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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Follow-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Follow-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Follow-up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Follow-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Commonwealth_Level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Commonwealth_Level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The Commonwealth Level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Commonwealth_Level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_State_and_Territory_Level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_State_and_Territory_Level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>The State and Territory Level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_State_and_Territory_Level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australian_Capital_Territory_(ACT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_Capital_Territory_(ACT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Australian Capital Territory (ACT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_Capital_Territory_(ACT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_South_Wales_(NSW)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_South_Wales_(NSW)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>New South Wales (NSW)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_South_Wales_(NSW)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Territory_(NT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Territory_(NT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.3</span> <span>Northern Territory (NT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Territory_(NT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queensland_(QLD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queensland_(QLD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.4</span> <span>Queensland (QLD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queensland_(QLD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasmania_(TAS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasmania_(TAS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.5</span> <span>Tasmania (TAS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasmania_(TAS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria_(VIC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria_(VIC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.6</span> <span>Victoria (VIC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria_(VIC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Australia_(WA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Australia_(WA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.7</span> <span>Western Australia (WA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Australia_(WA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annexed_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexed_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Annexed projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexed_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>The Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16.1</span> <span>Environmental assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16.1.1</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16.1.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16.1.3</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact_statement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact_statement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16.2</span> <span>Environmental impact statement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact_statement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transboundary_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transboundary_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transboundary application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transboundary_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncertainty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncertainty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Uncertainty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncertainty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Delays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact assessment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تقييم الأثر البيئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقييم الأثر البيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluaci%C3%B3n_d%27impacto_ambiental" title="Evaluación d'impacto ambiental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Evaluación d'impacto ambiental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ftraf_m%C3%BChit%C9%99_t%C9%99sirin_qiym%C9%99tl%C9%99ndirilm%C9%99si" title="Ətraf mühitə təsirin qiymətləndirilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ətraf mühitə təsirin qiymətləndirilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="पर्यावरणी परभाव आँकलन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पर्यावरणी परभाव आँकलन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaluaci%C3%B3_d%27impacte_ambiental" title="Avaluació d'impacte ambiental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avaluació d'impacte ambiental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhodnocen%C3%AD_vliv%C5%AF_na_%C5%BEivotn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD" title="Vyhodnocení vlivů na životní prostředí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyhodnocení vlivů na životní prostředí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asesiad_effaith_amgylcheddol" title="Asesiad effaith amgylcheddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asesiad effaith amgylcheddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVM-redeg%C3%B8relse" title="VVM-redegørelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="VVM-redegørelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umweltvertr%C3%A4glichkeitspr%C3%BCfung" title="Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskkonnam%C3%B5ju_hindamine" title="Keskkonnamõju hindamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskkonnamõju hindamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluaci%C3%B3n_de_impacto_ambiental" title="Evaluación de impacto ambiental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evaluación de impacto ambiental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="ارزیابی پیامد زیست‌محیطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارزیابی پیامد زیست‌محیطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude_d%27impact" title="Étude d'impact – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étude d'impact" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaliaci%C3%B3n_de_impacto_ambiental" title="Avaliación de impacto ambiental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avaliación de impacto ambiental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD_%EC%98%81%ED%96%A5_%ED%8F%89%EA%B0%80" title="환경 영향 평가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환경 영향 평가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Շրջակա միջավայրի վրա ազդեցության գնահատում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրջակա միջավայրի վրա ազդեցության գնահատում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_dampak_lingkungan" title="Analisis dampak lingkungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Analisis dampak lingkungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_%C3%A1_umhverfis%C3%A1hrifum" title="Mat á umhverfisáhrifum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mat á umhverfisáhrifum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valutazione_di_impatto_ambientale" title="Valutazione di impatto ambientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valutazione di impatto ambientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA" title="EIA – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="EIA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poveikio_aplinkai_vertinimas" title="Poveikio aplinkai vertinimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poveikio aplinkai vertinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പാരിസ്ഥിതിക ആഘാത നിർണ്ണയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരിസ്ഥിതിക ആഘാത നിർണ്ണയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Байгаль орчны үнэлгээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгаль орчны үнэлгээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieueffectrapportage" title="Milieueffectrapportage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milieueffectrapportage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="環境アセスメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環境アセスメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocena_oddzia%C5%82ywania_na_%C5%9Brodowisko" title="Ocena oddziaływania na środowisko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ocena oddziaływania na środowisko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Impacto_Ambiental" title="Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Оценка воздействия на окружающую среду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оценка воздействия на окружающую среду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posudzovanie_vplyvov_na_%C5%BEivotn%C3%A9_prostredie" title="Posudzovanie vplyvov na životné prostredie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Posudzovanie vplyvov na životné prostredie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Процена утицаја на животну средину – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Процена утицаја на животну средину" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6vaikutusten_arviointimenettely" title="Ympäristövaikutusten arviointimenettely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ympäristövaikutusten arviointimenettely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B6konsekvensbeskrivning" title="Miljökonsekvensbeskrivning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miljökonsekvensbeskrivning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagtaya_sa_epekto_sa_kalikasan" title="Pagtaya sa epekto sa kalikasan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagtaya sa epekto sa kalikasan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="சூழல் தாக்க மதிப்பாய்வு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழல் தாக்க மதிப்பாய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="การประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evresel_etki_de%C4%9Ferlendirmesi" title="Çevresel etki değerlendirmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çevresel etki değerlendirmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Оцінка впливу на довкілля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оцінка впливу на довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/125px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/188px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/250px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Pollution control law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Air quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">Water quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">Environmental cleanup law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Natural resources law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Species protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_law" title="Water resources law">Water resources law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Reference materials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals" title="List of environmental journals">Environmental journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">International environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Environmental laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits" title="List of environmental lawsuits">Environmental lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environmental ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supranational_environmental_agencies" title="List of supranational environmental agencies">Supranational environmental agencies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_law" title="Earth law">Earth law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">Insurance law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">Law of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine" title="Public trust doctrine">Public trust doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_law" title="Wild law">Wild law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_law" title="Template:Environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_law" title="Template talk:Environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Environmental impact assessment</b> (<b>EIA</b>) is the assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental consequences</a> of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_environmental_assessment" title="Strategic environmental assessment">strategic environmental assessment</a>" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a tool of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">environmental management</a> forming a part of project approval and decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative procedure</a> regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review. </p><p>The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Impact_Assessment" title="International Association for Impact Assessment">International Association for Impact Assessment</a> (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysical</a>, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision-makers to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">account for environmental values</a> in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed <a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">environmental studies</a> and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental impact assessments commenced in the 1960s, as part of increasing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental awareness">environmental awareness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An EIA is prepared to estimate the effects of a proposed development or construction project. EIA provides technical evaluations that are intended to contribute to more objective decision making. In the United States, EIA obtained formal status in 1969, with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (NEPA). EIAs have been used increasingly around the world. The number of environmental assessments filed every year "has vastly overtaken the number of more rigorous <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Impact Statement">Environmental Impact Statements</a> (EIS)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkCanter1997199_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkCanter1997199-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An environmental assessment is a "mini-Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) designed to provide sufficient information to allow the agency to decide whether the preparation of a full-blown Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlakCase2010111-120_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERychlakCase2010111-120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General and industry specific assessment methods are available including: </p> <ul><li><i>Industrial products</i> – Product environmental <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle analysis">life cycle analysis</a> (LCA) is used for identifying and measuring the impact of industrial products on the environment. These EIAs consider activities related to extraction of raw materials, ancillary materials, equipment; production, use, disposal and ancillary equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Genetically modified plants</i> – Specific methods available to perform EIAs of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified organisms">genetically modified organisms</a> include GMP-RAM and INOVA.