescue may be available for some time – the wearer must make their own way to safety, or to some pre-equipped underground refuge. The main hazard here is from large quantities of carbon monoxide or <a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">whitedamp</a>, often produced by an explosion of <a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">firedamp</a>. In some industries, the hazard may be from anoxic asphyxia, or a <i>lack</i> of oxygen, rather than poisoning by something toxic. </p> Self-rescuers are small, lightweight belt or harness-worn devices, enclosed in a rugged metal case. They are designed to have a long service life of around 10 years (longer for shelf storage) and to be worn every day by each miner. Once used, they have a working life of a few hours and are discarded after opening.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#A31BAA;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><small><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Respirators</span></small></a> <span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>in the</small><br />United States</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Cabinet,_executive_departments,_and_agencies" title="Federal government of the United States">Executive</a> agencies involved</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#Early_US_respirator_standards" title="N95 respirator">Summary</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">Bureau of Mines</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coal_Mine_Health_and_Safety_Act_of_1969" title="Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969">1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration" title="Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration">MESA</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Federal_Mine_Safety_and_Health_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a> (until <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11" title="N95 respirator">1995/1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Non-government bodies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Industrial_Hygiene_Association" title="American Industrial Hygiene Association">AIHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">NFPA</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Respirator regulation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">ANSI K13.1-1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">OSH Act</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Diseases mitigated by respirators</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" title="Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932024_H5N1_outbreak" title="2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak">2024 H5N1</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Misuse</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#History_during_pandemics" title="N95 respirator">N95 use during pandemics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Counterfeiting,_modification,_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators">Counterfeit respirators</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Issues_with_respirator_design">Design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Respirator_non-compliance">Failure to use</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Beards">Beards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Related topics involving respirators</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Filtering_facepiece">Disposable</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><small>Interwiki links</small></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png/90px-Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png/135px-Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png/180px-Negative_pressure_check_respirator.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Related media at Wikimedia Commons: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:42_CFR_Part_84" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:42 CFR Part 84">Category:42 CFR Part 84</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:30_CFR_Part_11" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:30 CFR Part 11">Category:30 CFR Part 11</a></li> <li>On Wikisource:</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Recommended_Guidelines_for_Personal_Respiratory_Protection_of_Workers_in_Health-Care_Facilities_Potentially_Exposed_to_Tuberculosis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Recommended Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-Care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis">NIOSH TB guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Guide_to_the_Selection_and_Use_of_Particulate_Respirators_Certified_Under_42_CFR_84" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84">42 CFR 84 guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Changes_in_Occupational_Safety_Regs_Will_Permit_Better_Respirators_to_Protect_Against_Dust_and_Disease" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease">Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Change_Will_Save_Health_Care_Industry_Millions" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions">NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Differences_and_Limitations_Between_Part_11_Particulate_Respirators_and_Part_84_Particulate_Respirators" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Differences and Limitations Between Part 11 Particulate Respirators and Part 84 Particulate Respirators">Differences Between Part 11 and Part 84</a></li> <li>For firefighters:</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Safety_Advisory_on_The_Potential_for_Sudden_Failures_of_Fiberglass-wrapped_Composite_Aluminum_Cylinders_Following_Exposure_to_Acidic_Chemical_Cleaning_Agents" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Safety Advisory on The Potential for Sudden Failures of Fiberglass-wrapped Composite Aluminum Cylinders Following Exposure to Acidic Chemical Cleaning Agents">SCBA cylinder advisory following exposure to acidic agents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Announcement_of_Public_Meeting_to_Discuss_Potential_Standards_or_Guidelines_for_Respiratory_Protective_Devices_Used_to_Protect_Emergency_Response_Workers_Against_Chemical,_Biological,_and_Radiological_Agents" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Announcement of Public Meeting to Discuss Potential Standards or Guidelines for Respiratory Protective Devices Used to Protect Emergency Response Workers Against Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents">Terrorism and CBRN defense (with SCBAs) meeting by NIOSH, circa March-April 2001</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Career_Lieutenants_Killed_and_Two_Career_Fire_Fighters_Injured_Following_a_Flashover_at_an_Assembly_Hall_Fire%E2%80%94Texas.pdf" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Two Career Lieutenants Killed and Two Career Fire Fighters Injured Following a Flashover at an Assembly Hall Fire—Texas.pdf">Flashover postmortem—with information on SCBAs</a></li> <li>Counterfeit respirators:</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_All_Users_of_Supplied-Air_Respirators_Use_of_Unapproved_Supplied-Air_Respirators_in_the_Paint_Spray_and_Automotive_Refinishing_Industries" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to All Users of Supplied-Air Respirators Use of Unapproved Supplied-Air Respirators in the Paint Spray and Automotive Refinishing Industries">Letter to All Users of Supplied-Air Respirators Use of Unapproved Supplied-Air Respirators in the Paint Spray and Automotive Refinishing Industries</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#User_seal_check">Image on left: User seal check</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_respirator_topics" title="Template:US respirator topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_respirator_topics" title="Template talk:US respirator topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_respirator_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US respirator topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy_of_Controls_point_of_view">Hierarchy of Controls point of view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hierarchy of Controls point of view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg/220px-NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg/330px-NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg/440px-NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Placing an overemphasis on respirator usage can neglect other, more effective ways of remedying risk.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hierarchy of Controls, noted as part of the <i>Prevention Through Design</i> initiative started by <a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> with other standards bodies, is a set of guidelines emphasizing building in safety during design, as opposed to ad-hoc solutions like PPE, with multiple entities providing guidelines on how to implement safety during development<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outside of NIOSH-approved respirators. US Government entities currently and formerly involved in the regulation of respirators follow the Hierarchy of Controls, including <a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a><sup id="cite_ref-twonine_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twonine-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some HOC implementations, notably MSHA's, have been criticized for allowing mining operators to skirt <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering control</a> noncompliance by requiring miners to wear respirators instead if the <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) is exceeded, without work stoppages, breaking the hierarchy of engineering controls. Another concern was fraud related to the inability to scrutinize engineering controls,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike NIOSH-approved respirators, like the <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95</a>, which can be fit tested by anyone, are subject to the scrutiny of NIOSH, and are <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarked</a> and protected under US federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-counterfeit_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterfeit-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Respirator_non-compliance">Respirator non-compliance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Respirator non-compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#History_During_Pandemics" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator § History During Pandemics</a></div> <p>With regards to people complying with requirements to wear respirators, various papers note high respirator non-compliance across industries,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a survey noting non-compliance was due in large part due to discomfort from temperature increases along the face, and a large amount of respondents also noting the social unacceptability of provided <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirators</a> during the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons like mishandling, ill-fitting respirators and lack of training, the Hierarchy of Controls dictates respirators be evaluated last while other controls exist and are working. Alternative controls like <a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">hazard elimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">administrative controls</a>, and engineering controls like <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> are less likely to fail due to user discomfort or error.