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class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/45438248/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_Jules_Verne"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65971232/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/45438248/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_Jules_Verne">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic jo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. Over the course of their fantastical voyage, they encounter the lost city of Atlantis, the South Pole, and the corals of the Red Sea. Along the way, they must battle countless adversaries both human and monstrous. This triumphant work of the imagination shows the limitless possibilities of science and the dark depths of the human mind.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0efe7ad537b9407c916698c144ed0e58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65971232,"asset_id":45438248,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65971232/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="45438248"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45438248"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45438248; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45438248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45438248]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45438248; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='45438248']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45438248, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0efe7ad537b9407c916698c144ed0e58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=45438248]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":45438248,"title":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49408101"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49408101/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86672061/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49408101/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon">Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de ge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de geste. He is renowned for his spirit, and possesses the supernatural ability to adjust his size to his riders. <br /> <br />Bayard first appears as the property of Renaud de Montauban in the Old French twelfth century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon. The horse was capable of carrying Rinaldo and his three brothers ("the four sons of Aymon") all at the same time and of understanding human speech. Near the end of the work, Renaud is forced to cede Bayard to Charlemagne who, as punishment for the horse's exploits, has a large stone tied to Bayard's neck and has the horse pushed into the river; Bayard however smashes the stone with his hooves and escapes to live forever more in the woods. <br /> <br />Outside the Walloon town of Dinant in Belgium stands "Bayard Rock", a large cleft rock formation that was said to have been split by Bayard's mighty hooves. In Namur, the next town downriver along the Meuse, stands a locally famous statue of Bayard and the Four Aymon Brothers. There are plenty of named places in Wallonia linked to the legend of Four Aymon Brothers and Bayard. <br /> <br />The Bayard legend is also celebrated in other towns in Belgium — most notably in the Flemish town of Dendermonde, where a large procession is organised every ten years. The rivalry between Dendermonde and Aalst, a city close by, has led to the construction of the Steed Balatum[clarification needed] by the inhabitants of Aalst, as a parody on Bayard. Brussels (as part of the Ommegang), Mechelen and Ath all organise processions that include Bayard. There are also Bayard statues in Ghent and Grembergen.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="47d059c83de8ca48c68ce801474aaf4a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86672061,"asset_id":49408101,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86672061/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49408101"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49408101"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49408101; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49408101]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49408101]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49408101; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49408101']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49408101, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "47d059c83de8ca48c68ce801474aaf4a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49408101]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49408101,"title":"Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de geste. He is renowned for his spirit, and possesses the supernatural ability to adjust his size to his riders.\r\n\r\nBayard first appears as the property of Renaud de Montauban in the Old French twelfth century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon. The horse was capable of carrying Rinaldo and his three brothers (\"the four sons of Aymon\") all at the same time and of understanding human speech. Near the end of the work, Renaud is forced to cede Bayard to Charlemagne who, as punishment for the horse's exploits, has a large stone tied to Bayard's neck and has the horse pushed into the river; Bayard however smashes the stone with his hooves and escapes to live forever more in the woods.\r\n\r\nOutside the Walloon town of Dinant in Belgium stands \"Bayard Rock\", a large cleft rock formation that was said to have been split by Bayard's mighty hooves. In Namur, the next town downriver along the Meuse, stands a locally famous statue of Bayard and the Four Aymon Brothers. There are plenty of named places in Wallonia linked to the legend of Four Aymon Brothers and Bayard.\r\n\r\nThe Bayard legend is also celebrated in other towns in Belgium — most notably in the Flemish town of Dendermonde, where a large procession is organised every ten years. The rivalry between Dendermonde and Aalst, a city close by, has led to the construction of the Steed Balatum[clarification needed] by the inhabitants of Aalst, as a parody on Bayard. Brussels (as part of the Ommegang), Mechelen and Ath all organise processions that include Bayard. There are also Bayard statues in Ghent and Grembergen.\r\n\r\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon"},"translated_abstract":"Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de geste. He is renowned for his spirit, and possesses the supernatural ability to adjust his size to his riders.\r\n\r\nBayard first appears as the property of Renaud de Montauban in the Old French twelfth century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon. The horse was capable of carrying Rinaldo and his three brothers (\"the four sons of Aymon\") all at the same time and of understanding human speech. Near the end of the work, Renaud is forced to cede Bayard to Charlemagne who, as punishment for the horse's exploits, has a large stone tied to Bayard's neck and has the horse pushed into the river; Bayard however smashes the stone with his hooves and escapes to live forever more in the woods.\r\n\r\nOutside the Walloon town of Dinant in Belgium stands \"Bayard Rock\", a large cleft rock formation that was said to have been split by Bayard's mighty hooves. In Namur, the next town downriver along the Meuse, stands a locally famous statue of Bayard and the Four Aymon Brothers. There are plenty of named places in Wallonia linked to the legend of Four Aymon Brothers and Bayard.\r\n\r\nThe Bayard legend is also celebrated in other towns in Belgium — most notably in the Flemish town of Dendermonde, where a large procession is organised every ten years. The rivalry between Dendermonde and Aalst, a city close by, has led to the construction of the Steed Balatum[clarification needed] by the inhabitants of Aalst, as a parody on Bayard. Brussels (as part of the Ommegang), Mechelen and Ath all organise processions that include Bayard. There are also Bayard statues in Ghent and Grembergen.\r\n\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49408101/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-06-26T13:48:13.055-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86672061,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86672061/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86672061/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86672061/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon-libre.pdf?1653866154=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=PnKUWM32CSrpjsVGD2o9ch8rEJZBpmYW67M~7p7nDC3P07PU60PXMJuKXYVR84LUrBQyw90lErCbgN0IVj1uvemkiPmAy0VFfhWWJuAHgujhv6-Jux3AMJT6pBb9GF6JwAiSDK2d0HoxV9a0zdiCTE53EqTjzU4ReH~5xOypn0wl3lxNmviYxpABHF-4tRfD9pE4gNX0KsWMhEyE73l6FCEPc3VOXynG3UfeF6qvKqzaRvYtwRaiNNoxU8U3FzlfOEhg4wiFR7d3V-4h7VCsIf9mPMJALF8GtVEIt0RIx0ao4VHE3bJi6YeYOTOFdejL3kTA9qUHwgtwJNIz3m41rA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":86672061,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86672061/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86672061/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86672061/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon-libre.pdf?1653866154=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=PnKUWM32CSrpjsVGD2o9ch8rEJZBpmYW67M~7p7nDC3P07PU60PXMJuKXYVR84LUrBQyw90lErCbgN0IVj1uvemkiPmAy0VFfhWWJuAHgujhv6-Jux3AMJT6pBb9GF6JwAiSDK2d0HoxV9a0zdiCTE53EqTjzU4ReH~5xOypn0wl3lxNmviYxpABHF-4tRfD9pE4gNX0KsWMhEyE73l6FCEPc3VOXynG3UfeF6qvKqzaRvYtwRaiNNoxU8U3FzlfOEhg4wiFR7d3V-4h7VCsIf9mPMJALF8GtVEIt0RIx0ao4VHE3bJi6YeYOTOFdejL3kTA9qUHwgtwJNIz3m41rA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore"},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":38124,"name":"Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giants"},{"id":173146,"name":"Myth and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myth_and_Literature"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="42288135"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/42288135/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Kiss Of The Dragon : The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86602127/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/42288135/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino">Kiss Of The Dragon : The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Kiss Of The Dragon :The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss) <br /> <br />In this publication I mainly refer to the connection of word choices for the same location as being: Monte Titano (Giant Mountain) - Vall Dragone (Valley of the Dragon) - Borgo Maggiore (Great Mountain/Fortress) <br /> <br />Valdragone is a village (curazia) in central San Marino. <br />It belongs to the castello of Borgo Maggiore. <br />The village is divided into two areas: Valdragone di Sopra (Upper V.) and Valdragone di Sotto (Lower V.). It is situated close at the east of Borgo Maggiore and also close to Cailungo and Domagnano. <br /> <br />The name of Valdragone appears for the first time in historical documents of 1253. The Monastero di Santa Chiara was built from 1969 to 1971. <br /> <br />According to legend, the name "Valdragone" comes from stories of a dragon that appeared there. From Italian val, apocopic form of valle ("valley") + dragone ("dragon").</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d81a402784f655dbd6a5ef4fbfb0979" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86602127,"asset_id":42288135,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86602127/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42288135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42288135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42288135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42288135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42288135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42288135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='42288135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42288135, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2d81a402784f655dbd6a5ef4fbfb0979" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=42288135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":42288135,"title":"Kiss Of The Dragon : The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss)\r\n\r\nIn this publication I mainly refer to the connection of word choices for the same location as being: Monte Titano (Giant Mountain) - Vall Dragone (Valley of the Dragon) - Borgo Maggiore (Great Mountain/Fortress)\r\n\r\nValdragone is a village (curazia) in central San Marino. \r\nIt belongs to the castello of Borgo Maggiore.\r\nThe village is divided into two areas: Valdragone di Sopra (Upper V.) and Valdragone di Sotto (Lower V.). It is situated close at the east of Borgo Maggiore and also close to Cailungo and Domagnano.\r\n\r\nThe name of Valdragone appears for the first time in historical documents of 1253. The Monastero di Santa Chiara was built from 1969 to 1971.\r\n\r\nAccording to legend, the name \"Valdragone\" comes from stories of a dragon that appeared there. From Italian val, apocopic form of valle (\"valley\") + dragone (\"dragon\").","ai_title_tag":"Monte Titano and Valdragone: Legends and History","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Kiss Of The Dragon :The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino"},"translated_abstract":"Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss)\r\n\r\nIn this publication I mainly refer to the connection of word choices for the same location as being: Monte Titano (Giant Mountain) - Vall Dragone (Valley of the Dragon) - Borgo Maggiore (Great Mountain/Fortress)\r\n\r\nValdragone is a village (curazia) in central San Marino. \r\nIt belongs to the castello of Borgo Maggiore.\r\nThe village is divided into two areas: Valdragone di Sopra (Upper V.) and Valdragone di Sotto (Lower V.). It is situated close at the east of Borgo Maggiore and also close to Cailungo and Domagnano.\r\n\r\nThe name of Valdragone appears for the first time in historical documents of 1253. The Monastero di Santa Chiara was built from 1969 to 1971.\r\n\r\nAccording to legend, the name \"Valdragone\" comes from stories of a dragon that appeared there. From Italian val, apocopic form of valle (\"valley\") + dragone (\"dragon\").","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42288135/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-03-22T11:18:13.461-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86602127,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86602127/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86602127/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86602127/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano-libre.pdf?1653741776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=ECWQVvPwJhb8XHN9OWkU4rx-nryhEwqi83cy551J4gN9Oe95t8KGif99w-4BQMJCPO~NhtP0tdvXwMJuXxKv~72GDH1ykBzY0in~UBXpdqOobFRIgnnNkY6bl9xbTcjacETDWhla~lTqx57Z4lwFP-D2uMKKkjqhrtZQnJvF1rQQVXgblT3G2TLVHfM9WBe57jGGHqew5Qi4F8UrFbtYlwdzanL9xEQirvEzCEVmTtYV1vuvT-PP7UTy7eq3f5QwRwvq5RxXy0UCpcW0G~0L2TYbiXNJmz~wQBSIt6dWDhRceowkI-QQIU2nw4XjNU024tHo2emMkf4-V1IX-tygig__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":86602127,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86602127/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86602127/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86602127/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano-libre.pdf?1653741776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=ECWQVvPwJhb8XHN9OWkU4rx-nryhEwqi83cy551J4gN9Oe95t8KGif99w-4BQMJCPO~NhtP0tdvXwMJuXxKv~72GDH1ykBzY0in~UBXpdqOobFRIgnnNkY6bl9xbTcjacETDWhla~lTqx57Z4lwFP-D2uMKKkjqhrtZQnJvF1rQQVXgblT3G2TLVHfM9WBe57jGGHqew5Qi4F8UrFbtYlwdzanL9xEQirvEzCEVmTtYV1vuvT-PP7UTy7eq3f5QwRwvq5RxXy0UCpcW0G~0L2TYbiXNJmz~wQBSIt6dWDhRceowkI-QQIU2nw4XjNU024tHo2emMkf4-V1IX-tygig__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":787,"name":"Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore"},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology"},{"id":9439,"name":"Folk legends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folk_legends"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":44901,"name":"Pottery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pottery"},{"id":176238,"name":"Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trees"},{"id":351149,"name":"Dragon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dragon"},{"id":424391,"name":"History of folklore and legend","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_folklore_and_legend"},{"id":544628,"name":"Myhtology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myhtology"},{"id":609438,"name":"Dungeons and Dragons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dungeons_and_Dragons"},{"id":902201,"name":"Monumental Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monumental_Trees"},{"id":951143,"name":"Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeology"},{"id":3214442,"name":"Mythological creatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythological_creatures"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108916591"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108916591/Antediluvian_Goddesses"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Antediluvian Goddesses" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107183030/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108916591/Antediluvian_Goddesses">Antediluvian Goddesses</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Antediluvian Goddesses</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">If, as Xenophanes observed, humans create gods in their own image (21B15 D-K) it seems curious th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">If, as Xenophanes observed, humans create gods in their own image (21B15 D-K) it seems curious that there is such sustained enthusiasm in modern times for an archetypal Mother Goddess. For unlike goddesses in Greek literature, the Mother Goddess does not think or speak or interact with other gods or humans. In what has been taken to be the authoritative book on the subject, Marija Gimbutas’ The Language of the Goddess, the female figures are shown sitting or standing, sometimes alone and sometimes flanked by infants or animals, remote from the world of other gods or adult humans.1 The Goddess is distinguished in these images not for her wit or moral strength or vengeful anger, but for her prominent breasts, gaping mouth, and her swollen belly, as if she were synonymous with her reproductive organs.<br /><br />Nonetheless, this Goddess is celebrated in Wicca and in several New Age cults,2 as well as in a lively popular literature.3 The authors of books about the Goddess take it for granted that her existence has been confirmed by the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. Joseph Campbell, who is regarded many people in the U.S.A. as an authority on all ancient mythologies, stated that Gimbutas’ work provided a “lexicon of the pictorial script” of Goddess religion. According to Campbell, Goddess religion was an expression of “that primordial attempt on humanity’s part to understand and live in harmony with the beauty and wonder of Creation” in contrast to the story of creation in Genesis, and the “manipulated systems of the West”. As he saw it, rediscovery of her religion addressed the “need in our time for a general transformation of consciousness.”4<br /><br />But could a religion that so precisely met the needs of the twentieth century C.E. have existed in the twentieth century B.C.E.? Certainly not in the form that Gimbutas, Campbell, or any of their predecessors imagined it. The present book shows why. Editors Lucy Goodison (University College, London) and Christine Morris (Trinity College, Dublin) explain in a brief, but informative introduction that in reality the Goddess is a recent creation, not of women in the distant past, as many of her enthusiasts suppose, but of male academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The ktistes of her cult was of course J.J. Bachofen, but she had influential priests like C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann.5 Their theories influenced the work of prehistoric archaeologists, such as Sir Arthur Evans and James Mellaart. As the women movement gathered force, the notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess was taken up earnestly even by academics like Gimbutas and historian Gerda Lerner.6 The moral sub-text of these works leant credibility to their arguments: most of the evils of the present-day world had been introduced as a result of the dominance of men.<br /><br />By the 1960s archaeologists had begun to question the existence of the Goddess, in part because they saw what extravagant deductions were being made on the basis of a fragmentary body of material evidence. How (for example) was it possible to know what Cycladic figurines represented, in the absence of written evidence, and when there were no exact records of the proveniences in which the artifacts had been found? The authors of the essays in the book have reexamined the evidence “in areas where claims for the Goddess have been most insistent”. The result, as the editors put it, is a “revelation. Not of a single, fundamental pattern universally repeating itself, but of a picture of staggering diversity”. There are many different kinds and types of goddesses, but no Goddess. Here is a brief account of the some of the significant material in this detailed and extensively documented book.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b0c424600f42142699e7b475a48b1c9c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107183030,"asset_id":108916591,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107183030/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108916591"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108916591"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108916591; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108916591]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108916591]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108916591; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108916591']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108916591, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b0c424600f42142699e7b475a48b1c9c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108916591]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108916591,"title":"Antediluvian Goddesses","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"If, as Xenophanes observed, humans create gods in their own image (21B15 D-K) it seems curious that there is such sustained enthusiasm in modern times for an archetypal Mother Goddess. For unlike goddesses in Greek literature, the Mother Goddess does not think or speak or interact with other gods or humans. In what has been taken to be the authoritative book on the subject, Marija Gimbutas’ The Language of the Goddess, the female figures are shown sitting or standing, sometimes alone and sometimes flanked by infants or animals, remote from the world of other gods or adult humans.1 The Goddess is distinguished in these images not for her wit or moral strength or vengeful anger, but for her prominent breasts, gaping mouth, and her swollen belly, as if she were synonymous with her reproductive organs.\n\nNonetheless, this Goddess is celebrated in Wicca and in several New Age cults,2 as well as in a lively popular literature.3 The authors of books about the Goddess take it for granted that her existence has been confirmed by the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. Joseph Campbell, who is regarded many people in the U.S.A. as an authority on all ancient mythologies, stated that Gimbutas’ work provided a “lexicon of the pictorial script” of Goddess religion. According to Campbell, Goddess religion was an expression of “that primordial attempt on humanity’s part to understand and live in harmony with the beauty and wonder of Creation” in contrast to the story of creation in Genesis, and the “manipulated systems of the West”. As he saw it, rediscovery of her religion addressed the “need in our time for a general transformation of consciousness.”4\n\nBut could a religion that so precisely met the needs of the twentieth century C.E. have existed in the twentieth century B.C.E.? Certainly not in the form that Gimbutas, Campbell, or any of their predecessors imagined it. The present book shows why. Editors Lucy Goodison (University College, London) and Christine Morris (Trinity College, Dublin) explain in a brief, but informative introduction that in reality the Goddess is a recent creation, not of women in the distant past, as many of her enthusiasts suppose, but of male academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The ktistes of her cult was of course J.J. Bachofen, but she had influential priests like C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann.5 Their theories influenced the work of prehistoric archaeologists, such as Sir Arthur Evans and James Mellaart. As the women movement gathered force, the notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess was taken up earnestly even by academics like Gimbutas and historian Gerda Lerner.6 The moral sub-text of these works leant credibility to their arguments: most of the evils of the present-day world had been introduced as a result of the dominance of men.\n\nBy the 1960s archaeologists had begun to question the existence of the Goddess, in part because they saw what extravagant deductions were being made on the basis of a fragmentary body of material evidence. How (for example) was it possible to know what Cycladic figurines represented, in the absence of written evidence, and when there were no exact records of the proveniences in which the artifacts had been found? The authors of the essays in the book have reexamined the evidence “in areas where claims for the Goddess have been most insistent”. The result, as the editors put it, is a “revelation. 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In what has been taken to be the authoritative book on the subject, Marija Gimbutas’ The Language of the Goddess, the female figures are shown sitting or standing, sometimes alone and sometimes flanked by infants or animals, remote from the world of other gods or adult humans.1 The Goddess is distinguished in these images not for her wit or moral strength or vengeful anger, but for her prominent breasts, gaping mouth, and her swollen belly, as if she were synonymous with her reproductive organs.\n\nNonetheless, this Goddess is celebrated in Wicca and in several New Age cults,2 as well as in a lively popular literature.3 The authors of books about the Goddess take it for granted that her existence has been confirmed by the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. Joseph Campbell, who is regarded many people in the U.S.A. as an authority on all ancient mythologies, stated that Gimbutas’ work provided a “lexicon of the pictorial script” of Goddess religion. According to Campbell, Goddess religion was an expression of “that primordial attempt on humanity’s part to understand and live in harmony with the beauty and wonder of Creation” in contrast to the story of creation in Genesis, and the “manipulated systems of the West”. As he saw it, rediscovery of her religion addressed the “need in our time for a general transformation of consciousness.”4\n\nBut could a religion that so precisely met the needs of the twentieth century C.E. have existed in the twentieth century B.C.E.? Certainly not in the form that Gimbutas, Campbell, or any of their predecessors imagined it. The present book shows why. Editors Lucy Goodison (University College, London) and Christine Morris (Trinity College, Dublin) explain in a brief, but informative introduction that in reality the Goddess is a recent creation, not of women in the distant past, as many of her enthusiasts suppose, but of male academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The ktistes of her cult was of course J.J. Bachofen, but she had influential priests like C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann.5 Their theories influenced the work of prehistoric archaeologists, such as Sir Arthur Evans and James Mellaart. As the women movement gathered force, the notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess was taken up earnestly even by academics like Gimbutas and historian Gerda Lerner.6 The moral sub-text of these works leant credibility to their arguments: most of the evils of the present-day world had been introduced as a result of the dominance of men.\n\nBy the 1960s archaeologists had begun to question the existence of the Goddess, in part because they saw what extravagant deductions were being made on the basis of a fragmentary body of material evidence. How (for example) was it possible to know what Cycladic figurines represented, in the absence of written evidence, and when there were no exact records of the proveniences in which the artifacts had been found? The authors of the essays in the book have reexamined the evidence “in areas where claims for the Goddess have been most insistent”. The result, as the editors put it, is a “revelation. Not of a single, fundamental pattern universally repeating itself, but of a picture of staggering diversity”. There are many different kinds and types of goddesses, but no Goddess. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111491061/Protohistory_Our_Petrified_Ancient_World_ProtoEVOLUTION_Our_Petrified_Ancient_World">Protohistory - Our Petrified Ancient World ProtoEVOLUTION - Our Petrified Ancient World</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Protohistory - Our Petrified Ancient World</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ProtoSCIENCE - Our Petrified Ancient World </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2c08de844461d40c75b09890300fdfae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109027303,"asset_id":111491061,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109027303/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa 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/></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111491637/Glacial_Kosmogony_Theory">Glacial Kosmogony Theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Glacial Kosmogony Theory</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1912 a successful Austrian inventor and engineer, Hanns Horbiger (1860-1931), published Glacia...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1912 a successful Austrian inventor and engineer, Hanns Horbiger (1860-1931), published Glacial-Kosmogonie ("The Glacial Cosmogony") in collaboration with Philipp Fauth (1867-1941), a teacher and amateur astronomer. <br />This book outlined a heterodox general theory of astronomy and the earth sciences that Horbiger had been working out since the 1880s - namely, that the universe was largely made of water ice and that ice infall profoundly affected the Earth and its climate. <br />Horbiger's cosmogony, which came to be known as the Welteislehre (world ice theory) or WEL, also claimed that the Milky Way was largely a ring of ice crystals surrounding the solar system. <br />Using evidence from the Bible and traditional mythologies, plus a doubtful command of geology, Horbiger further asserted that a number of icy moons had spiraled into the Earth, leading to a series of global catastrophes. In the interwar years, the WEL acquired many lay adherents (but little scientific support) in Central Europe, Britain, and the United States. The theory reached its apogee during the Third Reich, when the Sturmabteilung (SA) or Brownshirts promoted it as compatible with ancient Nordic myths and National Socialist ideology. "Horbigerism" lingered on after World...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="68a837abc4148eec2e36550ac203b424" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109016266,"asset_id":111491637,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109016266/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111491637"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111491637"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111491637; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111491637]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111491637]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111491637; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111491637']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 111491637, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "68a837abc4148eec2e36550ac203b424" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111491637]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111491637,"title":"Glacial Kosmogony Theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In 1912 a successful Austrian inventor and engineer, Hanns Horbiger (1860-1931), published Glacial-Kosmogonie (\"The Glacial Cosmogony\") in collaboration with Philipp Fauth (1867-1941), a teacher and amateur astronomer. \r\nThis book outlined a heterodox general theory of astronomy and the earth sciences that Horbiger had been working out since the 1880s - namely, that the universe was largely made of water ice and that ice infall profoundly affected the Earth and its climate. \r\nHorbiger's cosmogony, which came to be known as the Welteislehre (world ice theory) or WEL, also claimed that the Milky Way was largely a ring of ice crystals surrounding the solar system. \r\nUsing evidence from the Bible and traditional mythologies, plus a doubtful command of geology, Horbiger further asserted that a number of icy moons had spiraled into the Earth, leading to a series of global catastrophes. In the interwar years, the WEL acquired many lay adherents (but little scientific support) in Central Europe, Britain, and the United States. 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112881874"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112881874/The_Giant_of_Kandahar_Afghanistan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109980785/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112881874/The_Giant_of_Kandahar_Afghanistan">The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan The US ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan<br /><br />The US government allegedly "killed and covered up" a 13-foot giant with red hair and six-finger hands who lived in the Afghanistan highlands.<br /><br />The Giant of Kandahar, a 13-foot-tall monster with red hair and six-fingered hands that lived in the mountains of Afghanistan 'was killed and covered up by the US government.' This is a representational image.<br />US Military 'Killed' Kandahar Giant<br />In a chat with Marzulli (per Daily Star), the military contractor claimed to have been there during the savage killing of a killer he dubbed the Kandahar Giant.<br /><br />Marzulli discusses the "Giant of Kandahar" with a guy claiming to be a soldier on his YouTube channel, which is dedicated to connecting contemporary events to Biblical prophesies.<br /><br />Before he and the other "special forces" put it down, Mr. K claimed he observed the monster holding a spear and slaying a US soldier named "Dan."<br /><br />None of the occurrences have been verified.<br /><br />Who is the Kandahar Giant?<br />According to Indie88, the Kandahar Giant is one of the following two possibilities.<br /><br />A legendary 13-foot-tall enormous creature who dwelt in Afghanistan's highlands and was destroyed by US special troops. The authorities later covered up the death of the red-haired giant with six-fingered hands;<br />A total myth.<br />ALSO READ: About 200 Human Remains Under Same Family Unearthed from Undisturbed Bronze Age Funeral Pyre in Italy <br /><br />In August 2016, Marzulli posted a lengthy interview with Mr. K, a military contractor, on the internet video sharing platform. During the conversation, Mr. K stated that he was a member of the crew who ruthlessly executed the Kandahar giant.<br /><br />In the early 2000s, when the US military was fighting the Taliban in their de facto capital of Kandahar Province, the incident occurred. On the other hand, this massive creature was not a human combatant in the least.<br /><br />How This Monster Looked Like<br />The Kandahar Giant, according to Mr. K, is 13 feet tall and has two sets of fangs. With his spear weapon, the monster murdered one of the Special Forces men.<br /><br />According to ATI, the remainder of the troops murdered him in less than 30 seconds by firing nonstop at him. The army forces hauled its body away in a Chinook chopper and have kept it concealed since no one had seen him.<br /><br />Some accounts claim that the giant was as tall as 15 feet with six digits, wore leather moccasins with a horrible odor, and appeared out of nowhere from a cave, killing one soldier with his spear.<br /><br />"Between them, the squad was armed with full-auto M4 carbines, 'recon carbines' (semi-automatic) and M107 Barrett anti-materiel rifles firing .50 BMG. This much firepower concentrated on one target for one second, let alone thirty, would be extremely destructive," One report claimed.<br /><br />Non-disclosure agreements (NDA) were required of the soldiers. The troops, on the other hand, broke their silence because they believed that the truth should be revealed and that the public had a right to know.<br /><br />US Government Denies Claim<br />When Snopes asked about the "Kandahar Giant incident" in 2016, the Department of Defense said, "We do not have any record or information about a special forces member killed by a giant in Kandahar."<br /><br />Furthermore, neither the website nor the news release said that a "special forces troop" had gone missing in Afghanistan or that a giant had killed one of their men.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="43613d51606a631507d93e9d71e7b3b1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109980785,"asset_id":112881874,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109980785/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112881874"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112881874"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112881874; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112881874]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112881874]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112881874; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112881874']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 112881874, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "43613d51606a631507d93e9d71e7b3b1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112881874]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112881874,"title":"The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan\n\nThe US government allegedly \"killed and covered up\" a 13-foot giant with red hair and six-finger hands who lived in the Afghanistan highlands.\n\nThe Giant of Kandahar, a 13-foot-tall monster with red hair and six-fingered hands that lived in the mountains of Afghanistan 'was killed and covered up by the US government.' This is a representational image.\nUS Military 'Killed' Kandahar Giant\nIn a chat with Marzulli (per Daily Star), the military contractor claimed to have been there during the savage killing of a killer he dubbed the Kandahar Giant.\n\nMarzulli discusses the \"Giant of Kandahar\" with a guy claiming to be a soldier on his YouTube channel, which is dedicated to connecting contemporary events to Biblical prophesies.\n\nBefore he and the other \"special forces\" put it down, Mr. K claimed he observed the monster holding a spear and slaying a US soldier named \"Dan.\"\n\nNone of the occurrences have been verified.\n\nWho is the Kandahar Giant?\nAccording to Indie88, the Kandahar Giant is one of the following two possibilities.\n\nA legendary 13-foot-tall enormous creature who dwelt in Afghanistan's highlands and was destroyed by US special troops. The authorities later covered up the death of the red-haired giant with six-fingered hands;\nA total myth.\nALSO READ: About 200 Human Remains Under Same Family Unearthed from Undisturbed Bronze Age Funeral Pyre in Italy \n\nIn August 2016, Marzulli posted a lengthy interview with Mr. K, a military contractor, on the internet video sharing platform. During the conversation, Mr. K stated that he was a member of the crew who ruthlessly executed the Kandahar giant.\n\nIn the early 2000s, when the US military was fighting the Taliban in their de facto capital of Kandahar Province, the incident occurred. On the other hand, this massive creature was not a human combatant in the least.\n\nHow This Monster Looked Like\nThe Kandahar Giant, according to Mr. K, is 13 feet tall and has two sets of fangs. With his spear weapon, the monster murdered one of the Special Forces men.\n\nAccording to ATI, the remainder of the troops murdered him in less than 30 seconds by firing nonstop at him. The army forces hauled its body away in a Chinook chopper and have kept it concealed since no one had seen him.\n\nSome accounts claim that the giant was as tall as 15 feet with six digits, wore leather moccasins with a horrible odor, and appeared out of nowhere from a cave, killing one soldier with his spear.\n\n\"Between them, the squad was armed with full-auto M4 carbines, 'recon carbines' (semi-automatic) and M107 Barrett anti-materiel rifles firing .50 BMG. This much firepower concentrated on one target for one second, let alone thirty, would be extremely destructive,\" One report claimed.\n\nNon-disclosure agreements (NDA) were required of the soldiers. The troops, on the other hand, broke their silence because they believed that the truth should be revealed and that the public had a right to know.\n\nUS Government Denies Claim\nWhen Snopes asked about the \"Kandahar Giant incident\" in 2016, the Department of Defense said, \"We do not have any record or information about a special forces member killed by a giant in Kandahar.