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">Fuzzy logic</a></i> – EIA methods need measurement data to estimate values of impact indicators. However, many of the environment impacts cannot be quantified, e.g. landscape quality, lifestyle quality and <a href="/wiki/Social_acceptance" class="mw-redirect" title="Social acceptance">social acceptance</a>. Instead, information from similar EIAs, expert judgment and community sentiment are employed. Approximate reasoning methods known as fuzzy logic can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fuzzy arithmetic approach has also been proposed<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implemented using a software tool (TDEIA).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Follow-up">Follow-up</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Follow-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the project, an audit evaluates the accuracy of the EIA by comparing actual to predicted impacts. The objective is to make future EIAs more valid and effective. Two primary considerations are: </p> <ul><li><i>Scientific</i> – to examine the accuracy of predictions and explain errors<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Management</i> – to assess the success of mitigation in reducing impacts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Audits can be performed either as a rigorous assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a> or with a simpler approach comparing what actually occurred against the predictions in the EIA document.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an EIA, the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">polluter pays principles</a> may be applied to decide whether to reject, modify or require <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">strict liability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> coverage to a project, based on predicted harms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hydropower_Sustainability_Assessment_Protocol" title="Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol">Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol</a> is a sector-specific method for checking the quality of Environmental and Social assessments and management plans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of EIA in Australia could be linked to the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">U.S. National Environment Policy Act</a> (NEPA) in 1970, which made the preparation of environmental impact statements a requirement. In Australia, one might say that the EIA procedures were introduced at a State Level prior to that of the Commonwealth (Federal), with a majority of the states having divergent views to the Commonwealth. One of the pioneering states was New South Wales, whose State Pollution Control Commission issued EIA guidelines in 1974. At a Commonwealth (i.e. Federal) level, this was followed by passing of the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) in 1974. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act) superseded the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) and is the current central piece for EIA in Australia on a Commonwealth (i.e. Federal) level. An important point to note is that this federal legislation does not override the validity of the States or Territories environmental and development assessments and approvals; rather the EPBC Act runs as a parallel to the State/Territory Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overlap between federal and state requirements is addressed via bilateral agreements or one-off accreditation of state processes, as provided for in the EPBC Act.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Commonwealth_Level">The Commonwealth Level</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Commonwealth Level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EPBC Act provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places. It defines this as matters of "national environmental significance". The following are the nine matters of such significance:<sup id="cite_ref-department_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-department-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>World Heritage properties;</li> <li>National Heritage places;</li> <li>Wetlands of international importance (listed under the Ramsar Convention);</li> <li>Listed threatened species and ecological communities;</li> <li>Migratory species protected under international agreements;</li> <li>Commonwealth marine areas;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park" title="Great Barrier Reef Marine Park">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park</a>;</li> <li>Nuclear actions (including uranium mining); and</li> <li>Water resources, in relation with coal seam gas development and large coal mining development.</li></ul> <p>In addition to this, the EPBC Act aims at providing a streamlined national assessment and approval process for activities. These activities could be by the Commonwealth, or its agents, anywhere in the world or activities on Commonwealth land; and activities that are listed as having a 'significant impact' on matters of 'national environment significance'.<sup id="cite_ref-department_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-department-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EPBC Act comes into play when a person (a proponent) wants an action (often called "a proposal" or "a project") assessed for environmental impacts under the EPBC Act, he or she must refer the project to the Department of the Environment and Energy (Commonwealth). This referral is then released to the public and the relevant state, territory and Commonwealth ministers, for comment on whether the project is likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance.<sup id="cite_ref-department_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-department-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of the Environment and Energy assess the process and makes recommendation to the minister or the delegate for the feasibility. The final discretion on the decision remains of the minister, which is not solely based on matters of national environmental significance but also on the consideration of social and economic impact of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-department_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-department-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian Government Minister for the Environment and Energy cannot intervene in a proposal if it has no significant impact on one of the eight matters of national environmental significance, regardless of any other undesirable environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-department_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-department-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is primarily due to the division of powers between the states and the Federal government, and the Australian Government environment minister not being able to overturn a state decision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are strict civil and criminal penalties for the breach of EPBC Act. Depending on the kind of breach, civil penalty (maximum) may go up to $550,000 for an individual and $5.5 million for a body corporate, or for criminal penalty (maximum) of seven years imprisonment and/or penalty of $46,200.<sup id="cite_ref-department_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-department-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_State_and_Territory_Level">The State and Territory Level</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The State and Territory Level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Australian_Capital_Territory_(ACT)"><span id="Australian_Capital_Territory_.28ACT.29"></span>Australian Capital Territory (ACT)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australian Capital Territory (ACT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EIA provisions within Ministerial Authorities in the ACT are found in the Chapters 7 and 8 of the <i>Planning and Development Act 2007</i> (ACT). EIA in ACT was previously administered with the help of Part 4 of the Land (Planning and Environment) Act 1991 (Land Act) and Territory Plan (plan for land-use).<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that some EIA may occur in the ACT on Commonwealth land under the EPBC Act (Cth). Further provisions of the <i>Australian Capital Territory (Planning and Land Management) Act 1988</i> (Cth) may also be applicable particularly to national land and "designated areas".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_South_Wales_(NSW)"><span id="New_South_Wales_.28NSW.29"></span>New South Wales (NSW)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New South Wales (NSW)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New South Wales, the <i>Environment Planning and Assessment Act 1979</i> (EP&A Act) establishes two pathways for EIA. The first is under Division 5.2 of the EP&A Act, which provides for EIA of 'State Significant Infrastructure' projects (from June 2011, this Part replaced the previous Part 3A, which previously covered EIA of major projects). The second is under Part 4 of the EP&A Act dealing with development assessments for local, regional, and State Significant Developments (other than State Significant Infrastructure).<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northern_Territory_(NT)"><span id="Northern_Territory_.28NT.29"></span>Northern Territory (NT)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northern Territory (NT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EIA process in Northern Territory is chiefly administered under the Environmental Assessment Act (EAA).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although EAA is the primary tool for EIA in Northern Territory, there are further provisions for proposals in the Inquiries Act 1985 (NT).<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Queensland_(QLD)"><span id="Queensland_.28QLD.29"></span>Queensland (QLD)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Queensland (QLD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four main EIA processes in Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-Defenders_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defenders-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firstly, under the Integrated Planning Act 1997 (IPA) for development projects other than mining. Secondly, under the Chapter 3 of the <i>Environmental Protection Act 1994</i> (Qld) (EP Act) for some mining and petroleum activities. Thirdly, under the <i>State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971</i> (Qld) (State Development Act) for 'significant projects'. Finally, under the <i>Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999</i> (Cth) for 'controlled actions'.<sup id="cite_ref-Defenders_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defenders-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>South Australia (SA)</b> </p><p>The local governing tool for EIA in South Australia is the <i>Development Act 1993</i> (SA). There are three levels of assessment possible under the Act in the form of an environment impact statement (EIS), a public environmental report (PER) or a Development Report (DR).<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tasmania_(TAS)"><span id="Tasmania_.28TAS.29"></span>Tasmania (TAS)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tasmania (TAS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tasmania, an integrated system of legislation is used to govern development and approval process, this system is a mixture of the <i>Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act 1994</i> (Tas) (EMPC Act), <i>Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993</i> (Tas) (LUPA Act), <i>State Policies and Projects Act 1993</i> (Tas) (SPPA), and <i>Resource Management and Planning Appeals Tribunal Act 1993</i> (Tas).<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Victoria_(VIC)"><span id="Victoria_.28VIC.29"></span>Victoria (VIC)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Victoria (VIC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EIA process in Victoria is intertwined with the <i><a href="/wiki/Environment_Effects_Act_1978" title="Environment Effects Act 1978">Environment Effects Act 1978</a></i> (Vic) and the Ministerial Guidelines for Assessment of Environmental Effects (made under the s 10 of the EE Act).