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A U.S. Department of Labor study<sup id="cite_ref-Обзор-2001_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Обзор-2001-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that in almost 40 thousand American enterprises, the requirements for the correct use of respirators are not always met. Experts note that in practice it is difficult to achieve elimination of occupational morbidity with the help of respirators: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is well known how ineffective ... trying to compensate the harmful workplace conditions with ... the use of respirators by employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Летавет-1992_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Летавет-1992-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, the only certain way of reducing the exceedance fraction to zero is to ensure that Co <i>(note: Co - concentration of pollutants in the breathing zone)</i> never exceeds the PEL value.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicas-1992_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicas-1992-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beards">Beards</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Beards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf/page1-220px-Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf/page1-330px-Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf/page1-440px-Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Beards can significantly affect the integrity of the respirator's face seal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Certain types of facial hair can reduce fit to a significant degree. For this reason, there are facial hair guidelines for respirator users.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is another example of potential respirator non-compliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Counterfeiting,_modification,_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators"><span id="Counterfeiting.2C_modification.2C_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators"></span>Counterfeiting, modification, and revocation of regulated respirators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Counterfeiting, modification, and revocation of regulated respirators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg/220px-Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg/330px-Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg/440px-Counterfeit_3M_Surgical_mask_N95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A counterfeit <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator with no TC#</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3M_1860_N952020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/3M_1860_N952020.jpg/220px-3M_1860_N952020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/3M_1860_N952020.jpg/330px-3M_1860_N952020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/3M_1860_N952020.jpg/440px-3M_1860_N952020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="2721" /></a><figcaption>Compared to the official 3M</figcaption></figure> <p>Another disadvantage of respirators is that the onus is on the respirator user to determine if their respirator is counterfeit or has had its certification revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-counterfeit_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterfeit-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customers and employers can inadvertently purchase non-OEM parts for a NIOSH-approved respirator which void the NIOSH approval and violate OSHA laws, in addition to potentially compromising the fit of the respirator.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is another example of respirator mishandling under the Hierarchy of Controls. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_All_Users_of_Supplied-Air_Respirators_Use_of_Unapproved_Supplied-Air_Respirators_in_the_Paint_Spray_and_Automotive_Refinishing_Industries" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to All Users of Supplied-Air Respirators Use of Unapproved Supplied-Air Respirators in the Paint Spray and Automotive Refinishing Industries">Use of Unapproved Supplied-Air Respirators in the Paint Spray and Automotive Refinishing Industries (1996)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issues_with_fit_testing">Issues with fit testing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Issues with fit testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If respirators <i>must</i> be used, under 29 CFR 1910.134, OSHA requires respirator users to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">respirator fit test</a>, with a safety factor of 10 to offset lower fit during real world use.<sup id="cite_ref-twonine_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twonine-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, NIOSH notes the large amount of time required for fit testing has been a point of contention for employers.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other opinions concern the change in performance of respirators in use compared to when fit testing, and compared to engineering control alternatives: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Respirators_testing_in_the_workplaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirators testing in the workplaces">very limited field tests of air-purifying respirator performance in the workplace</a> show that respirators may perform far less well under actual use conditions than is indicated by laboratory <a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">fit factors</a>. We are not yet able to predict the level of protection accurately; it will vary from person to person, and it may also vary from one use to the next for the same individual. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">we can predict the effectiveness of engineering controls</a>, and we can monitor their performance with commercially available state-of-the-art devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyatt-1984_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyatt-1984-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_with_respirator_design">Issues with respirator design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Issues with respirator design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extended use of certain negative-pressure respirators can result in higher levels of carbon dioxide from <a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a> and breathing resistance (pressure drop) which can impact functioning and sometimes can exceed the PEL.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberge-2010_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberge-2010-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Смит_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Смит-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect was significantly reduced with <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">powered air purifying respirators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain respirator designs, especially those with head straps, can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goh-2006_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goh-2006-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complaints have been leveled at early <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">LANL</a> NIOSH fit test panels (which included primarily military personnel) as being unrepresentative of the broader American populace.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later fit test panels, based on a NIOSH facial survey conducted in 2003, were able to reach 95% representation of working US population surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these developments, 42 CFR 84, the US regulation NIOSH follows for respirator approval, allows for respirators that don't follow the NIOSH fit test panel provided that: more than one facepiece size is provided, and no chemical cartridges are made available.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_with_lack_of_regulation">Issues with lack of regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Issues with lack of regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respirators designed to non-US standards may not be subject to as much or any scrutiny: </p> <ul><li>In China, under GB2626-2019, which includes standards like KN95, there is no procedure for <a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">fit testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some jurisdictions allow for respirator filtration ratings lower than 95%, respirators which are <i>not</i> rated to prevent respiratory infection, asbestos, or other dangerous occupational hazards. These respirators are sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">dust masks</a> for their almost exclusive approval only against dust nuisances: </p> <ul><li>In Europe, regulation allows for <a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">dust masks</a> under <a href="/wiki/FFP_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP standards">FFP1</a>, where 20% inward leakage is allowed, with a minimum filtration efficiency of 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Korea allows 20% filter leakage under <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Other_standards_(KN95_and_others)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">KF80</a>.