\"\n\nFurthermore, neither the website nor the news release said that a \"special forces troop\" had gone missing in Afghanistan or that a giant had killed one of their men.","publication_name":"The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan"},"translated_abstract":"13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan\n\nThe US government allegedly \"killed and covered up\" a 13-foot giant with red hair and six-finger hands who lived in the Afghanistan highlands.\n\nThe Giant of Kandahar, a 13-foot-tall monster with red hair and six-fingered hands that lived in the mountains of Afghanistan 'was killed and covered up by the US government.' This is a representational image.\nUS Military 'Killed' Kandahar Giant\nIn a chat with Marzulli (per Daily Star), the military contractor claimed to have been there during the savage killing of a killer he dubbed the Kandahar Giant.\n\nMarzulli discusses the \"Giant of Kandahar\" with a guy claiming to be a soldier on his YouTube channel, which is dedicated to connecting contemporary events to Biblical prophesies.\n\nBefore he and the other \"special forces\" put it down, Mr. K claimed he observed the monster holding a spear and slaying a US soldier named \"Dan.\"\n\nNone of the occurrences have been verified.\n\nWho is the Kandahar Giant?\nAccording to Indie88, the Kandahar Giant is one of the following two possibilities.\n\nA legendary 13-foot-tall enormous creature who dwelt in Afghanistan's highlands and was destroyed by US special troops. The authorities later covered up the death of the red-haired giant with six-fingered hands;\nA total myth.\nALSO READ: About 200 Human Remains Under Same Family Unearthed from Undisturbed Bronze Age Funeral Pyre in Italy \n\nIn August 2016, Marzulli posted a lengthy interview with Mr. K, a military contractor, on the internet video sharing platform. During the conversation, Mr. K stated that he was a member of the crew who ruthlessly executed the Kandahar giant.\n\nIn the early 2000s, when the US military was fighting the Taliban in their de facto capital of Kandahar Province, the incident occurred. On the other hand, this massive creature was not a human combatant in the least.\n\nHow This Monster Looked Like\nThe Kandahar Giant, according to Mr. K, is 13 feet tall and has two sets of fangs. With his spear weapon, the monster murdered one of the Special Forces men.\n\nAccording to ATI, the remainder of the troops murdered him in less than 30 seconds by firing nonstop at him. The army forces hauled its body away in a Chinook chopper and have kept it concealed since no one had seen him.\n\nSome accounts claim that the giant was as tall as 15 feet with six digits, wore leather moccasins with a horrible odor, and appeared out of nowhere from a cave, killing one soldier with his spear.\n\n\"Between them, the squad was armed with full-auto M4 carbines, 'recon carbines' (semi-automatic) and M107 Barrett anti-materiel rifles firing .50 BMG. This much firepower concentrated on one target for one second, let alone thirty, would be extremely destructive,\" One report claimed.\n\nNon-disclosure agreements (NDA) were required of the soldiers. The troops, on the other hand, broke their silence because they believed that the truth should be revealed and that the public had a right to know.\n\nUS Government Denies Claim\nWhen Snopes asked about the \"Kandahar Giant incident\" in 2016, the Department of Defense said, \"We do not have any record or information about a special forces member killed by a giant in Kandahar.\"\n\nFurthermore, neither the website nor the news release said that a \"special forces troop\" had gone missing in Afghanistan or that a giant had killed one of their 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class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124698442/Cyclope_Cave_Alingar_District_Laghman_Afghanistan">Cyclope Cave - Alingar District, Laghman, Afghanistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient Greece. The Greeks believed that there was an entire race of cyclopes who lived in a faraway land without law and order. Homer, in his Iliad, describes the Cyclopes as pastoral but savage, typical of the strange creatures the Greeks created to represent foreign societies not regarded as civilised as themselves.<br /><br />The Cyclopes are not without talents, though, and are credited with manufacturing the thunderbolts which Zeus used as a terrible throwing weapon and as the builders of gigantic fortification walls such as those still seen at Mycenaean sites today. <br /><br />Operation Cyclone<br /><br />Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. <br />The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's MI6, who conducted their own separate covert actions. <br />The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bfbd9ed680efe86208afba99c802536b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118875970,"asset_id":124698442,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118875970/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124698442"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124698442"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124698442; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124698442]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124698442]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124698442; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124698442']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124698442, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bfbd9ed680efe86208afba99c802536b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124698442]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124698442,"title":"Cyclope Cave - Alingar District, Laghman, Afghanistan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient Greece. The Greeks believed that there was an entire race of cyclopes who lived in a faraway land without law and order. Homer, in his Iliad, describes the Cyclopes as pastoral but savage, typical of the strange creatures the Greeks created to represent foreign societies not regarded as civilised as themselves.\n\nThe Cyclopes are not without talents, though, and are credited with manufacturing the thunderbolts which Zeus used as a terrible throwing weapon and as the builders of gigantic fortification walls such as those still seen at Mycenaean sites today. \n\nOperation Cyclone\n\nOperation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. \nThe mujahideen were also supported by Britain's MI6, who conducted their own separate covert actions. \nThe program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention"},"translated_abstract":"A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient Greece. 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of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet 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href="https://www.academia.edu/121201425/The_Tsar_Bell_aka_Tsarsky_Kolokol">The Tsar Bell -aka- Tsarsky Kolokol</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tsar Bell </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Tsar Bell (also known as Tsarsky Kolokol) is located between the Ivan the Great Bell Tower an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Tsar Bell (also known as Tsarsky Kolokol) is located between the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the Kremlin Wall. <br />Made of bell bronze, the bell cracked during a fire after being completed and has never been rung. <br />The bell is the largest bell in the world, weighing 201,924 kilograms with a height of 6.14 metres and diameter of 6.6 metres.<br />The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna Ivanovna, niece of Peter the Great.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da31163fe8595768444164dcee69f660" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116143813,"asset_id":121201425,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116143813/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121201425"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121230107/Saints_and_Giants_The_Legend_of_Saint_George_and_The_Dragon"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Saints & Giants - The Legend of Saint George & The Dragon" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116164644/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121230107/Saints_and_Giants_The_Legend_of_Saint_George_and_The_Dragon">Saints & Giants - The Legend of Saint George & The Dragon</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Saints & Giants - The Legend of Saint George & The Dragon</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and served in the Praetorian Guard for emperor Diocletian. He was sentenced to death for not renouncing his Christian faith, and after his death, he was venerated as a saint and megalomartyr. He has been particularly revered as a military saint since the Crusades, and is honored by Christians, Druze, and some Muslims as a martyr of monotheism.<br /><br />Saint George is remembered in hagiography as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most famous military saints. He is honored through the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His memorial, Saint George‘s Day, is celebrated annually on the 23rd of April. Nations such as England, Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Georgia, along with Catalonia and Aragon in Spain and Moscow in Russia, have all claimed George to be their patron saint. He is also the patron of several regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church–Mosque of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, is said to contain his remains.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="58a0185c2152e1f67283c1da5319bd59" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116164644,"asset_id":121230107,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116164644/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121230107"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121230107"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121230107; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121230107]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121230107]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121230107; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121230107']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 121230107, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "58a0185c2152e1f67283c1da5319bd59" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121230107]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121230107,"title":"Saints \u0026 Giants - The Legend of Saint George \u0026 The Dragon","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and served in the Praetorian Guard for emperor Diocletian. He was sentenced to death for not renouncing his Christian faith, and after his death, he was venerated as a saint and megalomartyr. He has been particularly revered as a military saint since the Crusades, and is honored by Christians, Druze, and some Muslims as a martyr of monotheism.\n\nSaint George is remembered in hagiography as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most famous military saints. He is honored through the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His memorial, Saint George‘s Day, is celebrated annually on the 23rd of April. Nations such as England, Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Georgia, along with Catalonia and Aragon in Spain and Moscow in Russia, have all claimed George to be their patron saint. He is also the patron of several regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church–Mosque of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, is said to contain his remains.","publication_name":"Saints \u0026 Giants - The Legend of Saint George \u0026 The Dragon"},"translated_abstract":"Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and served in the Praetorian Guard for emperor Diocletian. He was sentenced to death for not renouncing his Christian faith, and after his death, he was venerated as a saint and megalomartyr. He has been particularly revered as a military saint since the Crusades, and is honored by Christians, Druze, and some Muslims as a martyr of monotheism.\n\nSaint George is remembered in hagiography as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most famous military saints. He is honored through the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His memorial, Saint George‘s Day, is celebrated annually on the 23rd of April. Nations such as England, Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Georgia, along with Catalonia and Aragon in Spain and Moscow in Russia, have all claimed George to be their patron saint. He is also the patron of several regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church–Mosque of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, is said to contain his 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Botassart - Walloon Region, Belgium</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The name "Tomb of the Giant", comes from the legend of a Gallic hero, of impressive size, who ref...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The name "Tomb of the Giant", comes from the legend of a Gallic hero, of impressive size, who refused to be captured by the Romans after the Battle of the Sambre, and preferred to jump off the rock "Rocher des Gattes" instead of dying in the colosseum arena. The day after, the people of Botassart found his body and buried him on top of the hill surrounded by the river.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8626fa282617f9b97cb4a6f1b3169b7b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115610077,"asset_id":120471887,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115610077/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="120471887"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="120471887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120471887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120471887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120471887]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120471887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='120471887']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 120471887, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8626fa282617f9b97cb4a6f1b3169b7b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=120471887]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":120471887,"title":"The Giant's Tomb of Botassart - Walloon Region, Belgium","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The name \"Tomb of the Giant\", comes from the legend of a Gallic hero, of impressive size, who refused to be captured by the Romans after the Battle of the Sambre, and preferred to jump off the rock \"Rocher des Gattes\" instead of dying in the colosseum arena. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118707665"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118707665/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114282134/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118707665/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height">Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.” Homer’s epic poem the Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War<br /><br />Like most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid.<br /><br />According to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there.<br /><br />When he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. <br /><br />When Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 B.C.E., however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family.<br /><br />Achilles: The Trojan War<br />According to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta. At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy.<br /><br />Menelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years.<br /><br />Achilles: The Illiad<br />When the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate.<br /><br />Homer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl.<br /><br />Enraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her father. However, he demanded a replacement concubine in exchange: Achilles’ wife, the Trojan princess Breseis.<br /><br />Achilles did as his commander asked and relinquished his bride. Then, he announced that he would no longer fight on Agamemnon’s behalf. He gathered his belonging and refused to come out of his tent.<br /><br />With the Greeks’ greatest warrior off the battlefield, the tide began to turn in favor of the Trojans. The Greeks lost one battle after another. Eventually, Achilles’ best friend, the soldier Patroclus, was able to wrangle a compromise: Achilles would not fight, but he would let Patroclus use his armor as a disguise. That way, the Trojans would think that Achilles had returned to battle and would retreat in fear.<br /><br />The plan was working until Apollo, still seething about Agamemnon’s treatment of Chryseis and her father, intervened on the Trojans’ behalf. He helped the Trojan prince Hector to find and kill Patroclus. <br /><br />Achilles vowed to take revenge. Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. Achilles chased Hector back to Troy, slaughtering Trojans all the way. When they got to the city walls, Hector tried to reason with his pursuer, but Achilles was not interested. He stabbed Hector in the throat, killing him.<br /><br />Hector had begged for an honorable burial in Troy, but Achilles was determined to humiliate his enemy even in death. He dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot all the way back to the Achaean camp and tossed it on the garbage heap. However, in the poem’s last section Achilles finally relents: He returns Hector’s body to his father for a proper burial.<br /><br />Achilles: The Fate of Achilles<br />In his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer’s own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector’s funeral to exact further revenge for Patroclus’ death. However, the still-vengeful Apollo told Hector’s brother Paris that Achilles was coming. Paris, who was not a brave warrior, ambushed Achilles as he entered Troy. He shot his unsuspecting enemy with an arrow, which Apollo guided to the one place he knew Achilles was vulnerable: his heel, where his mother’s hand had kept the waters of the Styx from touching his skin. Achilles died on the spot, still undefeated in battle.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5050590364f1bca2adc944cac7dad21e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":114282134,"asset_id":118707665,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114282134/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118707665"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118707665"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118707665; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118707665]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118707665]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118707665; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118707665']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118707665, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5050590364f1bca2adc944cac7dad21e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118707665]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118707665,"title":"Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.” Homer’s epic poem the Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War\n\nLike most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid.\n\nAccording to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there.\n\nWhen he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. \n\nWhen Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 B.C.E., however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family.\n\nAchilles: The Trojan War\nAccording to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta. At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy.\n\nMenelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years.\n\nAchilles: The Illiad\nWhen the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate.\n\nHomer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl.\n\nEnraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her father. However, he demanded a replacement concubine in exchange: Achilles’ wife, the Trojan princess Breseis.\n\nAchilles did as his commander asked and relinquished his bride. Then, he announced that he would no longer fight on Agamemnon’s behalf. He gathered his belonging and refused to come out of his tent.\n\nWith the Greeks’ greatest warrior off the battlefield, the tide began to turn in favor of the Trojans. The Greeks lost one battle after another. Eventually, Achilles’ best friend, the soldier Patroclus, was able to wrangle a compromise: Achilles would not fight, but he would let Patroclus use his armor as a disguise. That way, the Trojans would think that Achilles had returned to battle and would retreat in fear.\n\nThe plan was working until Apollo, still seething about Agamemnon’s treatment of Chryseis and her father, intervened on the Trojans’ behalf. He helped the Trojan prince Hector to find and kill Patroclus. \n\nAchilles vowed to take revenge. Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. Achilles chased Hector back to Troy, slaughtering Trojans all the way. When they got to the city walls, Hector tried to reason with his pursuer, but Achilles was not interested. He stabbed Hector in the throat, killing him.\n\nHector had begged for an honorable burial in Troy, but Achilles was determined to humiliate his enemy even in death. He dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot all the way back to the Achaean camp and tossed it on the garbage heap. However, in the poem’s last section Achilles finally relents: He returns Hector’s body to his father for a proper burial.\n\nAchilles: The Fate of Achilles\nIn his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer’s own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector’s funeral to exact further revenge for Patroclus’ death. However, the still-vengeful Apollo told Hector’s brother Paris that Achilles was coming. Paris, who was not a brave warrior, ambushed Achilles as he entered Troy. He shot his unsuspecting enemy with an arrow, which Apollo guided to the one place he knew Achilles was vulnerable: his heel, where his mother’s hand had kept the waters of the Styx from touching his skin. Achilles died on the spot, still undefeated in battle.\n\n","publication_name":"Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height"},"translated_abstract":"The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.” Homer’s epic poem the Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War\n\nLike most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid.\n\nAccording to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there.\n\nWhen he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. \n\nWhen Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 B.C.E., however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family.\n\nAchilles: The Trojan War\nAccording to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta. At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy.\n\nMenelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years.\n\nAchilles: The Illiad\nWhen the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate.\n\nHomer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl.\n\nEnraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her father. However, he demanded a replacement concubine in exchange: Achilles’ wife, the Trojan princess Breseis.\n\nAchilles did as his commander asked and relinquished his bride. Then, he announced that he would no longer fight on Agamemnon’s behalf. He gathered his belonging and refused to come out of his tent.\n\nWith the Greeks’ greatest warrior off the battlefield, the tide began to turn in favor of the Trojans. The Greeks lost one battle after another. Eventually, Achilles’ best friend, the soldier Patroclus, was able to wrangle a compromise: Achilles would not fight, but he would let Patroclus use his armor as a disguise. That way, the Trojans would think that Achilles had returned to battle and would retreat in fear.\n\nThe plan was working until Apollo, still seething about Agamemnon’s treatment of Chryseis and her father, intervened on the Trojans’ behalf. He helped the Trojan prince Hector to find and kill Patroclus. \n\nAchilles vowed to take revenge. Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. Achilles chased Hector back to Troy, slaughtering Trojans all the way. When they got to the city walls, Hector tried to reason with his pursuer, but Achilles was not interested. He stabbed Hector in the throat, killing him.\n\nHector had begged for an honorable burial in Troy, but Achilles was determined to humiliate his enemy even in death. He dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot all the way back to the Achaean camp and tossed it on the garbage heap. However, in the poem’s last section Achilles finally relents: He returns Hector’s body to his father for a proper burial.\n\nAchilles: The Fate of Achilles\nIn his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer’s own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector’s funeral to exact further revenge for Patroclus’ death. However, the still-vengeful Apollo told Hector’s brother Paris that Achilles was coming. Paris, who was not a brave warrior, ambushed Achilles as he entered Troy. He shot his unsuspecting enemy with an arrow, which Apollo guided to the one place he knew Achilles was vulnerable: his heel, where his mother’s hand had kept the waters of the Styx from touching his skin. Achilles died on the spot, still undefeated in battle.\n\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118707665/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-05-07T09:42:06.013-07:00","section":"Papers","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":true,"current_user_is_owner":true,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":114282134,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114282134/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_defeated_at_heel_height.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114282134/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_He.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/114282134/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_defeated_at_heel_height-libre.pdf?1715122503=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAchilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_He.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928694\u0026Signature=Dq4-TRJC4MYOehwMrnQso~xT612C8PpibCMfdr1JUvVUk6ne3SAE5NYz17ANIfnsPfUkmVPuWS9oGU4Z8bgLyOTBk~vBQmBHxC9DfVaoozIoXIUX9dnOKjcDbxr-9GlQu2T1fy8BJDM9cR4sEJatDnLJhXi7C-YeySJ5uDa4~ALq0Km4npDYXH0~LF5ABBaZxEG8nqRCheTcISw40JZQynlqQnDRIk29i39oj8usOYGU1uD4GyWaf-2zSLQgZyTaYSkwwbB2kXA1Q1YTZ-ZL-m6fpcQhrNoqUOXT9S32bygQuLXdoPIcYf~qcwZ60wG72e2QvRQr-46~HCnzMmbkHw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David 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dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118169200"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118169200/Tartarian_Empire_A_Great_Era_Erased_By_Elite_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113858405/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118169200/Tartarian_Empire_A_Great_Era_Erased_By_Elite_Wars">Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE The official history is hiding a major world power which existed as ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE<br /><br /><br />The official history is hiding a major world power which existed as late as the 19th century. Tartary was a country with its own flag, its own government and its own place on the map. Its territory was huge, but somehow quietly incorporated into Russia, and some other countries. This country you can find on the maps predating the second half of the 19th century.<br /><br />Yet, some time in the 18th century Tartary Muskovite was the biggest country in the world: 3,050,000 square miles.<br /><br />The flag and crest of Tartary had an owl depicted on it. The emperor's flag contained a griffin on a yellow background.<br /><br />There is a growing opinion in Russia that French invasion of Russia played out according to a different scenario.<br /><br />The one where Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon were on the same side. Together they fought against Tartary.<br /><br />Essentially France and Saint Petersburg against Moscow (Tartary). And there is a strong circumstantial evidence to support such a theory.<br /><br />They built the Great Wall in what is now China. Marco Polo wrote an extensive and detailed account of Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries and did not even mention a wall. The Great Wall is not seen on any maps pre-dating the late 1600’s. So most of it’s construction occurred in 1700’s and it was built to keep the encroaching Chinese out of Tartaria. The openings on the wall are on the north side towards the former Tartary not on the south China facing side. It should be called the Great Wall of Tartaria. The further back in time you go the more advanced it gets. There are many pyramids of different kinds. Megalithic temples hewn out of solid rock. The Ellora Caves in India. The colossal underground monolithic churches of Lalibela Ethiopia. Extensive underground tunnel systems. The astonishing Serapeum of Saqqara in Egypt. The earlier the monolithic stone the bigger it is and the more precision it is cut with. The earlier the structure the more incapable we are of replicating it. Never was mortar used. In past ages the world was more diverse. Skeletons of giants are found on all continents. And remains of beings with elongated skulls. Graveyards of little people and horned human like entities have been unearthed. Now it is as if these beings have never existed. Like the Tartarians they are never mentioned. We live in a virtual reality where true history is ignored and covered up. A totally false narrative is taught. Fantasies have replaced truth and everything is pushed way back to the remote past. Older advanced structures are credited to local people who came later who have no idea how to build them. Deception has been utilized to push history back a thousand years and create an artificial dark age. The time of Jesus was less than 1000 years ago. In the Middle Ages the i and J before numbers designated Jesus. Not the number one. For example i346 is 346 years after the time of Jesus. It is not 1346. Way back in the Old Testament at the time immediately following the Exodus it states that the Israelites used the Arc of the Covenant as a weapon of war. Against the Amorites, Midianites and Philistines. So the use of energy weapons has been going on for over a thousand years. It was perfected to the point where it was able to take out many millions of Tartarians. The energy weapons melted cities and destroyed the civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome which were approximately of the same time period as Jesus and were heavily influenced by Tartaria. Not only are they pushed way back into remote history, the extent of their empires have been fabricated. Destroying the pyramid complex was the first objective of the Israelites. Puma Punku which is part of the Tiahuanacu complex in Bolivia had interlocking megaliths of andesite and diorite. These are types of granite only surpassed in hardness by diamonds but they were somehow carved with laser like flatness. Now they are broken and shattered and blown to bits. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punku is said to have been built by a simple local migrating tribe. This idea is used all over the world to dismiss and cover-up the ancient advanced cultures. Energy weaponized from the Arc of the Covenant is what brought down the Walls of Jericho. The Arc was an electrical capacitor composed of silver and brass alloys and gilded with gold. It’s true purpose was to store and direct energy from the Earth to outside sources. But transporting it around was very dangerous and it caused people to become sick and die. It had a constant radiation but it also sent out intermittent electrical surges where many people were killed instantly. The ones who carried it had to wear protective clothing. The electrical capacity of such an apparatus would be over 500 volts. Opposing armies would be defenseless against such a weapon. The volume or cubic capacity of the empty coffer inside the Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza is exactly the same volume as the Arc of the Covenant. According to Egyptian tradition the Israelites plundered Egypt during the upheaval at the time of the Exodus. They took the Arc out of the so called Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza at this time. The tribe of Israel also used religion as a means to get their foot in the door in the ruling affairs of foreign countries. A religious leader holds great power able to influence many simple minds who believe the leader’s edicts are from God. The Druids who held such sway in England were Jewish. So were the Jesuits. So have been all the Popes and the Mormon leaders. The reason why Jewish people look down upon Christians is because they know they invented the Christian religion. Jewish beliefs are just a rendition of the former appearances and interactions of planetary Gods. Books written in Tartary were rewritten and sold as Jewish history. Much of the content was fabricated and interfused with traditional local beliefs. This is how they sold their religion. They used Monks to write what they wanted making them think they were doing God’s work. The burning of old books and the rewriting of them in order to change history is the real Reformation. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt was purposely destroyed to limit knowledge. Making deals with kings was a way they were able to get control of a country’s financial system. Once one controls the money supply and its allotments then they control the country. In this way righteous kings were replaced by insurgent kings who defrauded the people to take part in unjust wars. Just fake an event such as a murder, blame it on another country, add some patriotic and religious slogans, demonize the other country and you have created a war. In the Middle Ages the spraying of viruses not only eliminated entire villages it caused the Black Plague which killed off over 70 million people in Europe. Disease was a favorite weapon used against the Tartarian kingdom. In 1346 at the Siege of Kaffa in the Ukraine the Tartarians suffered an epidemic of plague brought on by the catapulting of viruses into the city. Fire was used to burn crops and create famine. The 1490’s saw the first signs of collapse of the Tartary Empire. In 1666 the city of London was intentionally burned. Tartaria was severely weakened in 1775. But it remained until the early 1800’s. When Napoleon attacked Russia, Moscow was hit by an energy weapon. So was Washington DC in the War of 1812. These wars were actually wars against Tartarians. The first two world wars were to wipe out remaining Tartarian influences. Genghis Khan was said to be a Mogul. Mogul is just a made-up name which is then associated with Mongolia. Genghis Khan fought to restore the kingdom of Tartary and reclaim their land. His mounted warriors were called Tartars. Now Tartary is associated with hell. Many buildings in America demolished or still standing, said to be built by early pioneers or native people in America were in fact built by the Tartars. Disease was also used against the native people in the Americas. It is estimated that 95% of them perished from disease. Mostly smallpox. The Aztecs looked upon the Spaniards as the returning of their light colored god. Their beliefs harkened back to the events in the ancient sky when a light colored god came down from the heavens to save them. But these light colored people came to kill them. The Old World Order was replaced by the New World Order. And the Gregorian Calendar was instituted. To force the common people to accept a new false chronology. Peace and freedom was been replaced by being fenced up in strict borders. The suppression of Tartary coincides with the new teaching of evolution. We just think we are evolving. We have become disconnected with nature and disconnected with reality. It was not always like that. The farther back in time you go the more connected and at peace we were. With ourselves, with the animals and with the land we lived on.<br /><br /><br />••• Books and Publications •••<br /><br />- History Of Mufcovy Tartary Perfia And Other Countries<br /><br />- Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen sea and Kamtchatka; performed during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823<br /><br />- Tibet, Tartary And Mongolia Ed. 2nd<br /><br />- Travels In Ladak, Tartary, And Kashmir<br /><br />- Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey<br /><br />- A pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, to the frontiers of China, the Frozen Sea, and Kamtchatka<br /><br />- Travels In Tartary Omce Company And News From Tartary<br /><br />- With Peter Fleming in Tartary<br /><br />- A voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and various parts of coast of China<br /><br />- Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia ; their social and political condition, and the religion of Boodh, as there existing<br /><br />- Visits To High Tartary, Yarkand, And Kashghar<br /><br />- The history of Genghizcan the Great, first emperor of the antient Moguls and Tartars<br /><br />[<a href="https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)" rel="nofollow">https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)</a><br /><br />Tartaria Star Forts...<br /><br />[youtube.com/watch?v=ci0EnZu...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ce465fbce81391c2958733ba17f5775a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113858405,"asset_id":118169200,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113858405/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118169200"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118169200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118169200; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118169200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118169200]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118169200; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118169200']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118169200, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ce465fbce81391c2958733ba17f5775a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118169200]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118169200,"title":"Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE\n\n\nThe official history is hiding a major world power which existed as late as the 19th century. Tartary was a country with its own flag, its own government and its own place on the map. Its territory was huge, but somehow quietly incorporated into Russia, and some other countries. This country you can find on the maps predating the second half of the 19th century.\n\nYet, some time in the 18th century Tartary Muskovite was the biggest country in the world: 3,050,000 square miles.\n\nThe flag and crest of Tartary had an owl depicted on it. The emperor's flag contained a griffin on a yellow background.\n\nThere is a growing opinion in Russia that French invasion of Russia played out according to a different scenario.\n\nThe one where Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon were on the same side. Together they fought against Tartary.\n\nEssentially France and Saint Petersburg against Moscow (Tartary). And there is a strong circumstantial evidence to support such a theory.\n\nThey built the Great Wall in what is now China. Marco Polo wrote an extensive and detailed account of Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries and did not even mention a wall. The Great Wall is not seen on any maps pre-dating the late 1600’s. So most of it’s construction occurred in 1700’s and it was built to keep the encroaching Chinese out of Tartaria. The openings on the wall are on the north side towards the former Tartary not on the south China facing side. It should be called the Great Wall of Tartaria. The further back in time you go the more advanced it gets. There are many pyramids of different kinds. Megalithic temples hewn out of solid rock. The Ellora Caves in India. The colossal underground monolithic churches of Lalibela Ethiopia. Extensive underground tunnel systems. The astonishing Serapeum of Saqqara in Egypt. The earlier the monolithic stone the bigger it is and the more precision it is cut with. The earlier the structure the more incapable we are of replicating it. Never was mortar used. In past ages the world was more diverse. Skeletons of giants are found on all continents. And remains of beings with elongated skulls. Graveyards of little people and horned human like entities have been unearthed. Now it is as if these beings have never existed. Like the Tartarians they are never mentioned. We live in a virtual reality where true history is ignored and covered up. A totally false narrative is taught. Fantasies have replaced truth and everything is pushed way back to the remote past. Older advanced structures are credited to local people who came later who have no idea how to build them. Deception has been utilized to push history back a thousand years and create an artificial dark age. The time of Jesus was less than 1000 years ago. In the Middle Ages the i and J before numbers designated Jesus. Not the number one. For example i346 is 346 years after the time of Jesus. It is not 1346. Way back in the Old Testament at the time immediately following the Exodus it states that the Israelites used the Arc of the Covenant as a weapon of war. Against the Amorites, Midianites and Philistines. So the use of energy weapons has been going on for over a thousand years. It was perfected to the point where it was able to take out many millions of Tartarians. The energy weapons melted cities and destroyed the civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome which were approximately of the same time period as Jesus and were heavily influenced by Tartaria. Not only are they pushed way back into remote history, the extent of their empires have been fabricated. Destroying the pyramid complex was the first objective of the Israelites. Puma Punku which is part of the Tiahuanacu complex in Bolivia had interlocking megaliths of andesite and diorite. These are types of granite only surpassed in hardness by diamonds but they were somehow carved with laser like flatness. Now they are broken and shattered and blown to bits. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punku is said to have been built by a simple local migrating tribe. This idea is used all over the world to dismiss and cover-up the ancient advanced cultures. Energy weaponized from the Arc of the Covenant is what brought down the Walls of Jericho. The Arc was an electrical capacitor composed of silver and brass alloys and gilded with gold. It’s true purpose was to store and direct energy from the Earth to outside sources. But transporting it around was very dangerous and it caused people to become sick and die. It had a constant radiation but it also sent out intermittent electrical surges where many people were killed instantly. The ones who carried it had to wear protective clothing. The electrical capacity of such an apparatus would be over 500 volts. Opposing armies would be defenseless against such a weapon. The volume or cubic capacity of the empty coffer inside the Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza is exactly the same volume as the Arc of the Covenant. According to Egyptian tradition the Israelites plundered Egypt during the upheaval at the time of the Exodus. They took the Arc out of the so called Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza at this time. The tribe of Israel also used religion as a means to get their foot in the door in the ruling affairs of foreign countries. A religious leader holds great power able to influence many simple minds who believe the leader’s edicts are from God. The Druids who held such sway in England were Jewish. So were the Jesuits. So have been all the Popes and the Mormon leaders. The reason why Jewish people look down upon Christians is because they know they invented the Christian religion. Jewish beliefs are just a rendition of the former appearances and interactions of planetary Gods. Books written in Tartary were rewritten and sold as Jewish history. Much of the content was fabricated and interfused with traditional local beliefs. This is how they sold their religion. They used Monks to write what they wanted making them think they were doing God’s work. The burning of old books and the rewriting of them in order to change history is the real Reformation. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt was purposely destroyed to limit knowledge. Making deals with kings was a way they were able to get control of a country’s financial system. Once one controls the money supply and its allotments then they control the country. In this way righteous kings were replaced by insurgent kings who defrauded the people to take part in unjust wars. Just fake an event such as a murder, blame it on another country, add some patriotic and religious slogans, demonize the other country and you have created a war. In the Middle Ages the spraying of viruses not only eliminated entire villages it caused the Black Plague which killed off over 70 million people in Europe. Disease was a favorite weapon used against the Tartarian kingdom. In 1346 at the Siege of Kaffa in the Ukraine the Tartarians suffered an epidemic of plague brought on by the catapulting of viruses into the city. Fire was used to burn crops and create famine. The 1490’s saw the first signs of collapse of the Tartary Empire. In 1666 the city of London was intentionally burned. Tartaria was severely weakened in 1775. But it remained until the early 1800’s. When Napoleon attacked Russia, Moscow was hit by an energy weapon. So was Washington DC in the War of 1812. These wars were actually wars against Tartarians. The first two world wars were to wipe out remaining Tartarian influences. Genghis Khan was said to be a Mogul. Mogul is just a made-up name which is then associated with Mongolia. Genghis Khan fought to restore the kingdom of Tartary and reclaim their land. His mounted warriors were called Tartars. Now Tartary is associated with hell. Many buildings in America demolished or still standing, said to be built by early pioneers or native people in America were in fact built by the Tartars. Disease was also used against the native people in the Americas. It is estimated that 95% of them perished from disease. Mostly smallpox. The Aztecs looked upon the Spaniards as the returning of their light colored god. Their beliefs harkened back to the events in the ancient sky when a light colored god came down from the heavens to save them. But these light colored people came to kill them. The Old World Order was replaced by the New World Order. And the Gregorian Calendar was instituted. To force the common people to accept a new false chronology. Peace and freedom was been replaced by being fenced up in strict borders. The suppression of Tartary coincides with the new teaching of evolution. We just think we are evolving. We have become disconnected with nature and disconnected with reality. It was not always like that. The farther back in time you go the more connected and at peace we were. With ourselves, with the animals and with the land we lived on.\n\n\n••• Books and Publications •••\n\n- History Of Mufcovy Tartary Perfia And Other Countries\n\n- Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen sea and Kamtchatka; performed during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823\n\n- Tibet, Tartary And Mongolia Ed. 2nd\n\n- Travels In Ladak, Tartary, And Kashmir\n\n- Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey\n\n- A pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, to the frontiers of China, the Frozen Sea, and Kamtchatka\n\n- Travels In Tartary Omce Company And News From Tartary\n\n- With Peter Fleming in Tartary\n\n- A voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and various parts of coast of China\n\n- Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia ; their social and political condition, and the religion of Boodh, as there existing\n\n- Visits To High Tartary, Yarkand, And Kashghar\n\n- The history of Genghizcan the Great, first emperor of the antient Moguls and Tartars\n\n[https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)\n\nTartaria Star Forts...\n\n[youtube.com/watch?v=ci0EnZu...","publication_name":"Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars "},"translated_abstract":"THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE\n\n\nThe official history is hiding a major world power which existed as late as the 19th century. Tartary was a country with its own flag, its own government and its own place on the map. Its territory was huge, but somehow quietly incorporated into Russia, and some other countries. This country you can find on the maps predating the second half of the 19th century.\n\nYet, some time in the 18th century Tartary Muskovite was the biggest country in the world: 3,050,000 square miles.\n\nThe flag and crest of Tartary had an owl depicted on it. The emperor's flag contained a griffin on a yellow background.\n\nThere is a growing opinion in Russia that French invasion of Russia played out according to a different scenario.\n\nThe one where Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon were on the same side. Together they fought against Tartary.\n\nEssentially France and Saint Petersburg against Moscow (Tartary). And there is a strong circumstantial evidence to support such a theory.\n\nThey built the Great Wall in what is now China. Marco Polo wrote an extensive and detailed account of Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries and did not even mention a wall. The Great Wall is not seen on any maps pre-dating the late 1600’s. So most of it’s construction occurred in 1700’s and it was built to keep the encroaching Chinese out of Tartaria. The openings on the wall are on the north side towards the former Tartary not on the south China facing side. It should be called the Great Wall of Tartaria. The further back in time you go the more advanced it gets. There are many pyramids of different kinds. Megalithic temples hewn out of solid rock. The Ellora Caves in India. The colossal underground monolithic churches of Lalibela Ethiopia. Extensive underground tunnel systems. The astonishing Serapeum of Saqqara in Egypt. The earlier the monolithic stone the bigger it is and the more precision it is cut with. The earlier the structure the more incapable we are of replicating it. Never was mortar used. In past ages the world was more diverse. Skeletons of giants are found on all continents. And remains of beings with elongated skulls. Graveyards of little people and horned human like entities have been unearthed. Now it is as if these beings have never existed. Like the Tartarians they are never mentioned. We live in a virtual reality where true history is ignored and covered up. A totally false narrative is taught. Fantasies have replaced truth and everything is pushed way back to the remote past. Older advanced structures are credited to local people who came later who have no idea how to build them. Deception has been utilized to push history back a thousand years and create an artificial dark age. The time of Jesus was less than 1000 years ago. In the Middle Ages the i and J before numbers designated Jesus. Not the number one. For example i346 is 346 years after the time of Jesus. It is not 1346. Way back in the Old Testament at the time immediately following the Exodus it states that the Israelites used the Arc of the Covenant as a weapon of war. Against the Amorites, Midianites and Philistines. So the use of energy weapons has been going on for over a thousand years. It was perfected to the point where it was able to take out many millions of Tartarians. The energy weapons melted cities and destroyed the civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome which were approximately of the same time period as Jesus and were heavily influenced by Tartaria. Not only are they pushed way back into remote history, the extent of their empires have been fabricated. Destroying the pyramid complex was the first objective of the Israelites. Puma Punku which is part of the Tiahuanacu complex in Bolivia had interlocking megaliths of andesite and diorite. These are types of granite only surpassed in hardness by diamonds but they were somehow carved with laser like flatness. Now they are broken and shattered and blown to bits. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punku is said to have been built by a simple local migrating tribe. This idea is used all over the world to dismiss and cover-up the ancient advanced cultures. Energy weaponized from the Arc of the Covenant is what brought down the Walls of Jericho. The Arc was an electrical capacitor composed of silver and brass alloys and gilded with gold. It’s true purpose was to store and direct energy from the Earth to outside sources. But transporting it around was very dangerous and it caused people to become sick and die. It had a constant radiation but it also sent out intermittent electrical surges where many people were killed instantly. The ones who carried it had to wear protective clothing. The electrical capacity of such an apparatus would be over 500 volts. Opposing armies would be defenseless against such a weapon. The volume or cubic capacity of the empty coffer inside the Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza is exactly the same volume as the Arc of the Covenant. According to Egyptian tradition the Israelites plundered Egypt during the upheaval at the time of the Exodus. They took the Arc out of the so called Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza at this time. The tribe of Israel also used religion as a means to get their foot in the door in the ruling affairs of foreign countries. A religious leader holds great power able to influence many simple minds who believe the leader’s edicts are from God. The Druids who held such sway in England were Jewish. So were the Jesuits. So have been all the Popes and the Mormon leaders. The reason why Jewish people look down upon Christians is because they know they invented the Christian religion. Jewish beliefs are just a rendition of the former appearances and interactions of planetary Gods. Books written in Tartary were rewritten and sold as Jewish history. Much of the content was fabricated and interfused with traditional local beliefs. This is how they sold their religion. They used Monks to write what they wanted making them think they were doing God’s work. The burning of old books and the rewriting of them in order to change history is the real Reformation. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt was purposely destroyed to limit knowledge. Making deals with kings was a way they were able to get control of a country’s financial system. Once one controls the money supply and its allotments then they control the country. In this way righteous kings were replaced by insurgent kings who defrauded the people to take part in unjust wars. Just fake an event such as a murder, blame it on another country, add some patriotic and religious slogans, demonize the other country and you have created a war. In the Middle Ages the spraying of viruses not only eliminated entire villages it caused the Black Plague which killed off over 70 million people in Europe. Disease was a favorite weapon used against the Tartarian kingdom. In 1346 at the Siege of Kaffa in the Ukraine the Tartarians suffered an epidemic of plague brought on by the catapulting of viruses into the city. Fire was used to burn crops and create famine. The 1490’s saw the first signs of collapse of the Tartary Empire. In 1666 the city of London was intentionally burned. Tartaria was severely weakened in 1775. But it remained until the early 1800’s. When Napoleon attacked Russia, Moscow was hit by an energy weapon. So was Washington DC in the War of 1812. These wars were actually wars against Tartarians. The first two world wars were to wipe out remaining Tartarian influences. Genghis Khan was said to be a Mogul. Mogul is just a made-up name which is then associated with Mongolia. Genghis Khan fought to restore the kingdom of Tartary and reclaim their land. His mounted warriors were called Tartars. Now Tartary is associated with hell. Many buildings in America demolished or still standing, said to be built by early pioneers or native people in America were in fact built by the Tartars. Disease was also used against the native people in the Americas. It is estimated that 95% of them perished from disease. Mostly smallpox. The Aztecs looked upon the Spaniards as the returning of their light colored god. Their beliefs harkened back to the events in the ancient sky when a light colored god came down from the heavens to save them. But these light colored people came to kill them. The Old World Order was replaced by the New World Order. And the Gregorian Calendar was instituted. To force the common people to accept a new false chronology. Peace and freedom was been replaced by being fenced up in strict borders. The suppression of Tartary coincides with the new teaching of evolution. We just think we are evolving. We have become disconnected with nature and disconnected with reality. It was not always like that. The farther back in time you go the more connected and at peace we were. With ourselves, with the animals and with the land we lived on.\n\n\n••• Books and Publications •••\n\n- History Of Mufcovy Tartary Perfia And Other Countries\n\n- Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen sea and Kamtchatka; performed during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823\n\n- Tibet, Tartary And Mongolia Ed. 2nd\n\n- Travels In Ladak, Tartary, And Kashmir\n\n- Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey\n\n- A pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, to the frontiers of China, the Frozen Sea, and Kamtchatka\n\n- Travels In Tartary Omce Company And News From Tartary\n\n- With Peter Fleming in Tartary\n\n- A voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and various parts of coast of China\n\n- Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia ; their social and political condition, and the religion of Boodh, as there existing\n\n- Visits To High Tartary, Yarkand, And Kashghar\n\n- The history of Genghizcan the Great, first emperor of the antient Moguls and Tartars\n\n[https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)\n\nTartaria Star 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Sudan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Jebel Barkal Tepe_Ancient Treetop Settlement of Sudan</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Jebel Barkal Tepe_Ancient Treetop Settlement of Sudan</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2edcd8d0e5c5b2a272b297e03c296e57" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111062504,"asset_id":114337479,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111062504/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113973082"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113973082/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110794806/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113973082/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt">Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning "the white, foaming one" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there. <br /> <br />From a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm). <br />The village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the "castle quadrangle" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="73b762f66da82a3a40f02c92c1b73a95" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":110794806,"asset_id":113973082,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110794806/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113973082"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113973082"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113973082; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113973082]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113973082]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113973082; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='113973082']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 113973082, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "73b762f66da82a3a40f02c92c1b73a95" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=113973082]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":113973082,"title":"Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning \"the white, foaming one\" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there.\r\n\r\nFrom a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm).\r\nThe village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the \"castle quadrangle\" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.\r\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt"},"translated_abstract":"The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning \"the white, foaming one\" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there.\r\n\r\nFrom a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm).\r\nThe village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the \"castle quadrangle\" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113973082/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-01-24T04:31:45.314-08:00","section":"Papers","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":true,"current_user_is_owner":true,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":110794806,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110794806/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110794806/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/110794806/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt-libre.pdf?1706100121=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928694\u0026Signature=e4uqe-3ltF4cVGwBcXpm26DRSc3NaMvwf9e0HhG0YBQ~aIKFk1lyE56tugG7lcfvJvA8TdVNdin7FvGCf5y28jn2BkDlLvNBQ7B~kEhOn3OuA6SU4BdPq53S1SD~KE7A8EfhXnWEXKPJnvKEBM9cCo2jWcSPCR7NV~1Q645QpvCaLvxHDgIFfIiXKXKYu1dnUQWNY1OqidJ8A8vMsntvhgTEFCDYbOxY3epTEY2N9INGSHzwCAW5n28LjSdAGmTiU~Ey8ov38B0I84TXWdw14W7GAMpJAzYA8WgthG8~EuD9wuEqUXkxUvE7bUodgqUduoTz99ggVGwV~JPLvwwQRg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":110794806,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110794806/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110794806/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/110794806/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt-libre.pdf?1706100121=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928694\u0026Signature=e4uqe-3ltF4cVGwBcXpm26DRSc3NaMvwf9e0HhG0YBQ~aIKFk1lyE56tugG7lcfvJvA8TdVNdin7FvGCf5y28jn2BkDlLvNBQ7B~kEhOn3OuA6SU4BdPq53S1SD~KE7A8EfhXnWEXKPJnvKEBM9cCo2jWcSPCR7NV~1Q645QpvCaLvxHDgIFfIiXKXKYu1dnUQWNY1OqidJ8A8vMsntvhgTEFCDYbOxY3epTEY2N9INGSHzwCAW5n28LjSdAGmTiU~Ey8ov38B0I84TXWdw14W7GAMpJAzYA8WgthG8~EuD9wuEqUXkxUvE7bUodgqUduoTz99ggVGwV~JPLvwwQRg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":384,"name":"German Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":1172,"name":"Austria (European History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria_European_History_"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science"},{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies"},{"id":7238,"name":"Heraldry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heraldry"},{"id":10946,"name":"Biblical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theology"},{"id":17230,"name":"Austrian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_Literature"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":53635,"name":"Austrian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_History"},{"id":75192,"name":"Bavarian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bavarian_History"},{"id":176238,"name":"Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trees"},{"id":212786,"name":"Austria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria"},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament"},{"id":455955,"name":"Medieval Heraldry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Heraldry"},{"id":902201,"name":"Monumental Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monumental_Trees"},{"id":1360448,"name":"Petrified Forests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petrified_Forests"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112895584"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112895584/TUNNEL_OF_THE_ROOTS_And_The_Giant_Of_Chili"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109993608/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112895584/TUNNEL_OF_THE_ROOTS_And_The_Giant_Of_Chili">TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili" or "The Giant of the Roots Tunnel" : The Controversi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili"<br />or<br />"The Giant of the Roots Tunnel" : The Controversial Actual Photo Published in 1946<br /><br />Have you ever heard of the supposed Giant of the Tunnel Las Raíces? In July 1946, the Chilean magazine "En Viaje", dedicated to tourism, published a photograph of the underground vehicular passage – which connects Curacautín and Lonquimay in the region of La Araucanía – that could generate controversy.<br /><br />In the image of the author Francisco Ribet during the construction of the Tunnel in the 1930s, a man of a much larger size than the other workers can be seen on the right side of the tunnel. Despite the obvious, in the article, this strange presence is not questioned, only the photo is used to tell the story of the work.<br /><br />The tallest part of the structure has a maximum height of 5.6 meters, indicating that the man in the photograph may have been more than 4 meters tall.<br /><br />The fact clearly stirs up conspiracy theories or legends regarding the existence of giants and the alleged concealment of this information from the public.<br /><br />That is why in order to better understand the photograph, the expert in restoration of old photographs and owner of El Restaurador, Michael Puchi, carried out a detailed analysis and gave El Contraste, his opinion on the controversial image.<br /><br />Las Raíces Tunnel Giant: "The record is 100% real"<br />"The photograph of the 'Giant' in the Las Raíces tunnel in Lonquimay does not have depth of field, so there is no blur in the background, neither in the people in front nor in the objects ahead," Puchi explained. "Although the photograph is not intervened from the digital area, the record is 100% real. But, unfortunately, it is not a giant, but a difference in depth between people that generates this striking effect and that today has gone viral on social networks."<br /><br />Puchi pointed out that old photographs have significant differences compared to current photographs. "The main one is that they don't need a film to store the information and they don't require chemical processes to record the information," he said. "In addition, another important point is the depth of field that can be obtained today with our cameras."<br /><br />In short, the official explanation for the photograph of the "Giant of the Tunnel of the Roots" would be a single one. It's an example of how perspective and depth of field can generate amazing optical effects in an image. Thanks to the analysis of expert Michael Puchi, we can better understand the nature of this ancient photograph and appreciate its historical and cultural value without falling into the temptation of speculation and legend.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ff971235e9ec5c2139deed390dac4fbc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109993608,"asset_id":112895584,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109993608/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112895584"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112895584"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112895584; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112895584]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112895584]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112895584; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112895584']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 112895584, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ff971235e9ec5c2139deed390dac4fbc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112895584]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112895584,"title":"TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"\"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili\"\nor\n\"The Giant of the Roots Tunnel\" : The Controversial Actual Photo Published in 1946\n\nHave you ever heard of the supposed Giant of the Tunnel Las Raíces? In July 1946, the Chilean magazine \"En Viaje\", dedicated to tourism, published a photograph of the underground vehicular passage – which connects Curacautín and Lonquimay in the region of La Araucanía – that could generate controversy.\n\nIn the image of the author Francisco Ribet during the construction of the Tunnel in the 1930s, a man of a much larger size than the other workers can be seen on the right side of the tunnel. Despite the obvious, in the article, this strange presence is not questioned, only the photo is used to tell the story of the work.\n\nThe tallest part of the structure has a maximum height of 5.6 meters, indicating that the man in the photograph may have been more than 4 meters tall.\n\nThe fact clearly stirs up conspiracy theories or legends regarding the existence of giants and the alleged concealment of this information from the public.\n\nThat is why in order to better understand the photograph, the expert in restoration of old photographs and owner of El Restaurador, Michael Puchi, carried out a detailed analysis and gave El Contraste, his opinion on the controversial image.\n\nLas Raíces Tunnel Giant: \"The record is 100% real\"\n\"The photograph of the 'Giant' in the Las Raíces tunnel in Lonquimay does not have depth of field, so there is no blur in the background, neither in the people in front nor in the objects ahead,\" Puchi explained. \"Although the photograph is not intervened from the digital area, the record is 100% real. But, unfortunately, it is not a giant, but a difference in depth between people that generates this striking effect and that today has gone viral on social networks.\"\n\nPuchi pointed out that old photographs have significant differences compared to current photographs. \"The main one is that they don't need a film to store the information and they don't require chemical processes to record the information,\" he said. \"In addition, another important point is the depth of field that can be obtained today with our cameras.\"\n\nIn short, the official explanation for the photograph of the \"Giant of the Tunnel of the Roots\" would be a single one. It's an example of how perspective and depth of field can generate amazing optical effects in an image. Thanks to the analysis of expert Michael Puchi, we can better understand the nature of this ancient photograph and appreciate its historical and cultural value without falling into the temptation of speculation and legend.","publication_name":"TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili"},"translated_abstract":"\"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili\"\nor\n\"The Giant of the Roots Tunnel\" : The Controversial Actual Photo Published in 1946\n\nHave you ever heard of the supposed Giant of the Tunnel Las Raíces? In July 1946, the Chilean magazine \"En Viaje\", dedicated to tourism, published a photograph of the underground vehicular passage – which connects Curacautín and Lonquimay in the region of La Araucanía – that could generate controversy.\n\nIn the image of the author Francisco Ribet during the construction of the Tunnel in the 1930s, a man of a much larger size than the other workers can be seen on the right side of the tunnel. Despite the obvious, in the article, this strange presence is not questioned, only the photo is used to tell the story of the work.\n\nThe tallest part of the structure has a maximum height of 5.6 meters, indicating that the man in the photograph may have been more than 4 meters tall.\n\nThe fact clearly stirs up conspiracy theories or legends regarding the existence of giants and the alleged concealment of this information from the public.\n\nThat is why in order to better understand the photograph, the expert in restoration of old photographs and owner of El Restaurador, Michael Puchi, carried out a detailed analysis and gave El Contraste, his opinion on the controversial image.\n\nLas Raíces Tunnel Giant: \"The record is 100% real\"\n\"The photograph of the 'Giant' in the Las Raíces tunnel in Lonquimay does not have depth of field, so there is no blur in the background, neither in the people in front nor in the objects ahead,\" Puchi explained. \"Although the photograph is not intervened from the digital area, the record is 100% real. But, unfortunately, it is not a giant, but a difference in depth between people that generates this striking effect and that today has gone viral on social networks.\"\n\nPuchi pointed out that old photographs have significant differences compared to current photographs. \"The main one is that they don't need a film to store the information and they don't require chemical processes to record the information,\" he said. \"In addition, another important point is the depth of field that can be obtained today with our cameras.\"\n\nIn short, the official explanation for the photograph of the \"Giant of the Tunnel of the Roots\" would be a single one. It's an example of how perspective and depth of field can generate amazing optical effects in an image. Thanks to the analysis of expert Michael Puchi, we can better understand the nature of this ancient photograph and appreciate its historical and cultural value without falling into the temptation of speculation and 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115218973/TAMIL_Mahishasura_Mardini_Petrified_Elephant_Howdah_Temple_Pallava_Kingdom_India">TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. Their genealogy and chronology are highly disputed. The first group of Pallavas was mentioned in Prakrit (a simple and popular form of Sanskrit) records, which tell of King Vishnugopa, who was defeated and then liberated by Samudra Gupta, the emperor of Magadha, about the middle of the 4th century CE. A later Pallava king, Simhavarman, is mentioned in the Sanskrit Lokavibhaga as reigning from 436 CE. <br /> <br />A howdah, or houdah derived from the Arabic which means "bed carried by a camel", also known as hathi howdah, is a carriage which is positioned on the back of an elephant, or occasionally some other animal such as a camel, used most often in the past to carry wealthy people during progresses or processions, hunting or in warfare.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3566c06483447f74257f4d75d46e71a8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111690585,"asset_id":115218973,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111690585/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115218973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115218973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115218973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115218973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115218973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115218973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115218973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 115218973, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3566c06483447f74257f4d75d46e71a8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115218973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115218973,"title":"TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. 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A later Pallava king, Simhavarman, is mentioned in the Sanskrit Lokavibhaga as reigning from 436 CE.\r\n\r\nA howdah, or houdah derived from the Arabic which means \"bed carried by a camel\", also known as hathi howdah, is a carriage which is positioned on the back of an elephant, or occasionally some other animal such as a camel, used most often in the past to carry wealthy people during progresses or processions, hunting or in warfare. \r\n","publication_name":"TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India"},"translated_abstract":"Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. Their genealogy and chronology are highly disputed. 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true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108898601"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108898601/HEGRA_Qasr_Al_Farid_Medina_Region_Saudi_Arabia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107168114/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108898601/HEGRA_Qasr_Al_Farid_Medina_Region_Saudi_Arabia">HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans so...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings. Al-Hijr bears a unique testimony to Nabataean civilization. With its 111 monumental tombs, 94 of which are decorated, and water wells, the site is an outstanding example of the Nabataeans’ architectural accomplishment and hydraulic expertise.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d2e8431d0843f16bcd6789aaf0e5eca9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107168114,"asset_id":108898601,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107168114/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108898601"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108898601"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108898601; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108898601]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108898601]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108898601; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108898601']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108898601, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d2e8431d0843f16bcd6789aaf0e5eca9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108898601]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108898601,"title":"HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings. Al-Hijr bears a unique testimony to Nabataean civilization. With its 111 monumental tombs, 94 of which are decorated, and water wells, the site is an outstanding example of the Nabataeans’ architectural accomplishment and hydraulic expertise.\n","ai_title_tag":"Exploring Hegra: Nabataean Civilization in Saudi Arabia","publication_name":"HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia"},"translated_abstract":"Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109064988"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109064988/Terrarium_A_Sealed_Bottle_Ecosystem_Experiment_by_David_Latime"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107296229/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109064988/Terrarium_A_Sealed_Bottle_Ecosystem_Experiment_by_David_Latime">Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Yea...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years<br /><br />Oldest terrarium by David Latimer<br />In 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”<br /><br />In fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.<br />David planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.<br /><br />Photosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants.  The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants.  Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.<br />It’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.<br /><br />Larimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.<br />This is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.<br />“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly.  Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”<br />David reported to the Daily Mail.<br />The sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw.  Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer.  He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability.  Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:<br />‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”<br /><br />Growing Bottle Gardens<br />A bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.<br />Light is the only input needed externally.  Providing energy for food and growth.  The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment).  The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy.  The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.<br />The electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.<br />To decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration.  This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.<br />The plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).<br />Water is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix.  Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />Many are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.<br /><br />Shockingly David Latimer feels the same.  Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring.  Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain itself.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="23bdf2bc5068a8fe300d4d7b0ef449bf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107296229,"asset_id":109064988,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107296229/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109064988"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109064988"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109064988; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109064988]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109064988]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109064988; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='109064988']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 109064988, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "23bdf2bc5068a8fe300d4d7b0ef449bf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=109064988]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":109064988,"title":"Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years\n\nOldest terrarium by David Latimer\nIn 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”\n\nIn fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.\nDavid planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.\n\nPhotosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants. The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants. Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.\nIt’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.\n\nLarimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.\nThis is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.\n“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly. Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”\nDavid reported to the Daily Mail.\nThe sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw. Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer. He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability. Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:\n‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”\n\nGrowing Bottle Gardens\nA bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.\nLight is the only input needed externally. Providing energy for food and growth. The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment). The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.\nThe electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.\nTo decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration. This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.