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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Texting_while_Driving_%28March_28%2C_2013%29.jpg/220px-Texting_while_Driving_%28March_28%2C_2013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Texting_while_Driving_%28March_28%2C_2013%29.jpg/330px-Texting_while_Driving_%28March_28%2C_2013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Texting_while_Driving_%28March_28%2C_2013%29.jpg/440px-Texting_while_Driving_%28March_28%2C_2013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Texting while driving creates unnecessary distractions, and can be dangerous.</figcaption></figure> Texting while driving, also called texting and driving, is the act of composing, sending, or reading <a href="/wiki/Text_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Text message">text messages</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> while <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">operating a motor vehicle</a>. Texting while driving is considered <a href="/wiki/Traffic_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic safety">extremely dangerous</a> by many people, including authorities, and in some places has either been outlawed or restricted. As a form of <a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">distracted driving</a>, texting while driving significantly increases the chances that a driver will be involved in a motor vehicle accident.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> Research by the NHTSA suggested that an estimated 660,000 drivers out of almost 212 million licensed drivers used their phones at any given daylight moment in the U.S. during driving in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to a report issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation, drivers between the ages of 20 to 29 are the most likely to text while driving.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The International Telecommunication Union states that "texting, making calls, and other interaction with in-vehicle information and communication systems while driving is a serious source of driver distraction and increases the risk of traffic accidents".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or driving while texting, is limited but growing. A simulation study at the <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> Accident Research Center provided strong evidence that retrieving and, in particular, sending text messages has a detrimental effect on a number of safety-critical driving measures.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Specifically, negative effects were seen in detecting and responding correctly to road signs, detecting hazards, time spent with eyes off the road, and (only for sending text messages) lateral position. Mean speed, speed variability, lateral position when receiving text messages, and following distance showed no difference.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> A separate, yet unreleased simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related crashes when texting.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The low number of scientific studies may be indicative of a general assumption that if talking on a mobile phone increases risk, then texting also increases risk, and probably more so. 89% of U.S. adults think that text messaging while driving is "distracting, dangerous and should be outlawed".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AAA_Foundation_for_Traffic_Safety" title="AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety">AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety</a> has released polling data that show that 87% of people consider texting and e-mailing while driving a "very serious" safety threat, almost equivalent to the 90% of those polled who consider drunk driving a threat. Recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] AAA released a study showing texting while driving is six times more likely to cause an accident than drunk driving.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Despite the acknowledgement of the dangers of texting behind the wheel, about half of drivers 16 to 24 say they have texted while driving, compared with 22 percent of drivers 35 to 44.<a href="#cite_note-VTTI-10">[10]</a> A survey of more than 90 teens from more than 26 high schools throughout the United States conducted by <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Insurance_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Mutual Insurance Group">Liberty Mutual Insurance Group</a> in 2006 showed that 46% of students consider texting to be either "very" or "extremely" distracting.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> An <a href="/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">American Automobile Association</a> study showed that 34% of teens (age 16–17) admitted to being distracted behind the wheel because of texting and 40% of American teens say they have been in a car when the driver used a cell phone in a way that put people in danger.<a href="#cite_note-Pew-12">[12]</a> A study involving commercial vehicle operators conducted in September 2009 concluded that though incidence of texting within their data set was low, texting while driving increased the risk of accident significantly.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Texting while driving received greater attention in the late 2000s, corresponding to a rise in the number of text messages being sent.<a href="#cite_note-VTTI-10">[10]</a> The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> movie <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pounds" title="Seven Pounds">Seven Pounds</a> deals with Smith's character committing <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">donate his organs</a> to help save the lives of seven people to make up for the seven people he killed in a <a href="/wiki/Car_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Car accident">car accident</a> because he was receiving a text message while he was driving. Texting while driving attracted interest in the media after several highly publicized car crashes were caused by texting drivers, including a May 2009 incident involving a <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> trolley car driver who crashed while texting his girlfriend.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Texting was blamed in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Chatsworth_train_collision" title="2008 Chatsworth train collision">2008 Chatsworth train collision</a> which killed 25 passengers. Investigations revealed that the engineer of that train had sent 45 text messages while operating. Despite these incidents, texting was still on the rise. A July 2010 <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University">Fairleigh Dickinson University</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University#PublicMind" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University">PublicMind</a> poll found 25% of New Jersey voters admitted to sending a text while driving, which was an increase from 15% in 2008. This increase could be attributed to drivers over the age of 30 sending text messages. More than 35% of New Jersey drivers aged 30 to 45 and 17% of drivers over 45 admitted to having sent a text message while driving in the last year, an increase of 5–10% from 2008.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Several studies have attempted to compare the dangers of texting while driving with <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">driving under the influence</a>. One such study was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a> magazine in June 2009.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The study, carried out at the Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport in <a href="/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan" title="Oscoda, Michigan">Oscoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, used two drivers in real cars and measured reaction times to the onset of light on the windshield. The study compared the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction time">reaction times</a> and distances of the subjects while reading a text message, replying to the text message, and impaired. The study showed that at 35 mph (56 km/h), reading a text message increased the reaction time the most, 0.12 and 0.87 seconds. Impaired driving at the same speed resulted in an increase of 0.01 and 0.07 seconds. In terms of stopping distances these times were estimated to mean: <ul><li>Unimpaired: 0.54 seconds to brake</li> <li>Legally drunk: add 4 feet (1.2 m)</li> <li>Reading e-mail: add 36 feet (11 m)</li> <li>Sending a text: add 70 feet (21 m)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul> On September 29, 2010, the insurance industry's Highway Loss Data Institute released research purporting to show that texting-while-driving bans in four states failed to reduce crashes and may instead have contributed to an increase in road crashes. U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood called the study "completely misleading".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In March 2012, the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Advanced_Motorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Advanced Motorists">Institute of Advanced Motorists</a> published a study which claimed that using social media puts a driver at greater risk than <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">driving under the influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2013, based on the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Youth_Risk_Behavior_Surveillance_System" title="Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System">Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System</a> Survey conducted by the Center for Disease Control in the US, nearly half of all male and female respondents aged 16 to 19 reported they texted while driving.