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Western_Australia_(WA)"><span id="Western_Australia_.28WA.29"></span>Western Australia (WA)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western Australia (WA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part 4 of the <i>Environmental Protection Act 1986</i> (WA) provides the legislative framework for the EIA process in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA Act oversees the planning and development proposals and assesses their likely impacts on the environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In <i>Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transportation)</i>,(<a href="#CITEREFSCC1992">SCC 1992</a>) <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_La_Forest" title="Gérard La Forest">La Forest J</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> described environmental impact assessment in terms of the proper scope of federal jurisdiction with respect to environments matters,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Environmental impact assessment is, in its simplest form, a planning tool that is now generally regarded as an integral component of sound decision-making."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESCC1992_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESCC1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_La_Forest" title="Gérard La Forest">Supreme Court Justice La Forest</a> cited (<a href="#CITEREFCottonEmond1981">Cotton & Emond 1981</a>, p. 245), "The basic concepts behind environmental assessment are simply stated: (1) early identification and evaluation of all potential environmental consequences of a proposed undertaking; (2) decision making that both guarantees the adequacy of this process and reconciles, to the greatest extent possible, the proponent's development desires with environmental protection and preservation."<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton1981_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton1981-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La Forest referred to (<a href="#CITEREFJeffery1989">Jeffery 1989</a>, 1.2,1.4) and (<a href="#CITEREFEmond1978">Emond 1978</a>, p. 5) who described "...environmental assessments as a planning tool with both an information-gathering and a decision-making component" that provide "...an objective basis for granting or denying approval for a proposed development."<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey1989_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey1989-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emond1978_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emond1978-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice La Forest addressed his concerns about the implications of Bill C-45 regarding public navigation rights on lakes and rivers that would contradict previous cases.(<a href="#CITEREFLa_Forest1973">La Forest 1973</a>, pp. 178–80)<sup id="cite_ref-LaForest1973_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaForest1973-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Assessment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Assessment Act">Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 2012</a></i> (CEAA 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-CanLII18july2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanLII18july2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "and its regulations establish the legislative basis for the federal practice of environmental assessment in most regions of Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-canliiCEAAlatest_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canliiCEAAlatest-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canliiCEAA2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canliiCEAA2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CEAA2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEAA2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEAA 2012 came into force July 6, 2012 and replaces the former <i>Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</i> (1995). EA is defined as a planning tool to identify, understand, assess and mitigate, where possible, the environmental effects of a project. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:85%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The purposes of this Act are: (a) to protect the components of the environment that are within the legislative authority of Parliament from significant adverse environmental effects caused by a designated project; (b) to ensure that designated projects that require the exercise of a power or performance of a duty or function by a federal authority under any Act of Parliament other than this Act to be carried out, are considered in a careful and precautionary manner to avoid significant adverse environmental effects; (c) to promote cooperation and coordinated action between federal and provincial governments with respect to environmental assessments; (d) to promote communication and cooperation with aboriginal peoples with respect to environmental assessments; (e) to ensure that opportunities are provided for meaningful public participation during an environmental assessment; (f) to ensure that an environmental assessment is completed in a timely manner; (g) to ensure that projects, as defined in section 66, that are to be carried out on federal lands, or those that are outside Canada and that are to be carried out or financially supported by a federal authority, are considered in a careful and precautionary manner to avoid significant adverse environmental effects; (h) to encourage federal authorities to take actions that promote sustainable development in order to achieve or maintain a healthy environment and a healthy economy; and (i) to encourage the study of the cumulative effects of physical activities in a region and the consideration of those study results in environmental assessments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECEAA2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECEAA2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Assessment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Assessment Act">Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</a></cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental Lawyer Dianne Saxe argued that the CEAA 2012 "allows the federal government to create mandatory timelines for assessments of even the largest and most important projects, regardless of public opposition."<sup id="cite_ref-Saxe9aug2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saxe9aug2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Now that federal environmental assessments are gone, the federal government will only assess very large, very important projects. But it's going to do them in a hurry." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Dianne Saxe<sup id="cite_ref-Saxe9aug2012_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saxe9aug2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div><p>On 3 August 2012 the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency designated nine projects: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Gateway_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Gateway Pipeline">Northern Gateway Pipeline</a> Joint Review Panel (JRP) 18 months;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathon_Platinum_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marathon Platinum Group (page does not exist)">Marathon Platinum Group</a> Metals and Copper Mine Project (JRP):<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13 months;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_C_dam" title="Site C dam">Site C</a> Clean Energy Project (JRP) 8.5 months; Deep Geologic Repository Project (JRP) 17 months;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Northern_Gateway_Pipelines" title="Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines">Enbridge Northern Gateway Project</a> (JRP) 18 months;</li> <li>Jackpine Mine Expansion Project (JRP) 11.5 months;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_River_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre River Mine (page does not exist)">Pierre River Mine</a> Project:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8 months;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Prosperity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Prosperity (page does not exist)">New Prosperity</a> Gold-Copper Mine Project (JRP) 7.5 months;</li> <li>Frontier Oil Sands Mine Project (JRP)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8.5 months;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnCana" class="mw-redirect" title="EnCana">EnCana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cenovus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenovus">Cenovus</a> Shallow Gas Infill Project (JRP) 5 months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxe2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxe2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Saxe compares these timelines with environmental assessments for the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Valley_Pipeline" title="Mackenzie Valley Pipeline">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Berger" title="Thomas R. Berger">Thomas R. Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commissioner">Royal Commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Valley_Pipeline_Inquiry" title="Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry</a> (9 May 1977), worked extremely hard to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Industrial_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial development">industrial development</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal people</a>'s land resulted in benefits to those <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.cbc.ca1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.cbc.ca1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 April 2013, NDP MP <a href="/wiki/Megan_Leslie" title="Megan Leslie">Megan Leslie</a> issued a statement claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Harper_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper government">Harper government</a>'s recent changes to "fish habitat protection, the <i><a href="/wiki/Navigable_Waters_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable Waters Protection Act">Navigable Waters Protection Act</a></i> and the <i>Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</i>", along with gutting existing laws and making cuts to science and research, "will be disastrous, not only for the environment but also for Canadians' health and economic prosperity."<sup id="cite_ref-NDP22apr2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDP22apr2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 September 2012, Leslie argued that with the changes to the <i>Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</i> that came into effect 6 July 2012, "<a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">seismic testing</a>, dams, wind farms and power plants" no longer required any federal environmental assessment. She also claimed that because the CEAA 2012—which she claimed was rushed through Parliament—dismantled the CEAA 1995, the Oshawa ethanol plant project would no longer have a full federal environmental assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie26sep2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie26sep2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mr. Peter Kent (Minister of the Environment) explained that the CEAA 2012 "provides for the Government of Canada and the Environmental Assessment Agency to focus on the large and most significant projects that are being proposed across the country." The 2,000 to 3,000-plus smaller screenings that were in effect under CEAA 1995 became the "responsibility of lower levels of government but are still subject to the same strict federal <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental laws</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie26sep2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie26sep2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anne Minh-Thu Quach, MP for Beauharnois—Salaberry, QC, argued that the mammoth budget bill dismantled 50 years of environmental protection without consulting Canadians about the "colossal changes they are making to environmental assessments." She claimed that the federal government is entering into "limited consultations, by invitation only, months after the damage was done."<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie26sep2012_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie26sep2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Environmental Impact Assessment Law (EIA Law) requires that an environmental impact assessment be completed prior to project construction. However, if a developer completely ignores this requirement and builds a project without submitting an environmental impact statement, the only penalty is that the environmental protection bureau (EPB) may require the developer to do a make-up environmental assessment. If the developer does not complete this make-up assessment within the designated time, only then is the EPB authorized to fine the developer. Even so, the possible fine is capped at a maximum of about US$25,000, a fraction of the overall cost of most major projects. The lack of more stringent enforcement mechanisms has resulted in a significant percentage of projects not completing legally required environmental impact assessments prior to construction.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's <a href="/wiki/State_Environmental_Protection_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Environmental Protection Administration">State Environmental Protection Administration</a> (SEPA) used the legislation to halt 30 projects in 2004, including three hydro-power plants under the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges" title="Three Gorges">Three Gorges</a> Project Company. Although one month later (Note as a point of reference, that the typical EIA for a major project in the USA takes one to two years.), most of the 30 halted projects resumed their construction, reportedly having passed the environmental assessment, the fact that these key projects' construction was ever suspended was notable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A joint investigation by SEPA and the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2004 showed that 30–40% of the mining <a href="/wiki/Construction_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction project">construction projects</a> went through the procedure of environment impact assessment as required, while in some areas only 6–7% did so. This partly explains why China has witnessed so many mining accidents in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>SEPA alone cannot guarantee the full enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, observed Professor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Canfa" title="Wang Canfa">Wang Canfa</a>, director of the centre to help environmental victims at <a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law" title="China University of Political Science and Law">China University of Political Science and Law</a>. In fact, according to Wang, the rate of China's environmental laws and regulations that are actually enforced is estimated at barely 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) EIA is implemented in Egypt under the umbrella of the Ministry of state for environmental affairs. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is responsible for the EIA services.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1997, the responsibility of Egypt's first full-time Minister of State for Environmental Affairs was assigned as stated in the Presidential Decree no.275/1997. From thereon, the new ministry has focused, in close collaboration with the national and international development partners, on defining environmental policies, setting priorities and implementing initiatives within a context of sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) was restructured with the new mandate to substitute the institution initially established in 1982. At the central level, EEAA represents the executive arm of the Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of EIA is to ensure the protection and conservation of the environment and natural resources including human health aspects against uncontrolled development. The long-term objective is to ensure a sustainable economic development that meets present needs without compromising future generations ability to meet their own needs. EIA is an important tool in the integrated environmental management approach.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EIA must be performed for new establishments or projects and for expansions or renovations of existing establishments according to the Law for the Environment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU">EU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide range of instruments exist in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy of the European Union</a>. Among them the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has established a mix of mandatory and discretionary procedures to assess environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Directive">Directive</a> (85/337/EEC) on Environmental Impact Assessments (known as the <i>EIA Directive</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was first introduced in 1985, amended in 1997, amended again in 2003 following EU signature of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a>, and once more in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial Directive of 1985 and its three amendments have been codified in Directive 2011/92/EU of 13 December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the issue was enlarged to include the assessment of plans and programmes by the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Environmental_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Environmental Assessment">Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)</a> Directive</i> (2001/42/EC), which was amended by Directive 2014/52/EU of 16 April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watson_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the EU directive, a compliant EIA must provide certain information in seven key areas:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Description of the project <ul><li>Description of actual project and site description</li> <li>Break the project down into its key components, i.e. construction, operations, decommissioning</li> <li>For each component list all of the sources of environmental disturbance</li> <li>For each component all the inputs and outputs must be listed, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, noise, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Alternatives that have been considered <ul><li>Examine alternatives that have been considered</li> <li>Example: in a <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> power station, will the fuel be sourced locally or nationally?</li></ul></li> <li>Description of the environment <ul><li>List of all aspects of the environment that may be affected by the development</li> <li>Example: populations, <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, flora, air, soil, water, humans, landscape, cultural heritage</li> <li>This section is best carried out with the help of local experts, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/RSPB" class="mw-redirect" title="RSPB">RSPB</a> in the UK</li></ul></li> <li>Description of the significant effects on the environment <ul><li>The word significant is crucial here as the definition can vary</li> <li>'Significant' must be defined</li> <li>The most frequent method used here is use of the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_matrix" title="Leopold matrix">Leopold matrix</a></li> <li>The matrix is a tool used in the systematic examination of potential interactions</li> <li>Example: in a windfarm development a significant impact may be collisions with birds</li></ul></li> <li>Mitigation <ul><li>This is where EIA is most useful</li> <li>Once section 4 is complete, it is obvious where impacts are greatest</li> <li>Using this information in ways to avoid negative impacts should be developed</li> <li>Best working with the developer with this section as they know the project best</li> <li>Using the windfarm example again, construction might take place outside of bird nesting seasons, or removal of hardstanding on a potentially <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_land" title="Contaminated land">contaminated land</a> site might take place outside of the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Non-technical summary (EIS) <ul><li>The EIA is in the public domain and be used in the decision-making process</li> <li>It is important that the information is available to the public</li> <li>This section is a summary that does not include jargon or complicated diagrams</li> <li>It should be understood by the informed lay-person</li></ul></li> <li>Lack of know-how/technical difficulties <ul><li>This section is to advise any areas of weakness in knowledge</li> <li>It can be used to focus areas of future research</li> <li>Some developers see the EIA as a starting block for poor environmental management</li></ul></li></ol> <p>In 2021, ESG reporting requirements changed in the EU and UK. The EU started enforcing the Sustainable Finance Disclosures Regulation (SFDR), which was created with the purpose of unifying climate risk disclosures across the private sector by 2023. It also requires businesses to report on "principal adverse impacts" for society and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexed_projects">Annexed projects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Annexed projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All projects are either classified as Annex 1 or Annex 2 projects. Those lying in Annex 1 are large scale developments such as motorways, chemical works, bridges, power stations, etc. These always require an EIA under the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (85,337,EEC as amended). Annex 2 projects are smaller in scale than those referred to in Annex 1. Member States must determine whether these project shall be made subject to an assessment subject to a set of criteria set out in Annex 3 of codified Directive 2011/92/EU.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EIA was <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(law)" title="Transposition (law)">implemented</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Law">Dutch legislation</a> on September 1, 1987. The categories of projects which require an EIA are summarised in Dutch legislation, the Wet milieubeheer. The use of thresholds for activities makes sure that EIA is obligatory for those activities that may have considerable impacts on the environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For projects and plans which fit these criteria, an EIA report is required. The EIA report defines a.o. the proposed initiative, it makes clear the impact of that initiative on the environment and compares this with the impact of possible alternatives with less a negative impact.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EU Directives concerning environmental impact assessment are implemented in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> through the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017, which also apply to projects serving national defence purposes in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EIA in Hong Kong is regulated by the <i>Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance 1997</i>, which became effective in 1998.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The original proposal to construct the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Ma_Chau_Spur_Line" title="Lok Ma Chau Spur Line">Lok Ma Chau Spur Line</a> overground across the <a href="/wiki/Long_Valley,_Hong_Kong" title="Long Valley, Hong Kong">Long Valley</a> failed to get through EIA, and the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon%E2%80%93Canton_Railway_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation">Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation</a> had to change its plan and build the railway underground. In April 2011, the EIA of the Hong Kong section of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-Zhuhai-Macau_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge">Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge</a> was found to have breached the ordinance, and was declared unlawful. The appeal by the government was allowed in September 2011. However, it was estimated that this EIA court case had increased the construction cost of the Hong Kong section of the bridge by HK$6.5 billion in money-of-the-day prices.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">federal government of Iraq</a> is in charge of issuing environmental compliance certificates based on an EIA report prepared by professional consultant and thoroughly reviewed by the MOE. Any project or activity prior to its establishment or even already existing project has to be approved and obtain such certificate from the MOE. Projects are classified into 3 categories; “A”, “B” and “C”. EIA reporting is usually obligatory for those projects and activities falling under categories “A” (large-scale) and “B” (small-scale) that may have considerable impacts on environment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of “A” category activities include dams and reservoirs, forestry production projects, industrial plants, irrigation, drainage and flood control, land clearance and leveling, port and harbor development, river basin development, thermal power and hydro-power development, manufacture, transportation and use of pesticides or other hazardous materials, hazardous waste management and disposal... etc. Examples of “B” category activities include agro-industries, electrical transmission, renewable energy, rural electrification, tourism, rehabilitation or maintenance of highway or rural roads, rehabilitation or modification of existing industrial facilities... etc. Preparation of an EIA report is usually exempt for projects falling under category “C” which may have low to no impact on environment, such as small fish breeding ponds, institutional development, most human resources projects...etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main environmental legislation in Iraq is: Law No.64 for cities and land use (1965), Law No.21 for noise prevention (1966), Law No.25 for system of rivers and other water resources protection (1967), Law No.99 for ionized radiation (1980), Law No.89 for public health (drinking water provision, sanitation and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a> (1981), Law No.79 for protection and improvement of environment (1986), Environmental criteria for agricultural, industrial and public service projects (1990), Law No.3 for protection and improvement of environment (1997), Law No.2 for water systems protection (2001), Law No.44 for creation of Ministry of Environment instead of the council of protection and improvement of environment (2003), Law No.27 for environmental protection and improvement (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law No.4 for protection of ambient air system (2012).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Environmental Protection and Improvement Board in the regional government of Kurdistan in the northern Iraq (Erbil, Duhok, Sulaimany and Garmyan) is responsible of issuing Environmental compliance certificate, the board was established according to law No.3 Environmental protection and improvement board in Iraqi Kurdistan Region (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board is responsible of issuing such certificate for all projects and activities except of petroleum operation which EIA process is organized and implemented by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Kurdistan Regional government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same Iraqi environmental legislation mentioned is adopted but the procedure for EIA in Iraqi-Kurdistan region government may differ from the one in the Federal government of Iraq.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forests_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)">Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change</a> (MoEFCC) of India has been in a great effort in Environmental Impact Assessment in India. The main laws in action are the Water Act(1974), the Indian <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act of 1972">Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972)</a>, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) and the Environment (Protection) Act (1986), Biological Diversity Act(2002).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The responsible body for this is the Central Pollution Control Board.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies need a significant amount of primary and secondary environmental data. Primary data are those collected in the field to define the status of the environment (like air quality data, water quality data etc.). Secondary data are those collected over the years that can be used to understand the existing environmental scenario of the study area. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies are conducted over a short period of time and therefore the understanding of the environmental trends, based on a few months of primary data, has limitations. Ideally, the primary data must be considered along with the secondary data for complete understanding of the existing environmental status of the area. In many EIA studies, the secondary data needs could be as high as 80% of the total data requirement. EIC is the repository of one-stop secondary data source for environmental impact assessment in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) experience in India indicates that the lack of timely availability of reliable and authentic environmental data has been a major bottleneck in achieving the full benefits of EIA. The environment being a multi-disciplinary subject, a multitude of agencies are involved in collection of environmental data. However, no single organization in India tracks available data from these agencies and makes it available in one place in a form required by environmental impact assessment practitioners. Further, environmental data is not available in enhanced forms that improve the quality of the EIA. This makes it harder and more time-consuming to generate environmental impact assessments and receive timely environmental clearances from regulators. With this background, the Environmental Information Centre (EIC) has been set up to serve as a professionally managed clearinghouse of environmental information that can be used by MoEF, project proponents, consultants, NGOs and other stakeholders involved in the process of environmental impact assessment in India. EIC caters to the need of creating and disseminating of organized environmental data for various developmental initiatives all over the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>EIC stores data in GIS format and makes it available to all environmental impact assessment studies and to EIA stakeholders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2020, the Government of India proposed a new EIA 2020 Draft, which was widely criticized for heavily diluting the EIA.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Environmental groups started a campaign demanding the withdrawal of the Draft, in face of these campaigns, the Government of India resorted to banning/blocking the websites of these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, Section 34A, Environmental Quality Act, 1974<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires developments that have significant impact to the environment are required to conduct the Environmental impact assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nepal, EIA has been integrated in major development projects since the early 1980s. In the planning history of Nepal, the sixth plan (1980–85), for the first time, recognized the need for EIA with the establishment of Environmental Impact Study Project (EISP) under the Department of Soil Conservation in 1982 to develop necessary instruments for integration of EIA in infrastructure development projects. However, the government of Nepal enunciated environment conservation-related policies in the seventh plan (NPC, 1985–1990). To enforce this policy and make necessary arrangements, a series of guidelines were developed, thereby incorporating the elements of environmental factors right from the project formulation stage of the development plans and projects and to avoid or minimize adverse effects on the ecological system. In addition, it has also emphasized that EIAs of industry, tourism, water resources, transportation, urbanization, agriculture, forest and other developmental projects be conducted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Nepal, the government's Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline of 1993 inspired the enactment of the Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1997 and the Environment Protection Rules (EPR) of 1997 (EPA and EPR have been enforced since 24 and 26 June 1997 respectively in Nepal) to internalizing the environmental assessment system. The process institutionalized the EIA process in development proposals and enactment, which makes the integration of IEE and EIA legally binding to the prescribed projects. The projects, requiring EIA or IEE, are included in Schedules 1 and 2 of the EPR, 1997 (GoN/MoLJPA 1997).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, EIA is usually referred to as <i>Assessment of Environmental Effects</i> (AEE). The first use of EIA's dates back to a Cabinet minute passed in 1974 called Environmental Protection and Enhancement Procedures. This had no legal force and only related to the activities of government departments. When the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">Resource Management Act</a> was passed in 1991, an EIA was required as part of a resource consent application. Section 88 of the Act specifies that the AEE must include "such detail as corresponds with the scale and significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment". While there is no duty to consult any person when making a resource consent application (Sections 36A and Schedule 4), proof of consultation is almost certain required by local councils when they decide whether or not to publicly notify the consent application under Section 93.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency">Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretariat_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Secretariat (Pakistan)">executive</a> agency of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Climate_Change_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Climate Change (Pakistan)">Ministry of Climate Change</a>. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Parliament. The Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is tasked with implementing the Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA) - 1997, specifically Section 12 and Review of IEE/EIA Regulations 2000. This Directorate comprises two sections namely EIA or Monitoring and Environment Engineering And Technology Transfer. All public and private sector developmental projects that fall under any of the Schedules of Regulations have to obtain environmental approval in respect of their projects. The EIA/Monitoring Section also conducts post-environmental approval monitoring to ascertain the compliance status of the Environment Management Plan (EMP).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the state authority responsible for conducting the State EIA in Russia has been split between two Federal bodies: 1) Federal service for monitoring the use of natural resources – a part of the Russian Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment and 2) Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Control. The two main pieces of environmental legislation in Russia are the Federal Law 'On Ecological Expertise', 1995 and the 'Regulations on Assessment of Impact from Intended Business and Other Activity on Environment in the Russian Federation', 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Federal Service for monitoring the use of natural resources</dt></dl> <p>In 2006, the parliament committee on ecology in conjunction with the Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment, created a working group to prepare a number of amendments to existing legislation to cover such topics as stringent project documentation for building of potentially environmentally damaging objects as well as building of projects on the territory of protected areas. There has been some success in this area, as evidenced from abandonment of plans to construct a gas pipe-line through the only remaining habitat of the critically <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Amur_leopard" title="Amur leopard">Amur leopard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Control</dt></dl> <p>The government's decision to hand over control over several important procedures, including state EIA in the field of all types of energy projects, to the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Control has caused major controversy and elicited criticism from environmental groups, which have blamed the government for giving nuclear power industry control over the state EIA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main problem concerning State EIA in Russia is the clear differentiation of jurisdiction between the two above-mentioned Federal bodies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Environmental Act, 1998 requires environmental impact assessment for large scale projects in sensitive areas. It is enforced by the Central Environmental Authority.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new law of Ukraine on evaluation of impact on surroundings prescribes the requirements of environmental safety, rational use of national resources, minimizing of harmful impact on surroundings in the process of making managerial decisions about planned activity. The designing of the conclusion of evaluation of impact is a result of its conducting. The key moment of the law on evaluation of impact on surroundings is a substitution of conclusion of state environmental expertise on the conclusion of evaluation of impact on surroundings. Business entity is forbidden to conduct or to start its planned activity without the conclusion of impact on surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> of 1969 (NEPA), enacted in 1970, established a policy of environmental impact assessment for federal agency actions, federally funded activities or federally permitted/licensed activities that in the U. S. is termed "environmental review" or simply "the NEPA process."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law also created the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a>, which promulgated regulations to codify the law's requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a> an Environmental Assessment (EA) is compiled to determine the need for an <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Impact Statement">Environmental Impact Statement</a></i> (EIS). Federal or federalized actions expected to subject or be subject to significant environmental impacts will publish a Notice of Intent to Prepare an EIS as soon as significance is known. Certain actions of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">agencies</a> must be preceded by the NEPA process. Contrary to a widespread misconception, NEPA does not prohibit the federal government or its licensees/permittees from harming the environment, nor does it specify any penalty if an environmental impact assessment turns out to be inaccurate, intentionally or otherwise. NEPA requires that plausible statements as to the prospective impacts be disclosed in advance. The purpose of NEPA process is to ensure that the decision maker is fully informed of the environmental aspects and consequences prior to making the final decision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_assessment">Environmental assessment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Environmental assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>environmental assessment</b> (EA) is an environmental analysis prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to determine whether a federal action would significantly affect the environment and thus require a more detailed <i>Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)</i>. The certified release of an Environmental Assessment results in either a <i>Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)</i> or an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Impact Statement">EIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a> (CEQ), which oversees the administration of NEPA, issued regulations for implementing the NEPA in 1979. Eccleston reports that the NEPA regulations barely mention preparation of EAs. This is because the EA was originally intended to be a simple document used in relatively rare instances where an agency was not sure if the potential significance of an action would be sufficient to trigger preparation of an EIS. But today, because EISs are so much longer and complicated to prepare, federal agencies are going to great effort to avoid preparing EISs by using EAs, even in cases where the use of EAs may be inappropriate. The ratio of EAs that are being issued compared to EISs is about 100 to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> moved to significantly weaken NEPA. CEQ published a final rule which limits the duration of EAs to 1 year and EISs to 2 years. The rule also exempts a number of projects from review entirely and prevents the consideration of cumulative environmental impacts, including those caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The rule went into effect on September 14, 2020 and is the first update to the CEQ regulations since their promulgation in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Content">Content</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Environmental Assessment is a concise public document prepared by the federal action agency that serves to: </p> <ol><li>briefly provide sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an EIS or a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)</li> <li>Demonstrate compliance with the act when no EIS is required</li> <li>facilitate the preparation of an EIS when a FONSI cannot be demonstrated</li></ol> <p>The Environmental Assessment includes a brief discussion of the purpose and need of the proposal and of its alternatives as required by NEPA 102(2)(E), and of the human environmental impacts resulting from and occurring to the proposed actions and alternatives considered practicable, plus a listing of studies conducted and agencies and stakeholders consulted to reach these conclusions. The action agency must approve an EA before it is made available to the public. The EA is made public through notices of availability by local, state, or regional clearing houses, often triggered by the purchase of a public notice advertisement in a newspaper of general circulation in the proposed activity area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Structure">Structure</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of a generic Environmental Assessment is as follows: </p> <ol><li>Summary</li> <li>Introduction <ul><li>Background</li> <li>Purpose and Need for Action</li> <li>Proposed Action</li> <li>Decision Framework</li> <li>Public Involvement</li> <li>Issues</li></ul></li> <li>Alternatives, including the Proposed Action <ul><li>Alternatives</li> <li>Mitigation Common to All Alternatives</li> <li>Comparison of Alternatives</li></ul></li> <li>Environmental Consequences</li> <li>Consultation