\nThe plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).\nWater is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix. Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.\n\nConclusion:\nMany are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.\n\nShockingly David Latimer feels the same. Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring. Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain itself.","publication_name":"Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime"},"translated_abstract":"World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years\n\nOldest terrarium by David Latimer\nIn 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”\n\nIn fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.\nDavid planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.\n\nPhotosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants. The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants. Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.\nIt’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.\n\nLarimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.\nThis is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.\n“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly. Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”\nDavid reported to the Daily Mail.\nThe sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw. Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer. He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability. Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:\n‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”\n\nGrowing Bottle Gardens\nA bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.\nLight is the only input needed externally. Providing energy for food and growth. The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment). The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.\nThe electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.\nTo decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration. This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.\nThe plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).\nWater is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix. Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.\n\nConclusion:\nMany are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.\n\nShockingly David Latimer feels the same. Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring. Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109065812"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109065812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107296812/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109065812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel">Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, whi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, which tells of the adventures of two giants, Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. <br />Some claim it was a novel. Others corfirm it was a historical fact. <br />In the latter case, reference is made to the hundreds of fossilized bone remains on the Breton beaches. <br />The text is written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein, and features much crudity, scatological humor, and violence. The censors of the Collège de la Sorbonne stigmatized it as obscene, and in a social climate of increasing religious oppression, it was treated with suspicion, and contemporaries avoided mentioning it. According to Rabelais, the philosophy of his giant Pantagruel, "Pantagruelism", is rooted in "a certain gaiety of mind pickled in the scorn of fortuitous things". Rabelais had studied Ancient Greek and he applied it in inventing hundreds of new words in the text, some of which became part of the French language. Wordplay and risqué humor abound in his writing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="04aa7ac073f446d46893a4e5cc4e7111" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107296812,"asset_id":109065812,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107296812/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109065812"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109065812"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109065812; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109065812]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109065812]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109065812; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='109065812']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 109065812, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "04aa7ac073f446d46893a4e5cc4e7111" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=109065812]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":109065812,"title":"Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, which tells of the adventures of two giants, Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. \r\nSome claim it was a novel. Others corfirm it was a historical fact. \r\nIn the latter case, reference is made to the hundreds of fossilized bone remains on the Breton beaches. \r\nThe text is written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein, and features much crudity, scatological humor, and violence. The censors of the Collège de la Sorbonne stigmatized it as obscene, and in a social climate of increasing religious oppression, it was treated with suspicion, and contemporaries avoided mentioning it. According to Rabelais, the philosophy of his giant Pantagruel, \"Pantagruelism\", is rooted in \"a certain gaiety of mind pickled in the scorn of fortuitous things\". Rabelais had studied Ancient Greek and he applied it in inventing hundreds of new words in the text, some of which became part of the French language. 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Wordplay and risqué humor abound in his writing.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109065812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-11-11T15:54:57.374-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":107296812,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107296812/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107296812/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107296812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel-libre.pdf?1699749580=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=VKvGIF7JJrSNy3gj578YemOHjpzpUUuCSnwM4bkEuwRWg5-~mXleHwyQv5o0J6h2H-byk~jEiolNbq6ccawa6MTK2tTXgPKVtnyh9QN8vHIMRV1SoRviRTdYZt8~XDKoZEVQ8Gai~RW~-~Zp0-51Y22Y0bzcq~F6~54RRIbuAd9ZNB89bNq5Jl9Cc79G6tdtVn7eYtaOOM9u2JJbQvWOH6yWORPnEOY8swKr1hXv0vuudfRbHpIrpq8~kX0KPeWzbyhNbWDlU3VEsiEILEsXqt1fHxH3aQ4zNxdqZZhTHFpoXsc6FFfrlh2c1oxZ3cZvZVB0xfeVXMdcfJ4Qis8ONA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":107296812,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107296812/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107296812/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107296812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel-libre.pdf?1699749580=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=VKvGIF7JJrSNy3gj578YemOHjpzpUUuCSnwM4bkEuwRWg5-~mXleHwyQv5o0J6h2H-byk~jEiolNbq6ccawa6MTK2tTXgPKVtnyh9QN8vHIMRV1SoRviRTdYZt8~XDKoZEVQ8Gai~RW~-~Zp0-51Y22Y0bzcq~F6~54RRIbuAd9ZNB89bNq5Jl9Cc79G6tdtVn7eYtaOOM9u2JJbQvWOH6yWORPnEOY8swKr1hXv0vuudfRbHpIrpq8~kX0KPeWzbyhNbWDlU3VEsiEILEsXqt1fHxH3aQ4zNxdqZZhTHFpoXsc6FFfrlh2c1oxZ3cZvZVB0xfeVXMdcfJ4Qis8ONA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15,"name":"British Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Literature"},{"id":660,"name":"French Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Literature"},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology"},{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History"},{"id":1629,"name":"French Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Studies"},{"id":9439,"name":"Folk legends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folk_legends"},{"id":13117,"name":"20th century France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/20th_century_France"},{"id":14606,"name":"Medieval France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_France"},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France"},{"id":28977,"name":"Comparative mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_mythology"},{"id":32932,"name":"Contemporary legends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_legends"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":38124,"name":"Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giants"},{"id":138720,"name":"Book of Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Book_of_Giants"},{"id":165301,"name":"Urban Legends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Legends"},{"id":291274,"name":"Great Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Britain"},{"id":453476,"name":"Fallen Angels and Giants Genesis 6:1-4 (DSD 2000)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fallen_Angels_and_Giants_Genesis_6_1-4_DSD_2000_"},{"id":808122,"name":"League of Legends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/League_of_Legends"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2789967" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="45438248"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/45438248/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_Jules_Verne"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65971232/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/45438248/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_Jules_Verne">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic jo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. Over the course of their fantastical voyage, they encounter the lost city of Atlantis, the South Pole, and the corals of the Red Sea. Along the way, they must battle countless adversaries both human and monstrous. This triumphant work of the imagination shows the limitless possibilities of science and the dark depths of the human mind.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0efe7ad537b9407c916698c144ed0e58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65971232,"asset_id":45438248,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65971232/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="45438248"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45438248"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45438248; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45438248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45438248]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45438248; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='45438248']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45438248, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0efe7ad537b9407c916698c144ed0e58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=45438248]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":45438248,"title":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49408101"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49408101/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86672061/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49408101/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon">Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de ge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de geste. He is renowned for his spirit, and possesses the supernatural ability to adjust his size to his riders. <br /> <br />Bayard first appears as the property of Renaud de Montauban in the Old French twelfth century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon. The horse was capable of carrying Rinaldo and his three brothers ("the four sons of Aymon") all at the same time and of understanding human speech. Near the end of the work, Renaud is forced to cede Bayard to Charlemagne who, as punishment for the horse's exploits, has a large stone tied to Bayard's neck and has the horse pushed into the river; Bayard however smashes the stone with his hooves and escapes to live forever more in the woods. <br /> <br />Outside the Walloon town of Dinant in Belgium stands "Bayard Rock", a large cleft rock formation that was said to have been split by Bayard's mighty hooves. In Namur, the next town downriver along the Meuse, stands a locally famous statue of Bayard and the Four Aymon Brothers. There are plenty of named places in Wallonia linked to the legend of Four Aymon Brothers and Bayard. <br /> <br />The Bayard legend is also celebrated in other towns in Belgium — most notably in the Flemish town of Dendermonde, where a large procession is organised every ten years. The rivalry between Dendermonde and Aalst, a city close by, has led to the construction of the Steed Balatum[clarification needed] by the inhabitants of Aalst, as a parody on Bayard. Brussels (as part of the Ommegang), Mechelen and Ath all organise processions that include Bayard. There are also Bayard statues in Ghent and Grembergen.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="47d059c83de8ca48c68ce801474aaf4a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86672061,"asset_id":49408101,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86672061/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49408101"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49408101"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49408101; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49408101]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49408101]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49408101; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49408101']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49408101, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "47d059c83de8ca48c68ce801474aaf4a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49408101]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49408101,"title":"Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de geste. He is renowned for his spirit, and possesses the supernatural ability to adjust his size to his riders.\r\n\r\nBayard first appears as the property of Renaud de Montauban in the Old French twelfth century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon. The horse was capable of carrying Rinaldo and his three brothers (\"the four sons of Aymon\") all at the same time and of understanding human speech. Near the end of the work, Renaud is forced to cede Bayard to Charlemagne who, as punishment for the horse's exploits, has a large stone tied to Bayard's neck and has the horse pushed into the river; Bayard however smashes the stone with his hooves and escapes to live forever more in the woods.\r\n\r\nOutside the Walloon town of Dinant in Belgium stands \"Bayard Rock\", a large cleft rock formation that was said to have been split by Bayard's mighty hooves. In Namur, the next town downriver along the Meuse, stands a locally famous statue of Bayard and the Four Aymon Brothers. There are plenty of named places in Wallonia linked to the legend of Four Aymon Brothers and Bayard.\r\n\r\nThe Bayard legend is also celebrated in other towns in Belgium — most notably in the Flemish town of Dendermonde, where a large procession is organised every ten years. The rivalry between Dendermonde and Aalst, a city close by, has led to the construction of the Steed Balatum[clarification needed] by the inhabitants of Aalst, as a parody on Bayard. Brussels (as part of the Ommegang), Mechelen and Ath all organise processions that include Bayard. There are also Bayard statues in Ghent and Grembergen.\r\n\r\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Bayard : Legend of the Giant Horse and The Four Sons of Aymon"},"translated_abstract":"Bayard (Dutch: (Ros) Beiaard) is a magic bay horse in the legends derived from the chansons de geste. He is renowned for his spirit, and possesses the supernatural ability to adjust his size to his riders.\r\n\r\nBayard first appears as the property of Renaud de Montauban in the Old French twelfth century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon. The horse was capable of carrying Rinaldo and his three brothers (\"the four sons of Aymon\") all at the same time and of understanding human speech. Near the end of the work, Renaud is forced to cede Bayard to Charlemagne who, as punishment for the horse's exploits, has a large stone tied to Bayard's neck and has the horse pushed into the river; Bayard however smashes the stone with his hooves and escapes to live forever more in the woods.\r\n\r\nOutside the Walloon town of Dinant in Belgium stands \"Bayard Rock\", a large cleft rock formation that was said to have been split by Bayard's mighty hooves. In Namur, the next town downriver along the Meuse, stands a locally famous statue of Bayard and the Four Aymon Brothers. There are plenty of named places in Wallonia linked to the legend of Four Aymon Brothers and Bayard.\r\n\r\nThe Bayard legend is also celebrated in other towns in Belgium — most notably in the Flemish town of Dendermonde, where a large procession is organised every ten years. The rivalry between Dendermonde and Aalst, a city close by, has led to the construction of the Steed Balatum[clarification needed] by the inhabitants of Aalst, as a parody on Bayard. Brussels (as part of the Ommegang), Mechelen and Ath all organise processions that include Bayard. There are also Bayard statues in Ghent and Grembergen.\r\n\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49408101/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-06-26T13:48:13.055-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86672061,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86672061/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86672061/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86672061/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon-libre.pdf?1653866154=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=PnKUWM32CSrpjsVGD2o9ch8rEJZBpmYW67M~7p7nDC3P07PU60PXMJuKXYVR84LUrBQyw90lErCbgN0IVj1uvemkiPmAy0VFfhWWJuAHgujhv6-Jux3AMJT6pBb9GF6JwAiSDK2d0HoxV9a0zdiCTE53EqTjzU4ReH~5xOypn0wl3lxNmviYxpABHF-4tRfD9pE4gNX0KsWMhEyE73l6FCEPc3VOXynG3UfeF6qvKqzaRvYtwRaiNNoxU8U3FzlfOEhg4wiFR7d3V-4h7VCsIf9mPMJALF8GtVEIt0RIx0ao4VHE3bJi6YeYOTOFdejL3kTA9qUHwgtwJNIz3m41rA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":86672061,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86672061/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86672061/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86672061/Bayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon-libre.pdf?1653866154=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBayard_Legend_of_the_Giant_Horse_and_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=PnKUWM32CSrpjsVGD2o9ch8rEJZBpmYW67M~7p7nDC3P07PU60PXMJuKXYVR84LUrBQyw90lErCbgN0IVj1uvemkiPmAy0VFfhWWJuAHgujhv6-Jux3AMJT6pBb9GF6JwAiSDK2d0HoxV9a0zdiCTE53EqTjzU4ReH~5xOypn0wl3lxNmviYxpABHF-4tRfD9pE4gNX0KsWMhEyE73l6FCEPc3VOXynG3UfeF6qvKqzaRvYtwRaiNNoxU8U3FzlfOEhg4wiFR7d3V-4h7VCsIf9mPMJALF8GtVEIt0RIx0ao4VHE3bJi6YeYOTOFdejL3kTA9qUHwgtwJNIz3m41rA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore"},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":38124,"name":"Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giants"},{"id":173146,"name":"Myth and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myth_and_Literature"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="42288135"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/42288135/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Kiss Of The Dragon : The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86602127/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/42288135/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino">Kiss Of The Dragon : The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Kiss Of The Dragon :The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss) <br /> <br />In this publication I mainly refer to the connection of word choices for the same location as being: Monte Titano (Giant Mountain) - Vall Dragone (Valley of the Dragon) - Borgo Maggiore (Great Mountain/Fortress) <br /> <br />Valdragone is a village (curazia) in central San Marino. <br />It belongs to the castello of Borgo Maggiore. <br />The village is divided into two areas: Valdragone di Sopra (Upper V.) and Valdragone di Sotto (Lower V.). It is situated close at the east of Borgo Maggiore and also close to Cailungo and Domagnano. <br /> <br />The name of Valdragone appears for the first time in historical documents of 1253. The Monastero di Santa Chiara was built from 1969 to 1971. <br /> <br />According to legend, the name "Valdragone" comes from stories of a dragon that appeared there. From Italian val, apocopic form of valle ("valley") + dragone ("dragon").</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d81a402784f655dbd6a5ef4fbfb0979" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86602127,"asset_id":42288135,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86602127/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42288135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42288135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42288135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42288135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42288135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42288135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='42288135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42288135, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2d81a402784f655dbd6a5ef4fbfb0979" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=42288135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":42288135,"title":"Kiss Of The Dragon : The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss)\r\n\r\nIn this publication I mainly refer to the connection of word choices for the same location as being: Monte Titano (Giant Mountain) - Vall Dragone (Valley of the Dragon) - Borgo Maggiore (Great Mountain/Fortress)\r\n\r\nValdragone is a village (curazia) in central San Marino. \r\nIt belongs to the castello of Borgo Maggiore.\r\nThe village is divided into two areas: Valdragone di Sopra (Upper V.) and Valdragone di Sotto (Lower V.). It is situated close at the east of Borgo Maggiore and also close to Cailungo and Domagnano.\r\n\r\nThe name of Valdragone appears for the first time in historical documents of 1253. The Monastero di Santa Chiara was built from 1969 to 1971.\r\n\r\nAccording to legend, the name \"Valdragone\" comes from stories of a dragon that appeared there. From Italian val, apocopic form of valle (\"valley\") + dragone (\"dragon\").","ai_title_tag":"Monte Titano and Valdragone: Legends and History","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Kiss Of The Dragon :The Attack of Monte Titano - San Marino"},"translated_abstract":"Dematerialization and crystallization of materials by Dragon-fire. (AKA Dragon-storm, Dragon-kiss)\r\n\r\nIn this publication I mainly refer to the connection of word choices for the same location as being: Monte Titano (Giant Mountain) - Vall Dragone (Valley of the Dragon) - Borgo Maggiore (Great Mountain/Fortress)\r\n\r\nValdragone is a village (curazia) in central San Marino. \r\nIt belongs to the castello of Borgo Maggiore.\r\nThe village is divided into two areas: Valdragone di Sopra (Upper V.) and Valdragone di Sotto (Lower V.). It is situated close at the east of Borgo Maggiore and also close to Cailungo and Domagnano.\r\n\r\nThe name of Valdragone appears for the first time in historical documents of 1253. The Monastero di Santa Chiara was built from 1969 to 1971.\r\n\r\nAccording to legend, the name \"Valdragone\" comes from stories of a dragon that appeared there. From Italian val, apocopic form of valle (\"valley\") + dragone (\"dragon\").","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42288135/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-03-22T11:18:13.461-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86602127,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86602127/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86602127/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86602127/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano-libre.pdf?1653741776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=ECWQVvPwJhb8XHN9OWkU4rx-nryhEwqi83cy551J4gN9Oe95t8KGif99w-4BQMJCPO~NhtP0tdvXwMJuXxKv~72GDH1ykBzY0in~UBXpdqOobFRIgnnNkY6bl9xbTcjacETDWhla~lTqx57Z4lwFP-D2uMKKkjqhrtZQnJvF1rQQVXgblT3G2TLVHfM9WBe57jGGHqew5Qi4F8UrFbtYlwdzanL9xEQirvEzCEVmTtYV1vuvT-PP7UTy7eq3f5QwRwvq5RxXy0UCpcW0G~0L2TYbiXNJmz~wQBSIt6dWDhRceowkI-QQIU2nw4XjNU024tHo2emMkf4-V1IX-tygig__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano_San_Marino","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":86602127,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86602127/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86602127/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86602127/Kiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_Titano-libre.pdf?1653741776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DKiss_Of_The_Dragon_The_Attack_of_Monte_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990908\u0026Signature=ECWQVvPwJhb8XHN9OWkU4rx-nryhEwqi83cy551J4gN9Oe95t8KGif99w-4BQMJCPO~NhtP0tdvXwMJuXxKv~72GDH1ykBzY0in~UBXpdqOobFRIgnnNkY6bl9xbTcjacETDWhla~lTqx57Z4lwFP-D2uMKKkjqhrtZQnJvF1rQQVXgblT3G2TLVHfM9WBe57jGGHqew5Qi4F8UrFbtYlwdzanL9xEQirvEzCEVmTtYV1vuvT-PP7UTy7eq3f5QwRwvq5RxXy0UCpcW0G~0L2TYbiXNJmz~wQBSIt6dWDhRceowkI-QQIU2nw4XjNU024tHo2emMkf4-V1IX-tygig__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":787,"name":"Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore"},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology"},{"id":9439,"name":"Folk legends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folk_legends"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":44901,"name":"Pottery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pottery"},{"id":176238,"name":"Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trees"},{"id":351149,"name":"Dragon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dragon"},{"id":424391,"name":"History of folklore and legend","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_folklore_and_legend"},{"id":544628,"name":"Myhtology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myhtology"},{"id":609438,"name":"Dungeons and Dragons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dungeons_and_Dragons"},{"id":902201,"name":"Monumental Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monumental_Trees"},{"id":951143,"name":"Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeology"},{"id":3214442,"name":"Mythological creatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythological_creatures"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108916591"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108916591/Antediluvian_Goddesses"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Antediluvian Goddesses" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107183030/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108916591/Antediluvian_Goddesses">Antediluvian Goddesses</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Antediluvian Goddesses</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">If, as Xenophanes observed, humans create gods in their own image (21B15 D-K) it seems curious th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">If, as Xenophanes observed, humans create gods in their own image (21B15 D-K) it seems curious that there is such sustained enthusiasm in modern times for an archetypal Mother Goddess. For unlike goddesses in Greek literature, the Mother Goddess does not think or speak or interact with other gods or humans. In what has been taken to be the authoritative book on the subject, Marija Gimbutas’ The Language of the Goddess, the female figures are shown sitting or standing, sometimes alone and sometimes flanked by infants or animals, remote from the world of other gods or adult humans.1 The Goddess is distinguished in these images not for her wit or moral strength or vengeful anger, but for her prominent breasts, gaping mouth, and her swollen belly, as if she were synonymous with her reproductive organs.<br /><br />Nonetheless, this Goddess is celebrated in Wicca and in several New Age cults,2 as well as in a lively popular literature.3 The authors of books about the Goddess take it for granted that her existence has been confirmed by the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. Joseph Campbell, who is regarded many people in the U.S.A. as an authority on all ancient mythologies, stated that Gimbutas’ work provided a “lexicon of the pictorial script” of Goddess religion. According to Campbell, Goddess religion was an expression of “that primordial attempt on humanity’s part to understand and live in harmony with the beauty and wonder of Creation” in contrast to the story of creation in Genesis, and the “manipulated systems of the West”. As he saw it, rediscovery of her religion addressed the “need in our time for a general transformation of consciousness.”4<br /><br />But could a religion that so precisely met the needs of the twentieth century C.E. have existed in the twentieth century B.C.E.? Certainly not in the form that Gimbutas, Campbell, or any of their predecessors imagined it. The present book shows why. Editors Lucy Goodison (University College, London) and Christine Morris (Trinity College, Dublin) explain in a brief, but informative introduction that in reality the Goddess is a recent creation, not of women in the distant past, as many of her enthusiasts suppose, but of male academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The ktistes of her cult was of course J.J. Bachofen, but she had influential priests like C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann.5 Their theories influenced the work of prehistoric archaeologists, such as Sir Arthur Evans and James Mellaart. As the women movement gathered force, the notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess was taken up earnestly even by academics like Gimbutas and historian Gerda Lerner.6 The moral sub-text of these works leant credibility to their arguments: most of the evils of the present-day world had been introduced as a result of the dominance of men.<br /><br />By the 1960s archaeologists had begun to question the existence of the Goddess, in part because they saw what extravagant deductions were being made on the basis of a fragmentary body of material evidence. How (for example) was it possible to know what Cycladic figurines represented, in the absence of written evidence, and when there were no exact records of the proveniences in which the artifacts had been found? The authors of the essays in the book have reexamined the evidence “in areas where claims for the Goddess have been most insistent”. The result, as the editors put it, is a “revelation. Not of a single, fundamental pattern universally repeating itself, but of a picture of staggering diversity”. There are many different kinds and types of goddesses, but no Goddess. Here is a brief account of the some of the significant material in this detailed and extensively documented book.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b0c424600f42142699e7b475a48b1c9c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107183030,"asset_id":108916591,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107183030/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108916591"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108916591"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108916591; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108916591]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108916591]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108916591; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108916591']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108916591, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b0c424600f42142699e7b475a48b1c9c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108916591]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108916591,"title":"Antediluvian Goddesses","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"If, as Xenophanes observed, humans create gods in their own image (21B15 D-K) it seems curious that there is such sustained enthusiasm in modern times for an archetypal Mother Goddess. For unlike goddesses in Greek literature, the Mother Goddess does not think or speak or interact with other gods or humans. In what has been taken to be the authoritative book on the subject, Marija Gimbutas’ The Language of the Goddess, the female figures are shown sitting or standing, sometimes alone and sometimes flanked by infants or animals, remote from the world of other gods or adult humans.1 The Goddess is distinguished in these images not for her wit or moral strength or vengeful anger, but for her prominent breasts, gaping mouth, and her swollen belly, as if she were synonymous with her reproductive organs.\n\nNonetheless, this Goddess is celebrated in Wicca and in several New Age cults,2 as well as in a lively popular literature.3 The authors of books about the Goddess take it for granted that her existence has been confirmed by the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. Joseph Campbell, who is regarded many people in the U.S.A. as an authority on all ancient mythologies, stated that Gimbutas’ work provided a “lexicon of the pictorial script” of Goddess religion. According to Campbell, Goddess religion was an expression of “that primordial attempt on humanity’s part to understand and live in harmony with the beauty and wonder of Creation” in contrast to the story of creation in Genesis, and the “manipulated systems of the West”. As he saw it, rediscovery of her religion addressed the “need in our time for a general transformation of consciousness.”4\n\nBut could a religion that so precisely met the needs of the twentieth century C.E. have existed in the twentieth century B.C.E.? Certainly not in the form that Gimbutas, Campbell, or any of their predecessors imagined it. The present book shows why. Editors Lucy Goodison (University College, London) and Christine Morris (Trinity College, Dublin) explain in a brief, but informative introduction that in reality the Goddess is a recent creation, not of women in the distant past, as many of her enthusiasts suppose, but of male academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The ktistes of her cult was of course J.J. Bachofen, but she had influential priests like C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann.5 Their theories influenced the work of prehistoric archaeologists, such as Sir Arthur Evans and James Mellaart. As the women movement gathered force, the notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess was taken up earnestly even by academics like Gimbutas and historian Gerda Lerner.6 The moral sub-text of these works leant credibility to their arguments: most of the evils of the present-day world had been introduced as a result of the dominance of men.\n\nBy the 1960s archaeologists had begun to question the existence of the Goddess, in part because they saw what extravagant deductions were being made on the basis of a fragmentary body of material evidence. How (for example) was it possible to know what Cycladic figurines represented, in the absence of written evidence, and when there were no exact records of the proveniences in which the artifacts had been found? The authors of the essays in the book have reexamined the evidence “in areas where claims for the Goddess have been most insistent”. The result, as the editors put it, is a “revelation. 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In what has been taken to be the authoritative book on the subject, Marija Gimbutas’ The Language of the Goddess, the female figures are shown sitting or standing, sometimes alone and sometimes flanked by infants or animals, remote from the world of other gods or adult humans.1 The Goddess is distinguished in these images not for her wit or moral strength or vengeful anger, but for her prominent breasts, gaping mouth, and her swollen belly, as if she were synonymous with her reproductive organs.\n\nNonetheless, this Goddess is celebrated in Wicca and in several New Age cults,2 as well as in a lively popular literature.3 The authors of books about the Goddess take it for granted that her existence has been confirmed by the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. Joseph Campbell, who is regarded many people in the U.S.A. as an authority on all ancient mythologies, stated that Gimbutas’ work provided a “lexicon of the pictorial script” of Goddess religion. According to Campbell, Goddess religion was an expression of “that primordial attempt on humanity’s part to understand and live in harmony with the beauty and wonder of Creation” in contrast to the story of creation in Genesis, and the “manipulated systems of the West”. As he saw it, rediscovery of her religion addressed the “need in our time for a general transformation of consciousness.”4\n\nBut could a religion that so precisely met the needs of the twentieth century C.E. have existed in the twentieth century B.C.E.? Certainly not in the form that Gimbutas, Campbell, or any of their predecessors imagined it. The present book shows why. Editors Lucy Goodison (University College, London) and Christine Morris (Trinity College, Dublin) explain in a brief, but informative introduction that in reality the Goddess is a recent creation, not of women in the distant past, as many of her enthusiasts suppose, but of male academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The ktistes of her cult was of course J.J. Bachofen, but she had influential priests like C. G. Jung and Erich Neumann.5 Their theories influenced the work of prehistoric archaeologists, such as Sir Arthur Evans and James Mellaart. As the women movement gathered force, the notion of a prehistoric Mother Goddess was taken up earnestly even by academics like Gimbutas and historian Gerda Lerner.6 The moral sub-text of these works leant credibility to their arguments: most of the evils of the present-day world had been introduced as a result of the dominance of men.\n\nBy the 1960s archaeologists had begun to question the existence of the Goddess, in part because they saw what extravagant deductions were being made on the basis of a fragmentary body of material evidence. How (for example) was it possible to know what Cycladic figurines represented, in the absence of written evidence, and when there were no exact records of the proveniences in which the artifacts had been found? The authors of the essays in the book have reexamined the evidence “in areas where claims for the Goddess have been most insistent”. The result, as the editors put it, is a “revelation. Not of a single, fundamental pattern universally repeating itself, but of a picture of staggering diversity”. There are many different kinds and types of goddesses, but no Goddess. Here is a brief account of the some of the significant material in this detailed and extensively documented 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111491061/Protohistory_Our_Petrified_Ancient_World_ProtoEVOLUTION_Our_Petrified_Ancient_World">Protohistory - Our Petrified Ancient World ProtoEVOLUTION - Our Petrified Ancient World</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Protohistory - Our Petrified Ancient World</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ProtoSCIENCE - Our Petrified Ancient World </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2c08de844461d40c75b09890300fdfae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109027303,"asset_id":111491061,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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/></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111491637/Glacial_Kosmogony_Theory">Glacial Kosmogony Theory</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Glacial Kosmogony Theory</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1912 a successful Austrian inventor and engineer, Hanns Horbiger (1860-1931), published Glacia...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1912 a successful Austrian inventor and engineer, Hanns Horbiger (1860-1931), published Glacial-Kosmogonie ("The Glacial Cosmogony") in collaboration with Philipp Fauth (1867-1941), a teacher and amateur astronomer. <br />This book outlined a heterodox general theory of astronomy and the earth sciences that Horbiger had been working out since the 1880s - namely, that the universe was largely made of water ice and that ice infall profoundly affected the Earth and its climate. <br />Horbiger's cosmogony, which came to be known as the Welteislehre (world ice theory) or WEL, also claimed that the Milky Way was largely a ring of ice crystals surrounding the solar system. <br />Using evidence from the Bible and traditional mythologies, plus a doubtful command of geology, Horbiger further asserted that a number of icy moons had spiraled into the Earth, leading to a series of global catastrophes. In the interwar years, the WEL acquired many lay adherents (but little scientific support) in Central Europe, Britain, and the United States. The theory reached its apogee during the Third Reich, when the Sturmabteilung (SA) or Brownshirts promoted it as compatible with ancient Nordic myths and National Socialist ideology. "Horbigerism" lingered on after World...