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a> estimated there were about 1.4 million crashes in the US involving cell phone use. Their model predicted text messaging was involved in 6-16% of all car accidents in the US.<a href="#cite_note-nsc.org-21">[21]</a> In 2010, texting while driving among young drivers was named a disease burden and ranked 8th overall in the global years of life lost (YLL). The premature mortality of young drivers who crash as a result of distracted driving has a greater effect on YLL than most diseases do.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Research by the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">Transport Research Laboratory</a> showed that texting while driving slowed a driver's reaction time more so than drinking alcohol or using drugs. Driver's reaction times decreased by 46% while making a call, 37% when texting and driving, and 27% during hands-free calls. Those who were drinking and driving at the limit of 80 mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood, reaction times slowed by 13% and 21% for those under the influence of cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-Sunday_times-study-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-itv-study-24">[24]</a> A study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Buffalo">University of Buffalo</a> revealed that a similar habit, texting while walking, causes more injuries than texting while driving.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In November 2014, Sawyer et al., from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">University of Central Florida</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a>, published the results of comparative study in a <a href="/wiki/Driving_simulator" title="Driving simulator">driving simulator</a>. Messages sent through <a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a> posed a decreased distraction but still impaired drivers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In October 2016, <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Transportation_Institute" title="Texas A&M Transportation Institute">Texas A&M Transportation Institute</a> and Aceable Driving published a study showing that teenagers are more likely to witness their parents or legal guardians driving distracted than their friends and peers.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The study also suggested that texting and driving bans are somewhat effective. In <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, where a hands-free-driving ordinance prohibiting the use of electronic hand-held devices while operating a vehicle or bicycle has been in place since 2015, 41% of teens reported that they never witnessed their parents or guardians driving distracted.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a>, which had no ban on hand-held devices during the time of the study, only 23% of teens said the same.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia_Tech_Transportation_Institute_study">Virginia Tech Transportation Institute study</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute study">edit</a>]</div> On July 27, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a> Transportation Institute (VTTI) released preliminary findings of their study of driver distraction in commercial vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Several naturalistic driving studies, of <a href="/wiki/Long-haul" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-haul">long-haul</a> <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a> as well as lighter vehicles driving six million combined miles, used video cameras to observe the drivers and road. Researchers observed 4,452 "safety-critical" events, which includes crashes, near crashes, safety-critical events, and lane deviations. 81% of the "safety-critical" events involved some type of driver distraction. Text messaging had the greatest <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risk</a>, with drivers of heavy vehicles or trucks being more than 23 times more likely to experience a safety-critical event when texting.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The study found that drivers typically take their eyes off the forward roadway for an average of four out of six seconds when texting, and an average of 4.6 out of the six seconds surrounding safety-critical events. The study revealed that when traveling at 55 miles per hour (89 km/h), a driver texting for 6 seconds is looking at the phone for 4.6 seconds of that time and travels the distance of a football field without their eyes on the road. Some of VTTI's conclusions from this study included that "texting should be banned in moving vehicles for all drivers", and that "all cell phone use should be banned for newly licensed teen drivers". The results of the study are listed in the table below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Risk increases of cell phone tasks by vehicle type </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of vehicle</th> <th>Cell phone task</th> <th>Risk of crash or near event crash (compared to non-distracted driving) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Light Vehicle</td> <td>Dialing </td> <td>2.8 times as high </td></tr> <tr> <td>Talking/Listening </td> <td>1.3 times as high </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reaching for object (e.g. electronic device) </td> <td>1.4 times as high </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Heavy Vehicles/Trucks</td> <td>Dialing </td> <td>5.9 times as high </td></tr> <tr> <td>Talking/Listening </td> <td>1.0 times as high </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reach for electronic device </td> <td>6.7 times as high </td></tr> <tr> <td>Text messaging </td> <td>23.2 times as high </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distracted_vs._impaired_driving">Distracted vs. impaired driving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distracted vs. impaired driving">edit</a>]</div> A 2010 experiment with <a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a> magazine editor Eddie Alterman, which took place at a deserted <a href="/wiki/Air_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strip">air strip</a>, showed that texting while driving had a worse impact on safety than <a href="/wiki/Driving_while_intoxicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving while intoxicated">driving while intoxicated</a>. The Institute of Industrial Engineers concluded that drivers are 20 times more likely to be involved in a crash while texting and driving as opposed to driving while intoxicated.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> While legally drunk, Alterman's stopping distance from 70 mph (110 km/h) increased by 4 feet (1.2 m); by contrast, reading an e-mail added 36 feet (11 m), and sending a text added 70 feet (21 m).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> While celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> have campaigned against texting while driving, there are reports that the message has not been getting through.<a href="#cite_note-tws2010Sep21-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Highway_Safety_and_Motor_Vehicles" title="Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles">Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles</a> also seeks to bring awareness to the issue and has designated April as Distracted Driving Awareness Month.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problematic_mobile_phone_use">Problematic mobile phone use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Problematic mobile phone use">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health#Distracted_road_use" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health § Distracted road use</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> In March 2023, <a href="/wiki/Accident_Analysis_%26_Prevention" title="Accident Analysis & Prevention">Accident Analysis & Prevention</a> published a systematic review of 47 samples across 45 studies investigating associations between problematic mobile phone use and road safety outcomes (including 32 samples of <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">drivers</a>, 9 samples of <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a>, 5 samples with road use type unspecified, and 1 sample of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycling" title="Motorcycling">motorcyclists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">bicyclists</a>) that found that problematic mobile phone use was associated with greater risk of simultaneous mobile phone use and road use and risk of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">vehicle collisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_accident" title="Transport accident">pedestrian collisions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers">Dangers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dangers">edit</a>]</div> The popularity of mobile devices has some unintended and even dangerous consequences. The use of mobile devices is linked to a significant increase in distracted driving, resulting in injury and even loss of life. <ul><li>In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> reported that distracted drivers were the cause of 18% of all fatal crashes with 3,092 people being killed, and crashes that resulted in injuries with 416,000 people wounded.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>According to a Pew Research Centre survey, 40% of American teens say that they have been in a car where the driver used a cell phone in a way which put people in danger.