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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1159459382">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px);overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><p>A constitutional referendum was held in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> on 2 and 3 December 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Davari2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davari2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eur2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eur2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic constitution</a> was approved by 99.5% of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-OUP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><caption class="infobox-title">1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/50px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/75px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/100px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293"></span></span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:80%;" class=""><b>2–3 December 1979</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> </tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: #A2A9B1;border-width: 2px;background-color: #FEFEFE;color: black;margin: 3px;width: calc(100% - 16px);max-width: 24em;">Do you approve the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>?</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;">Results</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:25em; margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <th style="width: 50%;"><div style="float:left;">Choice</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577"></span></span> <b>Yes</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><b>15,680,329</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><b><span data-sort-value="7001995017655164448♠" style="display:none"></span>99.50%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/14px-Light_brown_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/21px-Light_brown_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/28px-Light_brown_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="4096"></span></span> <b>No</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">78,516 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="6999498234483555108♠" style="display:none"></span>0.50% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left">Valid votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">15,758,845 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="7001999992956386197♠" style="display:none"></span>100.00% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">111 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="6996704361380284328♠" style="display:none"></span>0.00% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>15,758,956</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The referendum was held by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Council of the Islamic Revolution</a>, because <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Bazargan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a>—which oversaw the <a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">previous referendum</a>—had resigned in protest to the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">U.S. Embassy hostage crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A day before the referendum, when the mourning of <i><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></i> was practiced, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> said those who will not vote tomorrow, will help Americans and desecrate <i><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shohada</a></i> (Martyrs).<sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a>, the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> urged people to vote yes, expressing its support for "<a href="/wiki/Imam%27s_Line" title="Imam's Line">Imam's line</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-t_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a> requested a yes vote on the grounds that the alternative was an <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, including leftists, secular nationalists and Islamist followers of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari</a>, and the prominent opposition group PMOI (People's Mojahedin Organization) called for a boycott. The turnout among <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> minorities in <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces</a>, as well as Shariatmadari's home <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> was low and number of votes fell down in comparison to the referendum held in March. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a> estimates that nearly 17% of the people did not support the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#New_constitution"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">New constitution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Party_policies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Party policies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Results"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Results</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In 1907, a supplement to the constitution (fundamental law) was adopted, and some aspects of European constitutional law that were found to be inconsistent with Shia doctrine were accommodated without any attempts to develop Islamic fundamental laws at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> was overthrown, and an Islamic republic was established following the <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 1979, the 2,500-year-old Persian Empire in Iran came to an end, with Ayatollah Khomeini declaring it as the first day of a "Government of God." He emphasized the need to ratify a new Constitution. </p><p>On January 12, 1979, an election for the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> was held, and Ayatollah Khomeini encouraged Iranians to choose their representatives. The Assembly of Experts, functioning as a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">Constituent assembly</a>, commenced its activities on August 3 and 4, 1979, with 72 representatives from across Iran. During these proceedings, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> conveyed Ayatollah Khomeini's message that the "Constitution and other laws in this Republic must be based one hundred per cent on Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Assembly of Experts continued its deliberations until November 15, 1979, and ultimately, the new Islamic constitution received approval from at least two-thirds of the representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini made minor adjustments to the draft constitution and stipulated that it should be subjected to a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="New_constitution">New constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New constitution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The proposed new constitution would make Iran an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>, introduce direct elections for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">presidency</a>, create a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">parliament</a>, and require any constitutional changes to go to a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new constitution was codified according to Shia Islam. Therefore, there was an appendix in which verses of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and traditions were cited in support of many articles. Among the applied changes was a chapter on <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> replacing a chapter on monarchy. Two chapters about <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> were added. Some articles from the previous constitution were preserved, such as equality before the law (Articles 19–20); guarantees of the security of life, property, honor, and domicile (Articles 22, 39); freedom of opinion and choice of profession (Articles 23, 28); the rights to due process (Articles 32–36) and to the privacy of communications (Article 25); and a requirement for public deliberations of the Majlis under normal circumstances (Article 69), as well as parliamentary procedure and definition of the rights and responsibilities of the ministers of the Majlis (Articles. 70, 74, 88–90).<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Party_policies">Party policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Party policies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Organizations </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#98FB98" rowspan="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Yes</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-t_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Boycott</i></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front of Iran">National Front</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslim_People%27s_Republic_Party" title="Muslim People's Republic Party">Muslim People's Republic Party</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">People's Fedai (Majority)</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)" title="Fedaian Organisation (Minority)">People's Fedai (Minority)</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">People's Fedai Guerrillas</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ea_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-CUP2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-CUP2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Results" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Choice </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">For</td> <td>15,680,329</td> <td>99.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Against</td> <td>78,516</td> <td>0.