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="68a837abc4148eec2e36550ac203b424" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109016266,"asset_id":111491637,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109016266/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111491637"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111491637"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111491637; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111491637]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111491637]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111491637; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111491637']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 111491637, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "68a837abc4148eec2e36550ac203b424" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111491637]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111491637,"title":"Glacial Kosmogony Theory","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In 1912 a successful Austrian inventor and engineer, Hanns Horbiger (1860-1931), published Glacial-Kosmogonie (\"The Glacial Cosmogony\") in collaboration with Philipp Fauth (1867-1941), a teacher and amateur astronomer. \r\nThis book outlined a heterodox general theory of astronomy and the earth sciences that Horbiger had been working out since the 1880s - namely, that the universe was largely made of water ice and that ice infall profoundly affected the Earth and its climate. \r\nHorbiger's cosmogony, which came to be known as the Welteislehre (world ice theory) or WEL, also claimed that the Milky Way was largely a ring of ice crystals surrounding the solar system. \r\nUsing evidence from the Bible and traditional mythologies, plus a doubtful command of geology, Horbiger further asserted that a number of icy moons had spiraled into the Earth, leading to a series of global catastrophes. 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112881874"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112881874/The_Giant_of_Kandahar_Afghanistan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109980785/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112881874/The_Giant_of_Kandahar_Afghanistan">The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan The US ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan<br /><br />The US government allegedly "killed and covered up" a 13-foot giant with red hair and six-finger hands who lived in the Afghanistan highlands.<br /><br />The Giant of Kandahar, a 13-foot-tall monster with red hair and six-fingered hands that lived in the mountains of Afghanistan 'was killed and covered up by the US government.' This is a representational image.<br />US Military 'Killed' Kandahar Giant<br />In a chat with Marzulli (per Daily Star), the military contractor claimed to have been there during the savage killing of a killer he dubbed the Kandahar Giant.<br /><br />Marzulli discusses the "Giant of Kandahar" with a guy claiming to be a soldier on his YouTube channel, which is dedicated to connecting contemporary events to Biblical prophesies.<br /><br />Before he and the other "special forces" put it down, Mr. K claimed he observed the monster holding a spear and slaying a US soldier named "Dan."<br /><br />None of the occurrences have been verified.<br /><br />Who is the Kandahar Giant?<br />According to Indie88, the Kandahar Giant is one of the following two possibilities.<br /><br />A legendary 13-foot-tall enormous creature who dwelt in Afghanistan's highlands and was destroyed by US special troops. The authorities later covered up the death of the red-haired giant with six-fingered hands;<br />A total myth.<br />ALSO READ: About 200 Human Remains Under Same Family Unearthed from Undisturbed Bronze Age Funeral Pyre in Italy <br /><br />In August 2016, Marzulli posted a lengthy interview with Mr. K, a military contractor, on the internet video sharing platform. During the conversation, Mr. K stated that he was a member of the crew who ruthlessly executed the Kandahar giant.<br /><br />In the early 2000s, when the US military was fighting the Taliban in their de facto capital of Kandahar Province, the incident occurred. On the other hand, this massive creature was not a human combatant in the least.<br /><br />How This Monster Looked Like<br />The Kandahar Giant, according to Mr. K, is 13 feet tall and has two sets of fangs. With his spear weapon, the monster murdered one of the Special Forces men.<br /><br />According to ATI, the remainder of the troops murdered him in less than 30 seconds by firing nonstop at him. The army forces hauled its body away in a Chinook chopper and have kept it concealed since no one had seen him.<br /><br />Some accounts claim that the giant was as tall as 15 feet with six digits, wore leather moccasins with a horrible odor, and appeared out of nowhere from a cave, killing one soldier with his spear.<br /><br />"Between them, the squad was armed with full-auto M4 carbines, 'recon carbines' (semi-automatic) and M107 Barrett anti-materiel rifles firing .50 BMG. This much firepower concentrated on one target for one second, let alone thirty, would be extremely destructive," One report claimed.<br /><br />Non-disclosure agreements (NDA) were required of the soldiers. The troops, on the other hand, broke their silence because they believed that the truth should be revealed and that the public had a right to know.<br /><br />US Government Denies Claim<br />When Snopes asked about the "Kandahar Giant incident" in 2016, the Department of Defense said, "We do not have any record or information about a special forces member killed by a giant in Kandahar."<br /><br />Furthermore, neither the website nor the news release said that a "special forces troop" had gone missing in Afghanistan or that a giant had killed one of their men.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="43613d51606a631507d93e9d71e7b3b1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109980785,"asset_id":112881874,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109980785/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112881874"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112881874"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112881874; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112881874]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112881874]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112881874; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112881874']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 112881874, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "43613d51606a631507d93e9d71e7b3b1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112881874]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112881874,"title":"The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan\n\nThe US government allegedly \"killed and covered up\" a 13-foot giant with red hair and six-finger hands who lived in the Afghanistan highlands.\n\nThe Giant of Kandahar, a 13-foot-tall monster with red hair and six-fingered hands that lived in the mountains of Afghanistan 'was killed and covered up by the US government.' This is a representational image.\nUS Military 'Killed' Kandahar Giant\nIn a chat with Marzulli (per Daily Star), the military contractor claimed to have been there during the savage killing of a killer he dubbed the Kandahar Giant.\n\nMarzulli discusses the \"Giant of Kandahar\" with a guy claiming to be a soldier on his YouTube channel, which is dedicated to connecting contemporary events to Biblical prophesies.\n\nBefore he and the other \"special forces\" put it down, Mr. K claimed he observed the monster holding a spear and slaying a US soldier named \"Dan.\"\n\nNone of the occurrences have been verified.\n\nWho is the Kandahar Giant?\nAccording to Indie88, the Kandahar Giant is one of the following two possibilities.\n\nA legendary 13-foot-tall enormous creature who dwelt in Afghanistan's highlands and was destroyed by US special troops. The authorities later covered up the death of the red-haired giant with six-fingered hands;\nA total myth.\nALSO READ: About 200 Human Remains Under Same Family Unearthed from Undisturbed Bronze Age Funeral Pyre in Italy \n\nIn August 2016, Marzulli posted a lengthy interview with Mr. K, a military contractor, on the internet video sharing platform. During the conversation, Mr. K stated that he was a member of the crew who ruthlessly executed the Kandahar giant.\n\nIn the early 2000s, when the US military was fighting the Taliban in their de facto capital of Kandahar Province, the incident occurred. On the other hand, this massive creature was not a human combatant in the least.\n\nHow This Monster Looked Like\nThe Kandahar Giant, according to Mr. K, is 13 feet tall and has two sets of fangs. With his spear weapon, the monster murdered one of the Special Forces men.\n\nAccording to ATI, the remainder of the troops murdered him in less than 30 seconds by firing nonstop at him. The army forces hauled its body away in a Chinook chopper and have kept it concealed since no one had seen him.\n\nSome accounts claim that the giant was as tall as 15 feet with six digits, wore leather moccasins with a horrible odor, and appeared out of nowhere from a cave, killing one soldier with his spear.\n\n\"Between them, the squad was armed with full-auto M4 carbines, 'recon carbines' (semi-automatic) and M107 Barrett anti-materiel rifles firing .50 BMG. This much firepower concentrated on one target for one second, let alone thirty, would be extremely destructive,\" One report claimed.\n\nNon-disclosure agreements (NDA) were required of the soldiers. The troops, on the other hand, broke their silence because they believed that the truth should be revealed and that the public had a right to know.\n\nUS Government Denies Claim\nWhen Snopes asked about the \"Kandahar Giant incident\" in 2016, the Department of Defense said, \"We do not have any record or information about a special forces member killed by a giant in Kandahar.\"\n\nFurthermore, neither the website nor the news release said that a \"special forces troop\" had gone missing in Afghanistan or that a giant had killed one of their men.","publication_name":"The Giant of Kandahar-Afghanistan"},"translated_abstract":"13-Foot Tall Red Haired Giant of Kandahar Allegedly Killed by US Soldiers in Afghanistan\n\nThe US government allegedly \"killed and covered up\" a 13-foot giant with red hair and six-finger hands who lived in the Afghanistan highlands.\n\nThe Giant of Kandahar, a 13-foot-tall monster with red hair and six-fingered hands that lived in the mountains of Afghanistan 'was killed and covered up by the US government.' This is a representational image.\nUS Military 'Killed' Kandahar Giant\nIn a chat with Marzulli (per Daily Star), the military contractor claimed to have been there during the savage killing of a killer he dubbed the Kandahar Giant.\n\nMarzulli discusses the \"Giant of Kandahar\" with a guy claiming to be a soldier on his YouTube channel, which is dedicated to connecting contemporary events to Biblical prophesies.\n\nBefore he and the other \"special forces\" put it down, Mr. K claimed he observed the monster holding a spear and slaying a US soldier named \"Dan.\"\n\nNone of the occurrences have been verified.\n\nWho is the Kandahar Giant?\nAccording to Indie88, the Kandahar Giant is one of the following two possibilities.\n\nA legendary 13-foot-tall enormous creature who dwelt in Afghanistan's highlands and was destroyed by US special troops. The authorities later covered up the death of the red-haired giant with six-fingered hands;\nA total myth.\nALSO READ: About 200 Human Remains Under Same Family Unearthed from Undisturbed Bronze Age Funeral Pyre in Italy \n\nIn August 2016, Marzulli posted a lengthy interview with Mr. K, a military contractor, on the internet video sharing platform. During the conversation, Mr. K stated that he was a member of the crew who ruthlessly executed the Kandahar giant.\n\nIn the early 2000s, when the US military was fighting the Taliban in their de facto capital of Kandahar Province, the incident occurred. On the other hand, this massive creature was not a human combatant in the least.\n\nHow This Monster Looked Like\nThe Kandahar Giant, according to Mr. K, is 13 feet tall and has two sets of fangs. With his spear weapon, the monster murdered one of the Special Forces men.\n\nAccording to ATI, the remainder of the troops murdered him in less than 30 seconds by firing nonstop at him. The army forces hauled its body away in a Chinook chopper and have kept it concealed since no one had seen him.\n\nSome accounts claim that the giant was as tall as 15 feet with six digits, wore leather moccasins with a horrible odor, and appeared out of nowhere from a cave, killing one soldier with his spear.\n\n\"Between them, the squad was armed with full-auto M4 carbines, 'recon carbines' (semi-automatic) and M107 Barrett anti-materiel rifles firing .50 BMG. This much firepower concentrated on one target for one second, let alone thirty, would be extremely destructive,\" One report claimed.\n\nNon-disclosure agreements (NDA) were required of the soldiers. The troops, on the other hand, broke their silence because they believed that the truth should be revealed and that the public had a right to know.\n\nUS Government Denies Claim\nWhen Snopes asked about the \"Kandahar Giant incident\" in 2016, the Department of Defense said, \"We do not have any record or information about a special forces member killed by a giant in Kandahar.\"\n\nFurthermore, neither the website nor the news release said that a \"special forces troop\" had gone missing in Afghanistan or that a giant had killed one of their 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class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124698442/Cyclope_Cave_Alingar_District_Laghman_Afghanistan">Cyclope Cave - Alingar District, Laghman, Afghanistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient Greece. The Greeks believed that there was an entire race of cyclopes who lived in a faraway land without law and order. Homer, in his Iliad, describes the Cyclopes as pastoral but savage, typical of the strange creatures the Greeks created to represent foreign societies not regarded as civilised as themselves.<br /><br />The Cyclopes are not without talents, though, and are credited with manufacturing the thunderbolts which Zeus used as a terrible throwing weapon and as the builders of gigantic fortification walls such as those still seen at Mycenaean sites today. <br /><br />Operation Cyclone<br /><br />Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. <br />The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's MI6, who conducted their own separate covert actions. <br />The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bfbd9ed680efe86208afba99c802536b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118875970,"asset_id":124698442,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118875970/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124698442"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124698442"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124698442; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124698442]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124698442]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124698442; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124698442']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124698442, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bfbd9ed680efe86208afba99c802536b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124698442]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124698442,"title":"Cyclope Cave - Alingar District, Laghman, Afghanistan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A cyclops (meaning 'circle-eyed') is a one-eyed giant first appearing in the mythology of ancient Greece. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/121201425/The_Tsar_Bell_aka_Tsarsky_Kolokol">The Tsar Bell -aka- Tsarsky Kolokol</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tsar Bell </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Tsar Bell (also known as Tsarsky Kolokol) is located between the Ivan the Great Bell Tower an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Tsar Bell (also known as Tsarsky Kolokol) is located between the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the Kremlin Wall. <br />Made of bell bronze, the bell cracked during a fire after being completed and has never been rung. <br />The bell is the largest bell in the world, weighing 201,924 kilograms with a height of 6.14 metres and diameter of 6.6 metres.<br />The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna Ivanovna, niece of Peter the Great.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da31163fe8595768444164dcee69f660" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116143813,"asset_id":121201425,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116143813/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121201425"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121230107/Saints_and_Giants_The_Legend_of_Saint_George_and_The_Dragon"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Saints & Giants - The Legend of Saint George & The Dragon" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116164644/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121230107/Saints_and_Giants_The_Legend_of_Saint_George_and_The_Dragon">Saints & Giants - The Legend of Saint George & The Dragon</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Saints & Giants - The Legend of Saint George & The Dragon</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and served in the Praetorian Guard for emperor Diocletian. He was sentenced to death for not renouncing his Christian faith, and after his death, he was venerated as a saint and megalomartyr. He has been particularly revered as a military saint since the Crusades, and is honored by Christians, Druze, and some Muslims as a martyr of monotheism.<br /><br />Saint George is remembered in hagiography as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most famous military saints. He is honored through the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His memorial, Saint George‘s Day, is celebrated annually on the 23rd of April. Nations such as England, Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Georgia, along with Catalonia and Aragon in Spain and Moscow in Russia, have all claimed George to be their patron saint. He is also the patron of several regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church–Mosque of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, is said to contain his remains.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="58a0185c2152e1f67283c1da5319bd59" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116164644,"asset_id":121230107,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116164644/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121230107"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121230107"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121230107; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121230107]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=121230107]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121230107; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='121230107']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 121230107, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "58a0185c2152e1f67283c1da5319bd59" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121230107]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121230107,"title":"Saints \u0026 Giants - The Legend of Saint George \u0026 The Dragon","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and served in the Praetorian Guard for emperor Diocletian. He was sentenced to death for not renouncing his Christian faith, and after his death, he was venerated as a saint and megalomartyr. He has been particularly revered as a military saint since the Crusades, and is honored by Christians, Druze, and some Muslims as a martyr of monotheism.\n\nSaint George is remembered in hagiography as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most famous military saints. He is honored through the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His memorial, Saint George‘s Day, is celebrated annually on the 23rd of April. Nations such as England, Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Georgia, along with Catalonia and Aragon in Spain and Moscow in Russia, have all claimed George to be their patron saint. He is also the patron of several regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church–Mosque of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, is said to contain his remains.","publication_name":"Saints \u0026 Giants - The Legend of Saint George \u0026 The Dragon"},"translated_abstract":"Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. He was of Cappadocian Greek descent and served in the Praetorian Guard for emperor Diocletian. He was sentenced to death for not renouncing his Christian faith, and after his death, he was venerated as a saint and megalomartyr. He has been particularly revered as a military saint since the Crusades, and is honored by Christians, Druze, and some Muslims as a martyr of monotheism.\n\nSaint George is remembered in hagiography as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most famous military saints. He is honored through the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His memorial, Saint George‘s Day, is celebrated annually on the 23rd of April. Nations such as England, Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Georgia, along with Catalonia and Aragon in Spain and Moscow in Russia, have all claimed George to be their patron saint. He is also the patron of several regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church–Mosque of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, is said to contain his 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="120471887"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/120471887/The_Giants_Tomb_of_Botassart_Walloon_Region_Belgium"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Giant's Tomb of Botassart - Walloon Region, Belgium" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115610077/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/120471887/The_Giants_Tomb_of_Botassart_Walloon_Region_Belgium">The Giant's Tomb of Botassart - Walloon Region, Belgium</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Giant's Tomb of Botassart - Walloon Region, Belgium</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The name "Tomb of the Giant", comes from the legend of a Gallic hero, of impressive size, who ref...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The name "Tomb of the Giant", comes from the legend of a Gallic hero, of impressive size, who refused to be captured by the Romans after the Battle of the Sambre, and preferred to jump off the rock "Rocher des Gattes" instead of dying in the colosseum arena. The day after, the people of Botassart found his body and buried him on top of the hill surrounded by the river.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8626fa282617f9b97cb4a6f1b3169b7b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115610077,"asset_id":120471887,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115610077/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="120471887"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="120471887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120471887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120471887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120471887]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120471887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='120471887']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 120471887, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8626fa282617f9b97cb4a6f1b3169b7b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=120471887]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":120471887,"title":"The Giant's Tomb of Botassart - Walloon Region, Belgium","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The name \"Tomb of the Giant\", comes from the legend of a Gallic hero, of impressive size, who refused to be captured by the Romans after the Battle of the Sambre, and preferred to jump off the rock \"Rocher des Gattes\" instead of dying in the colosseum arena. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118707665"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118707665/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114282134/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118707665/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height">Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.” Homer’s epic poem the Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War<br /><br />Like most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid.<br /><br />According to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there.<br /><br />When he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. <br /><br />When Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 B.C.E., however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family.<br /><br />Achilles: The Trojan War<br />According to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta. At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy.<br /><br />Menelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years.<br /><br />Achilles: The Illiad<br />When the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate.<br /><br />Homer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl.<br /><br />Enraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her father. However, he demanded a replacement concubine in exchange: Achilles’ wife, the Trojan princess Breseis.<br /><br />Achilles did as his commander asked and relinquished his bride. Then, he announced that he would no longer fight on Agamemnon’s behalf. He gathered his belonging and refused to come out of his tent.<br /><br />With the Greeks’ greatest warrior off the battlefield, the tide began to turn in favor of the Trojans. The Greeks lost one battle after another. Eventually, Achilles’ best friend, the soldier Patroclus, was able to wrangle a compromise: Achilles would not fight, but he would let Patroclus use his armor as a disguise. That way, the Trojans would think that Achilles had returned to battle and would retreat in fear.<br /><br />The plan was working until Apollo, still seething about Agamemnon’s treatment of Chryseis and her father, intervened on the Trojans’ behalf. He helped the Trojan prince Hector to find and kill Patroclus. <br /><br />Achilles vowed to take revenge. Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. Achilles chased Hector back to Troy, slaughtering Trojans all the way. When they got to the city walls, Hector tried to reason with his pursuer, but Achilles was not interested. He stabbed Hector in the throat, killing him.<br /><br />Hector had begged for an honorable burial in Troy, but Achilles was determined to humiliate his enemy even in death. He dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot all the way back to the Achaean camp and tossed it on the garbage heap. However, in the poem’s last section Achilles finally relents: He returns Hector’s body to his father for a proper burial.<br /><br />Achilles: The Fate of Achilles<br />In his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer’s own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector’s funeral to exact further revenge for Patroclus’ death. However, the still-vengeful Apollo told Hector’s brother Paris that Achilles was coming. Paris, who was not a brave warrior, ambushed Achilles as he entered Troy. He shot his unsuspecting enemy with an arrow, which Apollo guided to the one place he knew Achilles was vulnerable: his heel, where his mother’s hand had kept the waters of the Styx from touching his skin. Achilles died on the spot, still undefeated in battle.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5050590364f1bca2adc944cac7dad21e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":114282134,"asset_id":118707665,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114282134/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118707665"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118707665"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118707665; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118707665]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118707665]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118707665; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118707665']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118707665, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5050590364f1bca2adc944cac7dad21e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118707665]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118707665,"title":"Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.” Homer’s epic poem the Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War\n\nLike most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid.\n\nAccording to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there.\n\nWhen he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. \n\nWhen Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 B.C.E., however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family.\n\nAchilles: The Trojan War\nAccording to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta. At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy.\n\nMenelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years.\n\nAchilles: The Illiad\nWhen the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate.\n\nHomer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl.\n\nEnraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her father. However, he demanded a replacement concubine in exchange: Achilles’ wife, the Trojan princess Breseis.\n\nAchilles did as his commander asked and relinquished his bride. Then, he announced that he would no longer fight on Agamemnon’s behalf. He gathered his belonging and refused to come out of his tent.\n\nWith the Greeks’ greatest warrior off the battlefield, the tide began to turn in favor of the Trojans. The Greeks lost one battle after another. Eventually, Achilles’ best friend, the soldier Patroclus, was able to wrangle a compromise: Achilles would not fight, but he would let Patroclus use his armor as a disguise. That way, the Trojans would think that Achilles had returned to battle and would retreat in fear.\n\nThe plan was working until Apollo, still seething about Agamemnon’s treatment of Chryseis and her father, intervened on the Trojans’ behalf. He helped the Trojan prince Hector to find and kill Patroclus. \n\nAchilles vowed to take revenge. Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. Achilles chased Hector back to Troy, slaughtering Trojans all the way. When they got to the city walls, Hector tried to reason with his pursuer, but Achilles was not interested. He stabbed Hector in the throat, killing him.\n\nHector had begged for an honorable burial in Troy, but Achilles was determined to humiliate his enemy even in death. He dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot all the way back to the Achaean camp and tossed it on the garbage heap. However, in the poem’s last section Achilles finally relents: He returns Hector’s body to his father for a proper burial.\n\nAchilles: The Fate of Achilles\nIn his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer’s own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector’s funeral to exact further revenge for Patroclus’ death. However, the still-vengeful Apollo told Hector’s brother Paris that Achilles was coming. Paris, who was not a brave warrior, ambushed Achilles as he entered Troy. He shot his unsuspecting enemy with an arrow, which Apollo guided to the one place he knew Achilles was vulnerable: his heel, where his mother’s hand had kept the waters of the Styx from touching his skin. Achilles died on the spot, still undefeated in battle.\n\n","publication_name":"Achilles-The Trojan Giant Defeated at Heel Height"},"translated_abstract":"The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.” Homer’s epic poem the Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War\n\nLike most mythological heroes, Achilles had a complicated family tree. His father was Peleus, the mortal king of the Myrmidons–a people who, according to legend, were extraordinarily fearless and skilled soldiers. His mother was Thetis, a Nereid.\n\nAccording to myths and stories composed long after the Iliad, Thetis was extraordinarily concerned about her baby son’s mortality. She did everything she could to make him immortal: She burned him over a fire every night, then dressed his wounds with ambrosial ointment; and she dunked him into the River Styx, whose waters were said to confer the invulnerability of the gods. However, she gripped him tightly by the foot as she dipped him into the river–so tightly that the water never touched his heel. As a result, Achilles was invulnerable everywhere but there.\n\nWhen he was 9 years old, a seer predicted that Achilles would die heroically in battle against the Trojans. When she heard about this, Thetis disguised him as a girl and sent him to live on the Aegean island of Skyros. To be a great warrior was Achilles’ fate, however, and he soon left Skyros and joined the Greek army. \n\nWhen Homer wrote the Iliad in about 720 B.C.E., however, readers and listeners would not have known any of this. They only knew that Achilles was a great hero, that he had superhuman strength and courage and that he was supremely handsome. Homer painted a more nuanced picture: In addition to these qualities, his Achilles was vengeful and quick to anger and could be petulant when he did not get his way. He was also deeply loyal and would sacrifice anything for his friends and family.\n\nAchilles: The Trojan War\nAccording to legend, the Trojan War began when the god-king Zeus decided to reduce Earth’s mortal population by arranging a war between the Greeks (Homer calls them the Achaeans) and the Trojans. He did this by meddling in their political and emotional affairs. At Achilles’ parents’ wedding banquet, Zeus invited the prince of Troy, a young man named Paris, to judge a beauty contest between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a bribe in exchange for his vote. Aphrodite’s was the most alluring: She promised to give the young prince the most beautiful wife in the world. Unfortunately, the wife in question–Helen, the daughter of Zeus–was already married to someone else: Menelaus, the king of Sparta. At Aphrodite’s urging, Paris went to Sparta, won Helen’s heart and took her (along with all of Menelaus’ money) back to Troy.\n\nMenelaus vowed revenge. He assembled an army of Greece’s greatest warriors, including Achilles and his Myrmidons, and set off to conquer Troy and get his wife back. In Homer’s telling, this war lasted for 10 bloody years.\n\nAchilles: The Illiad\nWhen the Iliad begins, the Trojan War has been going on for nine years. Achilles, the poem’s protagonist, has led one battle after another. He has met with great success–in fact, he is undefeated in battle–but the war itself has reached a stalemate.\n\nHomer’s story focuses on a different conflict, however: the internecine quarrel between his hero and Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean armies and Menelaus’ brother. In a battle that took place before the poem begins, Agamemnon had taken as a concubine a young Trojan woman named Chryseis. Chryseis’ father, a priest of the god Apollo, tried to buy his daughter’s freedom, but Agamemnon mocked his entreaties and refused to release the girl.\n\nEnraged, Apollo punished the Greek armies by sending a plague to kill the soldiers one by one. As his ranks thinned, Agamemnon finally agreed to allow Chryseis to return to her father. However, he demanded a replacement concubine in exchange: Achilles’ wife, the Trojan princess Breseis.\n\nAchilles did as his commander asked and relinquished his bride. Then, he announced that he would no longer fight on Agamemnon’s behalf. He gathered his belonging and refused to come out of his tent.\n\nWith the Greeks’ greatest warrior off the battlefield, the tide began to turn in favor of the Trojans. The Greeks lost one battle after another. Eventually, Achilles’ best friend, the soldier Patroclus, was able to wrangle a compromise: Achilles would not fight, but he would let Patroclus use his armor as a disguise. That way, the Trojans would think that Achilles had returned to battle and would retreat in fear.\n\nThe plan was working until Apollo, still seething about Agamemnon’s treatment of Chryseis and her father, intervened on the Trojans’ behalf. He helped the Trojan prince Hector to find and kill Patroclus. \n\nAchilles vowed to take revenge. Thetis asked the divine blacksmith Hephaestus to make a sword and shield that would keep him safe. Achilles chased Hector back to Troy, slaughtering Trojans all the way. When they got to the city walls, Hector tried to reason with his pursuer, but Achilles was not interested. He stabbed Hector in the throat, killing him.\n\nHector had begged for an honorable burial in Troy, but Achilles was determined to humiliate his enemy even in death. He dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot all the way back to the Achaean camp and tossed it on the garbage heap. However, in the poem’s last section Achilles finally relents: He returns Hector’s body to his father for a proper burial.\n\nAchilles: The Fate of Achilles\nIn his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer’s own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector’s funeral to exact further revenge for Patroclus’ death. However, the still-vengeful Apollo told Hector’s brother Paris that Achilles was coming. Paris, who was not a brave warrior, ambushed Achilles as he entered Troy. He shot his unsuspecting enemy with an arrow, which Apollo guided to the one place he knew Achilles was vulnerable: his heel, where his mother’s hand had kept the waters of the Styx from touching his skin. Achilles died on the spot, still undefeated in battle.\n\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118707665/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-05-07T09:42:06.013-07:00","section":"Papers","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":true,"current_user_is_owner":true,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":114282134,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114282134/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_defeated_at_heel_height.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114282134/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_He.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/114282134/Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_defeated_at_heel_height-libre.pdf?1715122503=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAchilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_He.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928694\u0026Signature=Dq4-TRJC4MYOehwMrnQso~xT612C8PpibCMfdr1JUvVUk6ne3SAE5NYz17ANIfnsPfUkmVPuWS9oGU4Z8bgLyOTBk~vBQmBHxC9DfVaoozIoXIUX9dnOKjcDbxr-9GlQu2T1fy8BJDM9cR4sEJatDnLJhXi7C-YeySJ5uDa4~ALq0Km4npDYXH0~LF5ABBaZxEG8nqRCheTcISw40JZQynlqQnDRIk29i39oj8usOYGU1uD4GyWaf-2zSLQgZyTaYSkwwbB2kXA1Q1YTZ-ZL-m6fpcQhrNoqUOXT9S32bygQuLXdoPIcYf~qcwZ60wG72e2QvRQr-46~HCnzMmbkHw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Achilles_The_Trojan_Giant_Defeated_at_Heel_Height","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David 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dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118169200"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118169200/Tartarian_Empire_A_Great_Era_Erased_By_Elite_Wars"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113858405/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118169200/Tartarian_Empire_A_Great_Era_Erased_By_Elite_Wars">Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars </span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE The official history is hiding a major world power which existed as ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE<br /><br /><br />The official history is hiding a major world power which existed as late as the 19th century. Tartary was a country with its own flag, its own government and its own place on the map. Its territory was huge, but somehow quietly incorporated into Russia, and some other countries. This country you can find on the maps predating the second half of the 19th century.<br /><br />Yet, some time in the 18th century Tartary Muskovite was the biggest country in the world: 3,050,000 square miles.<br /><br />The flag and crest of Tartary had an owl depicted on it. The emperor's flag contained a griffin on a yellow background.<br /><br />There is a growing opinion in Russia that French invasion of Russia played out according to a different scenario.<br /><br />The one where Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon were on the same side. Together they fought against Tartary.<br /><br />Essentially France and Saint Petersburg against Moscow (Tartary). And there is a strong circumstantial evidence to support such a theory.