<a href="#cite_note-Pew-12">[12]</a></li> <li>The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute has found that text messaging creates a crash risk that is 23 times worse than driving while not being distracted.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Eleven percent of drivers who are between the ages of 18 and 20 who were involved in an automobile crash and survived have admitted that they were either sending or receiving texts when they crashed.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dangers_of_Texting_While_Driving-39">[39]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_by_location">Laws by location</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Laws by location">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg/400px-Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg/600px-Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg/800px-Legality_of_phone_use_while_driving_worldmap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Legality of mobile phone use while driving:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Illegal in all cases</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hands-on illegal, hands-free legal</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Talking legal, texting illegal</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Phone use legal</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div></figcaption></figure> A number of countries ban all cell phone use while driving (talking and texting). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> The laws are much the same for all states and territories in Australia. The driver of a vehicle (except an emergency vehicle, taxi or police vehicle) must not use a mobile phone while the vehicle is moving, or is stationary but not parked, unless the driver is exempt from this rule under another law of this jurisdiction. The law does not apply if the phone is in a secured fixed mounting that is positioned in such a way that the driver does not have to take their eyes off the road. The law also does not apply if the driver is using a hands free device. In some jurisdictions, provisional or learner drivers are banned from all forms of mobile phone usage while they are in control of a vehicle. Apart from mobile phones, drivers should not appear to be distracted by anything else; this includes GPS devices and PDAs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, the first ban on cellphone use while driving was enforced in the province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Since then, this ban has spread to all of the remaining provinces in the country. This ban does not include the use of hands-free devices.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Any use of a mobile phone is forbidden as long as the vehicle's engine is running. This does however not apply to hand-free devices, provided that the driver does not become distracted. In 2014 a <a href="/wiki/Oberlandesgericht" title="Oberlandesgericht">higher court</a> overturned a ruling of a <a href="/wiki/Amtsgericht" title="Amtsgericht">lower court</a> and ruled that the use of a mobile phone is allowed while in traffic, if it occurs while the vehicle is stopped and a <a href="/wiki/Start-stop_system" title="Start-stop system">start-stop system</a> has turned the engine off.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> Any use of a mobile phone is forbidden if the vehicle is moving. This does not apply, however, to hands-free devices.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a> introduced new clauses to its Land Transport (Road User) Rule, which ban any use of mobile phones while driving, except for emergency calling to <a href="/wiki/111_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="111 (emergency telephone number)">111</a> or <a href="/wiki/111_(emergency_telephone_number)#Other_New_Zealand_emergency_numbers" title="111 (emergency telephone number)">*555</a> (only if unsafe or impracticable to stop the vehicle to make the call).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government of Sweden</a>, as of December 22, 2012, has stated that texting while driving is not an offence that can lead to a ban, but that it is looking to clarify the Highway Code to include it under reckless driving.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2013, Sweden outlawed mobile telephone activities if it affects driving in a negative way.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</div> The use of mobiles while driving is prohibited and offenders can also expect to have <a href="/wiki/Point_system_(driving)" title="Point system (driving)">demerit points</a> added to their record. In one instance a UAE minister was himself given a fine for using his mobile phone while driving.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEXTING_WHILE_DRIVING.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/TEXTING_WHILE_DRIVING.jpg/220px-TEXTING_WHILE_DRIVING.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/TEXTING_WHILE_DRIVING.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Driver texting while driving a car in the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> Any use of a hand-held mobile phone or similar device while driving, or supervising a <a href="/wiki/L-plate" class="mw-redirect" title="L-plate">learner driver</a>, is illegal. This includes when stopped at traffic lights. The only exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency calls</a> to <a href="/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="999 (emergency telephone number)">999</a> or 112, making a <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless payment</a> while stationary, for instance at a drive-through or toll booth, or using the device to remotely park your vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States</a></div> Texting while driving is generally outlawed for drivers in all states and the District of Columbia except <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and formerly <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> until August 28, 2023, when a law took effect banning cell phone use while driving. Citations will be issued for violation beginning January 1, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On October 1, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> (DOT) announced President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s signing of an Executive Order directing federal employees not to engage in text messaging while driving government-owned vehicles, among other activities.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to Transportation Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lahood" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Lahood">Ray Lahood</a>, "This order sends a very clear signal to the American public that distracted driving is dangerous and unacceptable. It shows that the federal government is leading by example." As a part of a larger move to combat distracted driving, the DOT and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) launched the public information website distraction.gov.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In addition, a petition has been created on the White House petitions site, We the People, to ask the Obama administration to encourage all states that have not done so to create laws that ban texting and driving.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On January 26, 2010, the U.S. Department of Transportation announced a federal ban on texting while driving by truckers and bus drivers.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_laws">Existing laws</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Existing laws">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Effective </th> <th>Restriction </th> <th>Penalty </th> <th>Other details </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td>August 1, 2012 </td> <td>Ban on all cell phone use (handheld and hands-free) for novice drivers. Ban on texting for all drivers. </td> <td>Penalties include a $25 fine for the first offense, increasing to $50 and $75 and two points on the driver's license. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td>September 1, 2008 May 11, 2012 </td> <td>House Bill 8 prohibits drivers from using electronic devices with a visual display (e.g. televisions or computers) while driving. The law does not specify cell phones, though it can be interpreted this way, and is seen as a ban on texting and driving.  HB 255 was signed into law May 11, 2012, and specifically targets "cell phone texting".  The previous 2008 HB 8 and 2012 HB 255 laws do provide for exceptions, such a caller ID usage while making a voice phone call and using GPS devices. </td> <td>Alaska's anti-texting laws are considered "primary" laws, which means that an officer can pull one over for an offense without having witnessed another violation. Anyone that violates this law (depending on the circumstances) would only be guilty of a misdemeanor and if a driver is in a crash that results in an injury or death, then they would be charged with a felony. </td> <td>For the 2008 HB 8, violators are guilty of misdemeanor. If death is caused by violation, violator is guilty of a felony. For the 2012 HB 255, violators are guilty of a Class A Misdemeanor (same as DUI) and can result in a $250 to $500 fine for first-time offenders, but could result in jail time. (Need Citation) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.ak.us/PDF/25/Bills/HB0088Z.PDF">2008 HB 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.ak.us/PDF/27/Bills/HB0255Z.PDF">2012 HB 255</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td>April 2019 </td> <td>Prohibits all drivers from using a cellphone or a stand-alone electronic device while driving unless it is being used in a hands-free mode. There are exceptions to the law, including emergency responders, people in an emergency situation or alerting first responders to an emergency situation or crime. </td> <td>First violation: $75 - $149 Subsequent violation: $150 - $250 </td> <td>Simple tasks such as engaging and disengaging a function on the device such as GPS route start and answering or ending a call are permitted, as long as they do not significantly distract the driver from the road. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td>October 2009 </td> <td>All drivers, regardless of age or experience, prohibited from sending text messages while driving </td> <td>Offenders can face fines up to $100. </td> <td>Known as HB1013 or "Paul's Law". Exempts emergency service providers in the provision of services. A violation of the law is a primary offense, meaning it can be the sole reason for a traffic stop. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td>January 1, 2009 </td> <td>Prohibits use of any handheld electronic device while driving </td> <td>$20 first offense $50 each subsequent offense </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td>December 1, 2009 </td> <td>Prohibits sending text messages, email, or tweets while driving </td> <td>First offense: 4 points and $300 fine for adults. 1 point and $50 fine for minor drivers Subsequent violation: 4 points and $1,000 fine for adults. 1 point and $100 fine for minor drivers </td> <td>Also prohibits drivers under 18 from talking on a cellphone while driving </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>June 3, 2010 </td> <td>Use of any handheld device for any purpose other than to report a life-threatening emergency is prohibited </td> <td>$100 first offense $150 second offense $250 third or subsequent offense </td> <td>Also prohibits drivers under 18 and school bus drivers carrying passengers from talking on a cellphone while driving </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td>January 2, 2011 </td> <td>Hand-held devices illegal for all drivers </td> <td>$50 first offense $100 second offense $200 third or subsequent offense </td> <td>Also prohibits drivers under 18 from talking on hands-free cell phones while driving </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>All handheld cell phone use banned </td> <td>First time offenders will have their fines suspended, but only if they submit proof of that they have acquired a hands free device. If a driver is from another jurisdiction and are ticketed for a cell phone driving infraction, then they may lose their driver's license if they have failed to pay their Washington D.C. ticket. There is a $100 fine for repeat offenders for each violation. </td> <td>The ban is considered to be a "primary" law, as it does prohibit use of cell phones by bus drivers. A primary law is when an officer can pull you over for an offense without even having to witness another violation, to say that if an officer see you texting he can issue you a citation. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td>October 1, 2013 </td> <td>Senate bill SB 52 prohibits drivers in Florida from typing into a virtual keyboard and sending or reading messages. However, a driver can only be charged for the violation if they are cited for another motor vehicle violation. </td> <td>If officers pull a driver over for another offense and see that the driver was also texting, drivers would be subject to a $30 fine on the first offense. If texting results in a crash, the driver would be assessed six points. Points lead to increased insurance rates. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2010 (Texting) July 1, 2018 (All) </td> <td>Prohibits writing, sending, or reading any text-based communication, including via internet; also prohibits drivers under 18 with provisional licenses from talking on cell phones while driving. Prohibits holding or supporting, with any part of the body, a wireless telecommunications device or stand-alone electronic device. </td> <td>1st conviction – 1 point and $50.00 fine 2nd conviction – 2 points and $100.00 fine 3rd or more convictions – 3 points and $150.00 fine </td> <td>The ban is considered to be a "primary" law, as it does prohibit use of cell phones by bus drivers. A primary law is when an officer can pull you over for an offense without even having to witness another violation, to say that if an officer see you texting he can issue you a citation. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2013 </td> <td>Illegal to use most electronic devices while operating a motor vehicle </td> <td>$200 for a first offense </td> <td>The State of Hawaii does not use a point system, so texting while driving violations will not access any points assessed on a driver's license, and because this penalty is not deemed to be a traffic infraction, it has no effect on one's driving record. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2012 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers </td> <td>Anyone who violates this law will be guilty of an infraction and will not result in any violation point counts as it is as prescribed in section 49-326, of Idaho Code. Additionally a conviction will not be deemed as a moving traffic violation for the purpose of establishing rates of motor vehicle insurance that is charged by a casualty insurer. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td>January 1, 2010 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers to use handheld devices. Only hands-free devices such as speakerphones, Bluetooth, and headsets are permitted. In addition to the ban on using handheld devices, all cell phone use is prohibited while driving in a school zone, in a construction zone, and all cell phone use is prohibited for novice drivers. Texting is prohibited for all drivers in Illinois. </td> <td>Violation fines start at $75 </td> <td>This is a Primary Law, which means that the driver can receive a ticket for the violation without other traffic violations taking place (such as speeding). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2011 </td> <td>All drivers prohibited from reading or sending text messages. Drivers under 18 prohibited from using cell phones for any purpose. Up to $500 fine. </td> <td>Up to $500 fine. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-WFPL_News-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2010 </td> <td>Adults are banned from text messaging while driving and teens are prohibited from using handheld electronic devices. </td> <td>$30 for adults texting while driving and $50 for teens using handheld electronic devices </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td>May 24, 2010 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers this includes to report a current or Report current or ongoing illegal activity to law enforcement; to prevent imminent injury to a person or property; or to relay information between transit or for-hire operator and the operator's dispatcher, in which the device is permanently affixed to the motor vehicle. </td> <td>$60 </td> <td>Exemptions to the ban includes: (1) A law enforcement officer or emergency service personnel acting within the course and scope of the law enforcement officer's or emergency service personnel's employment; (2) a motor vehicle stopped off the regular traveled portion of the roadway; (3) a person who reads, selects or enters a telephone number or name in a wireless communications device for the purpose of making or receiving a phone call; (4) a person who receives an emergency, traffic or weather alert message; or (5) a person receiving a message related to the operation or navigation of the motor vehicle. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td>July 15, 2010 </td> <td>House Bill 415 prohibits the following: <ul><li>Reading, writing, and sending email or text messages by all drivers when the vehicle is in motion.</li> <li>All cell phone usage by drivers under 18, regardless of license type. Exceptions for emergencies, and for GPS use that does not involve data entry.</li></ul> </td> <td>Warnings until January 1, 2011. After that date: <ul><li>$25 for first offense</li> <li>$50 for subsequent offenses</li> <li>For drivers under 18 on restricted licenses, mandatory 180-day waiting period from the time of offense before graduating to the next license level. This applies from the law's effective date.</li></ul> </td> <td>Drivers 18 and over allowed to read, select and enter phone numbers or names in order to make a call. All drivers allowed to use GPS features and drivers 18 and over allowed to enter data for GPS purposes at all times. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Courier-Journal-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>August 15, 2010 </td> <td>SB9 prohibits the following: Text messaging ban for all drivers. </td> <td>Primary enforcement begins August 15, 2010: <ul><li>Fines up to $175 (first offense)</li> <li>$500 (second offense)</li></ul> </td> <td>Drivers under 18 years old may not use wireless devices — including cell phones, text-messaging units and computers — while operating motor vehicles <ul><li>Drivers with learner's and intermediate licenses prohibited from using cell phones unless a hands-free device is attached</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td>September 26, 2011 </td> <td>Prohibits texting while driving </td> <td>Fine of $100 for first offense and then increased fines for subsequent offenses. </td> <td>This is a Primary Law, which means that the driver can receive a ticket for the violation without other traffic violations taking place (such as speeding). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2009 </td> <td>Prohibits writing or sending text messages as well as using handheld cell phones while operating motor vehicle or while in the travel portion of the roadway. </td> <td>Fine up to $500 </td> <td>Exception for use of GPS or emergency situations. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>July 6, 2010 </td> <td>Prohibits drivers from sending a text or instant message, use of electronic mail, Internet access, and all of the above on electronic devices including phones, laptops, pagers, or other hand-held devices. </td> <td>First offense: $100, second offense: $250, and 3rd offense: $500; If one is under 18, 1st offense: $100 fine in addition to a 60-day license suspension, and attend a mandatory "attitude" class. 2nd offense: $250 fine and a 180-day suspension. 3rd offense: $500 fine and a-one year suspension. </td> <td>GPSs are still allowed. Use of a phone is banned to all people under 18. Once 18, a driver can make hands-free or normal calls. Also, the bill requires anyone over 75 to get a driving test every five years and take a vision test. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-GPSallowed-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2010 </td> <td>Reading, typing, or sending while vehicle is moving </td> <td>$100 first offense $200 each subsequent offense </td> <td>Exception for use of GPS or emergency situations. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td>August 1, 2008 </td> <td>Any form of text messaging while driving is illegal, and is considered a petty misdemeanor statewide. </td> <td>Up to $300. </td> <td>Also prohibits drivers under 18 from talking on a cellphone while driving; GPS and cell phone usage still allowed. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers </td> <td>Fines up to $500; or $1,000 if a crash results. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td>August 28, 2016 </td> <td>Text messaging while operating a motor vehicle prohibited for persons under 21 and for commercial vehicle operators. </td> <td>Points assessed against license </td> <td>This is a Primary Law, which means that the driver can receive a ticket for the violation without other traffic violations taking place (such as speeding). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td>2009-2013 </td> <td>In cities such as Missoula, Bozeman, Helena, Whitefish, Butte-Silver Bow, Hamilton, Great Falls and Billings. It is illegal to text while operating a vehicle. </td> <td>$50 First offense, $100 second offense, $200 third offense. 2 point moving violation is added onto one's record. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td>2013–2014 </td> <td>Text messaging is banned for all drivers on Nebraska's roads and highways. Those drivers under the age of 18 who have either a learner's permit or other intermediate licenses are prohibited from using cellphones altogether. </td> <td>Fines $200–$500 plus 3 points against driver's license. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2011 </td> <td>Drivers are prohibited from using either a cell phone or other wireless communications device to access or search the Internet, or to type, enter, send, or read any non-voice communication, including text messages, instant messages (IM), or email. Global positioning systems (GPS) are not covered by the law. </td> <td>Fines of up to $50 for a first offense; $100 for a second offense that occurs within seven years; and $250 for a third offense if this occurs within seven years. Higher fines are imposed on drivers who violate the law in traffic control zones. </td> <td>Ban does not apply to emergency personnel, or licensed amateur radio operators who are communicating certain public information, employees of public utilities who are responding to emergencies, or drivers who are reporting emergencies or responding to dangerous situations. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>January 1, 2010 </td> <td>Use of handheld devices is illegal for all drivers </td> <td>$100 </td> <td>This is a Primary Law, which means that the driver can receive a ticket for the violation without other traffic violations taking place (such as speeding). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td>March 1, 2008 </td> <td>All drivers are prohibited from using handheld cell phones except if: (1) The operator has reason to fear for his life or safety, or believes that a criminal act may be perpetrated against himself or another person; or (2) The operator is using the telephone to report to appropriate authorities a fire, a traffic accident, a serious road hazard or medical or hazardous materials emergency, or to report the operator of another motor vehicle who is driving in a reckless, careless or otherwise unsafe manner or who appears to be driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. </td> <td>$200 to $400 for the first offense, $400 to $600 for the second offense, and up to $800, three points on your license. Possible 90-day suspension of license. </td> <td>Anyone under the age of 21 who have either a learner's permits or probationary licenses are prohibited from using all cell phones, texting devices and other hand-held or hands-free wireless electronic devices while driving (this includes MP3 players, video games, and similar devices). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers </td> <td>$25 for a first offense, then $50. </td> <td>This is a Primary Law, which means that the driver can receive a ticket for the violation without other traffic violations taking place (such as speeding). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>No person shall operate a motor vehicle while using any portable electronic device while such vehicle is in motion. "Using" shall mean holding a portable electronic device while viewing, taking or transmitting images, playing games, or composing, sending, reading, viewing, accessing, browsing, transmitting, saving or retrieving e-mail, text messages, or other electronic data. </td> <td>Fine up to $150 plus mandatory $85 surcharge fees. Violation also carries 5 driver violation points. Those who are driving on a permit, junior license or probationary licence will have their license suspended for 120 days on the first offense and one year for subsequent offenses. </td> <td>Does not apply to (a) the use of a portable electronic device for the sole purpose of communicating with any of the following regarding an emergency situation: an emergency response operator; a hospital; a physician's office or health clinic; an ambulance company or corps; a fire department, district or company; or a police department, (b) any of the following persons while in the performance of their official duties: a police officer or peace officer; a member of a fire department, district or company; or the operator of an authorized emergency vehicle as defined in section one hundred one of this chapter. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>December 1, 2009 </td> <td>Text messaging as well email and internet use is prohibited for all drivers. Drivers under the age of 18 who have a provisional are prohibited from using cell phones while driving, unless they are calling their parents. Operators of school buses are prohibited from using cell phones while driving. </td> <td> <ul><li>Texting, email and internet use: $100 and no points against license.</li> <li>Drivers under 18 using cellphone: $25.</li> <li>School bus operators using cell phones $100, no points.</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td>August 1, 2011 </td> <td>Text messaging is prohibited for all drivers, and driver under the age of 18 are prohibited from using any electronic communications devices, including cell phones. </td> <td>$100 fine. </td> <td>This is a Primary Law, which means that the driver can receive a ticket for the violation without other traffic violations taking place (such as speeding). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td>August 28, 2012 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers <ul><li>Primary offense for drivers under 18 years old. Youth drivers may be stopped and cited for texting while driving.</li> <li>Secondary offense for adult drivers. Adult drivers must be stopped for another offense before they can be cited.</li></ul> </td> <td>For offenders under 18: 1st offense: $150 fine and 60-day license suspension 2nd offense: $300 fine and 1-year license suspension and 6 months in prison For offenders over 18: $150 fine </td> <td>The use of any handheld device by drivers under the age of 18 is illegal. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ohiotiger.com-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td>November 1, 2015 </td> <td>It shall be unlawful for any person to operate a motor vehicle on any street or highway within this state while using a hand-held electronic communication device to manually compose, send or read an electronic text message while the motor vehicle is in motion. </td> <td>Maximum fine of $100. No points on driving record. </td> <td>Oklahoma State Governor Mary Fallen signed House Bill 1965 on May 5, 2015, making texting while driving illegal in the state. The act went into law on November 1, 2015. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td>January 2010 </td> <td>House Bill 2377 prohibits all drivers from using a mobile communication device while operating a motor vehicle. A mobile communication device is defined as "a text messaging device or a wireless, two-way communication device designed to receive and transmit voice or text communication." House Bill 2872 prohibits drivers that are under 18 years of age from using any type of mobile communication device such as a cell-phone. This includes text-messaging and does not allow for hands-free operation of a cell-phone. This law applies if one is under 18 and driving with a provisional driver's license, a special student driver permit, or an instruction driver permit. </td> <td>Minimum fine of $142.00 </td> <td>HB 2377 exempts use of hands-free devices by all drivers 18 and over; some drivers who use a mobile communications device while driving if the vehicle is necessary for the person's job; and some drivers who use radios (CB-style) while in the scope of their employment. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>March 8, 2012 </td> <td>Text messaging while driving prohibited for all drivers. There is no statewide limit on cell phone use, but some local ordinances address cell phones and driving. </td> <td>$50 fine </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Text messaging outlawed for all drivers on Rhode Island roads. Those under the age of 18 prohibited from using cell phones altogether. School bus operators prohibited from using cell phones while driving. </td> <td>$85 for the first offense, then $100 and then $125. </td> <td>Considered "primary" laws, which means that an officer can pull one over and issue a citation for the offense without having to witness some other violation. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>June 9, 2014 </td> <td>Prohibits driver from writing, sending or reading a text while driving, but can text only if they are legally stopped or are using a hands-free device. Also includes social media & emails. </td> <td>$25 fine the first offence; $50 fine for subsequent offences </td> <td>Known as bill S 459, it supersedes at least 19 different city, as well as two county, ordinances on texting. Exception for use of GPS or emergency situations.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>All drivers are banned from text messaging while driving. Drivers who are under the age of 18 who have a restricted/learners license are banned from using handheld wireless communications devices. At least nine South Dakota cities have distracted driving ordinances — Rapid City, Huron, Watertown, Brookings, Mitchell, Vermillion, Aberdeen, Box Elder and Sioux Falls. </td> <td>$100 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2009 </td> <td>All drivers prohibited from transmitting or reading a written message while vehicle is in motion </td> <td>Up to $50 Plus court costs not to exceed $10 </td> <td>Also known as Senate Bill 393. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>September 1, 2017 </td> <td>Texas legislators enforce texting while driving laws and bans. </td> <td>Anyone who violates this law receives a ticket and faces a misdemeanor charge, also receives a fine between $25 and $99. </td> <td>Anyone who is responsible for an individual's death or serious injury from texting while driving face a fine up to $4000. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td>May 2009 </td> <td>Texting, accessing the internet, manually dialing a number and other similar use of a handheld device is prohibited while driving. Exceptions to this law are talking, using voice commands, and GPS navigation. </td> <td>First offence: Class C misdemeanor Second offence: Class B misdemeanor Automatic Class B misdemeanor if the person inflicted serious bodily injury upon another as a proximate result of using a handheld wireless communication device for text messaging or electronic mail communication while operating a moving motor vehicle </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td>October 1, 2014 </td> <td>All "portable electronic device" usage banned for drivers under 18 Handheld electronic devices are banned for all drivers </td> <td>First offense: $100 fine + surcharge + 15% = $156 and 2 points on license. Junior Operators (under 18) subject to 30-day suspension. Second offense (within two years of first): $250 fine + surcharge + 15% = $329, 5 points on license. Junior operators subject to 30-day suspension. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>2009 January 1, 2021 </td> <td>Use of phone to talk is allowed, but text or email by the driver whilst vehicle is operational on state roads is prohibited. An exception exists for using GPS, dialing a number to make a call, or reporting an emergency. School bus drivers are prohibited from using cell phones either handheld or hands-free. As of January 1, 2021, all handheld use of a phone will be prohibited. Exceptions allowed for when lawfully parked or stopped, emergency vehicles, reporting an emergency, using the radio, and traffic incident management workers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> </td> <td>$125–$250 </td> <td>Violations are a primary offense </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers </td> <td>$124, more if an accident results </td> <td>Text messaging or cell phone use without a hands free device is a primary offense. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td>Summer 2012 </td> <td>Text messaging and the use of handheld cell phones are illegal for all drivers in West Virginia. Teenagers who have a learner's permits or intermediate licenses are prohibited from using wireless communication devices while driving. School bus drivers are prohibited from using cell phones while operating the vehicles. </td> <td>$100 (first offense), then $200, then $300. Three points against the driver's license on the third and subsequent convictions. </td> <td>West Virginia's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Status/bills_text.cfm?billdoc=SB211%20SUB2%20enr.htm&yr=2012&sesstype=RS&i=211">texting & handheld cell phone law</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/Code.cfm?chap=17c&art=14">17C-14-15</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>December 1, 2010 </td> <td>Illegal for all drivers The law is primary, meaning police officers can stop motorists suspected of this offense alone. </td> <td>First offense: $20–$400 fine and 4 points on license Second offense: $200–$800 fine </td> <td>Signed into Law: May 5, 2010 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100506154102/http://www.dot.gov/affairs/2010/dot8910.htm">Wisconsin DOT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2010 </td> <td>Sending message from any electronic device while driving declared illegal. </td> <td>$75 for first offense. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_collisions">Notable collisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable collisions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: examples from outside the United States. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>On August 29, 2007, Danny Oates was killed by a young driver of a car, allegedly texting while driving. The defense had argued that driver Jeffrey Woods had possibly suffered a seizure during the time of the accident.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>On January 3, 2008, Heather Leigh Hurd was killed by a truck driver who allegedly was texting while driving. Her father Russell Hurd has been actively supporting a law in various U.S. states called Heather's Law that would prohibit texting while driving.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2008_Chatsworth_train_collision" title="2008 Chatsworth train collision">2008 Chatsworth train collision</a>, which killed 25 people, and which occurred on September 12, 2008, was blamed on the operator sending text messages while operating the train.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>In May 2009 a crash occurred on the <a href="/wiki/MBTA_Green_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="MBTA Green Line">MBTA Green Line</a> in the Boston area of the MBTA, when a driver, 24-year-old Aidan Quinn, was text messaging his girlfriend while driving the train.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The crash, which injured 46 people, was estimated by MBTA officials to have cost $9.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic surgeon">plastic surgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ryan_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ryan (doctor)">Frank Ryan's</a> fatal crash on August 16, 2010, may have been the result of distracted driving due to texting.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>In May 2012 a jury in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a>, awarded $21 million in damages to a woman who was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> driver who had been on her cell phone at the time of the accident. The plaintiff's attorneys were able to successfully argue that Coca-Cola's cell phone policy for its drivers was "vague and ambiguous".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>In June 2012 18-year-old Aaron Deveau of <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>, was found guilty of motor vehicle homicide by texting. He was sentenced to two years in prison and loss of his license for 15 years. Deveau was the first person in the state of Massachusetts to be convicted of motor vehicle homicide by texting, and possibly the first in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>In September 2012, 21-year-old Stephanie Kanoff of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Prairie,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Prairie, WI">Sun Prairie, Wisconsin</a>, was found guilty by a jury in July of homicide by negligent driving for the October 24, 2010, death of Dylan Ellefson, 21, a senior at UW-Madison, who was behind his disabled car when he and his car were struck by Kanoff's minivan. Kanoff was also sentenced to serve two years of extended supervision after her release from prison. In addition to prison and extended supervision, Kanoff was ordered to spend 100 hours speaking to young people learning to drive and other groups about the dangers of texting while driving,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and was also ordered to not drive with a phone that's turned on in the driver's area of a car. Kanoff will also have to take a driving safety course to get her license back after a mandatory yearlong revocation.