and Coordination</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Procedure">Procedure</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EA becomes a draft public document when notice of it is published, usually in a newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the proposal. There is a 15-day review period required for an Environmental Assessment (30 days if exceptional circumstances) while the document is made available for public commentary, and a similar time for any objection to improper process. Commenting on the Draft EA is typically done in writing or email, submitted to the lead action agency as published in the notice of availability. An EA does not require a public hearing for verbal comments. Following the mandated public comment period, the lead action agency responds to any comments, and certifies either a FONSI or a Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an EIS in its public environmental review record. The preparation of an EIS then generates a similar but more lengthy, involved and expensive process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_impact_statement">Environmental impact statement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Environmental impact statement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></div> <p>The adequacy of an environmental impact statement (EIS) can be challenged in <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal court</a>. Major proposed projects have been blocked because of an agency's failure to prepare an acceptable EIS. One prominent example was the <a href="/wiki/Westway_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westway (New York)">Westway</a> landfill and highway development in and along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another prominent case involved the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> suing the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Transportation" title="Nevada Department of Transportation">Nevada Department of Transportation</a> over its denial of the club's request to issue a supplemental EIS addressing air emissions of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> and hazardous <a href="/wiki/Air_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutants">air pollutants</a> in the case of widening <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Nevada" title="U.S. Route 95 in Nevada">U.S. Route 95</a> through <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case reached the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>, which led to construction on the highway being halted until the court's final decision. The case was settled prior to the court's final decision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state governments</a> that have adopted "little NEPAs," <a href="/wiki/State_law" title="State law">state laws</a> imposing EIS requirements for particular state actions. Some of those state laws such as the <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">California Environmental Quality Act</a> refer to the required environmental impact study as an <b>environmental impact report</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This variety of state requirements produces voluminous data not just upon impacts of individual projects, but also in insufficiently researched scientific domains. For example, in a seemingly routine <i>Environmental Impact Report</i> for the city of <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, information came to light that led to the official federal endangered species listing of <a href="/wiki/Hickman%27s_potentilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickman's potentilla">Hickman's potentilla</a>, a rare coastal <a href="/wiki/Wildflower" title="Wildflower">wildflower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transboundary_application">Transboundary application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transboundary application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental threats do not respect national borders. International pollution can have detrimental effects on the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, farmland, the weather and biodiversity. Global climate change is transnational. Specific pollution threats include <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">debris in outer space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and toxic <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, precipitated by a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents">nuclear accident</a> on April 26, 1986, is a stark reminder of the devastating effects of transboundary nuclear pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental protection is inherently a cross-border issue and has led to the creation of transnational regulation via multilateral and bilateral treaties. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</a> (UNCHE or Stockholm Conference) held in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1972 and the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development</a> (UNCED or Rio Summit, Rio Conference, or Earth Summit) held in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1992 were key in the creation of about 1,000 international instruments that include at least some provisions related to the environment and its protection.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's</a> <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_in_a_Transboundary_Context" title="Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context">Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context</a> (Espoo Convention) was negotiated to provide an international legal framework for transboundary EIA.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as there is no universal legislature or administration with a comprehensive mandate, most international treaties exist parallel to one another and are further developed without the benefit of consideration being given to potential conflicts with other agreements. There is also the issue of international enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to duplications and failures, in part due to an inability to enforce agreements. An example is the failure of many international fisheries regimes to restrict harvesting practises.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EIA is generally used as a decision-aiding tool rather than decision-making tool, there is dissent that their influence on decisions is limited. Improved training for practitioners, guidance on bestpractice and continuing research have all been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> notes in his 2015 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i>, that environmental impact assessments "should be part of [a project] process from the beginning", as there are dangers if they are only addressed "after the drawing up of a business proposition or the proposal of a particular policy, plan or programme".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EIAs have been criticized for excessively limiting their scope in space and time. No accepted procedure exists for determining such boundaries. The boundary refers to 'the spatial and temporal boundary of the proposal's effects'. This boundary is determined by the applicant and the lead assessor, but in practice, almost all EIAs address only direct and immediate on-site effects.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development causes both direct and indirect effects. Consumption of goods and services, production, use and disposal of building materials and machinery, additional land use for activities of manufacturing and services, mining and refining, etc., all have environmental impacts. The indirect effects of development can be much higher than the direct effects examined by an EIA. Proposals such as <a href="/wiki/Airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Airports">airports</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shipyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipyards">shipyards</a> cause wide-ranging national and international effects, which should be covered in EIAs.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broadening the scope of EIA can benefit the conservation of threatened species. Instead of concentrating on the project site, some EIAs employed a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>-based approach that focused on much broader relationships among humans and the environment. As a result, alternatives that reduce the negative effects to the population of whole species, rather than local subpopulations, can be assessed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has also been criticism of EIAs in the United States not addressing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> (EJ) concerns sufficiently. Yakuba writes "However, environmental history provides evidence that political process and special interests govern the attainment of the EJ goal by way of inadequate adherence to the NEPA provisions. Public participation (PP) is a principal requirement for achieving environmental justice and constitutes a pivotal determinant of EIA outcome."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Uncertainty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thissen and Agusdinata<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that little attention is given to the systematic identification and assessment of uncertainties in environmental studies which is critical in situations where uncertainty cannot be easily reduced by doing more research. In line with this, Maier et al.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have concluded on the need to consider uncertainty at all stages of the decision-making process. In such a way decisions can be made with confidence or known uncertainty. These proposals are justified on data that shows that environmental assessments fail to predict accurately the impacts observed. Tenney et al.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wood et al.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have reported evidence of the intrinsic uncertainty attached to EIAs predictions from a number of case studies worldwide. The gathered evidence consisted of comparisons between predictions in EIAs and the impacts measured during, or following project implementation. In explaining this trend, Tenney et al.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have highlighted major causes such as project changes, modelling errors, errors in data and assumptions taken and bias introduced by people in the projects analyzed. Some approaches to deal with uncertainty in EIA have been reviewed in.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most recent analyses indicated that the persistent problem may have its roots in socio-cultural settings, and environment-nurturing cultural value should be regarded as one among major progressive cultures, and its implementation will need to engage the corporate sector.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delays">Delays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Justice_delayed_is_justice_denied" title="Justice delayed is justice denied">Justice delayed is justice denied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></div> <p>Environmental impact assessments can delay and increase cost of <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-p719_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p719-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i183_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i183-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_analysis" title="Economic impact analysis">Economic impact analysis</a> – Evaluates economic effect of an event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">Environmental good</a> – Non-market public goods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a> – Aims to benefit the environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_indicator" title="Environmental indicator">Environmental indicator</a> – Measure used to evaluate environmental change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy of the European Union</a> – Environment protection policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social and corporate governance">Environmental, social and corporate governance</a> – Business framework<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equator_Principles" title="Equator Principles">Equator Principles</a> – Risk management framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_environmental_analysis" title="Global environmental analysis">Global environmental analysis</a> – Analysis of the global environment of a company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_development_measurement_tool" title="Healthy development measurement tool">Healthy development measurement tool</a> – Evaluates impact of urban development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_Sustainability_Assessment_Protocol" title="Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol">Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol</a> – Framework to assess hydropower projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_matrix" title="Leopold matrix">Leopold matrix</a> – Environmental impact assessment method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">List of international environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a> – Original landscape formed by nature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_I_environmental_site_assessment" title="Phase I environmental site assessment">Phase I environmental site assessment</a> – Contamination assessment for US real estate, known as 'ESA'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a> – Estimation of risk associated with exposure to a given set of hazards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_assessment" title="Social impact assessment">Social impact assessment</a> – Reviews infrastructure and development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_environmental_assessment" title="Strategic environmental assessment">Strategic environmental assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_appraisal" title="Sustainability appraisal">Sustainability appraisal</a> – Aspect of UK planning law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_cost_accounting" title="True cost accounting">True cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> – Agency of the United Nations focused on solving environmental issues</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKinnon, A. J., Duinker, P. N., Walker, T. R. (2018). The Application of Science in Environmental Impact Assessment. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eccleston, Charles H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Environmental-Impact-Assessment-Professional-Practices/dp/1439828733/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1486945778&sr=8-2&keywords=charles+eccleston">Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide to Best Professional Practices</a>. Chapter 5. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439828731" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439828731">978-1439828731</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507084339/http://www.iaia.org/publicdocuments/special-publications/Principles%20of%20IA_web.pdf">"Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment Best Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Impact_Assessment" title="International Association for Impact Assessment">International Association for Impact Assessment</a>. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaia.org/pdf/IAIAMemberDocuments/Publications/Guidelines_Principles/Principles%20of%20IA.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principle+of+Environmental+Impact+Assessment+Best+Practice&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Impact+Assessment&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaia.org%2Fpdf%2FIAIAMemberDocuments%2FPublications%2FGuidelines_Principles%2FPrinciples%2520of%2520IA.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, J., (2004), Environmental Assessment: The Regulation of Decision Making, Oxford University Press, New York; For a comparative discussion of the elements of various domestic EIA systems, see Christopher Wood Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review (2 ed, Prentice Hall, Harlow, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See,</i> for example, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement in the United States</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkCanter1997199-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkCanter1997199_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkCanter1997">Clark & Canter 1997</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERychlakCase2010111-120-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychlakCase2010111-120_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRychlakCase2010">Rychlak & Case 2010</a>, p. 111-120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershner2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershner2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershner2011">Kershner 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielTsoulfasPappisRachaniotis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel, Stavros E; Tsoulfas, Giannis T; Pappis, Costas P; Rachaniotis, Nikos P (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1470160X04000160">"Aggregating and evaluating the results of different Environmental Impact Assessment methods"</a>. <i>Ecological Indicators</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 125–138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EcInd...4..125D">2004EcInd...4..125D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2004.01.003">10.1016/j.ecolind.2004.01.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=Aggregating+and+evaluating+the+results+of+different+Environmental+Impact+Assessment+methods&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-138&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2004.01.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EcInd...4..125D&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Stavros+E&rft.au=Tsoulfas%2C+Giannis+T&rft.au=Pappis%2C+Costas+P&rft.au=Rachaniotis%2C+Nikos+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS1470160X04000160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitzschky,_K.Silviera,_J.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hitzschky, K.; Silviera, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195925509000444">"A proposed impact assessment method for genetically modified plants (As-GMP method)"</a>. <i>Environmental Impact Assessment Review</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 348–368. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EIARv..29..348J">2009EIARv..29..348J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2009.02.006">10.1016/j.eiar.2009.02.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Impact+Assessment+Review&rft.atitle=A+proposed+impact+assessment+method+for+genetically+modified+plants+%28As-GMP+method%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=348-368&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2009.02.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EIARv..29..348J&rft.au=Hitzschky%2C+K.&rft.au=Silviera%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0195925509000444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peche, R., & Rodriguez, E., (2009) Environmental impact Assessment procedure: A new approach based on Fuzzy logic Environmental Impact Assessment review 29:275–283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duarte O. 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NDP. 22 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621121734/http://www.ndp.ca/news/statement-official-opposition-environment-critic-megan-leslie-earth-day">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Statement+by+Official+Opposition+Environment+critic+Megan+Leslie+on+Earth+Day&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndp.ca%2Fnews%2Fstatement-official-opposition-environment-critic-megan-leslie-earth-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie26sep2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie26sep2012_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie26sep2012_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie26sep2012_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Megan Leslie ({{{year}}}). <i>Question period</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2007" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Alex (2007-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/745-Environmental-protection-in-China-the-role-of-law">"Environmental protection in China: the role of law"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516123917/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/745-Environmental-protection-in-China-the-role-of-law">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+protection+in+China%3A+the+role+of+law&rft.date=2007-02-05&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadialogue.net%2Farticle%2Fshow%2Fsingle%2Fen%2F745-Environmental-protection-in-China-the-role-of-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGu2005" class="citation web cs1">Gu, Lin (2005-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/zt/Features/t214565.htm">"China Improves Enforcement of Environmental Laws"</a>. China Features. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204023542/http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/zt/Features/t214565.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Improves+Enforcement+of+Environmental+Laws&rft.pub=China+Features&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft.aulast=Gu&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinese-embassy.org.uk%2Feng%2Fzt%2FFeatures%2Ft214565.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/services/eia.aspx">"Ministry of Environment - EEAA > Services > EIA"</a>. <i>www.eeaa.gov.eg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/EBL/article/view/15872">"The semiconducting principle of monetary and environmental values exchange"</a>. <i>Economics and Business Letters</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 284–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17811%2Febl.10.3.2021.284-290">10.17811/ebl.10.3.2021.284-290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239719169">239719169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+and+Business+Letters&rft.atitle=The+semiconducting+principle+of+monetary+and+environmental+values+exchange&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=284-290&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17811%2Febl.10.3.2021.284-290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239719169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vuong&rft.aufirst=Q.-H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freunido.uniovi.es%2Findex.php%2FEBL%2Farticle%2Fview%2F15872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p719-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p719_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltkampDavidson" class="citation journal cs1">Holtkamp, James A.; Davidson, Mark A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/idlr46&div=19&id=&page=">"Transmission Siting in the Western United States: Getting Green Electrons to Market"</a>. <i>Idaho Law Review</i>. <b>46</b>: 379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Idaho+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Transmission+Siting+in+the+Western+United+States%3A+Getting+Green+Electrons+to+Market&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=379&rft.aulast=Holtkamp&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fidlr46%26div%3D19%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i183-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i183_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintoshGibbonsJonesConstable2018" class="citation journal cs1">Macintosh, Andrew; Gibbons, Phillip; Jones, Judith; Constable, Amy; Wilkinson, Deb (2018). "Delays, stoppages and appeals: An empirical evaluation of the adverse impacts of environmental citizen suits in the New South Wales land and environment court". <i>Environmental Impact Assessment Review</i>. <b>69</b>: 94–103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EIARv..69...94M">2018EIARv..69...94M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2018.01.001">10.1016/j.eiar.2018.01.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Impact+Assessment+Review&rft.atitle=Delays%2C+stoppages+and+appeals%3A+An+empirical+evaluation+of+the+adverse+impacts+of+environmental+citizen+suits+in+the+New+South+Wales+land+and+environment+court&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=94-103&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2018.01.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EIARv..69...94M&rft.aulast=Macintosh&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Jones%2C+Judith&rft.au=Constable%2C+Amy&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Deb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkCanter1997" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ray; Canter, Larry, eds. (1997). <i>Environmental Policy and NEPA: Past, Present and Future</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: St. Lucie Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Policy+and+NEPA%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=St.+Lucie+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRychlakCase2010" class="citation book cs1">Rychlak, Ronald J.; Case, David W. (2010). <i>Environmental Law: Oceana's Legal Almanac Series</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Law%3A+Oceana%27s+Legal+Almanac+Series&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rychlak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft.au=Case%2C+David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2011" class="citation web cs1">Kershner, Jim (27 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://HistoryLink.org">"NEPA, the National Environmental Policy Act"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEPA%2C+the+National+Environmental+Policy+Act&rft.date=2011-08-27&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FHistoryLink.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSCC1992"><i>Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transport)</i>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1992/1992canlii110/1992canlii110.html">1992 CanLII 110</a>, [1992] 1 SCR 3 (23 January 1992), Supreme Court of Canada (Canada)</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Carroll, B. and Turpin T. (2009). <i>Environmental impact assessment handbook,</i> 2nd ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomastelford.com/">Thomas Telford Ltd</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3509-6">978-0-7277-3509-6</a></li> <li>Fischer, T. B. (ed., 2016). Environmental Assessment. Critical Concepts of the Built Environment, Routledge, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-77776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-77776-7">978-1-138-77776-7</a></li> <li>Glasson, J; Therivel, R; Chadwick A. (2005). <i>Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment</i>. London: Routledge</li> <li>Hanna, K. (2009). <i>Environmental Impact Assessment: Practice and Participation,</i> 2nd ed. Oxford</li> <li>Petts, J. (ed.), <i>Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment,</i> Vols 1 & 2. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-04772-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-04772-0">0-632-04772-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddyHilty2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ruddy, T. F.; Hilty, L. M. (2008). "Impact assessment and policy learning in the European Commission". <i>Environmental Impact Assessment Review</i>. <b>28</b> (2–3): 90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EIARv..28...90R">2008EIARv..28...90R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2007.05.001">10.1016/j.eiar.2007.05.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Impact+Assessment+Review&rft.atitle=Impact+assessment+and+policy+learning+in+the+European+Commission&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2007.05.