<br /><br />They built the Great Wall in what is now China. Marco Polo wrote an extensive and detailed account of Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries and did not even mention a wall. The Great Wall is not seen on any maps pre-dating the late 1600’s. So most of it’s construction occurred in 1700’s and it was built to keep the encroaching Chinese out of Tartaria. The openings on the wall are on the north side towards the former Tartary not on the south China facing side. It should be called the Great Wall of Tartaria. The further back in time you go the more advanced it gets. There are many pyramids of different kinds. Megalithic temples hewn out of solid rock. The Ellora Caves in India. The colossal underground monolithic churches of Lalibela Ethiopia. Extensive underground tunnel systems. The astonishing Serapeum of Saqqara in Egypt. The earlier the monolithic stone the bigger it is and the more precision it is cut with. The earlier the structure the more incapable we are of replicating it. Never was mortar used. In past ages the world was more diverse. Skeletons of giants are found on all continents. And remains of beings with elongated skulls. Graveyards of little people and horned human like entities have been unearthed. Now it is as if these beings have never existed. Like the Tartarians they are never mentioned. We live in a virtual reality where true history is ignored and covered up. A totally false narrative is taught. Fantasies have replaced truth and everything is pushed way back to the remote past. Older advanced structures are credited to local people who came later who have no idea how to build them. Deception has been utilized to push history back a thousand years and create an artificial dark age. The time of Jesus was less than 1000 years ago. In the Middle Ages the i and J before numbers designated Jesus. Not the number one. For example i346 is 346 years after the time of Jesus. It is not 1346. Way back in the Old Testament at the time immediately following the Exodus it states that the Israelites used the Arc of the Covenant as a weapon of war. Against the Amorites, Midianites and Philistines. So the use of energy weapons has been going on for over a thousand years. It was perfected to the point where it was able to take out many millions of Tartarians. The energy weapons melted cities and destroyed the civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome which were approximately of the same time period as Jesus and were heavily influenced by Tartaria. Not only are they pushed way back into remote history, the extent of their empires have been fabricated. Destroying the pyramid complex was the first objective of the Israelites. Puma Punku which is part of the Tiahuanacu complex in Bolivia had interlocking megaliths of andesite and diorite. These are types of granite only surpassed in hardness by diamonds but they were somehow carved with laser like flatness. Now they are broken and shattered and blown to bits. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punku is said to have been built by a simple local migrating tribe. This idea is used all over the world to dismiss and cover-up the ancient advanced cultures. Energy weaponized from the Arc of the Covenant is what brought down the Walls of Jericho. The Arc was an electrical capacitor composed of silver and brass alloys and gilded with gold. It’s true purpose was to store and direct energy from the Earth to outside sources. But transporting it around was very dangerous and it caused people to become sick and die. It had a constant radiation but it also sent out intermittent electrical surges where many people were killed instantly. The ones who carried it had to wear protective clothing. The electrical capacity of such an apparatus would be over 500 volts. Opposing armies would be defenseless against such a weapon. The volume or cubic capacity of the empty coffer inside the Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza is exactly the same volume as the Arc of the Covenant. According to Egyptian tradition the Israelites plundered Egypt during the upheaval at the time of the Exodus. They took the Arc out of the so called Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza at this time. The tribe of Israel also used religion as a means to get their foot in the door in the ruling affairs of foreign countries. A religious leader holds great power able to influence many simple minds who believe the leader’s edicts are from God. The Druids who held such sway in England were Jewish. So were the Jesuits. So have been all the Popes and the Mormon leaders. The reason why Jewish people look down upon Christians is because they know they invented the Christian religion. Jewish beliefs are just a rendition of the former appearances and interactions of planetary Gods. Books written in Tartary were rewritten and sold as Jewish history. Much of the content was fabricated and interfused with traditional local beliefs. This is how they sold their religion. They used Monks to write what they wanted making them think they were doing God’s work. The burning of old books and the rewriting of them in order to change history is the real Reformation. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt was purposely destroyed to limit knowledge. Making deals with kings was a way they were able to get control of a country’s financial system. Once one controls the money supply and its allotments then they control the country. In this way righteous kings were replaced by insurgent kings who defrauded the people to take part in unjust wars. Just fake an event such as a murder, blame it on another country, add some patriotic and religious slogans, demonize the other country and you have created a war. In the Middle Ages the spraying of viruses not only eliminated entire villages it caused the Black Plague which killed off over 70 million people in Europe. Disease was a favorite weapon used against the Tartarian kingdom. In 1346 at the Siege of Kaffa in the Ukraine the Tartarians suffered an epidemic of plague brought on by the catapulting of viruses into the city. Fire was used to burn crops and create famine. The 1490’s saw the first signs of collapse of the Tartary Empire. In 1666 the city of London was intentionally burned. Tartaria was severely weakened in 1775. But it remained until the early 1800’s. When Napoleon attacked Russia, Moscow was hit by an energy weapon. So was Washington DC in the War of 1812. These wars were actually wars against Tartarians. The first two world wars were to wipe out remaining Tartarian influences. Genghis Khan was said to be a Mogul. Mogul is just a made-up name which is then associated with Mongolia. Genghis Khan fought to restore the kingdom of Tartary and reclaim their land. His mounted warriors were called Tartars. Now Tartary is associated with hell. Many buildings in America demolished or still standing, said to be built by early pioneers or native people in America were in fact built by the Tartars. Disease was also used against the native people in the Americas. It is estimated that 95% of them perished from disease. Mostly smallpox. The Aztecs looked upon the Spaniards as the returning of their light colored god. Their beliefs harkened back to the events in the ancient sky when a light colored god came down from the heavens to save them. But these light colored people came to kill them. The Old World Order was replaced by the New World Order. And the Gregorian Calendar was instituted. To force the common people to accept a new false chronology. Peace and freedom was been replaced by being fenced up in strict borders. The suppression of Tartary coincides with the new teaching of evolution. We just think we are evolving. We have become disconnected with nature and disconnected with reality. It was not always like that. The farther back in time you go the more connected and at peace we were. With ourselves, with the animals and with the land we lived on.<br /><br /><br />••• Books and Publications •••<br /><br />- History Of Mufcovy Tartary Perfia And Other Countries<br /><br />- Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen sea and Kamtchatka; performed during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823<br /><br />- Tibet, Tartary And Mongolia Ed. 2nd<br /><br />- Travels In Ladak, Tartary, And Kashmir<br /><br />- Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey<br /><br />- A pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, to the frontiers of China, the Frozen Sea, and Kamtchatka<br /><br />- Travels In Tartary Omce Company And News From Tartary<br /><br />- With Peter Fleming in Tartary<br /><br />- A voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and various parts of coast of China<br /><br />- Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia ; their social and political condition, and the religion of Boodh, as there existing<br /><br />- Visits To High Tartary, Yarkand, And Kashghar<br /><br />- The history of Genghizcan the Great, first emperor of the antient Moguls and Tartars<br /><br />[<a href="https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)" rel="nofollow">https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)</a><br /><br />Tartaria Star Forts...<br /><br />[youtube.com/watch?v=ci0EnZu...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ce465fbce81391c2958733ba17f5775a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113858405,"asset_id":118169200,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113858405/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118169200"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118169200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118169200; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118169200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118169200]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118169200; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118169200']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118169200, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ce465fbce81391c2958733ba17f5775a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118169200]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118169200,"title":"Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE\n\n\nThe official history is hiding a major world power which existed as late as the 19th century. Tartary was a country with its own flag, its own government and its own place on the map. Its territory was huge, but somehow quietly incorporated into Russia, and some other countries. This country you can find on the maps predating the second half of the 19th century.\n\nYet, some time in the 18th century Tartary Muskovite was the biggest country in the world: 3,050,000 square miles.\n\nThe flag and crest of Tartary had an owl depicted on it. The emperor's flag contained a griffin on a yellow background.\n\nThere is a growing opinion in Russia that French invasion of Russia played out according to a different scenario.\n\nThe one where Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon were on the same side. Together they fought against Tartary.\n\nEssentially France and Saint Petersburg against Moscow (Tartary). And there is a strong circumstantial evidence to support such a theory.\n\nThey built the Great Wall in what is now China. Marco Polo wrote an extensive and detailed account of Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries and did not even mention a wall. The Great Wall is not seen on any maps pre-dating the late 1600’s. So most of it’s construction occurred in 1700’s and it was built to keep the encroaching Chinese out of Tartaria. The openings on the wall are on the north side towards the former Tartary not on the south China facing side. It should be called the Great Wall of Tartaria. The further back in time you go the more advanced it gets. There are many pyramids of different kinds. Megalithic temples hewn out of solid rock. The Ellora Caves in India. The colossal underground monolithic churches of Lalibela Ethiopia. Extensive underground tunnel systems. The astonishing Serapeum of Saqqara in Egypt. The earlier the monolithic stone the bigger it is and the more precision it is cut with. The earlier the structure the more incapable we are of replicating it. Never was mortar used. In past ages the world was more diverse. Skeletons of giants are found on all continents. And remains of beings with elongated skulls. Graveyards of little people and horned human like entities have been unearthed. Now it is as if these beings have never existed. Like the Tartarians they are never mentioned. We live in a virtual reality where true history is ignored and covered up. A totally false narrative is taught. Fantasies have replaced truth and everything is pushed way back to the remote past. Older advanced structures are credited to local people who came later who have no idea how to build them. Deception has been utilized to push history back a thousand years and create an artificial dark age. The time of Jesus was less than 1000 years ago. In the Middle Ages the i and J before numbers designated Jesus. Not the number one. For example i346 is 346 years after the time of Jesus. It is not 1346. Way back in the Old Testament at the time immediately following the Exodus it states that the Israelites used the Arc of the Covenant as a weapon of war. Against the Amorites, Midianites and Philistines. So the use of energy weapons has been going on for over a thousand years. It was perfected to the point where it was able to take out many millions of Tartarians. The energy weapons melted cities and destroyed the civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome which were approximately of the same time period as Jesus and were heavily influenced by Tartaria. Not only are they pushed way back into remote history, the extent of their empires have been fabricated. Destroying the pyramid complex was the first objective of the Israelites. Puma Punku which is part of the Tiahuanacu complex in Bolivia had interlocking megaliths of andesite and diorite. These are types of granite only surpassed in hardness by diamonds but they were somehow carved with laser like flatness. Now they are broken and shattered and blown to bits. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punku is said to have been built by a simple local migrating tribe. This idea is used all over the world to dismiss and cover-up the ancient advanced cultures. Energy weaponized from the Arc of the Covenant is what brought down the Walls of Jericho. The Arc was an electrical capacitor composed of silver and brass alloys and gilded with gold. It’s true purpose was to store and direct energy from the Earth to outside sources. But transporting it around was very dangerous and it caused people to become sick and die. It had a constant radiation but it also sent out intermittent electrical surges where many people were killed instantly. The ones who carried it had to wear protective clothing. The electrical capacity of such an apparatus would be over 500 volts. Opposing armies would be defenseless against such a weapon. The volume or cubic capacity of the empty coffer inside the Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza is exactly the same volume as the Arc of the Covenant. According to Egyptian tradition the Israelites plundered Egypt during the upheaval at the time of the Exodus. They took the Arc out of the so called Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza at this time. The tribe of Israel also used religion as a means to get their foot in the door in the ruling affairs of foreign countries. A religious leader holds great power able to influence many simple minds who believe the leader’s edicts are from God. The Druids who held such sway in England were Jewish. So were the Jesuits. So have been all the Popes and the Mormon leaders. The reason why Jewish people look down upon Christians is because they know they invented the Christian religion. Jewish beliefs are just a rendition of the former appearances and interactions of planetary Gods. Books written in Tartary were rewritten and sold as Jewish history. Much of the content was fabricated and interfused with traditional local beliefs. This is how they sold their religion. They used Monks to write what they wanted making them think they were doing God’s work. The burning of old books and the rewriting of them in order to change history is the real Reformation. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt was purposely destroyed to limit knowledge. Making deals with kings was a way they were able to get control of a country’s financial system. Once one controls the money supply and its allotments then they control the country. In this way righteous kings were replaced by insurgent kings who defrauded the people to take part in unjust wars. Just fake an event such as a murder, blame it on another country, add some patriotic and religious slogans, demonize the other country and you have created a war. In the Middle Ages the spraying of viruses not only eliminated entire villages it caused the Black Plague which killed off over 70 million people in Europe. Disease was a favorite weapon used against the Tartarian kingdom. In 1346 at the Siege of Kaffa in the Ukraine the Tartarians suffered an epidemic of plague brought on by the catapulting of viruses into the city. Fire was used to burn crops and create famine. The 1490’s saw the first signs of collapse of the Tartary Empire. In 1666 the city of London was intentionally burned. Tartaria was severely weakened in 1775. But it remained until the early 1800’s. When Napoleon attacked Russia, Moscow was hit by an energy weapon. So was Washington DC in the War of 1812. These wars were actually wars against Tartarians. The first two world wars were to wipe out remaining Tartarian influences. Genghis Khan was said to be a Mogul. Mogul is just a made-up name which is then associated with Mongolia. Genghis Khan fought to restore the kingdom of Tartary and reclaim their land. His mounted warriors were called Tartars. Now Tartary is associated with hell. Many buildings in America demolished or still standing, said to be built by early pioneers or native people in America were in fact built by the Tartars. Disease was also used against the native people in the Americas. It is estimated that 95% of them perished from disease. Mostly smallpox. The Aztecs looked upon the Spaniards as the returning of their light colored god. Their beliefs harkened back to the events in the ancient sky when a light colored god came down from the heavens to save them. But these light colored people came to kill them. The Old World Order was replaced by the New World Order. And the Gregorian Calendar was instituted. To force the common people to accept a new false chronology. Peace and freedom was been replaced by being fenced up in strict borders. The suppression of Tartary coincides with the new teaching of evolution. We just think we are evolving. We have become disconnected with nature and disconnected with reality. It was not always like that. The farther back in time you go the more connected and at peace we were. With ourselves, with the animals and with the land we lived on.\n\n\n••• Books and Publications •••\n\n- History Of Mufcovy Tartary Perfia And Other Countries\n\n- Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen sea and Kamtchatka; performed during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823\n\n- Tibet, Tartary And Mongolia Ed. 2nd\n\n- Travels In Ladak, Tartary, And Kashmir\n\n- Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey\n\n- A pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, to the frontiers of China, the Frozen Sea, and Kamtchatka\n\n- Travels In Tartary Omce Company And News From Tartary\n\n- With Peter Fleming in Tartary\n\n- A voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and various parts of coast of China\n\n- Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia ; their social and political condition, and the religion of Boodh, as there existing\n\n- Visits To High Tartary, Yarkand, And Kashghar\n\n- The history of Genghizcan the Great, first emperor of the antient Moguls and Tartars\n\n[https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)\n\nTartaria Star Forts...\n\n[youtube.com/watch?v=ci0EnZu...","publication_name":"Tartarian Empire - A Great Era Erased By Elite Wars "},"translated_abstract":"THE GREAT TARTARIAN EMPIRE\n\n\nThe official history is hiding a major world power which existed as late as the 19th century. Tartary was a country with its own flag, its own government and its own place on the map. Its territory was huge, but somehow quietly incorporated into Russia, and some other countries. This country you can find on the maps predating the second half of the 19th century.\n\nYet, some time in the 18th century Tartary Muskovite was the biggest country in the world: 3,050,000 square miles.\n\nThe flag and crest of Tartary had an owl depicted on it. The emperor's flag contained a griffin on a yellow background.\n\nThere is a growing opinion in Russia that French invasion of Russia played out according to a different scenario.\n\nThe one where Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon were on the same side. Together they fought against Tartary.\n\nEssentially France and Saint Petersburg against Moscow (Tartary). And there is a strong circumstantial evidence to support such a theory.\n\nThey built the Great Wall in what is now China. Marco Polo wrote an extensive and detailed account of Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries and did not even mention a wall. The Great Wall is not seen on any maps pre-dating the late 1600’s. So most of it’s construction occurred in 1700’s and it was built to keep the encroaching Chinese out of Tartaria. The openings on the wall are on the north side towards the former Tartary not on the south China facing side. It should be called the Great Wall of Tartaria. The further back in time you go the more advanced it gets. There are many pyramids of different kinds. Megalithic temples hewn out of solid rock. The Ellora Caves in India. The colossal underground monolithic churches of Lalibela Ethiopia. Extensive underground tunnel systems. The astonishing Serapeum of Saqqara in Egypt. The earlier the monolithic stone the bigger it is and the more precision it is cut with. The earlier the structure the more incapable we are of replicating it. Never was mortar used. In past ages the world was more diverse. Skeletons of giants are found on all continents. And remains of beings with elongated skulls. Graveyards of little people and horned human like entities have been unearthed. Now it is as if these beings have never existed. Like the Tartarians they are never mentioned. We live in a virtual reality where true history is ignored and covered up. A totally false narrative is taught. Fantasies have replaced truth and everything is pushed way back to the remote past. Older advanced structures are credited to local people who came later who have no idea how to build them. Deception has been utilized to push history back a thousand years and create an artificial dark age. The time of Jesus was less than 1000 years ago. In the Middle Ages the i and J before numbers designated Jesus. Not the number one. For example i346 is 346 years after the time of Jesus. It is not 1346. Way back in the Old Testament at the time immediately following the Exodus it states that the Israelites used the Arc of the Covenant as a weapon of war. Against the Amorites, Midianites and Philistines. So the use of energy weapons has been going on for over a thousand years. It was perfected to the point where it was able to take out many millions of Tartarians. The energy weapons melted cities and destroyed the civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome which were approximately of the same time period as Jesus and were heavily influenced by Tartaria. Not only are they pushed way back into remote history, the extent of their empires have been fabricated. Destroying the pyramid complex was the first objective of the Israelites. Puma Punku which is part of the Tiahuanacu complex in Bolivia had interlocking megaliths of andesite and diorite. These are types of granite only surpassed in hardness by diamonds but they were somehow carved with laser like flatness. Now they are broken and shattered and blown to bits. Tiahuanaco and Puma Punku is said to have been built by a simple local migrating tribe. This idea is used all over the world to dismiss and cover-up the ancient advanced cultures. Energy weaponized from the Arc of the Covenant is what brought down the Walls of Jericho. The Arc was an electrical capacitor composed of silver and brass alloys and gilded with gold. It’s true purpose was to store and direct energy from the Earth to outside sources. But transporting it around was very dangerous and it caused people to become sick and die. It had a constant radiation but it also sent out intermittent electrical surges where many people were killed instantly. The ones who carried it had to wear protective clothing. The electrical capacity of such an apparatus would be over 500 volts. Opposing armies would be defenseless against such a weapon. The volume or cubic capacity of the empty coffer inside the Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza is exactly the same volume as the Arc of the Covenant. According to Egyptian tradition the Israelites plundered Egypt during the upheaval at the time of the Exodus. They took the Arc out of the so called Kings Chamber in the Great Pyramid of Giza at this time. The tribe of Israel also used religion as a means to get their foot in the door in the ruling affairs of foreign countries. A religious leader holds great power able to influence many simple minds who believe the leader’s edicts are from God. The Druids who held such sway in England were Jewish. So were the Jesuits. So have been all the Popes and the Mormon leaders. The reason why Jewish people look down upon Christians is because they know they invented the Christian religion. Jewish beliefs are just a rendition of the former appearances and interactions of planetary Gods. Books written in Tartary were rewritten and sold as Jewish history. Much of the content was fabricated and interfused with traditional local beliefs. This is how they sold their religion. They used Monks to write what they wanted making them think they were doing God’s work. The burning of old books and the rewriting of them in order to change history is the real Reformation. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt was purposely destroyed to limit knowledge. Making deals with kings was a way they were able to get control of a country’s financial system. Once one controls the money supply and its allotments then they control the country. In this way righteous kings were replaced by insurgent kings who defrauded the people to take part in unjust wars. Just fake an event such as a murder, blame it on another country, add some patriotic and religious slogans, demonize the other country and you have created a war. In the Middle Ages the spraying of viruses not only eliminated entire villages it caused the Black Plague which killed off over 70 million people in Europe. Disease was a favorite weapon used against the Tartarian kingdom. In 1346 at the Siege of Kaffa in the Ukraine the Tartarians suffered an epidemic of plague brought on by the catapulting of viruses into the city. Fire was used to burn crops and create famine. The 1490’s saw the first signs of collapse of the Tartary Empire. In 1666 the city of London was intentionally burned. Tartaria was severely weakened in 1775. But it remained until the early 1800’s. When Napoleon attacked Russia, Moscow was hit by an energy weapon. So was Washington DC in the War of 1812. These wars were actually wars against Tartarians. The first two world wars were to wipe out remaining Tartarian influences. Genghis Khan was said to be a Mogul. Mogul is just a made-up name which is then associated with Mongolia. Genghis Khan fought to restore the kingdom of Tartary and reclaim their land. His mounted warriors were called Tartars. Now Tartary is associated with hell. Many buildings in America demolished or still standing, said to be built by early pioneers or native people in America were in fact built by the Tartars. Disease was also used against the native people in the Americas. It is estimated that 95% of them perished from disease. Mostly smallpox. The Aztecs looked upon the Spaniards as the returning of their light colored god. Their beliefs harkened back to the events in the ancient sky when a light colored god came down from the heavens to save them. But these light colored people came to kill them. The Old World Order was replaced by the New World Order. And the Gregorian Calendar was instituted. To force the common people to accept a new false chronology. Peace and freedom was been replaced by being fenced up in strict borders. The suppression of Tartary coincides with the new teaching of evolution. We just think we are evolving. We have become disconnected with nature and disconnected with reality. It was not always like that. The farther back in time you go the more connected and at peace we were. With ourselves, with the animals and with the land we lived on.\n\n\n••• Books and Publications •••\n\n- History Of Mufcovy Tartary Perfia And Other Countries\n\n- Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen sea and Kamtchatka; performed during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823\n\n- Tibet, Tartary And Mongolia Ed. 2nd\n\n- Travels In Ladak, Tartary, And Kashmir\n\n- Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey\n\n- A pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, to the frontiers of China, the Frozen Sea, and Kamtchatka\n\n- Travels In Tartary Omce Company And News From Tartary\n\n- With Peter Fleming in Tartary\n\n- A voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and various parts of coast of China\n\n- Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia ; their social and political condition, and the religion of Boodh, as there existing\n\n- Visits To High Tartary, Yarkand, And Kashghar\n\n- The history of Genghizcan the Great, first emperor of the antient Moguls and Tartars\n\n[https://www.stolenhistory.org/.../tartary-an-empire.../](https://l.facebook.com/l.php...)\n\nTartaria Star 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Sudan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Jebel Barkal Tepe_Ancient Treetop Settlement of Sudan</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Jebel Barkal Tepe_Ancient Treetop Settlement of Sudan</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2edcd8d0e5c5b2a272b297e03c296e57" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111062504,"asset_id":114337479,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111062504/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113973082"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113973082/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110794806/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113973082/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt">Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning "the white, foaming one" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there. <br /> <br />From a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm). <br />The village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the "castle quadrangle" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="73b762f66da82a3a40f02c92c1b73a95" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":110794806,"asset_id":113973082,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110794806/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113973082"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113973082"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113973082; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113973082]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113973082]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113973082; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='113973082']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 113973082, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "73b762f66da82a3a40f02c92c1b73a95" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=113973082]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":113973082,"title":"Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning \"the white, foaming one\" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there.\r\n\r\nFrom a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm).\r\nThe village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the \"castle quadrangle\" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.\r\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Salzburg_Petrified Tree of Salt"},"translated_abstract":"The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning \"the white, foaming one\" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there.\r\n\r\nFrom a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm).\r\nThe village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the \"castle quadrangle\" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113973082/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-01-24T04:31:45.314-08:00","section":"Papers","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":true,"current_user_is_owner":true,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":110794806,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110794806/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110794806/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/110794806/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt-libre.pdf?1706100121=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928694\u0026Signature=e4uqe-3ltF4cVGwBcXpm26DRSc3NaMvwf9e0HhG0YBQ~aIKFk1lyE56tugG7lcfvJvA8TdVNdin7FvGCf5y28jn2BkDlLvNBQ7B~kEhOn3OuA6SU4BdPq53S1SD~KE7A8EfhXnWEXKPJnvKEBM9cCo2jWcSPCR7NV~1Q645QpvCaLvxHDgIFfIiXKXKYu1dnUQWNY1OqidJ8A8vMsntvhgTEFCDYbOxY3epTEY2N9INGSHzwCAW5n28LjSdAGmTiU~Ey8ov38B0I84TXWdw14W7GAMpJAzYA8WgthG8~EuD9wuEqUXkxUvE7bUodgqUduoTz99ggVGwV~JPLvwwQRg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":110794806,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110794806/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110794806/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/110794806/Salzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt-libre.pdf?1706100121=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSalzburg_Petrified_Tree_of_Salt.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928694\u0026Signature=e4uqe-3ltF4cVGwBcXpm26DRSc3NaMvwf9e0HhG0YBQ~aIKFk1lyE56tugG7lcfvJvA8TdVNdin7FvGCf5y28jn2BkDlLvNBQ7B~kEhOn3OuA6SU4BdPq53S1SD~KE7A8EfhXnWEXKPJnvKEBM9cCo2jWcSPCR7NV~1Q645QpvCaLvxHDgIFfIiXKXKYu1dnUQWNY1OqidJ8A8vMsntvhgTEFCDYbOxY3epTEY2N9INGSHzwCAW5n28LjSdAGmTiU~Ey8ov38B0I84TXWdw14W7GAMpJAzYA8WgthG8~EuD9wuEqUXkxUvE7bUodgqUduoTz99ggVGwV~JPLvwwQRg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":384,"name":"German Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies"},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology"},{"id":1172,"name":"Austria (European History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria_European_History_"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science"},{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies"},{"id":7238,"name":"Heraldry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heraldry"},{"id":10946,"name":"Biblical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theology"},{"id":17230,"name":"Austrian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_Literature"},{"id":34817,"name":"Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistory"},{"id":53635,"name":"Austrian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austrian_History"},{"id":75192,"name":"Bavarian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bavarian_History"},{"id":176238,"name":"Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trees"},{"id":212786,"name":"Austria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Austria"},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament"},{"id":455955,"name":"Medieval Heraldry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Heraldry"},{"id":902201,"name":"Monumental Trees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monumental_Trees"},{"id":1360448,"name":"Petrified Forests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petrified_Forests"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112895584"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112895584/TUNNEL_OF_THE_ROOTS_And_The_Giant_Of_Chili"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109993608/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112895584/TUNNEL_OF_THE_ROOTS_And_The_Giant_Of_Chili">TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili" or "The Giant of the Roots Tunnel" : The Controversi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili"<br />or<br />"The Giant of the Roots Tunnel" : The Controversial Actual Photo Published in 1946<br /><br />Have you ever heard of the supposed Giant of the Tunnel Las Raíces? In July 1946, the Chilean magazine "En Viaje", dedicated to tourism, published a photograph of the underground vehicular passage – which connects Curacautín and Lonquimay in the region of La Araucanía – that could generate controversy.<br /><br />In the image of the author Francisco Ribet during the construction of the Tunnel in the 1930s, a man of a much larger size than the other workers can be seen on the right side of the tunnel. Despite the obvious, in the article, this strange presence is not questioned, only the photo is used to tell the story of the work.<br /><br />The tallest part of the structure has a maximum height of 5.6 meters, indicating that the man in the photograph may have been more than 4 meters tall.<br /><br />The fact clearly stirs up conspiracy theories or legends regarding the existence of giants and the alleged concealment of this information from the public.<br /><br />That is why in order to better understand the photograph, the expert in restoration of old photographs and owner of El Restaurador, Michael Puchi, carried out a detailed analysis and gave El Contraste, his opinion on the controversial image.<br /><br />Las Raíces Tunnel Giant: "The record is 100% real"<br />"The photograph of the 'Giant' in the Las Raíces tunnel in Lonquimay does not have depth of field, so there is no blur in the background, neither in the people in front nor in the objects ahead," Puchi explained. "Although the photograph is not intervened from the digital area, the record is 100% real. But, unfortunately, it is not a giant, but a difference in depth between people that generates this striking effect and that today has gone viral on social networks."<br /><br />Puchi pointed out that old photographs have significant differences compared to current photographs. "The main one is that they don't need a film to store the information and they don't require chemical processes to record the information," he said. "In addition, another important point is the depth of field that can be obtained today with our cameras."<br /><br />In short, the official explanation for the photograph of the "Giant of the Tunnel of the Roots" would be a single one. It's an example of how perspective and depth of field can generate amazing optical effects in an image. Thanks to the analysis of expert Michael Puchi, we can better understand the nature of this ancient photograph and appreciate its historical and cultural value without falling into the temptation of speculation and legend.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ff971235e9ec5c2139deed390dac4fbc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109993608,"asset_id":112895584,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109993608/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112895584"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112895584"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112895584; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112895584]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112895584]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112895584; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112895584']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 112895584, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ff971235e9ec5c2139deed390dac4fbc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112895584]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112895584,"title":"TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"\"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili\"\nor\n\"The Giant of the Roots Tunnel\" : The Controversial Actual Photo Published in 1946\n\nHave you ever heard of the supposed Giant of the Tunnel Las Raíces? In July 1946, the Chilean magazine \"En Viaje\", dedicated to tourism, published a photograph of the underground vehicular passage – which connects Curacautín and Lonquimay in the region of La Araucanía – that could generate controversy.\n\nIn the image of the author Francisco Ribet during the construction of the Tunnel in the 1930s, a man of a much larger size than the other workers can be seen on the right side of the tunnel. Despite the obvious, in the article, this strange presence is not questioned, only the photo is used to tell the story of the work.\n\nThe tallest part of the structure has a maximum height of 5.6 meters, indicating that the man in the photograph may have been more than 4 meters tall.\n\nThe fact clearly stirs up conspiracy theories or legends regarding the existence of giants and the alleged concealment of this information from the public.\n\nThat is why in order to better understand the photograph, the expert in restoration of old photographs and owner of El Restaurador, Michael Puchi, carried out a detailed analysis and gave El Contraste, his opinion on the controversial image.\n\nLas Raíces Tunnel Giant: \"The record is 100% real\"\n\"The photograph of the 'Giant' in the Las Raíces tunnel in Lonquimay does not have depth of field, so there is no blur in the background, neither in the people in front nor in the objects ahead,\" Puchi explained. \"Although the photograph is not intervened from the digital area, the record is 100% real. But, unfortunately, it is not a giant, but a difference in depth between people that generates this striking effect and that today has gone viral on social networks.\"\n\nPuchi pointed out that old photographs have significant differences compared to current photographs. \"The main one is that they don't need a film to store the information and they don't require chemical processes to record the information,\" he said. \"In addition, another important point is the depth of field that can be obtained today with our cameras.\"\n\nIn short, the official explanation for the photograph of the \"Giant of the Tunnel of the Roots\" would be a single one. It's an example of how perspective and depth of field can generate amazing optical effects in an image. Thanks to the analysis of expert Michael Puchi, we can better understand the nature of this ancient photograph and appreciate its historical and cultural value without falling into the temptation of speculation and legend.","publication_name":"TUNNEL OF THE ROOTS_And The Giant Of Chili"},"translated_abstract":"\"Tunnel of the Roots_And The Giant Of Chili\"\nor\n\"The Giant of the Roots Tunnel\" : The Controversial Actual Photo Published in 1946\n\nHave you ever heard of the supposed Giant of the Tunnel Las Raíces? In July 1946, the Chilean magazine \"En Viaje\", dedicated to tourism, published a photograph of the underground vehicular passage – which connects Curacautín and Lonquimay in the region of La Araucanía – that could generate controversy.