</li></ul> <p>In the US, NIOSH noted that under standards predating the <a href="/wiki/N95_respirator#History" title="N95 respirator">N95</a>, 'Dust/Mist' rated respirators could not prevent the spread of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">TB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The choice and use of respirators in developed countries is regulated by national legislation. To ensure that employers choose respirators correctly, and perform high-quality respiratory protection programs, various guides and textbooks have been developed: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Textbooks and guidelines for the selection and use of respirators </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Year of publication </th> <th>Pages </th> <th>Institution (hyperlink to document) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>1987</td> <td>305</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-Учебник_1987_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Учебник_1987-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2005</td> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-Учебник-2004_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Учебник-2004-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>1999</td> <td>120</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-Учебник_2004_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Учебник_2004-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2017</td> <td>48</td> <td>Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC) (<sup id="cite_ref-Пестициды-2017_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Пестициды-2017-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English & Spanish</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA-eTool_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-eTool-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2011</td> <td>124</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA-2011_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-2011-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2015</td> <td>96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-Медучреждения-2015_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Медучреждения-2015-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2012</td> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA-NC-2012_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-NC-2012-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2014</td> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-Орегон-2014_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Орегон-2014-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2016</td> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA-Oregon-2016_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-Oregon-2016-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2014</td> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA-TM-2014_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-TM-2014-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2017</td> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA-Калифорния-2017_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-Калифорния-2017-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>2001</td> <td>166</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">NRC</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-NRC-2001_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC-2001-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>US</td> <td>English</td> <td>1986</td> <td>173</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> & <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-1986_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-1986-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Canada</td> <td>French</td> <td>2013, 2002</td> <td>60</td> <td>Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) (<sup id="cite_ref-Канада-2002_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Канада-2002-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Canada</td> <td>English</td> <td>2015</td> <td>-</td> <td>Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) (<sup id="cite_ref-Биоаэрозоли-2015-en_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Биоаэрозоли-2015-en-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Canada</td> <td>French</td> <td>2015</td> <td>-</td> <td>Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) (<sup id="cite_ref-Биоаэрозоли-2015-fr_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Биоаэрозоли-2015-fr-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>France</td> <td>French</td> <td>2017</td> <td>68</td> <td>Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) (<sup id="cite_ref-Франция-2017_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Франция-2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Germany</td> <td>German</td> <td>2011</td> <td>174</td> <td>Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) (<sup id="cite_ref-ФРГ-2011_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ФРГ-2011-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>UK</td> <td>English</td> <td>2013</td> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">The Health and Safety Executive (HSE)</a> (<sup id="cite_ref-HSE-2013_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSE-2013-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>UK</td> <td>English</td> <td>2016</td> <td>29</td> <td>The UK Nuclear Industry Good PracIndustry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (IRPCG) (<sup id="cite_ref-Атомная_промышленность-2016_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Атомная_промышленность-2016-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Ireland</td> <td>English</td> <td>2010</td> <td>19</td> <td>The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) (<sup id="cite_ref-Ирландия-2010_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ирландия-2010-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>English</td> <td>1999</td> <td>51</td> <td>Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSHS) (<sup id="cite_ref-Новая-Зеландия-1999_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Новая-Зеландия-1999-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Chile</td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>2009</td> <td>40</td> <td>Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile (ISPCH) (<sup id="cite_ref-Чили-2009_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Чили-2009-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"> <td>Spain</td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>-</td> <td>16</td> <td>Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSHT) (<sup id="cite_ref-INSHT_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSHT-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For standard filter classes used in respirators, see <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Filtration_standards" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">Mechanical filter (respirator)#Filtration standards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(respirator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartridge (respirator)">Cartridge (respirator)</a> – Container that cleans pollution from air inhaled through it<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">Dust mask</a> – Pad held over the nose and mouth to protect against dust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a> – Device used to protect the wearer's face from hazards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas mask</a> – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a> – Hardware from the open-design movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microparticle_performance_rating" title="Microparticle performance rating">Microparticle performance rating</a> – used to measure an air filter's ability to capture small particles<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> – Measurement scale for the effectiveness of air filters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a> – Equipment designed to help protect an individual from hazards (PPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a> – Device used to safely deliver first aid rescue breaths</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a> – Breathing gas supply system carried by the user</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a> – Device to protect the user from smoke inhalation in an emergency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">Surgical mask</a> – Mouth and nose cover against bacterial aerosols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">Ventilator</a> – Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_respirator_testing" title="Workplace respirator testing">Workplace respirator testing</a> – Testing of respirators in real life conditions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+WWI+Museum+and+Memorial&rft.atitle=First+Usage+of+Poison+Gas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldwar.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-wwi%2Fspotlight-first-usage-poison-gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetherellMathers2007157-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetherellMathers2007157_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWetherellMathers2007">Wetherell & Mathers 2007</a>, p. 157.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWetherellMathers2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gas_mask_Lefebure-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gas_mask_Lefebure_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Lefebure1923" class="citation book cs1">Victor Lefebure (1923). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riddleofrhineche00lefe"><i>The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War</i></a></span>. The Chemical Foundation Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-23269-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-23269-5"><bdi>0-585-23269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+the+Rhine%3A+Chemical+Strategy+in+Peace+and+War&rft.pub=The+Chemical+Foundation+Inc.&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=0-585-23269-5&rft.au=Victor+Lefebure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friddleofrhineche00lefe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gas_mask_rooms-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gas_mask_rooms_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnr.therooms.ca/part3_a_soldiers_outfit.asp">"Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222"</a>. The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macpherson+Gas+Hood+.+Accession+%23980.222&rft.pub=The+Rooms+Provincial+Museum+Archives+%28St.+John%27s%2C+NL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnr.therooms.ca%2Fpart3_a_soldiers_outfit.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer-MaguireBaker2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer-MaguireBaker2015_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer-MaguireBaker2015">Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMayer-MaguireBaker2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gas_mask_RCS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gas_mask_RCS_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005916b.htm">"Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)"</a>. <i>livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Biographical+entry+Macpherson%2C+Cluny+%281879+-+1966%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesonline.rcseng.ac.uk%2Fbiogs%2FE005916b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gas_mask_gasmasknet-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gas_mask_gasmasknet_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709101905/http://www.gasmasks.net/database/uk/uk.htm">"The UK"</a>. <i>The Gas Mask Database</i>. 