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>In March 2017, near <a href="/wiki/Garner_State_Park" title="Garner State Park">Garner State Park</a>, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Concan,_Texas" title="Concan, Texas">Concan, Texas</a>, 13 people in a church bus were killed when a texting pickup truck driver crossed the center line and slammed into their bus.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_as_a_solution">Technology as a solution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Technology as a solution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG/220px-NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG/330px-NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG/440px-NotextinganddrivingWestUTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A sign in <a href="/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place, Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>), advising drivers that they are not allowed to text</figcaption></figure> In 2009, it was reported that some companies, including iZUP, ZoomSafer, Aegis Mobility, and cellcontrol by obdEdge employ systems that place restrictions on cell phone usage based on the phone's <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> signal, data from the car itself or from nearby cellphone towers.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Also, companies like TextNoMore offer an opt-in solution that rewards users for activating. The use of <a href="/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">telematics</a> to detect <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">drunk driving</a> and texting while driving has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> A US patent application combining this technology with a <a href="/wiki/Usage_based_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage based insurance">usage based insurance</a> product was open for public comment on <a href="/wiki/Peer_to_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer to patent">peer to patent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The insurance product would not bar texting while driving, but would charge drivers who text and drive a higher premium. In recent years, location-based technologies that detect potential texting while driving situations have been developed for both the Android operating system and the iPhone operating system (iOS). Other technologies have been developed for law enforcement. A search for "no texting while driving" in Google Play or in the Apple App Store will find several applications that promote safer driving, either through blocking texts, auto-responding or by educating drivers to the dangers of texting while driving. Some of these apps are "paired" and require installation of the app on both the parents' phone and the driver's phones. Paired apps allow remote monitoring of a driver's actions. Android operating system: In addition to Android Auto, there are apps that utilize the GPS and Network Location services of Android mobile phones to estimate the speed that the cell phone is travelling at the time text messages are sent. As noted before, some of these apps are "paired". One example of a paired app is "TextWatcher". The recommended approach for this app is for parents to install the app on their children's Android mobile phone to silently monitor texting, to send alerts when potential texting while driving situations occur, and to counsel phone holders (in this case, teenage drivers) after the fact.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Another app, "<a href="/wiki/Textecution" title="Textecution">Textecution</a>", determines when the phone is traveling higher than 10 mph and shuts down texting abilities.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> iPhone operating system (iOS): Apple iPhones using iOS 11 or later have a built-in feature called "Do Not Disturb While Driving". This feature is part of the operating system and does not need to be added or downloaded separately. It uses parameters such as motion detection and network connections to detect driving and can be activated in the iPhone's "Do Not Disturb" settings. To find this feature, tap the "Settings" icon, and then scroll down to "Do Not Disturb". Next, scroll down to "Do Not Disturb While Driving". Once turned on, it will block incoming text messages while the car is being driven. It will also auto-respond to those texts with a customizable message that lets senders know that a person is driving and cannot receive text messages. It can be set to activate in one of three ways: automatically detect driving, activate when connected by Bluetooth to a hands-free device, or it can be set to be activated manually.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Law Enforcement: Over the past few months, various state police forces in Australia have started trial use of cameras that have the ability to pick up errant drivers from more than 500 metres away.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Police in Western Australia make use of undercover motorcycles to keep an eye on other motorists and any offence will be recorded on the motorcycle officer's helmet camera.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Police in India have become more aggressive on a wide variety of traffic violations and once again, there is a widespread use of cameras.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See 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href="/wiki/Passenger_problem" title="Passenger problem">Passenger problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_GPS" title="Death by GPS">Death by GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_selfie-related_injuries_and_deaths" title="List of selfie-related injuries and deaths">List of selfie-related injuries and deaths</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/distracted-driving">"Cell Phones"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/sa-police-to-look-at-using-hightech-traffic-cameras-to-nab-drivers-who-illegally-use-mobile-phones/story-fni6uo1m-1226888616888">the original</a> on August 23, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SA+Police+to+look+at+using+high-tech+traffic+cameras+to+nab+drivers+who+illegally+use+mobile+phones&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fsouth-australia%2Fsa-police-to-look-at-using-hightech-traffic-cameras-to-nab-drivers-who-illegally-use-mobile-phones%2Fstory-fni6uo1m-1226888616888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexting+while+driving" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/wa-police-bust-1379-texting-drivers/story-fn3dxiwe-1226813935598">"WA police bust 1379 texting drivers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819153907/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/wa-police-bust-1379-texting-drivers/story-fn3dxiwe-1226813935598">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WA+police+bust+1379+texting+drivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Flatest-news%2Fwa-police-bust-1379-texting-drivers%2Fstory-fn3dxiwe-1226813935598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexting+while+driving" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=397796">"Mangalore News Articles, Classifieds to Around the World"</a>. Mangalorean.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424094331/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=397796">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mangalorean.com&rft.atitle=Mangalore+News+Articles%2C+Classifieds+to+Around+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewstype%3Dlocal%26newsid%3D397796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexting+while+driving" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Texting_while_driving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/dangers-texting-while-driving">FCC - The Dangers of Texting While Driving Consumer Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghsa.org/state-laws/issues/distracted%20driving">Cell phone and driving laws in the United States (including texting)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811719">Traffic Safety Facts: Driver Electronic Device Use in 2011 (U.S.)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>, April 2013</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enddd.org/research-stats/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIysaSzP_s4gIVBeDICh3ptwpVEAAYAiAAEgKxhvD_BwE">"Distracted Driving Research & Statistics"</a>. enddd.org.