\n\nIn the image of the author Francisco Ribet during the construction of the Tunnel in the 1930s, a man of a much larger size than the other workers can be seen on the right side of the tunnel. Despite the obvious, in the article, this strange presence is not questioned, only the photo is used to tell the story of the work.\n\nThe tallest part of the structure has a maximum height of 5.6 meters, indicating that the man in the photograph may have been more than 4 meters tall.\n\nThe fact clearly stirs up conspiracy theories or legends regarding the existence of giants and the alleged concealment of this information from the public.\n\nThat is why in order to better understand the photograph, the expert in restoration of old photographs and owner of El Restaurador, Michael Puchi, carried out a detailed analysis and gave El Contraste, his opinion on the controversial image.\n\nLas Raíces Tunnel Giant: \"The record is 100% real\"\n\"The photograph of the 'Giant' in the Las Raíces tunnel in Lonquimay does not have depth of field, so there is no blur in the background, neither in the people in front nor in the objects ahead,\" Puchi explained. \"Although the photograph is not intervened from the digital area, the record is 100% real. But, unfortunately, it is not a giant, but a difference in depth between people that generates this striking effect and that today has gone viral on social networks.\"\n\nPuchi pointed out that old photographs have significant differences compared to current photographs. \"The main one is that they don't need a film to store the information and they don't require chemical processes to record the information,\" he said. \"In addition, another important point is the depth of field that can be obtained today with our cameras.\"\n\nIn short, the official explanation for the photograph of the \"Giant of the Tunnel of the Roots\" would be a single one. It's an example of how perspective and depth of field can generate amazing optical effects in an image. Thanks to the analysis of expert Michael Puchi, we can better understand the nature of this ancient photograph and appreciate its historical and cultural value without falling into the temptation of speculation and 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115218973/TAMIL_Mahishasura_Mardini_Petrified_Elephant_Howdah_Temple_Pallava_Kingdom_India">TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. Their genealogy and chronology are highly disputed. The first group of Pallavas was mentioned in Prakrit (a simple and popular form of Sanskrit) records, which tell of King Vishnugopa, who was defeated and then liberated by Samudra Gupta, the emperor of Magadha, about the middle of the 4th century CE. A later Pallava king, Simhavarman, is mentioned in the Sanskrit Lokavibhaga as reigning from 436 CE. <br /> <br />A howdah, or houdah derived from the Arabic which means "bed carried by a camel", also known as hathi howdah, is a carriage which is positioned on the back of an elephant, or occasionally some other animal such as a camel, used most often in the past to carry wealthy people during progresses or processions, hunting or in warfare.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3566c06483447f74257f4d75d46e71a8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111690585,"asset_id":115218973,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111690585/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115218973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115218973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115218973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115218973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115218973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115218973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115218973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 115218973, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3566c06483447f74257f4d75d46e71a8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115218973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115218973,"title":"TAMIL Mahishasura Mardini Petrified Elephant Howdah Temple, Pallava Kingdom, India","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Pallava dynasty, early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India whose members originated as indigenous subordinates of the Satavahanas in the Deccan, moved into Andhra, and then to Kanci (Kanchipuram in modern Tamil Nadu state, India), where they became rulers. 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true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108898601"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108898601/HEGRA_Qasr_Al_Farid_Medina_Region_Saudi_Arabia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107168114/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108898601/HEGRA_Qasr_Al_Farid_Medina_Region_Saudi_Arabia">HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans so...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings. Al-Hijr bears a unique testimony to Nabataean civilization. With its 111 monumental tombs, 94 of which are decorated, and water wells, the site is an outstanding example of the Nabataeans’ architectural accomplishment and hydraulic expertise.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d2e8431d0843f16bcd6789aaf0e5eca9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107168114,"asset_id":108898601,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107168114/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108898601"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108898601"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108898601; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108898601]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108898601]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108898601; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108898601']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108898601, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d2e8431d0843f16bcd6789aaf0e5eca9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108898601]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108898601,"title":"HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings. Al-Hijr bears a unique testimony to Nabataean civilization. With its 111 monumental tombs, 94 of which are decorated, and water wells, the site is an outstanding example of the Nabataeans’ architectural accomplishment and hydraulic expertise.\n","ai_title_tag":"Exploring Hegra: Nabataean Civilization in Saudi Arabia","publication_name":"HEGRA : Qasr Al-Farid, Medina Region, Saudi Arabia"},"translated_abstract":"Formerly known as Hegra it is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109064988"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109064988/Terrarium_A_Sealed_Bottle_Ecosystem_Experiment_by_David_Latime"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107296229/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109064988/Terrarium_A_Sealed_Bottle_Ecosystem_Experiment_by_David_Latime">Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Yea...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years<br /><br />Oldest terrarium by David Latimer<br />In 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”<br /><br />In fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.<br />David planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.<br /><br />Photosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants.  The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants.  Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.<br />It’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.<br /><br />Larimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.<br />This is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.<br />“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly.  Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”<br />David reported to the Daily Mail.<br />The sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw.  Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer.  He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability.  Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:<br />‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”<br /><br />Growing Bottle Gardens<br />A bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.<br />Light is the only input needed externally.  Providing energy for food and growth.  The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment).  The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy.  The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.<br />The electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.<br />To decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration.  This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.<br />The plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).<br />Water is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix.  Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />Many are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.<br /><br />Shockingly David Latimer feels the same.  Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring.  Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain itself.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="23bdf2bc5068a8fe300d4d7b0ef449bf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107296229,"asset_id":109064988,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107296229/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109064988"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109064988"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109064988; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109064988]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109064988]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109064988; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='109064988']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 109064988, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "23bdf2bc5068a8fe300d4d7b0ef449bf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=109064988]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":109064988,"title":"Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years\n\nOldest terrarium by David Latimer\nIn 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”\n\nIn fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.\nDavid planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.\n\nPhotosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants. The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants. Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.\nIt’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.\n\nLarimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.\nThis is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.\n“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly. Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”\nDavid reported to the Daily Mail.\nThe sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw. Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer. He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability. Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:\n‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”\n\nGrowing Bottle Gardens\nA bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.\nLight is the only input needed externally. Providing energy for food and growth. The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment). The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.\nThe electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.\nTo decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration. This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.\nThe plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).\nWater is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix. Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.\n\nConclusion:\nMany are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.\n\nShockingly David Latimer feels the same. Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring. Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain itself.","publication_name":"Terrarium : A Sealed Bottle Ecosystem Experiment by David Latime"},"translated_abstract":"World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years\n\nOldest terrarium by David Latimer\nIn 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”\n\nIn fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.\nDavid planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.\n\nPhotosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants. The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants. Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.\nIt’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.\n\nLarimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.\nThis is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.\n“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly. Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”\nDavid reported to the Daily Mail.\nThe sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw. Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer. He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability. Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:\n‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”\n\nGrowing Bottle Gardens\nA bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.\nLight is the only input needed externally. Providing energy for food and growth. The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment). The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.\nThe electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.\nTo decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration. This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.\nThe plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).\nWater is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix. Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.\n\nConclusion:\nMany are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.\n\nShockingly David Latimer feels the same. Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring. Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109065812"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109065812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107296812/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109065812/Gargantua_And_His_Son_Pantagruel">Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, whi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, which tells of the adventures of two giants, Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. <br />Some claim it was a novel. Others corfirm it was a historical fact. <br />In the latter case, reference is made to the hundreds of fossilized bone remains on the Breton beaches. <br />The text is written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein, and features much crudity, scatological humor, and violence. The censors of the Collège de la Sorbonne stigmatized it as obscene, and in a social climate of increasing religious oppression, it was treated with suspicion, and contemporaries avoided mentioning it. According to Rabelais, the philosophy of his giant Pantagruel, "Pantagruelism", is rooted in "a certain gaiety of mind pickled in the scorn of fortuitous things". Rabelais had studied Ancient Greek and he applied it in inventing hundreds of new words in the text, some of which became part of the French language. Wordplay and risqué humor abound in his writing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="04aa7ac073f446d46893a4e5cc4e7111" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107296812,"asset_id":109065812,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107296812/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109065812"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109065812"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109065812; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109065812]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109065812]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109065812; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='109065812']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 109065812, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "04aa7ac073f446d46893a4e5cc4e7111" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=109065812]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":109065812,"title":"Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, which tells of the adventures of two giants, Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. \r\nSome claim it was a novel. Others corfirm it was a historical fact. \r\nIn the latter case, reference is made to the hundreds of fossilized bone remains on the Breton beaches. \r\nThe text is written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein, and features much crudity, scatological humor, and violence. The censors of the Collège de la Sorbonne stigmatized it as obscene, and in a social climate of increasing religious oppression, it was treated with suspicion, and contemporaries avoided mentioning it. According to Rabelais, the philosophy of his giant Pantagruel, \"Pantagruelism\", is rooted in \"a certain gaiety of mind pickled in the scorn of fortuitous things\". Rabelais had studied Ancient Greek and he applied it in inventing hundreds of new words in the text, some of which became part of the French language. Wordplay and risqué humor abound in his writing.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Gargantua And His Son Pantagruel"},"translated_abstract":"The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel was written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, which tells of the adventures of two giants, Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. \r\nSome claim it was a novel. Others corfirm it was a historical fact. \r\nIn the latter case, reference is made to the hundreds of fossilized bone remains on the Breton beaches. \r\nThe text is written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein, and features much crudity, scatological humor, and violence. The censors of the Collège de la Sorbonne stigmatized it as obscene, and in a social climate of increasing religious oppression, it was treated with suspicion, and contemporaries avoided mentioning it. 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Wordplay and risqué humor abound in his 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Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_Architecture"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44439715"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44439715/Arthur_A_Story_of_a_King_and_the_Arctic_Rings"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Arthur : A Story of a King and the Arctic Rings" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64859582/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44439715/Arthur_A_Story_of_a_King_and_the_Arctic_Rings">Arthur : A Story of a King and the Arctic Rings</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The real King Arthur was not from Cornwall or Wales – he was actually a northerner. That’s the ve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The real King Arthur was not from Cornwall or Wales – he was actually a northerner. That’s the verdict of a new book, Pennine Dragon: The Real King Arthur of the North.<br />Simon Keegan, 36, who lives in Hyde, has spent years researching the ancient texts and says he can prove Arthur was from the Lancashire-Yorkshire area.<br /><br />And the timing could not be more fitting as 2016 is the 1,500th anniversary of Arthur’s “Waterloo” – the Battle of Badon in which he defeated the Saxons in 516AD and stopped their invasion for a generation.<br /><br />Many people know King Arthur as a medieval ruler of an army of knights in shining armour with magic swords and wizards, but he was actually recorded much earlier as a warleader who battled the Saxons in the 6th century.<br /><br />Read an extract from Pennine Dragon: The Real King Arthur of the North<br />He ruled in the Dark Ages – the time after the Romans withdrew and before the Saxon invasion was complete. Arthur rallied the kings of Britain in a dozen pitched battles and sieges.<br /><br />Keegan, who used to live in Heaton Moor and worked at the Stockport Express, said: “The earliest surviving reference to King Arthur is a history book by a monk named Nennius who lists 12 of Arthur’s battles.<br /><br />Pennine Dragon<br />Pennine Dragon<br />“They can be located from as far north as Scotland – “Celidon” and “Mount Agned” are Caledonia and Edinburgh – and I identify “Dubglas” with the River Douglas in Lancashire.<br /><br />“Arthur’s most illusive battle however is Mount Badon. Typically it is located as being Bath, but you will see I have found a more likely northern location.”<br /><br />The book identifies the legendary King Arthur with a historical ruler called Arthwys ap Mar whose father was King in the York area and whose kingdom stretched from Hadrian’s Wall down to Lancashire.<br /><br />Keegan said: “Although the original manuscripts don’t survive, the works of northern bards are perhaps the oldest mentions of Arthur.<br /><br />“These men actually lived around the time of Arthur and would place him in the north.”<br /><br />Another tantalising piece of information is the placement of Arthur’s Camelot. A small village called Slack in Yorkshire used to be called Camulod in Roman times and was home to a large and palatial amphitheatre.<br /><br />But there is much more to this study than placing Arthur in the Pennines – every member of his legendary family tree is identified within the family of Arthwys.<br /><br />We meet the real Merlin, the real Guinevere, the real Mordred and a host of other characters. In total 50 legendary Arthurian characters are identified in the one book.<br /><br />Keegan insists it was only later that romantic writers shifted Arthur to Cornwall.<br /><br />He said: “Nowadays we think of the British ‘Celts’ as being confined to Scotland, Wales and Cornwall but in Arthur’s time the whole country was ‘Celtic’ or British.<br /><br />“The invasion of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes had not fully taken hold. Arthur was fighting the enemy on the front line – the northern frontier and the east coast. He would have been wasted if he were based in Cornwall.<br /><br />“He had to be further north and further east to keep the invasions at bay. Arthur held a position of Dux Bellorum – Duke of Battles – that was always garrisoned in the north.<br /><br />“Many of the later characters like Lancelot, Mordred and Merlin were based on much earlier figures – and I have tied them all together and found many of them were part of the same dynasty.”</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="333d01f8014c9d52eb73c13c776aecac" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64859582,"asset_id":44439715,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64859582/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44439715"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44439715"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44439715; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44439715]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44439715]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44439715; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44439715']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44439715, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "333d01f8014c9d52eb73c13c776aecac" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44439715]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44439715,"title":"Arthur : A Story of a King and the Arctic Rings","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The real King Arthur was not from Cornwall or Wales – he was actually a northerner. 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Arthur rallied the kings of Britain in a dozen pitched battles and sieges.\n\nKeegan, who used to live in Heaton Moor and worked at the Stockport Express, said: “The earliest surviving reference to King Arthur is a history book by a monk named Nennius who lists 12 of Arthur’s battles.\n\nPennine Dragon\nPennine Dragon\n“They can be located from as far north as Scotland – “Celidon” and “Mount Agned” are Caledonia and Edinburgh – and I identify “Dubglas” with the River Douglas in Lancashire.\n\n“Arthur’s most illusive battle however is Mount Badon. 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Typically it is located as being Bath, but you will see I have found a more likely northern location.”\n\nThe book identifies the legendary King Arthur with a historical ruler called Arthwys ap Mar whose father was King in the York area and whose kingdom stretched from Hadrian’s Wall down to Lancashire.\n\nKeegan said: “Although the original manuscripts don’t survive, the works of northern bards are perhaps the oldest mentions of Arthur.\n\n“These men actually lived around the time of Arthur and would place him in the north.”\n\nAnother tantalising piece of information is the placement of Arthur’s Camelot. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/42838013/Almansa_Castello_La_Mensa_Tribe_From_The_Ancient_Tree"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Almansa Castello : La Mensa Tribe From The Ancient Tree" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63072568/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/42838013/Almansa_Castello_La_Mensa_Tribe_From_The_Ancient_Tree">Almansa Castello : La Mensa Tribe From The Ancient Tree</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This fortress is in the town of Almansa, in Albacete Province, Spain. Almansa Castle, the most re...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This fortress is in the town of Almansa, in Albacete Province, Spain.<br />Almansa Castle, the most representative in the region of Castilla la Mancha, is perched over the Cerro del Águila, a craggy hill that raises its spectacular silhouette over the Almansa plain creating a harmonious combination of the work of nature and the work of man.<br />The origins of Almansa Castle date back to the Almohad period, whose characteristic form of construction, adobe walls, is today still evident on some of its walls.<br />The castle passed through several hands until in the 15th century it was handed over to Juan Pacheco, who as the second Marquis of Villena undertook many of the reforms that have lasted until the present, among which feature the construction of the keep, the entrance barbicans and the embrasures for firearms.<br />From the 16th century onwards, Almansa Castle, like many other Spanish castles, went into a long process of abandonment and deterioration until in 1952 it experienced a profound restoration on its periphery.<br />The eastern sector of Cerro del Águila is of very steep gradients and difficult to cross. The other side has gentler slopes. The castle is made up of two echeloned areas, both shaped by semicircular towers and crenelated walls.<br />The lower area has two entrance doors, one on each side of the bailey. From the bailey, climbing a steep stairway, the second area is reached, in the centre of which is erected the majestic keep. This tower has a square ground plan, with masonry and ashlars works; the interior vaulting has Gothic cross vaulting with stone ribs. On the upper part of the tower is a crenelated terrace, which is reached by a spiral staircase carved in rock in a Gothic style.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="95bf4ea31979224fa0aaa7dcb933c38e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63072568,"asset_id":42838013,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63072568/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42838013"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42838013"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42838013; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42838013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42838013]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42838013; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='42838013']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42838013, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "95bf4ea31979224fa0aaa7dcb933c38e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=42838013]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":42838013,"title":"Almansa Castello : La Mensa Tribe From The Ancient Tree","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This fortress is in the town of Almansa, in Albacete Province, Spain.\nAlmansa Castle, the most representative in the region of Castilla la Mancha, is perched over the Cerro del Águila, a craggy hill that raises its spectacular silhouette over the Almansa plain creating a harmonious combination of the work of nature and the work of man.\nThe origins of Almansa Castle date back to the Almohad period, whose characteristic form of construction, adobe walls, is today still evident on some of its walls.\nThe castle passed through several hands until in the 15th century it was handed over to Juan Pacheco, who as the second Marquis of Villena undertook many of the reforms that have lasted until the present, among which feature the construction of the keep, the entrance barbicans and the embrasures for firearms.\nFrom the 16th century onwards, Almansa Castle, like many other Spanish castles, went into a long process of abandonment and deterioration until in 1952 it experienced a profound restoration on its periphery.\nThe eastern sector of Cerro del Águila is of very steep gradients and difficult to cross. The other side has gentler slopes. The castle is made up of two echeloned areas, both shaped by semicircular towers and crenelated walls.\nThe lower area has two entrance doors, one on each side of the bailey. From the bailey, climbing a steep stairway, the second area is reached, in the centre of which is erected the majestic keep. This tower has a square ground plan, with masonry and ashlars works; the interior vaulting has Gothic cross vaulting with stone ribs. 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The other side has gentler slopes. The castle is made up of two echeloned areas, both shaped by semicircular towers and crenelated walls.\nThe lower area has two entrance doors, one on each side of the bailey. From the bailey, climbing a steep stairway, the second area is reached, in the centre of which is erected the majestic keep. This tower has a square ground plan, with masonry and ashlars works; the interior vaulting has Gothic cross vaulting with stone ribs. On the upper part of the tower is a crenelated terrace, which is reached by a spiral staircase carved in rock in a Gothic 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href="https://www.academia.edu/42830111/PUBLIC_PRIVATE_COOPERATION_FOR_PANDEMIC_PREPAREDNESS_AND_RESPONSE">PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION FOR PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The next severe pandemic will not only cause great illness and loss of life but could also trigge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The next severe pandemic will not only cause great illness and loss of life but could also trigger major cascading economic and societal consequences that could contribute greatly to global impact and suffering. Efforts to prevent such consequences or respond to them as they unfold will require unprecedented levels of collaboration between governments, international organizations, and the private sector. There have been important efforts to engage the private sector in epidemic and outbreak preparedness at the national or regional level.1,2 However, there are major unmet global vulnerabilities and international system challenges posed by pandemics that will require new robust forms of public-private cooperation to address.<br /><br />The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are the leading components.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="56cb7e7e3659b86b6bfa7172f8b3f61d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63063049,"asset_id":42830111,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63063049/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42830111"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42830111"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42830111; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42830111]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42830111]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42830111; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='42830111']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42830111, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "56cb7e7e3659b86b6bfa7172f8b3f61d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=42830111]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":42830111,"title":"PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION FOR PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The next severe pandemic will not only cause great illness and loss of life but could also trigger major cascading economic and societal consequences that could contribute greatly to global impact and suffering. Efforts to prevent such consequences or respond to them as they unfold will require unprecedented levels of collaboration between governments, international organizations, and the private sector. There have been important efforts to engage the private sector in epidemic and outbreak preparedness at the national or regional level.1,2 However, there are major unmet global vulnerabilities and international system challenges posed by pandemics that will require new robust forms of public-private cooperation to address.\n\nThe Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill \u0026 Melinda Gates Foundation are the leading components. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="42450601"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/42450601/Penne_Medieval_Fortified_Tree_Castle_of_Tarn"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98261273/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/42450601/Penne_Medieval_Fortified_Tree_Castle_of_Tarn">Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn Throughout the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn <br /> <br />Throughout the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries) the site of Penne was of military strategic importance, being situated on the borders of the provinces of Albigeois, Quercy and Rouergue, with its fortress perched atop a bizarre shaped 'rock' overlooking the River Aveyron. As such, it was frequently the target of attack, most notably during the Albigensian Crusade, a twenty-year military campaign (1209–1229) initiated by the King Philip II of France and the Roman Catholic Pope Innocent III. <br />Ostensibly, the objective of the crusade was the elimination of all Cathars in Southern France, but this coincided with the French King's political ambition to annex the area to his northern territory. <br />People who adhered to Catharic principles were held to be anti-Catholic heretics; as narrated by McCaffrey, "their treatment was savage and merciless – heretics and their sympathisers were often either slaughtered or burned alive at the stake".</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="faa6798770d2f7c521c7471b75e21c5b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":98261273,"asset_id":42450601,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98261273/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42450601"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42450601"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42450601; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42450601]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42450601]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42450601; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='42450601']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42450601, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "faa6798770d2f7c521c7471b75e21c5b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=42450601]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":42450601,"title":"Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Penne - Medieval Fortified Tree Castle of Tarn\r\n\r\nThroughout the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries) the site of Penne was of military strategic importance, being situated on the borders of the provinces of Albigeois, Quercy and Rouergue, with its fortress perched atop a bizarre shaped 'rock' overlooking the River Aveyron. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/42295881/ID2020_ALLIANCE_Healthcare_Biometrics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ID2020 ALLIANCE -Healthcare Biometrics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62450281/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/42295881/ID2020_ALLIANCE_Healthcare_Biometrics">ID2020 ALLIANCE -Healthcare Biometrics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>ID2020 ALLIANCE -Healthcare Biometrics</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines The ID2020 Alliance has la...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines<br />The ID2020 Alliance has launched a new digital identity program at its annual summit in New York, in collaboration with the Government of Bangladesh, vaccine alliance Gavi, and new partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief.<br />The program to leverage immunization as an opportunity to establish digital identity was unveiled by ID2020 in partnership with the Bangladesh Government’s Access to Information (a2i) Program, the Directorate General of Health Services, and Gavi, according to the announcement.<br />“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, policy advisor at a2i. “The Government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach.”<br />Gavi CEO Seth Berkley says that 89 percent of children and adolescents who do not have identification live in countries where the organization is active. “We are enthusiastic about the potential impact of this program not just in Bangladesh, but as something we can replicate across Gavi-eligible countries, providing a viable route to closing the identity gap,” he says.<br />A partnership was also formed earlier this year between Gavi, NEC, and Simprints to use biometrics to improve vaccine coverage in developing nations.<br />“Digital ID is being defined and implemented today, and we recognize the importance of swift action to close the identity gap,” comments ID2020 Executive Director Dakota Gruener. “Now is the time for bold commitments to ensure that we respond both quickly and responsibly. We and our ID2020 Alliance partners, both present and future, are committed to rising to this challenge.”<br />ID2020 also announced new partnerships and provided progress reports on initiatives launched last year. Since last year’s summit, the ID2020 Alliance has been joined by the City of Austin, UC Berkeley’s CITRIS Policy Lab and Care USA.<br />The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data.<br />A pair of inaugural pilot programs launched last year in partnership with iRespond and Everest have each made progress, ID2020 says. The iRespond program has improved continuity of care for more than 3,000 refugees receiving treatment for chronic conditions from the International Rescue Committee in Thailand, according to the announcement, while Everest has assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c07f0a1fa8b529c3191b7560e88bd0a8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":62450281,"asset_id":42295881,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62450281/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42295881"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42295881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42295881; 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wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/24986264/artikel_bosfunctie_economisch">artikel-bosfunctie-economisch</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">HOUT Hout is niet weg te denken uit onze maatschappij. Brandhout, huizenbouw, meubels... zijn sle...