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Fast Company and Mansueto Ventures, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519041831/https://www.fastcompany.com/90479846/the-untold-origin-story-of-the-n95-mask">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Design+Museum+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ask+Why%3A+Sara+Little+Turnbull&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Eisenbach%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignmuseumfoundation.org%2Fask-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N95_respirator_register-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N95_respirator_register_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-08/pdf/95-13287.pdf">"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84 RIN 0905–AB58 Respiratory Protective Devices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Federal Register. 8 June 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEPARTMENT+OF+HEALTH+AND+HUMAN+SERVICES+Public+Health+Service+42+CFR+Part+84+RIN+0905%E2%80%93AB58+Respiratory+Protective+Devices&rft.pub=US+Federal+Register&rft.date=1995-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-1995-06-08%2Fpdf%2F95-13287.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961230213615/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pt84abs2.html">"42 CFR 84 Respiratory Protective Devices"</a>. NIOSH. 25 August 1995. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Bulletin%3A+Comparison+of+FFP2%2C+KN95%2C+and+N95+and+Other+Filtering+Facepiece+Respirator+Classes&rft.pub=3M+Personal+Safety+Division&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.3m.com%2Fmws%2Fmedia%2F1791500O%2Fcomparison-ffp2-kn95-n95-filtering-facepiece-respirator-classes-tb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CartridgesReplacement-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CartridgesReplacement_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Methods_for_the_timely_replacement_of_cartridges_in_respirators.pdf" title="File:Methods for the timely replacement of cartridges in respirators.pdf">The document describes the methods used previously and currently used to perform the timely replacement of cartridges in air purifying respirators.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standard-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Standard_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OSHA standard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12716">29 CFR 1910.134</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924184743/https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12716">Archived</a> 24 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Respiratory Protection"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Учебник-по-выбору-2004-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Учебник-по-выбору-2004_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollinger2004" class="citation book cs1">Bollinger, Nancy; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.atitle=Respirator+Trusted-Source+Information%3A+What+are+they%3F&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpptl%2Ftopics%2Frespirators%2Fdisp_part%2Frespsource1quest1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2018-128/pdfs/2018-128.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018128">"Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NIOSH. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2018128">10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018128</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409180546/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2018-128/pdfs/2018-128.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018128">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filtering+out+Confusion%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+Respiratory+Protection&rft.pub=NIOSH&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2018128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F2018-128%2Fpdfs%2F2018-128.pdf%3Fid%3D10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2018128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_gallery-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_gallery_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remm.nlm.gov/respiratory_ppe.htm">"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management"</a>. <i>www.remm.nlm.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.remm.nlm.gov&rft.atitle=PPE+Image+Gallery%3A+Respiratory+Protective+Equipment+-+Civilian+-+Radiation+Emergency+Medical+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remm.nlm.gov%2Frespiratory_ppe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_elastomeric-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elastomeric_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211025703/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/elastomeric-respirators-strategy/index.html">"Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations"</a>. <i>U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 11 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/elastomeric-respirators-strategy/index.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Elastomeric+Respirators%3A+Strategies+During+Conventional+and+Surge+Demand+Situations&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fhcp%2Felastomeric-respirators-strategy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_elast17_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach2017" class="citation web cs1">Bach, Michael (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2017/07/06/elastomerics/">"Understanding respiratory protection options in Healthcare: The Overlooked Elastomeric"</a>. <i>NIOSH Science Blog</i>. CDC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIOSH+Science+Blog&rft.atitle=Understanding+respiratory+protection+options+in+Healthcare%3A+The+Overlooked+Elastomeric&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cdc.gov%2Fniosh-science-blog%2F2017%2F07%2F06%2Felastomerics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_:1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_:1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/respsource1quest1.html">"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?"</a>. <i>U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</i>. 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.atitle=Respirator+Trusted-Source+Information%3A+What+are+they%3F&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpptl%2Ftopics%2Frespirators%2Fdisp_part%2Frespsource1quest1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elastomeric_respirator_ch2_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivermanYostRogers2018" class="citation book cs1">Liverman CT, Yost OC, Rogers BM, et al., eds. (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540078/">"Elastomeric Respirators"</a>. <i>Reusable Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use</i>. National Academies Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elastomeric+Respirators&rft.btitle=Reusable+Elastomeric+Respirators+in+Health+Care%3A+Considerations+for+Routine+and+Surge+Use&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK540078%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection_airvsatmos_resp.html">"Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators"</a>. <i>U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417114028/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection_airvsatmos_resp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft.atitle=Respirator+Selection%3A+Air-purifying+vs.+Atmosphere-supplying+Respirators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Fetools%2Frespiratory%2Frespirator_selection_airvsatmos_resp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBollinger1987">Bollinger 1987</a>, p. 184<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008190-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008190_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFSTA2008">IFSTA 2008</a>, p. 190.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIFSTA2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008191-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFSTA2008191_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFSTA2008">IFSTA 2008</a>, p. 191.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIFSTA2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self-contained_breathing_apparatus_hoodhelmetmouth_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBollinger1987">Bollinger 1987</a>, pp. 7–8<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBollinger1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supplied-air_respirator_selection-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Supplied-air_respirator_selection_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection_airvsatmos_resp.html">"Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators"</a>. <i>U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft.atitle=Respirator+Selection%3A+Air-purifying+vs.+Atmosphere-supplying+Respirators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Fetools%2Frespiratory%2Frespirator_selection_airvsatmos_resp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supplied-air_respirator_gallery-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Supplied-air_respirator_gallery_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remm.nlm.gov/respiratory_ppe.htm">"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management"</a>. <i>www.remm.nlm.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.remm.nlm.gov&rft.atitle=PPE+Image+Gallery%3A+Respiratory+Protective+Equipment+-+Civilian+-+Radiation+Emergency+Medical+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remm.nlm.gov%2Frespiratory_ppe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ASTM E2952</i> (2023 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Society+for+Respiratory+Protection&rft.atitle=Respirators%3A+How+well+do+they+really+protect%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-19&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0892-6298&rft.au=Edwin+C.+Hyatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isrp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean values for several models. For example, <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">IDLH</a> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/124389.html">CO<sub>2</sub> = 4%</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420005202/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/124389.