</cite><span 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile networks</a>, protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Analogue:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li>Digital:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile specific <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traffic_law_and_safety" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traffic_law" title="Template:Traffic law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traffic_law" title="Template talk:Traffic law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traffic_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traffic law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traffic_law_and_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">Traffic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rules_of_the_road" title="Category:Rules of the road">Rules of the road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">All-way stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Road_Rules" title="Australian Road Rules">Australian Road Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_rule" title="Boulevard rule">Boulevard rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_Code" title="Green Cross Code">Green Cross Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_over_law" title="Move over law">Move over law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Road_Code" title="New Zealand Road Code">New Zealand Road Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtaking" title="Overtaking">Overtaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Left- and right-hand traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_traffic" title="Bidirectional traffic">Bidirectional traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Priority_.28right_of_way.29" title="Traffic">Right-of-way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bus_traffic_stop_laws" title="School bus traffic stop laws">School bus traffic stop laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">Traffic code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_on_red" title="Turn on red">Turn on red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_user_guides" title="Category:Road user guides">Road user guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_manual" title="Driver's manual">Driver's manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code" title="The Highway Code">The Highway Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code_(Malta)" title="The Highway Code (Malta)">The Highway Code (Malta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Users%27_Code" title="Road Users' Code">Road Users' Code</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Road_(Ireland)" title="Rules of the Road (Ireland)">Rules of the Road (Ireland)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bylaw_enforcement_officer" title="Bylaw enforcement officer">Parking enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_patrol" title="Highway patrol">Highway patrol</a>/<a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">State police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Pretextual stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">Road traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Terry stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textalyzer" title="Textalyzer">Textalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_camera" title="Traffic camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera" title="Traffic enforcement camera">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_light_camera" title="Red light camera">Red light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_court" title="Traffic court">Traffic court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_guard" title="Traffic guard">Traffic guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_stop" title="Traffic stop">Traffic stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_ticket" title="Traffic ticket">Traffic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_(traffic_stop)" title="Warning (traffic stop)">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">Speed limit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85th_percentile_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="85th percentile speed">85th percentile speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law" title="National Maximum Speed Law">National Maximum Speed Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_zone" title="School zone">School zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement" title="Speed limit enforcement">Speed limit enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">Speed limits by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speed_limits_by_country" title="Category:Speed limits by country">Category: Speed limits by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moving_violation" title="Moving violation">Moving violations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impaired_driving_in_Canada" title="Impaired driving in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">Mobile phones and driving</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_driving" title="Reckless driving">Reckless driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_check" title="Brake check">Brake checking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgating" title="Tailgating">Tailgating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong-way_driving" title="Wrong-way driving">Wrong-way driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">Driver licensing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license" title="Commercial driver's license">Commercial driver's license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">European driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_driver_licensing" title="Graduated driver licensing">Graduated driver licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Driving_Permit" title="Inter-American Driving Permit">Inter-American Driving Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Driving_Permit" title="International Driving Permit">International Driving Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learner%27s_permit" title="Learner's permit">Learner's permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_system_(driving)" title="Point system (driving)">Point system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Driving_licences_by_country" title="Category:Driving licences by country">Driving licences by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_minimum_driving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by minimum driving age">List of countries by minimum driving age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_violations_reciprocity" title="Traffic violations reciprocity">Traffic violations reciprocity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Driver%27s_License_Information_System" title="Commercial Driver's License Information System">Commercial Driver's License Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_License_Agreement" title="Driver License Agreement">Driver License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_License_Compact" title="Driver License Compact">Driver License Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Violator_Compact" title="Non-Resident Violator Compact">Non-Resident Violator Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate-side_parking" title="Alternate-side parking">Alternate-side parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalised_parking_enforcement" title="Decriminalised parking enforcement">Decriminalised parking enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_parking_permit" title="Disabled parking permit">Disabled parking permit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_parking_permits_of_the_United_States" title="Disabled parking permits of the United States">Disabled parking permits of the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_parking" title="Double parking">Double parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_chair" title="Parking chair">Parking chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_violation" title="Parking violation">Parking violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_clamp" title="Wheel clamp">Wheel clamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_safety" title="Category:Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt_legislation" title="Seat belt legislation">Seat belt laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_It_or_Ticket" title="Click It or Ticket">Click It or Ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clunk_Click_Every_Trip" title="Clunk Click Every Trip">Clunk Click Every Trip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_safety" title="Category:Road safety">Road safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachograph" title="Tachograph">Tachograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_tachograph" title="Digital tachograph">Digital tachograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drivers%27_working_hours" title="Drivers' working hours">Drivers' working hours</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_driving" title="Epilepsy and driving">Epilepsy and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hours_of_service" title="Hours of service">Hours of service</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22How%27s_my_driving%3F%22_sign" title=""How's my driving?" sign">"How's my driving?" sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age_and_driving" title="Old age and driving">Old age and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_moving_vehicle" title="Slow moving vehicle">Slow moving vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_impacts_of_cars" title="Societal impacts of cars">Societal impacts of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template talk:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed or recognised diagnostic categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online problem gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated psychiatric conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image_disturbance" title="Body image disturbance">Body image disturbance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpathology" title="Cyberpathology">Cyberpathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_detox" title="Digital detox">Digital detox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Evolution of cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotion of anorexia">Promotion of anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_restrictions_on_children_in_Australia" title="Social media restrictions on children in Australia">Social media restrictions on children in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texting while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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