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EIARv..28...90R&rft.aulast=Ruddy&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rft.au=Hilty%2C+L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+assessment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/home.htm">European Commission - EIA website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119193844/http://www.sustainabilitya-test.net/">European Commission-funded project on Impact Assessment Tools</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/research/eia.shtml">Environmental Impact Assessment at the University of Sydney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaia.org/">International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.nl">Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827122218/http://eia.unu.edu/">UNU Open Educational Resource on EIA: A Course Module, Wiki and Instructional Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elaw.org/elm">ELM EIA Law Matrix ~ Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/150px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/225px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/300px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li>Design <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li>Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">thermo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">zoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sustainability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopsychology" title="Ecopsychology">Ecopsychology</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_criminology" title="Green criminology">Green criminology</a></li> <li>Health <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>Management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental resources management">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li>Policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science" title="Category:Environmental social science">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts" title="Category:Environmental social science concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_social_science_journals" title="List of environmental social science journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environment_research_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environment research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_scientists" title="Category:Environmental social scientists">Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Industrial_ecology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#7FBF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industrial_ecology" title="Template talk:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Industrial_ecology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPSIR" title="DPSIR">DPSIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">Environmental management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIO-LCA" title="EIO-LCA">EIO-LCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_chain_management" title="Integrated chain management">Integrated chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost_analysis" title="Life-cycle cost analysis">Life-cycle cost analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MET_Matrix" title="MET Matrix">MET Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">Stakeholder analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-efficiency" title="Eco-efficiency">Eco-efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_development" title="Eco-industrial development">Eco-industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis" title="Industrial symbiosis">Industrial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Waste valorization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for the Environment">Design for environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_and_environmental_accountability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_accountability" title="Template:Social accountability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_accountability" title="Template talk:Social accountability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_accountability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social accountability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_and_environmental_accountability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting#Formal_accountability" title="Social accounting">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">environmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Ethics</a> and<br />principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate accountability</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">behaviour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">environmental responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_responsibility" title="Corporate responsibility">responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Russia" title="Environmental racism in Russia">in Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental racism in the United States">in the United States</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Western_Europe" title="Environmental racism in Western Europe">in Western Europe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom"> inequality in the UK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_injustice_in_Europe" title="Environmental injustice in Europe">injustice in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">Ethical code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">Harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Eichmanns" title="Little Eichmanns">Little Eichmanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ethics" title="Organizational ethics">Organizational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Organizational justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment" title="Principles for Responsible Investment">Principles for Responsible Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Assessment"> Social impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_theory" title="Stakeholder theory">Stakeholder theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_principles" title="Sullivan principles">Sullivan principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">Transparency (behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">UN Global Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill"><img alt="Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/125px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/188px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/250px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social<br />accounting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bottom_line" title="Double bottom line">Double bottom line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_positioning_index" title="Ethical positioning index">Ethical positioning index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higg_Index" title="Higg Index">Higg Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_assessment" title="Impact assessment">Impact assessment</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_impact_assessment" title="Equality impact assessment">equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_assessment" title="Social impact assessment">social</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">ISO 26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">Performance indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA8000" title="SA8000">SA8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-life_cost" title="Whole-life cost">Whole-life cost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental<br />accounting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-Management_and_Audit_Scheme" title="Eco-Management and Audit Scheme">Eco-Management and Audit Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_inventory" title="Emission inventory">Emission inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">impact assessment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">management system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_profit_and_loss_account" title="Environmental profit and loss account">profit-and-loss account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">ISO 14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">measurement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">metrics and indices</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">standards and certification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability" title="Supply chain sustainability">supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">Triple bottom line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reporting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Reporting_Initiative" title="Global Reporting Initiative">Global Reporting Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GxP" title="GxP">GxP guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Auditing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_monitoring" title="Community-based monitoring">Community-based monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_audit" title="Environmental audit">Environmental</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_certification" title="Environmental certification">certification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_certification" title="Fair trade certification">certification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">ISO 19011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Eco-labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">Environmental pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_justice_movement" title="Global justice movement">Global justice movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Product certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">Stakeholder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_engagement" title="Stakeholder engagement">engagement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility" title="Category:Social responsibility">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_accountability" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social accountability">Commons</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations" title="Category:Social responsibility organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125275-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044178">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Environnement - Études d'impact"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119522587">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Environnement - Études d'impact"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119522587">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564906">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="posuzování vlivů na životní prostředí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550665705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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12.19% 215.277 29 Template:Fix"," 8.96% 158.247 37 Template:Cite_web"," 6.49% 114.541 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.75% 101.479 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.58% 98.609 8 Template:Cite_book"," 5.51% 97.310 1 Template:Environmental_law"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.025","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21675958,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgency2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAgency2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCEAA2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardenasHalman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaves2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Environmental_Authority\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkCanter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCottonEmond1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielTsoulfasPappisRachaniotis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEcclestonDoub2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmond1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazette2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitzschky,_K.Silviera,_J.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltkampDavidson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayJonesSlinnWood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Forest1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenzenMurrayKorteDey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMCL_LLC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintoshGibbonsJonesConstable2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaierAscoughWattenbachRenschler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMegan_Leslie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuddyHilty2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRychlakCase2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSCC1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaxe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherdOrtolano1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenneyKværnerGjerstad2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThissenAgusdinata2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuong2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodDipperJones2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakubu2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbreviations\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 20,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite CanLII\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite parl\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Environmental Impact Assessment\"] = 1,\n [\"Environmental law\"] = 1,\n [\"Environmental social science\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 5,\n [\"Human impact on the environment\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Industrial ecology\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social accountability\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"USC\"] = 1,\n [\"USCFR\"] = 1,\n [\"USFR\"] = 1,\n [\"USStat\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","23.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","17.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.6"],["(for generator)","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.6"],["[others]","80","7.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-469t8","timestamp":"20241128051340","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Environmental impact assessment","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_assessment","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q320389","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q320389","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-02T21:52:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T22:02:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/43\/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png","headline":"assessment of the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action"}</script> </body> </html>