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Invalid/blank votes</td> <td>111</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>15,758,956</b></td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Registered voters</td> <td>~22,000,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="left">Source: Nohlen <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-OUP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Davari2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davari2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMahmood_T._Davari2004" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood T. Davari (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYHi4AfofW8C&pg=PA138"><i>The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State</i></a>. Routledge. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6"><bdi>978-1-134-29488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Ayatollah+Murtaza+Mutahhari%3A+An+Iranian+Theoretician+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-29488-6&rft.au=Mahmood+T.+Davari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYHi4AfofW8C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eur2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eur2002_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEur2002" class="citation book cs1">Eur (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA414"><i>The Middle East and North Africa 2003</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2"><bdi>978-1-85743-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+2003&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-132-2&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfBKvsiWeQC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OUP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OUP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNohlenGrotzHartmann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, Dieter</a>; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001). "Iran". <i>Elections in Asia: A Data Handbook</i>. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924958-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924958-X"><bdi>0-19-924958-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Elections+in+Asia%3A+A+Data+Handbook&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-924958-X&rft.aulast=Nohlen&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Grotz%2C+Florian&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Christof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowski2016" class="citation book cs1">Gasiorowski, Mark (2016). "Islamic Republic of Iran". <i>The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa</i>. Westview Press. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813349947" title="Special:BookSources/9780813349947"><bdi>9780813349947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780813349947&rft.aulast=Gasiorowski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ea-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErvand_Abrahamian1989" class="citation cs2">Ervand Abrahamian (1989), <i>Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin</i>, Society and culture in the modern Middle East, vol. 3, I.B.Tauris, p. 58, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850430773" title="Special:BookSources/9781850430773"><bdi>9781850430773</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam%3A+the+Iranian+Mojahedin&rft.series=Society+and+culture+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781850430773&rft.au=Ervand+Abrahamian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdy_Javadzadeh2010" class="citation cs2">Abdy Javadzadeh (2010), <i>Iranian Irony: Marxists Becoming Muslims</i>, Dorrance Publishing, p. 68, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434982926" title="Special:BookSources/9781434982926"><bdi>9781434982926</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Irony%3A+Marxists+Becoming+Muslims&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781434982926&rft.au=Abdy+Javadzadeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2008" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymodernira00abra"><i>A History of Modern Iran</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymodernira00abra/page/n200">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521528917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521528917"><bdi>978-0521528917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Iran&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521528917&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymodernira00abra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranicaonline-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjomand" class="citation web cs1">Arjomand, Amir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/constitution-of-the-islamic-republic">"CONSTITUTION OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC"</a>. <i>iranicaonline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+ISLAMIC+REPUBLIC&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fconstitution-of-the-islamic-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInozemtsev1982" class="citation book cs1">Inozemtsev (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03IE8tBFUxcC&q=%22Iranian+revolution%22+referendum+1979&pg=PA78"><i>The Iranian Revolution of 1979: Theoretical Approaches and Economic Causes</i></a>. Progress Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549835035" title="Special:BookSources/9780549835035"><bdi>9780549835035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Revolution+of+1979%3A+Theoretical+Approaches+and+Economic+Causes&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780549835035&rft.au=Inozemtsev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03IE8tBFUxcC%26q%3D%2522Iranian%2Brevolution%2522%2Breferendum%2B1979%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamazani1980" class="citation journal cs1">Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1980). "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran". <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (2). Middle East Institute: 181–204. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4326018">4326018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-204&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4326018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramazani&rft.aufirst=Rouhollah+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ir021979">Iran, 3 December 1979: Constitution</a> Direct Democracy <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Berat1995" class="citation book cs1">Lynn Berat (1995). <i>Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48498-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48498-5"><bdi>978-0-521-48498-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+States%3A+Interim+Governments+in+Democratic+Transitions&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48498-5&rft.au=Lynn+Berat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2016" class="citation cs2">Axworthy, Michael (2016), <i>Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 170, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190468965" title="Special:BookSources/9780190468965"><bdi>9780190468965</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Iran%3A+A+History+of+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190468965&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatouzianHossein_Shahidi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homa_Katouzian" title="Homa Katouzian">Katouzian, Homa</a>; Hossein Shahidi (2008). <i>Iran in the 21st Century: Politics, economics and conflict</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134077601" title="Special:BookSources/9781134077601"><bdi>9781134077601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Politics%2C+economics+and+conflict&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134077601&rft.aulast=Katouzian&rft.aufirst=Homa&rft.au=Hossein+Shahidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUP2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CUP2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CUP2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2006" class="citation book cs1">Romano, David (2006). <i>The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85041-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85041-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61425259">61425259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Nationalist+Movement%3A+Opportunity%2C+Mobilization+and+Identity&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+studies&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61425259&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85041-4&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1979+Iranian+constitutional+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_1979" title="الاستفتاء الدستوري الإيراني ديسمبر 1979 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاستفتاء الدستوري الإيراني ديسمبر 1979" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassungsreferendum_im_Iran_im_Dezember_1979" title="Verfassungsreferendum im Iran im Dezember 1979 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassungsreferendum im Iran im Dezember 1979" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B5%DB%B8)" title="همه‌پرسی قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (۱۳۵۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همه‌پرسی قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (۱۳۵۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_costituzionale_in_Iran_del_dicembre_1979" title="Referendum costituzionale in Iran del dicembre 1979 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Referendum costituzionale in Iran del dicembre 1979" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1979)" title="Конституционный референдум в Иране (декабрь 1979) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституционный референдум в Иране (декабрь 1979)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1979)" title="Конституційний референдум в Ірані (грудень 1979) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційний референдум в Ірані (грудень 1979)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A7u_%C3%BD_d%C3%A2n_v%E1%BB%81_hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Iran_1979" title="Trưng cầu ý dân về hiến pháp Iran 1979 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trưng cầu ý dân về hiến pháp Iran 1979" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 December 2024, at 19:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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