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, but filtering facepiese "AOSafety Pleats Plus" provided concentration up to 5.8%. According to the paper the model was discontinued from manufacturing and had its NIOSH approval withdrawn. (It is also no longer on the CEL, TC-84A-2630 and TC-84A-4320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf6/K063013.pdf">Former approval by the FDA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062006/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf6/K063013.pdf">Archived</a> 17 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/NIOSH-CEL/ApprovalDetails?schedule=84A&approvalNum=0005">while other discontinued models are still on the CEL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160714010637/http://wwwn.cdc.gov/NIOSH-CEL/ApprovalDetails?schedule=84A&approvalNum=0005">Archived</a> 14 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.J._Sinkule,_J.B._Powell,_F.L._Goss2013" class="citation journal cs1">E.J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%26%23124%3BGb+2626-2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstd.samr.gov.cn%2Fbzgk%2Fgb%2FnewGbInfo%3Fhcno%3D16D8935B45AD7AE40228801B7FADFC6C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moldex-europe.com/en/moldex-good-to-know/protection-levels-ffp1-masks-ffp2-masks-ffp3-masks/">"Protection levels: FFP1 masks, FFP2 masks, FFP3 masks"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protection+levels%3A+FFP1+masks%2C+FFP2+masks%2C+FFP3+masks&rft.pub=Moldex+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moldex-europe.com%2Fen%2Fmoldex-good-to-know%2Fprotection-levels-ffp1-masks-ffp2-masks-ffp3-masks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.federalregister.gov/issue_slice/1994/10/28/54237-54364.pdf">"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, 1994"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEPARTMENT+OF+HEALTH+AND+HUMAN+SERVICES+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+Guidelines+for+Preventing+the+Transmission+of+Mycobacterium+Tuberculosis+in+Health-Care+Facilities%2C+1994&rft.pub=US+Federal+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.federalregister.gov%2Fissue_slice%2F1994%2F10%2F28%2F54237-54364.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Учебник_1987-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Учебник_1987_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_J._Bollinger,_Robert_H._Schutz1987" class="citation book cs1">Nancy J. Bollinger, Robert H. Schutz; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NIOSH+Respirator+Selection+Logic&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.series=DHHS+%28NIOSH%29+Publication+No+2005-100&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2005100&rft.au=Nancy+Bollinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F2005-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Учебник_2004-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Учебник_2004_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Rosenstock1999" class="citation book cs1">Linda Rosenstock; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TB+Respiratory+Protection+Program+In+Health+Care+Facilities+-+Administrator%27s+Guide&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.series=DHHS+%28NIOSH%29+Publication+No+99-143&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB99143&rft.au=Linda+Rosenstock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F99-143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Пестициды-2017-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Пестициды-2017_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Kincade,_Garnet_Cooke,_Kaci_Buhl2017" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Kincade, Garnet Cooke, Kaci Buhl; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respiratory+Protection+Guide.+Requirements+for+Employers+of+Pesticide+Handlers&rft.place=California&rft.series=Worker+Protection+Standard+%28WPS%29&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Pesticide+Educational+Resources+Collaborative+%28PERC%29&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Kathleen+Kincade%2C+Garnet+Cooke%2C+Kaci+Buhl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpesticideresources.org%2Fwps%2Frespirators.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pesticideresources.org/wps/hosted/PERC-WPS-Respirator-Guide.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180608150624/http://pesticideresources.org/wps/hosted/PERC-WPS-Respirator-Guide.pdf">Archived</a> 8 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A14.0_2017_PERC_Respirator_Guide.pdf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:СИЗОД Защита от пестицидов СС4.0 2017 PERC Respirator Guide.pdf (page does not exist)">Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA-eTool-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA-eTool_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOccupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration1998" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html">"Respiratory Protection eTool"</a>. <i>OSHA</i> (in English and Spanish). Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031609/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSHA&rft.atitle=Respiratory+Protection+eTool&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Fetools%2Frespiratory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA-2011-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA-2011_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilda_L._Solis2011" class="citation book cs1">Hilda L. Solis; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/dte/librarymaterials_library.html#respiratoryprotection"><i>Small Entity Compliance Guide for the Respiratory Protection Standard</i></a>. OSHA 3384-09. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. p. 124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031609/https://www.osha.gov/dte/librarymaterials_library.html#respiratoryprotection">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Entity+Compliance+Guide+for+the+Respiratory+Protection+Standard&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=OSHA+3384-09&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Labor&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Hilda+L.+Solis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fdte%2Flibrarymaterials_library.html%23respiratoryprotection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3384small-entity-for-respiratory-protection-standard-rev.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428194610/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3384small-entity-for-respiratory-protection-standard-rev.pdf">Archived</a> 28 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_OSHA-2011.pdf" title="File:СИЗОД для маленьких предприятий OSHA-2011.pdf">Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Медучреждения-2015-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Медучреждения-2015_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOSHA2015" class="citation book cs1">OSHA; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/guidance.html"><i>Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit</i></a>. OSHA 3767. Resources for Respirator Program Administrators. Washington, DC: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. p. 96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031610/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/guidance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hospital+Respiratory+Protection+Program+Toolkit&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=OSHA+3767.+Resources+for+Respirator+Program+Administrators&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Labor&rft.date=2015&rft.au=OSHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Frespiratoryprotection%2Fguidance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3767.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428195345/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3767.pdf">Archived</a> 28 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85_OSHA_3767.pdf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:СИЗОД в медучреждениях OSHA 3767.pdf (page does not exist)">Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA-NC-2012-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA-NC-2012_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Edgar_Geddie2012" class="citation book cs1">J. Edgar Geddie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labor.nc.gov/safety-and-health/occupational-safety-and-health/occupational-safety-and-health-topic-pages/respiratory-protection#learn-more"><i>A Guide to Respiratory Protection</i></a>. Industry Guide 44 (2 ed.). Raleigh, North Carolina: Occupational Safety and Health Division, N.C. Department of Labor. p. 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031637/https://www.labor.nc.gov/safety-and-health/occupational-safety-and-health/occupational-safety-and-health-topic-pages/respiratory-protection#learn-more">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Respiratory+Protection&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+North+Carolina&rft.series=Industry+Guide+44&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Division%2C+N.C.+Department+of+Labor&rft.date=2012&rft.au=J.+Edgar+Geddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labor.nc.gov%2Fsafety-and-health%2Foccupational-safety-and-health%2Foccupational-safety-and-health-topic-pages%2Frespiratory-protection%23learn-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Орегон-2014-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Орегон-2014_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Young,_Phillip_Fehrenbacher_&_Mark_Peterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Young, Phillip Fehrenbacher & Mark Peterson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/respiratory-protection.aspx"><i>Breathe Right! Oregon OSHA's guide to developing a respiratory protection program for small-business owners and managers</i></a>. Publications: Guides 440-3330. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031612/https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/respiratory-protection.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breathe+Right%21+Oregon+OSHA%27s+guide+to+developing+a+respiratory+protection+program+for+small-business+owners+and+managers&rft.place=Salem%2C+Oregon&rft.series=Publications%3A+Guides+440-3330&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oregon+OSHA+Standards+and+Technical+Resources+Section%2C+Oregon+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Patricia+Young%2C+Phillip+Fehrenbacher+%26+Mark+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosha.oregon.gov%2FPages%2Ftopics%2Frespiratory-protection.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHAPubs/3330.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713223743/https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHAPubs/3330.pdf">Archived</a> 13 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_OSHA_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD.pdf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Респираторы OSHA Орегон.pdf (page does not exist)"> Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA-Oregon-2016-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA-Oregon-2016_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Young_&_Mark_Peterson2016" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Young & Mark Peterson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/respiratory-protection.aspx"><i>Air you breathe: Oregon OSHA's respiratory protection guide for agricultural employers</i></a>. Publications: Guides 440-3654. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031612/https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/respiratory-protection.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+you+breathe%3A+Oregon+OSHA%27s+respiratory+protection+guide+for+agricultural+employers&rft.place=Salem%2C+Oregon&rft.series=Publications%3A+Guides+440-3654&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oregon+OSHA+Standards+and+Technical+Resources+Section%2C+Oregon+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Patricia+Young+%26+Mark+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosha.oregon.gov%2FPages%2Ftopics%2Frespiratory-protection.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA-TM-2014-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA-TM-2014_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOregon_OSHA2014" class="citation book cs1">Oregon OSHA (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osha.oregon.gov/rules/Pages/tech-manual.aspx">"Section VIII / Chapter 2: Respiratory Protection"</a>. <i>Oregon OSHA Technical Manual</i>. Rules. Salem, Oregon: Oregon OSHA. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031618/https://osha.oregon.gov/rules/Pages/tech-manual.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+VIII+%2F+Chapter+2%3A+Respiratory+Protection&rft.btitle=Oregon+OSHA+Technical+Manual&rft.place=Salem%2C+Oregon&rft.series=Rules&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oregon+OSHA&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Oregon+OSHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosha.oregon.gov%2Frules%2FPages%2Ftech-manual.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/technical-manual/Section8-Chapter2.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508124136/https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/technical-manual/Section8-Chapter2.pdf">Archived</a> 8 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/File:OSHA-TM-2014.pdf" title="File:OSHA-TM-2014.pdf">Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA-Калифорния-2017-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA-Калифорния-2017_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCal/OSHA_Consultation_Service,_Research_and_Education_Unit,_Division_of_Occupational_Safety_and_Health,_California_Department_of_Industrial_Relations2017" class="citation book cs1">Cal/OSHA Consultation Service, Research and Education Unit, Division of Occupational Safety and Health, California Department of Industrial Relations (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/PubOrder.asp"><i>Respiratory Protection in the Workplace. A Practical Guide for Small-Business Employers</i></a> (3 ed.). Santa Ana, California: California Department of Industrial Relations. p. 51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031639/https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/PubOrder.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respiratory+Protection+in+the+Workplace.+A+Practical+Guide+for+Small-Business+Employers&rft.place=Santa+Ana%2C+California&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=California+Department+of+Industrial+Relations&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Cal%2FOSHA+Consultation+Service%2C+Research+and+Education+Unit%2C+Division+of+Occupational+Safety+and+Health%2C+California+Department+of+Industrial+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dir.ca.gov%2Fdosh%2FPubOrder.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/respiratory.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219090713/https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/respiratory.pdf">Archived</a> 19 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRC-2001-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRC-2001_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Paul_Steinmeyer2001" class="citation book cs1">K. Paul Steinmeyer; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr0041/"><i>Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Material</i></a>. NUREG/CR-0041, Revision 1. Washington, DC: Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. p. 166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031619/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr0041/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Respiratory+Protection+Against+Airborne+Radioactive+Material&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=NUREG%2FCR-0041%2C+Revision+1&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Office+of+Nuclear+Reactor+Regulation%2C+U.S.+Nuclear+Regulatory+Commission&rft.date=2001&rft.au=K.+Paul+Steinmeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freading-rm%2Fdoc-collections%2Fnuregs%2Fcontract%2Fcr0041%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0103/ML010310331.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141759/https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0103/ML010310331.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%94_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90.pdf" title="File:СИЗОД в атомной промышленности США.pdf"> Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-1986-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA-1986_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_P._Noonan,_Herbert_L._Linn,_Laurence_D._Reed1986" class="citation book cs1">Gary P. Noonan, Herbert L. Linn, Laurence D. Reed; et al. (1986). Susan V. Vogt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/epa/criteria/epa-560opts86001"><i>A guide to respiratory protection for the asbestos abatement industry</i></a>. NIOSH IA 85-06; EPA DW 75932235-01-1. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). p. 173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031623/https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/epa/criteria/epa-560opts86001">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+respiratory+protection+for+the+asbestos+abatement+industry&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=NIOSH+IA+85-06%3B+EPA+DW+75932235-01-1&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29+%26+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Gary+P.+Noonan%2C+Herbert+L.+Linn%2C+Laurence+D.+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbdg.org%2Fffc%2Fepa%2Fcriteria%2Fepa-560opts86001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Канада-2002-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Канада-2002_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaime_Lara,_Mireille_Vennes2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irsst.qc.ca/publications-et-outils/publication/i/862/n/guide-pratique-de-protection-respiratoire-r-319/redirected/1"><i>Guide pratique de protection respiratoire</i></a>. Projet de recherche: 0098-0660 (in French) (1 ed.). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la sante et de la securite du travail du Quebec. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-550-37465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-550-37465-7"><bdi>978-2-550-37465-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142520/http://www.irsst.qc.ca/publications-et-outils/publication/i/862/n/guide-pratique-de-protection-respiratoire-r-319/redirected/1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+pratique+de+protection+respiratoire&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec+%28Canada%29&rft.series=Projet+de+recherche%3A+0098-0660&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Institut+de+recherche+Robert-Sauve+en+sante+et+en+securite+du+travail+%28IRSST%29%2C+Commission+de+la+sante+et+de+la+securite+du+travail+du+Quebec&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-550-37465-7&rft.au=Jaime+Lara%2C+Mireille+Vennes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irsst.qc.ca%2Fpublications-et-outils%2Fpublication%2Fi%2F862%2Fn%2Fguide-pratique-de-protection-respiratoire-r-319%2Fredirected%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span>; <b>2 edition:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaime_Lara,_Mireille_Vennes2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes (26 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135121/https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/publications/200/Pages/dc_200_1635.aspx"><i>Guide pratique de protection respiratoire</i></a>. DC 200-1635 2CORR (in French) (2 ed.). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail du Québec. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-550-40403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-550-40403-3"><bdi>978-2-550-40403-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/publications/200/Pages/dc_200_1635.aspx">the original</a> on 22 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+pratique+de+protection+respiratoire&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec+%28Canada%29&rft.series=DC+200-1635+2CORR&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Institut+de+recherche+Robert-Sauve+en+sante+et+en+securite+du+travail+%28IRSST%29%2C+Commission+de+la+sant%C3%A9+et+de+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+du+travail+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft.isbn=978-2-550-40403-3&rft.au=Jaime+Lara%2C+Mireille+Vennes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2F200%2FPages%2Fdc_200_1635.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span>; <b>online version:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaime_Lara,_Mireille_Vennes2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031624/https://reptox.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/apruq/guide-reglementaire/Pages/000-table-des-matieres.aspx">"Appareils de protection respiratoire"</a>. <i>www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca</i> (in French). Quebec (Quebec, Canada): Commission des normes, de l'equite, de la sante et de la securite du travail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/apruq/guide-reglementaire/Pages/000-table-des-matieres.aspx">the original</a> on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca&rft.atitle=Appareils+de+protection+respiratoire&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Jaime+Lara%2C+Mireille+Vennes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csst.qc.ca%2Fprevention%2Freptox%2Fapruq%2Fguide-reglementaire%2FPages%2F000-table-des-matieres.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Биоаэрозоли-2015-en-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Биоаэрозоли-2015-en_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Lavoie,_Maximilien_Debia,_Eve_Neesham-Grenon,_Genevieve_Marchand,_Yves_Cloutier2015" class="citation web cs1">Jacques Lavoie, Maximilien Debia, Eve Neesham-Grenon, Genevieve Marchand, Yves Cloutier (22 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/Accueil.aspx?l=en">"A support tool for choosing respiratory protection against bioaerosols"</a>. <i>www.irsst.qc.ca</i>. Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040129/https://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/Accueil.aspx?l=en">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irsst.qc.ca&rft.atitle=A+support+tool+for+choosing+respiratory+protection+against+bioaerosols&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.au=Jacques+Lavoie%2C+Maximilien+Debia%2C+Eve+Neesham-Grenon%2C+Genevieve+Marchand%2C+Yves+Cloutier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irsst.qc.ca%2Fbioaerosol%2FAccueil.aspx%3Fl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Publication no.: UT-024; Research Project: 0099-9230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Биоаэрозоли-2015-fr-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Биоаэрозоли-2015-fr_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Lavoie,_Maximilien_Debia,_Eve_Neesham-Grenon,_Genevieve_Marchand,_Yves_Cloutier2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques Lavoie, Maximilien Debia, Eve Neesham-Grenon, Genevieve Marchand, Yves Cloutier (22 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/Accueil.aspx?l=fr">"Un outil d'aide a la prise de decision pour choisir une protection respiratoire contre les bioaerosols"</a>. <i>www.irsst.qc.ca</i> (in French). Montreal, Quebec (Canada): Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040136/https://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/Accueil.aspx?l=fr">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irsst.qc.ca&rft.atitle=Un+outil+d%27aide+a+la+prise+de+decision+pour+choisir+une+protection+respiratoire+contre+les+bioaerosols&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.au=Jacques+Lavoie%2C+Maximilien+Debia%2C+Eve+Neesham-Grenon%2C+Genevieve+Marchand%2C+Yves+Cloutier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irsst.qc.ca%2Fbioaerosol%2FAccueil.aspx%3Fl%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> N° de publication : UT-024; Projet de recherche: 0099-9230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Франция-2017-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Франция-2017_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Gumon2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Gumon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrs.fr/media.html?refINRS=ED%206106"><i>Les appareils de protection respiratoire. Choix et utilisation</i></a>. ED 6106 (in French) (2 ed.). Paris: Institut National de Recherche et de Securite (INRS). p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7389-2303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7389-2303-5"><bdi>978-2-7389-2303-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040213/https://www.inrs.fr/media.html?refINRS=ED+6106">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+appareils+de+protection+respiratoire.+Choix+et+utilisation&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=ED+6106&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+Recherche+et+de+Securite+%28INRS%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-7389-2303-5&rft.au=M.+Gumon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrs.fr%2Fmedia.html%3FrefINRS%3DED%25206106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ФРГ-2011-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ФРГ-2011_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzenverband_der_gewerblichen_Berufsgenossenschaften_und_der_Unfallversicherungsträger_der_öffentlichen_Hand_(DGUV)2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.dguv.de/dguv/udt_dguv_main.aspx?FDOCUID=23963"><i>BGR/GUV-R 190. Benutzung von Atemschutzgeräten</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Medienproduktion. p. 174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040141/https://publikationen.dguv.de/regelwerk/dguv-regeln/1011/benutzung-von-atemschutzgeraeten">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BGR%2FGUV-R+190.+Benutzung+von+Atemschutzger%C3%A4ten&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Deutsche+Gesetzliche+Unfallversicherung+e.V.+%28DGUV%29%2C+Medienproduktion&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Spitzenverband+der+gewerblichen+Berufsgenossenschaften+und+der+Unfallversicherungstr%C3%A4ger+der+%C3%B6ffentlichen+Hand+%28DGUV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.dguv.de%2Fdguv%2Fudt_dguv_main.aspx%3FFDOCUID%3D23963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.dguv.de/dguv/pdf/10002/R-190.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810225315/http://publikationen.dguv.de/dguv/pdf/10002/R-190.pdf">Archived</a> 10 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSE-2013-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSE-2013_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Health_and_Safety_Executive2013" class="citation book cs1">The Health and Safety Executive (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg53.htm"><i>Respiratory protective equipment at work. A practical guide</i></a>. HSG53 (4 ed.). Crown. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71766-454-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71766-454-2"><bdi>978-0-71766-454-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150809032140/http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg53.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respiratory+protective+equipment+at+work.+A+practical+guide&rft.series=HSG53&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-71766-454-2&rft.au=The+Health+and+Safety+Executive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.gov.uk%2Fpubns%2Fbooks%2Fhsg53.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Атомная_промышленность-2016-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Атомная_промышленность-2016_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_UK_Nuclear_Industry_Radiological_Protection_Coordination_Group2016" class="citation book cs1">The UK Nuclear Industry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuclearinst.com/write/MediaUploads/SDF%20documents/IRPCG/RPE_Good_Practice_Guide_Issue_1.pdf"><i>Respiratory Protective Equipment</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Good Practice Guide. London (UK): IRPCG. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040136/https://www.nuclearinst.com/write/MediaUploads/SDF%20documents/IRPCG/RPE_Good_Practice_Guide_Issue_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respiratory+Protective+Equipment&rft.place=London+%28UK%29&rft.series=Good+Practice+Guide&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=IRPCG&rft.date=2016&rft.au=The+UK+Nuclear+Industry+Radiological+Protection+Coordination+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearinst.com%2Fwrite%2FMediaUploads%2FSDF%2520documents%2FIRPCG%2FRPE_Good_Practice_Guide_Issue_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ирландия-2010-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ирландия-2010_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Health_and_Safety_Authority2010" class="citation book cs1">The Health and Safety Authority (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory_Protective_Equipment_.html"><i>A Guide to Respiratory Protective Equipment</i></a>. HSA0362. Dublin (Ireland): HSA. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84496-144-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84496-144-3"><bdi>978-1-84496-144-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040143/https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory_Protective_Equipment_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Respiratory+Protective+Equipment&rft.place=Dublin+%28Ireland%29&rft.series=HSA0362&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=HSA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84496-144-3&rft.au=The+Health+and+Safety+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsa.ie%2Feng%2FPublications_and_Forms%2FPublications%2FChemical_and_Hazardous_Substances%2FRespiratory_Protective_Equipment_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory%20Protective%20Equipment.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619090717/http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory%20Protective%20Equipment.pdf">Archived</a> 19 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Новая-Зеландия-1999-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Новая-Зеландия-1999_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOccupational_Safety_and_Health_Service1999" class="citation book cs1">Occupational Safety and Health Service (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143214/https://worksafe.govt.nz/topic-and-industry/respiratory-protective-equipment/rpe-advice-for-workers/"><i>A guide to respiratory protection</i></a> (8 ed.). Wellington (New Zealand): NZ Department of Labour. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-477-03625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-477-03625-2"><bdi>978-0-477-03625-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worksafe.govt.nz/topic-and-industry/respiratory-protective-equipment/rpe-advice-for-workers/">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+respiratory+protection&rft.place=Wellington+%28New+Zealand%29&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=NZ+Department+of+Labour&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-477-03625-2&rft.au=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworksafe.govt.nz%2Ftopic-and-industry%2Frespiratory-protective-equipment%2Frpe-advice-for-workers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worksafe.govt.nz/dmsdocument/959-a-guide-to-respiratory-protection">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129191921/https://worksafe.govt.nz/dmsdocument/959-a-guide-to-respiratory-protection">Archived</a> 29 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Чили-2009-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Чили-2009_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Albornoz,_Hugo_Cataldo2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christian Albornoz, Hugo Cataldo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135111/http://www.ispch.cl/documento/13129/guia-de-seleccion-equipos-de-proteccion-respiratorias"><i>Guia para la seleccion y control de proteccion respiratoria</i></a>. Guia tecnica (in Spanish). Santiago (Chile): Departamento de salud occupational, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile. p. 40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ispch.cl/documento/13129/guia-de-seleccion-equipos-de-proteccion-respiratorias">the original</a> on 22 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guia+para+la+seleccion+y+control+de+proteccion+respiratoria&rft.place=Santiago+%28Chile%29&rft.series=Guia+tecnica&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Departamento+de+salud+occupational%2C+Instituto+de+Salud+Publica+de+Chile&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Christian+Albornoz%2C+Hugo+Cataldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispch.cl%2Fdocumento%2F13129%2Fguia-de-seleccion-equipos-de-proteccion-respiratorias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ispch.cl/sites/default/files/documento/2010/02/Gu%C3%ADa%20EPR.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528102056/http://www.ispch.cl/sites/default/files/documento/2010/02/Gu%C3%ADa%20EPR.pdf">Archived</a> 28 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INSHT-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INSHT_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Seguridad,_Salud_y_Bienestar_en_el_Trabajo_(INSSBT)" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSSBT). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insht.es/portal/site/Epi/menuitem.0c9dc88588aacbc9a614c52a180311a0/?vgnextoid=7bfb791385e83310VgnVCM1000008130110aRCRD"><i>Guia orientativa para la seleccion y utilizacion de protectores respiratorios</i></a>. Documentos tecnicos INSHT (in Spanish). Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSHT). p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424044021/http://www.insht.es/portal/site/Epi/menuitem.0c9dc88588aacbc9a614c52a180311a0/?vgnextoid=7bfb791385e83310VgnVCM1000008130110aRCRD">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guia+orientativa+para+la+seleccion+y+utilizacion+de+protectores+respiratorios&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Documentos+tecnicos+INSHT&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Seguridad%2C+Salud+y+Bienestar+en+el+Trabajo+%28INSHT%29&rft.au=Instituto+Nacional+de+Seguridad%2C+Salud+y+Bienestar+en+el+Trabajo+%28INSSBT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insht.es%2Fportal%2Fsite%2FEpi%2Fmenuitem.0c9dc88588aacbc9a614c52a180311a0%2F%3Fvgnextoid%3D7bfb791385e83310VgnVCM1000008130110aRCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insht.es/InshtWeb/Contenidos/Documentacion/TextosOnline/Guias/Guias_Orientativas_EPI/Ficheros/protectores_respiratorios.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222204734/http://www.insht.es/InshtWeb/Contenidos/Documentacion/TextosOnline/Guias/Guias_Orientativas_EPI/Ficheros/protectores_respiratorios.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gerryowood.com/uploads/3/4/7/2/34729297/atom72.pdf">A Sideline Mushroomed</a> - Summary of <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">LANL</a> involvement in respirators</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheremisinoff1999" class="citation book cs1">Cheremisinoff, Nicholas (1999). <i>Handbook of Industrial Toxicology and Hazardous Materials</i>. Marcel Dekker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-1935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-1935-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-1935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Industrial+Toxicology+and+Hazardous+Materials&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-1935-7&rft.aulast=Cheremisinoff&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespirator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/respirators/">NIOSH respirators main page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/respfact.html">NIOSH respirator fact sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41712">What's Special about Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Air-Purifying Respirators (APR)?</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> Fact Sheet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/">NIOSH-Approved Disposable Particulate Respirators (Filtering Facepieces)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/Product_Information/Literature/Application_Notes/ITI-041.pdf">TSI Application note ITI-041: Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829125133/http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/Product_Information/Literature/Application_Notes/ITI-041.pdf">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standard">British Standard</a> BS EN 143:2000: Respiratory protective devices – Particle filters – Requirements, testing, marking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standard">British Standard</a> BS EN 149:2001: Respiratory protective devices – Filtering half masks to protect against particles – Requirements, testing, marking</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirator&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Respirators" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Respirators">Respirators</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapps.msanet.com/ResponseGuide">Mine Safety Appliance Company (MSA) Respirator Classification Guide</a> MSA.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/respfact.html">CDC Protective Masks Fact Sheet</a> cdc.gov/niosh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osha.gov/video/respiratory_protection/index.html">OSHA videos on respiratory protection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204230017/http://www.osha.gov/video/respiratory_protection/index.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> osha.gov</li> <li>Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Respiratory Protection <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/training_videos.html#video">Training Video on respiratory protection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breathing_apparatus" title="Template talk:Breathing apparatus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breathing_apparatus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breathing apparatus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">Breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="High_altitude_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_altitude_breathing_apparatus" title="High altitude breathing apparatus">High altitude breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation breathing apparatus">Aviation breathing apparatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineering breathing apparatus">Mountaineering breathing apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Occupational_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Occupational breathing apparatus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Respirator"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Respirator</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulated by <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Table_of_TC/BM_Approval_Schedules" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask_canister" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas mask canister">Canister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplied-air_respirator" title="Supplied-air respirator">Supplied-air respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">Self-contained self-rescue device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">Particulate respirator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">Dust mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">Powered air-purifying respirator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a></li> <li>Facepieces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric respirator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">42 CFR 84 (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">ANSI K13.1-1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_respirator_standards" title="European respirator standards">EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Other_standards_(KN95_and_others)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">GB2626 (China), and others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Medical_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical breathing apparatus">Medical breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_CPAP" title="Bubble CPAP">Bubble CPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">Continuous positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitator" title="Resuscitator">Resuscitator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">Ventilator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_lung" title="Iron lung">Iron lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">Non-invasive ventilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure" title="Positive airway pressure">Positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_gas_humidification" title="Respiratory gas humidification">Respiratory gas humidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental oxygen">Supplemental oxygen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_cannula" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir cannula">Reservoir cannula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rebreather_mask" title="Non-rebreather mask">Non-rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen hood">Oxygen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tent" title="Oxygen tent">Oxygen tent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_rebreather_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial rebreather mask">Partial rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_face_mask" title="Simple face mask">Simple face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_mask" title="Venturi mask">Venturi mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit scuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter escape set">Helicopter escape set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine escape set">Submarine escape set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_extender" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas extender">Gas extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium reclaim system">Helium reclaim system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="User_respiratory_interface" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/User_respiratory_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User respiratory interface">User respiratory interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breathing mask <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Full facepiece">Full facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">orinasal mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">Dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_breathing_apparatus" title="Escape breathing apparatus">Escape breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Facepiece">Facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative pressure breathing">Negative pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_circuit_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circuit breathing apparatus">Open circuit breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure breathing">Positive pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_protective_equipment" title="Respiratory protective equipment">Respiratory protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_flow_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant flow regulator">Constant flow regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">Demand valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circuit_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circuit rebreather">Closed circuit rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterlung">Counterlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">Oxygen rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-closed_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-closed circuit">Semi-closed circuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape respirator">Escape respirator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breathing_apparatus" title="Category:Breathing apparatus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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