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">HOUT Hout is niet weg te denken uit onze maatschappij. Brandhout, huizenbouw, meubels... zijn slechts enkele toepassingen. Hout is een bron waar we veel gebruik van maken, maar waar we toch zuinig mee moeten zijn. De meeste boomsoorten zijn namelijk pas kaprijp na zo'n 60 tot 80 jaar! Wie hout wil oogsten, moet dus een lange termijnplanning opmaken! Brandstoffen Een boom levert ons brandhout. Bij het verbranden van het hout wordt de energie, die de boom doorheen de jaren opslaat, omgezet in warmte. Daarnaast kan een plant ons ook grondstoffen bieden om biobrandstoffen te produceren. Van plantaardige oliën wordt bijvoorbeeld biodiesel gemaakt. Steeds meer huizen worden verwarmd met behulp van een 'pelletkachel'. Deze pellets worden gemaakt uit samengeperst houtafval. Tegenwoordig wordt er ook meer en meer onderzoek gedaan naar het gebruik van korteomloophout (KOH). Door op een verstandige manier hout te kappen en voldoende aan te planten kan er op een duurzame manier hout geproduceerd worden. Vaak is hernieuwbare energie duurder dan de traditionele brandstoffen. Er bestaan echter heel wat maatregelen die aan deze meerprijs tegemoet komen. Bovendien betaalt hernieuwbare energie zich op termijn terug. De traditionele, fossiele, brandstoffen daarentegen, zullen alleen maar schaarser, en dus duurder, worden. Hout Ook bij de productie van hout is biodiversiteit de basis. Een hoge diversiteit, zowel in soorten als in genetisch materiaal, is nodig om een goede productie te garanderen. Verschillende soorten hebben verschillende productiemogelijkheden. Elke soort heeft bepaalde noden en stelt andere eisen aan de biotoop. Een verschil in genetisch materiaal is belangrijk voor ziekteresistentie en voor de kwaliteit van het hout. Een boom legt een hele weg af alvorens hij een parketvloer of salontafeltje wordt. Alles begint bij de keuze van de stam en het vellen. Nadien worden de stammen ontdaan van takken en schors. Deze stam kan vervolgens naar de zagerij om daar tot planken, balken of andere materialen te worden verzaagd. Als laatste stap wordt het hout al dan niet behandeld om uiteindelijk verwerkt te worden tot een mooi eindproduct. In de houtindustrie worden dus heel wat mensen tewerkgesteld. VOEDSEL Vroeger, toen de mens nog niet aan landbouw deed, was iedereen afhankelijk van de natuur om zich van voedsel te voorzien. De mannen gingen op jacht en de vrouwen zocht bessen, noten en wortels in de bossen. Vandaag de dag halen wij ons voedsel in de winkel. Toch zijn er nog aardig wat volkeren die het bos als hun winkel zien en</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7f5d9e446dfd6d6d7d746c08c95e7460" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45313613,"asset_id":24986264,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45313613/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="24986264"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24986264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24986264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24986264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24986264]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24986264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='24986264']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24986264, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7f5d9e446dfd6d6d7d746c08c95e7460" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=24986264]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":24986264,"title":"artikel-bosfunctie-economisch","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"HOUT Hout is niet weg te denken uit onze maatschappij. 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We often come...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Mankind has often been left speechless by both the benevolence and wrath of nature. We often come across incidents that can only be termed marvels of nature since they shatter every known pre-defined notion that we have. A recent video that has gone viral is just reiterating that. Normally, when a tree gets struck by lightning, it is mostly blown apart, or its roots die and the tree decays from lack of receiving water and nutrients. However, the video in question actually shows the tree starting to burn from inside after getting hit by lightning. <br /> <br />The video was shared by the Twitter handle InterestingsAsF on June 9. In the video, we see that the tree has a hollow opening on its trunk and flames can clearly be seen engulfing it from inside, in the hollow portion. The red shoals are clearly visible inside the tree. <br /> <br /><a href="https://twitter.com/i/status/1534821683898593281" rel="nofollow">https://twitter.com/i/status/1534821683898593281</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f9455ea872be39b41d94fb85f2dabd12" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109553667,"asset_id":112265844,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109553667/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112265844"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112265844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112265844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112265844]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112265844]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112265844; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112265844']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 112265844, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f9455ea872be39b41d94fb85f2dabd12" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112265844]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112265844,"title":"Smoldering Treetrunks","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Mankind has often been left speechless by both the benevolence and wrath of nature. 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class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107309748/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109083132/Giants_of_Brittany">Giants of Brittany</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Giants of Brittany</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Found within the mythology and folklore of countless disparate cultures across the world, are sto...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Found within the mythology and folklore of countless disparate cultures across the world, are stories of giants; sometimes described as mighty men and women of towering stature but sometimes portrayed as a distinct race of huge humanoids.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c010078507ce4e16a3b1fed37d9cb2c2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107309748,"asset_id":109083132,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107309748/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109083132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112366327/Ljubljana_History_of_the_City_of_Dragons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ljubljana History of the City of Dragons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109619373/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112366327/Ljubljana_History_of_the_City_of_Dragons">Ljubljana History of the City of Dragons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ljubljana : History of the City of Dragons</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Legend of Ljubljana’s Dragon The legend of the Dragon of Ljubljana comes back to the epic of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Legend of Ljubljana’s Dragon<br /><br />The legend of the Dragon of Ljubljana comes back to the epic of Jason and the Argonauts. For the uninitiated, Jason and his Argonauts are Greek heroes on a quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their quest made them sail different isles and cities, encountering danger in every way.<br /><br />According to the story, Jason and his Argonauts sailed to Colchis. Colchis is the modern-day Black Sea coast of Georgia. As he is looking for the Golden Fleece, Jason had to perform three tasks set by the King of Colchis.<br /><br />Jason succeeded with the help of Medea, the king’s daughter who fell in love with the hero. Jason and his team earn the Golden Fleece defeating the dragon and run away with Medea in tow. Even if the hero won Medea’s hand and the Fleece, Jason and the Argo had to evade the king’s fleet.<br /><br />The Founding of Ljubljana<br />The Argo will eventually evade the entire pursuit, but their haste caused a critical error. Instead of going south to the Aegean Sea, the Argo now entered the mouth of the Danube River instead.<br /><br />The Argos continue sailing the Danube, going their way to the Sava and eventually to the source, the Ljubljanica River. The source of the river is marshy and Jason, with his band, need to dismantle their ship as the waters grew shallow.<br /><br />Jason then decided to cross the land towards the Adriatic Sea, but winter came. The heroes settled in the locale to wait for more favorable weather. The Argonauts built a village on the marsh, but they made it on top of a dragon’s hunting grounds.<br /><br />The Dragon attacked the village, spitting fire and burning half of their homes. Some of the Argonauts drowned, with one taken as dinner by the Dragon.<br /><br />Jason then set out to kill the Dragon, wading through the marsh and finding a large island being the Dragon’s den.<br /><br />Jason and Medea attacked the Dragon but failing to do damage to it. Medea counseled Jason to bind the Dragon’s mouth and close off its nostrils with its victims’ bones. With nowhere to exhale, the Dragon exploded, combusting under its own fire.<br /><br />Jason decided to return to Greece, but several Argonauts decided to settle the fertile lands around Ljubljana. The first settlement became the Roman fort of Emona, which became present-day Ljubljana.<br /><br />The True History of the Ljubljana Dragon<br />As interesting as the myth is, the real history of Ljubljana’s Dragon is as fascinating. The real accepted history of the Dragon comes from Saint George, known as the patron saint of Ljubljana Castle’s chapel.<br /><br />The Ljubljana Castle came in the 15th century, following the legend of its patron saint. The legend of Saint George shows the slaying of a dragon who demanded human sacrifice. The saint then rescues the princess, which was the quintessential knight vs dragon story.<br /><br />The entire legend was also a symbolism of Christianity and the religion overcoming paganism. The Dragon eventually became the city’s coat of arms. Through the Baroque period, it outweighed everything else when it comes to importance.<br /><br />Through the centuries, the Dragon became the symbol of Ljubljana. It became the capital city’s protector and perched over it, overseeing everything happening. It became a symbol of courage, wisdom, and power to the entire country.<br /><br />The story of dragons in Ljubljana did not stop at legends. The dragon stories of Ljubljana connected to the existence of real-life “baby dragons.” These come in the form of Olms or aquatic cave salamanders.<br /><br />The first records of “baby dragons” existed in a cave beneath the spring of Vrhnika, near Ljubljana. By the 19th century, villagers sell the salamanders as tourist products. Today, the “baby dragons” still exist in the caves of Postojna and Skocjan.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="39fac49e854670dd5ceff89d09b932cd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109619373,"asset_id":112366327,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109619373/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112366327"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112366327"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112366327; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112366327]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112366327]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112366327; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112366327']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 112366327, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "39fac49e854670dd5ceff89d09b932cd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112366327]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112366327,"title":"Ljubljana History of the City of Dragons","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Legend of Ljubljana’s Dragon\n\nThe legend of the Dragon of Ljubljana comes back to the epic of Jason and the Argonauts. For the uninitiated, Jason and his Argonauts are Greek heroes on a quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their quest made them sail different isles and cities, encountering danger in every way.\n\nAccording to the story, Jason and his Argonauts sailed to Colchis. Colchis is the modern-day Black Sea coast of Georgia. As he is looking for the Golden Fleece, Jason had to perform three tasks set by the King of Colchis.\n\nJason succeeded with the help of Medea, the king’s daughter who fell in love with the hero. Jason and his team earn the Golden Fleece defeating the dragon and run away with Medea in tow. Even if the hero won Medea’s hand and the Fleece, Jason and the Argo had to evade the king’s fleet.\n\nThe Founding of Ljubljana\nThe Argo will eventually evade the entire pursuit, but their haste caused a critical error. Instead of going south to the Aegean Sea, the Argo now entered the mouth of the Danube River instead.\n\nThe Argos continue sailing the Danube, going their way to the Sava and eventually to the source, the Ljubljanica River. The source of the river is marshy and Jason, with his band, need to dismantle their ship as the waters grew shallow.\n\nJason then decided to cross the land towards the Adriatic Sea, but winter came. The heroes settled in the locale to wait for more favorable weather. The Argonauts built a village on the marsh, but they made it on top of a dragon’s hunting grounds.\n\nThe Dragon attacked the village, spitting fire and burning half of their homes. Some of the Argonauts drowned, with one taken as dinner by the Dragon.\n\nJason then set out to kill the Dragon, wading through the marsh and finding a large island being the Dragon’s den.\n\nJason and Medea attacked the Dragon but failing to do damage to it. Medea counseled Jason to bind the Dragon’s mouth and close off its nostrils with its victims’ bones. With nowhere to exhale, the Dragon exploded, combusting under its own fire.\n\nJason decided to return to Greece, but several Argonauts decided to settle the fertile lands around Ljubljana. The first settlement became the Roman fort of Emona, which became present-day Ljubljana.\n\nThe True History of the Ljubljana Dragon\nAs interesting as the myth is, the real history of Ljubljana’s Dragon is as fascinating. The real accepted history of the Dragon comes from Saint George, known as the patron saint of Ljubljana Castle’s chapel.\n\nThe Ljubljana Castle came in the 15th century, following the legend of its patron saint. The legend of Saint George shows the slaying of a dragon who demanded human sacrifice. The saint then rescues the princess, which was the quintessential knight vs dragon story.\n\nThe entire legend was also a symbolism of Christianity and the religion overcoming paganism. 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Even if the hero won Medea’s hand and the Fleece, Jason and the Argo had to evade the king’s fleet.\n\nThe Founding of Ljubljana\nThe Argo will eventually evade the entire pursuit, but their haste caused a critical error. Instead of going south to the Aegean Sea, the Argo now entered the mouth of the Danube River instead.\n\nThe Argos continue sailing the Danube, going their way to the Sava and eventually to the source, the Ljubljanica River. The source of the river is marshy and Jason, with his band, need to dismantle their ship as the waters grew shallow.\n\nJason then decided to cross the land towards the Adriatic Sea, but winter came. The heroes settled in the locale to wait for more favorable weather. The Argonauts built a village on the marsh, but they made it on top of a dragon’s hunting grounds.\n\nThe Dragon attacked the village, spitting fire and burning half of their homes. Some of the Argonauts drowned, with one taken as dinner by the Dragon.\n\nJason then set out to kill the Dragon, wading through the marsh and finding a large island being the Dragon’s den.\n\nJason and Medea attacked the Dragon but failing to do damage to it. Medea counseled Jason to bind the Dragon’s mouth and close off its nostrils with its victims’ bones. With nowhere to exhale, the Dragon exploded, combusting under its own fire.\n\nJason decided to return to Greece, but several Argonauts decided to settle the fertile lands around Ljubljana. The first settlement became the Roman fort of Emona, which became present-day Ljubljana.\n\nThe True History of the Ljubljana Dragon\nAs interesting as the myth is, the real history of Ljubljana’s Dragon is as fascinating. The real accepted history of the Dragon comes from Saint George, known as the patron saint of Ljubljana Castle’s chapel.\n\nThe Ljubljana Castle came in the 15th century, following the legend of its patron saint. The legend of Saint George shows the slaying of a dragon who demanded human sacrifice. The saint then rescues the princess, which was the quintessential knight vs dragon story.\n\nThe entire legend was also a symbolism of Christianity and the religion overcoming paganism. The Dragon eventually became the city’s coat of arms. Through the Baroque period, it outweighed everything else when it comes to importance.\n\nThrough the centuries, the Dragon became the symbol of Ljubljana. It became the capital city’s protector and perched over it, overseeing everything happening. It became a symbol of courage, wisdom, and power to the entire country.\n\nThe story of dragons in Ljubljana did not stop at legends. The dragon stories of Ljubljana connected to the existence of real-life “baby dragons.” These come in the form of Olms or aquatic cave salamanders.\n\nThe first records of “baby dragons” existed in a cave beneath the spring of Vrhnika, near Ljubljana. By the 19th century, villagers sell the salamanders as tourist products. Today, the “baby dragons” still exist in the caves of Postojna and 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102443043/Adrspach_Entrance_Teplice_Nature_Reserve_Adrspach_Hradec_Kralove_Region_Czechia">Adrspach Entrance : Teplice Nature Reserve Adrspach Hradec Kralove Region Czechia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Adrspach Entrance : Teplice Nature Reserve Adrspach Hradec Kralove Region Czechia</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In ancient times the region in which the rocks as vast forested mountains of the border, includin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In ancient times the region in which the rocks as vast forested mountains of the border, including the Giant Mountains and Orlické Mountains was the Romans called Hercynian forest. <br />Border forests went through, certainly since prehistoric times, the old road leading from the Elbe lowlands over the East Bohemian settlement area Branka the Klodzko Basin, and from there to the Baltic Sea coast popular sites of amber.<br />In the 18th century, a fire destroyed several surrounding lush vegetation. Thus excelled the rocks. <br /><br />Notice that it's called in German : 'Adersbach'<br />Aders = 'veins' / Bach = 'stream'<br /><br />The legend of the enchantment<br />Officially speaking, the City of Rocks was created by water. The legend, however, claims it was the gods’ anger that formed it. Supposedly, the gods punished the inhabitants of the ancient towns for allowing robbers onto the rich, Czech lands. And so the gods bewitched both the towns and the people, turning them all to stone. The Adršpach City of Rocks is meant to remind us of the people’s betrayal, a crime the gods were never able to forgive.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a34b168c9fd825969f5631a9932b50b5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102712362,"asset_id":102443043,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102712362/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102443043"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102443043"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102443043; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102443043]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102443043]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102443043; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102443043']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102443043, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a34b168c9fd825969f5631a9932b50b5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102443043]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102443043,"title":"Adrspach Entrance : Teplice Nature Reserve Adrspach Hradec Kralove Region Czechia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In ancient times the region in which the rocks as vast forested mountains of the border, including the Giant Mountains and Orlické Mountains was the Romans called Hercynian forest. \nBorder forests went through, certainly since prehistoric times, the old road leading from the Elbe lowlands over the East Bohemian settlement area Branka the Klodzko Basin, and from there to the Baltic Sea coast popular sites of amber.\nIn the 18th century, a fire destroyed several surrounding lush vegetation. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44839775"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44839775/Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Thai Dragons - Phu Langka National Park, Thailand" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94029018/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44839775/Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand">Thai Dragons - Phu Langka National Park, Thailand</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Naka Cave, Thailand: The Truth Behind the Legends of Snake Rock Prince Fahoong was tall, stron...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Naka Cave, Thailand: The Truth Behind the Legends of Snake Rock <br /> <br />Prince Fahoong was tall, strong and handsome. Every man in the kingdom was proud to call him friend, and the girls all loved his dazzling smile and the twinkle in his deep blue eyes. But, like most princes in these stories, Fahoong was lonely. He had all the riches in the world – everything money could buy – but he couldn’t find his true love. What good were riches, when he had no-one to share them with? <br /> <br />One day, as the Prince was walking aimlessly through the woods along the shores of the Khong Long Lake, he heard a girl singing way off in the distance. He’d never heard the song before, but her voice was so sweet – and the words were so sad and melancholy – that he instantly fell in love with her. He ran in the direction of the voice and looked high and low, but the singing had stopped and the girl was nowhere to be seen. <br /> <br />He was about to turn around and go back home when he heard the sound of a girl softly crying. He knew, deep in his heart, that it had to be the same girl who was singing so beautifully, just moments before. Suddenly, he saw a flash of a red and green cape, just behind a great tree, and ran towards it.  Once more the girl was gone, but at his feet he saw that a snake had shed its skin. He picked the skin up and turned it around in his hands. He’d seen snakeskin before, but never with this strange pattern: for one half was coloured a brilliant red, while the other half was as green as the leaves on the great tree… <br /> <br />Naka Cave (or Nāga Cave) is located in Phu Langka National Park which is in the Bueng Khong Long District of Bueng Kan Province, Thailand. Naka means ‘snake’ in the Thai language, and the cave took its name from the texture of some stones in the area, which resembles the scaled skin of a snake. <br /> <br />In Buddhist lore, nāgas are half-human, half-serpent beings that live in the netherworld and occasionally take human form. They are considered to be guardians of the water, and often live in damp caves by the water’s edge.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2ac585bcc2cec3734ed1ca8fa09daab0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":94029018,"asset_id":44839775,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94029018/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44839775"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44839775"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44839775; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44839775]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44839775]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44839775; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44839775']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44839775, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2ac585bcc2cec3734ed1ca8fa09daab0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44839775]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44839775,"title":"Thai Dragons - Phu Langka National Park, Thailand","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Naka Cave, Thailand: The Truth Behind the Legends of Snake Rock\r\n\r\nPrince Fahoong was tall, strong and handsome. Every man in the kingdom was proud to call him friend, and the girls all loved his dazzling smile and the twinkle in his deep blue eyes. But, like most princes in these stories, Fahoong was lonely. He had all the riches in the world – everything money could buy – but he couldn’t find his true love. What good were riches, when he had no-one to share them with?\r\n\r\nOne day, as the Prince was walking aimlessly through the woods along the shores of the Khong Long Lake, he heard a girl singing way off in the distance. He’d never heard the song before, but her voice was so sweet – and the words were so sad and melancholy – that he instantly fell in love with her. He ran in the direction of the voice and looked high and low, but the singing had stopped and the girl was nowhere to be seen. \r\n\r\nHe was about to turn around and go back home when he heard the sound of a girl softly crying. He knew, deep in his heart, that it had to be the same girl who was singing so beautifully, just moments before. Suddenly, he saw a flash of a red and green cape, just behind a great tree, and ran towards it. Once more the girl was gone, but at his feet he saw that a snake had shed its skin. He picked the skin up and turned it around in his hands. He’d seen snakeskin before, but never with this strange pattern: for one half was coloured a brilliant red, while the other half was as green as the leaves on the great tree…\r\n\r\nNaka Cave (or Nāga Cave) is located in Phu Langka National Park which is in the Bueng Khong Long District of Bueng Kan Province, Thailand. Naka means ‘snake’ in the Thai language, and the cave took its name from the texture of some stones in the area, which resembles the scaled skin of a snake.\r\n\r\nIn Buddhist lore, nāgas are half-human, half-serpent beings that live in the netherworld and occasionally take human form. They are considered to be guardians of the water, and often live in damp caves by the water’s edge. \r\n\r\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Naka Cave, Thailand: The Truth Behind the Legends of Snake Rock\r\n\r\nPrince Fahoong was tall, strong and handsome. Every man in the kingdom was proud to call him friend, and the girls all loved his dazzling smile and the twinkle in his deep blue eyes. But, like most princes in these stories, Fahoong was lonely. He had all the riches in the world – everything money could buy – but he couldn’t find his true love. What good were riches, when he had no-one to share them with?\r\n\r\nOne day, as the Prince was walking aimlessly through the woods along the shores of the Khong Long Lake, he heard a girl singing way off in the distance. He’d never heard the song before, but her voice was so sweet – and the words were so sad and melancholy – that he instantly fell in love with her. He ran in the direction of the voice and looked high and low, but the singing had stopped and the girl was nowhere to be seen. \r\n\r\nHe was about to turn around and go back home when he heard the sound of a girl softly crying. He knew, deep in his heart, that it had to be the same girl who was singing so beautifully, just moments before. Suddenly, he saw a flash of a red and green cape, just behind a great tree, and ran towards it. Once more the girl was gone, but at his feet he saw that a snake had shed its skin. He picked the skin up and turned it around in his hands. He’d seen snakeskin before, but never with this strange pattern: for one half was coloured a brilliant red, while the other half was as green as the leaves on the great tree…\r\n\r\nNaka Cave (or Nāga Cave) is located in Phu Langka National Park which is in the Bueng Khong Long District of Bueng Kan Province, Thailand. Naka means ‘snake’ in the Thai language, and the cave took its name from the texture of some stones in the area, which resembles the scaled skin of a snake.\r\n\r\nIn Buddhist lore, nāgas are half-human, half-serpent beings that live in the netherworld and occasionally take human form. They are considered to be guardians of the water, and often live in damp caves by the water’s edge. \r\n\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44839775/Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-01-05T06:18:57.232-08:00","section":"Drafts","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":true,"current_user_is_owner":true,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":94029018,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94029018/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94029018/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/94029018/Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand-libre.pdf?1668117474=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Th.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928696\u0026Signature=FFWETw9FaspR79VVMn~VKSrzuebCwQERVhCGbmi4HLdcpC-mkF6vMOz7PTn3oq6vRRe9fXdJFaei2K2RpDhYZa3AzZGuBckI5RHeYSJJ7EvrVR365GGF44gdqhNO7lAEVcVFvKRv-XQLpj9jLCxlyeI8rJAMD~VDdwzi~djhlDiL6E4cVPIrTjYQ1HQB7AIIPq5ct3rv2HQt4CpVl~NT7596-FO1SaDKeUIFr4hOeAKSUoGHaXmdAWdhHRzBYLFNLerQrkdt9EQfpI4AXhqzfXNFZ8gqH5b-w8Xh~iSDCcyPhOAse3aQYPm98lPcbBYyM8xSDQKrJ4fVGUDL5qlhhw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":94029018,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94029018/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94029018/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/94029018/Thai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Thailand-libre.pdf?1668117474=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThai_Dragons_Phu_Langka_National_Park_Th.pdf\u0026Expires=1732928696\u0026Signature=FFWETw9FaspR79VVMn~VKSrzuebCwQERVhCGbmi4HLdcpC-mkF6vMOz7PTn3oq6vRRe9fXdJFaei2K2RpDhYZa3AzZGuBckI5RHeYSJJ7EvrVR365GGF44gdqhNO7lAEVcVFvKRv-XQLpj9jLCxlyeI8rJAMD~VDdwzi~djhlDiL6E4cVPIrTjYQ1HQB7AIIPq5ct3rv2HQt4CpVl~NT7596-FO1SaDKeUIFr4hOeAKSUoGHaXmdAWdhHRzBYLFNLerQrkdt9EQfpI4AXhqzfXNFZ8gqH5b-w8Xh~iSDCcyPhOAse3aQYPm98lPcbBYyM8xSDQKrJ4fVGUDL5qlhhw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History"},{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism"},{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity"},{"id":5994,"name":"Corpus Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Creation"},{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism"},{"id":19231,"name":"Race and ethnicity (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_ethnicity_Anthropology_"},{"id":24347,"name":"Creationism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creationism"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity"},{"id":35927,"name":"Human origins (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_origins_Anthropology_"},{"id":43150,"name":"Anti-Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Racism"},{"id":54534,"name":"Humanity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanity"},{"id":83719,"name":"Creation myths","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creation_myths"},{"id":164327,"name":"Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creation"},{"id":199933,"name":"History of Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Humanities"},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament"},{"id":684985,"name":"Theology of Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_of_Creation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83942111"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/83942111/The_Giant_Of_Centuripe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Giant Of Centuripe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89127930/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/83942111/The_Giant_Of_Centuripe">The Giant Of Centuripe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The first pilots, passengers of scheduled flights, accidentally “discovered” it. Today everyone c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The first pilots, passengers of scheduled flights, accidentally “discovered” it. Today everyone can see it, thanks to photos taken with drones. Centuripe has the strange and disturbing shape of a giant man. Its oldest core (the thorax), in fact, widens from the hill (the head) and branches out towards the four cardinal points, forming the arms and legs of a mythological being. Even if perhaps it is all just the result of chance. If you are inside the town you will not be able to see the “giant”. You will be an integral part of it yourself. But wherever you are on its “body”, you can admire all around the beauty of Sicilian nature and – on clear days – even the cone of Etna on the horizon. <br /> <br />Centuripe and its millenary history <br />Centuripe has always been inhabited, even if the first certain traces of the presence of man can be found in the Neolithic excavations that surround the hill. Certainly there was an inhabited area in the 6th century BC, populated mostly by Siculian people. It was the Greeks who founded a city called Kentòripa and exploited the territory . They did obtain a first clay industry and the manufacture of ceramic vases. <br /> <br />With the arrival of the Romans, in the 3rd century BC, Kentòripa became Centum Ripae (one hundred steep cliffs) due to very steep sides of the hill. In these centuries, the processing of ceramics and the agriculture gave Centuripe wealth and importance. It was proven that palaces and temples arose here and that Rome held this place and its inhabitants in high regard. This golden age was followed by dark and sad centuries. Centuripe was sacked several times, during the Arab domination, under the reign of Frederick II and again later, with the Angevins.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d9a7c3ae5f6fad088cd0c37cd96c6fbb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":89127930,"asset_id":83942111,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/89127930/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83942111"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83942111"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83942111; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83942111]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83942111]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83942111; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83942111']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 83942111, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d9a7c3ae5f6fad088cd0c37cd96c6fbb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83942111]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83942111,"title":"The Giant Of Centuripe","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The first pilots, passengers of scheduled flights, accidentally “discovered” it. Today everyone can see it, thanks to photos taken with drones. Centuripe has the strange and disturbing shape of a giant man. Its oldest core (the thorax), in fact, widens from the hill (the head) and branches out towards the four cardinal points, forming the arms and legs of a mythological being. Even if perhaps it is all just the result of chance. If you are inside the town you will not be able to see the “giant”. You will be an integral part of it yourself. But wherever you are on its “body”, you can admire all around the beauty of Sicilian nature and – on clear days – even the cone of Etna on the horizon.\r\n\r\nCenturipe and its millenary history\r\nCenturipe has always been inhabited, even if the first certain traces of the presence of man can be found in the Neolithic excavations that surround the hill. Certainly there was an inhabited area in the 6th century BC, populated mostly by Siculian people. It was the Greeks who founded a city called Kentòripa and exploited the territory . They did obtain a first clay industry and the manufacture of ceramic vases.\r\n\r\nWith the arrival of the Romans, in the 3rd century BC, Kentòripa became Centum Ripae (one hundred steep cliffs) due to very steep sides of the hill. In these centuries, the processing of ceramics and the agriculture gave Centuripe wealth and importance. It was proven that palaces and temples arose here and that Rome held this place and its inhabitants in high regard. This golden age was followed by dark and sad centuries. Centuripe was sacked several times, during the Arab domination, under the reign of Frederick II and again later, with the Angevins.\r\n\r\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"The first pilots, passengers of scheduled flights, accidentally “discovered” it. Today everyone can see it, thanks to photos taken with drones. Centuripe has the strange and disturbing shape of a giant man. Its oldest core (the thorax), in fact, widens from the hill (the head) and branches out towards the four cardinal points, forming the arms and legs of a mythological being. Even if perhaps it is all just the result of chance. If you are inside the town you will not be able to see the “giant”. You will be an integral part of it yourself. But wherever you are on its “body”, you can admire all around the beauty of Sicilian nature and – on clear days – even the cone of Etna on the horizon.\r\n\r\nCenturipe and its millenary history\r\nCenturipe has always been inhabited, even if the first certain traces of the presence of man can be found in the Neolithic excavations that surround the hill. Certainly there was an inhabited area in the 6th century BC, populated mostly by Siculian people. It was the Greeks who founded a city called Kentòripa and exploited the territory . They did obtain a first clay industry and the manufacture of ceramic vases.\r\n\r\nWith the arrival of the Romans, in the 3rd century BC, Kentòripa became Centum Ripae (one hundred steep cliffs) due to very steep sides of the hill. In these centuries, the processing of ceramics and the agriculture gave Centuripe wealth and importance. It was proven that palaces and temples arose here and that Rome held this place and its inhabitants in high regard. This golden age was followed by dark and sad centuries. Centuripe was sacked several times, during the Arab domination, under the reign of Frederick II and again later, with the Angevins.\r\n\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83942111/The_Giant_Of_Centuripe","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-07-30T08:01:41.424-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":16005828,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":89127930,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89127930/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Giant_Of_Centuripe_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/89127930/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Giant_Of_Centuripe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/89127930/The_Giant_Of_Centuripe_1-libre.pdf?1659194336=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Giant_Of_Centuripe.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990910\u0026Signature=aTIFKxGmmRJr37ouFkGtqvkre~YlT7-Hr45s8vszRzgNE-mjRc3nqVB3o4Dy6TVyp0QaRiEBoLT8oPZTb2P-~-inBImO3R2DGO-1iwL4aGJfzdX144jzWPwKW9mj4obP7i8y3znmomPRpFx9m~MNxSranMr24iKy2DmyfJp5OtCyEkxA~To1FH8EFyljLrP-vfpgarlggpg-wSzlhU3~6ddU9JpJqNBobbSTfR6YskY5tT8rj2~mCCtKubbNFzckwUlzSgUnGFBVrnv~q~dDxhAS61FyiOZu-sjUXYmWlAsLDconYci0mdoVrWcMfrSYiYHYmniPcXlA9DRvq8YDgw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Giant_Of_Centuripe","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":16005828,"first_name":"David","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vanderper","page_name":"DavidVanderper","domain_name":"ulg","created_at":"2014-09-03T00:23:39.616-07:00","display_name":"David Vanderper","url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/DavidVanderper"},"attachments":[{"id":89127930,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89127930/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Giant_Of_Centuripe_1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/89127930/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Giant_Of_Centuripe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/89127930/The_Giant_Of_Centuripe_1-libre.pdf?1659194336=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Giant_Of_Centuripe.pdf\u0026Expires=1732990910\u0026Signature=aTIFKxGmmRJr37ouFkGtqvkre~YlT7-Hr45s8vszRzgNE-mjRc3nqVB3o4Dy6TVyp0QaRiEBoLT8oPZTb2P-~-inBImO3R2DGO-1iwL4aGJfzdX144jzWPwKW9mj4obP7i8y3znmomPRpFx9m~MNxSranMr24iKy2DmyfJp5OtCyEkxA~To1FH8EFyljLrP-vfpgarlggpg-wSzlhU3~6ddU9JpJqNBobbSTfR6YskY5tT8rj2~mCCtKubbNFzckwUlzSgUnGFBVrnv~q~dDxhAS61FyiOZu-sjUXYmWlAsLDconYci0mdoVrWcMfrSYiYHYmniPcXlA9DRvq8YDgw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History"},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History"},{"id":1744,"name":"Italian (European History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italian_European_History_"},{"id":5063,"name":"Settlement Patterns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Settlement_Patterns"},{"id":8364,"name":"Archaeology of Southern Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Southern_Italy"},{"id":9660,"name":"Italy (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy_History_"},{"id":16891,"name":"Medieval rural settlement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_rural_settlement"},{"id":21670,"name":"Medieval Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Italy"},{"id":30162,"name":"Fortified Settlements (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fortified_Settlements_Archaeology_"},{"id":32155,"name":"Eurasian Prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Prehistory"},{"id":38124,"name":"Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giants"},{"id":62849,"name":"Submerged landscapes and settlements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Submerged_landscapes_and_settlements"},{"id":111907,"name":"Human Settlements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Settlements"},{"id":138720,"name":"Book of Giants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Book_of_Giants"},{"id":453476,"name":"Fallen Angels and Giants Genesis 6:1-4 (DSD 2000)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fallen_Angels_and_Giants_Genesis_6_1-4_DSD_2000_"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94343006"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94343006/Santa_and_The_Moon_Matrix"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Santa and The Moon Matrix" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96826244/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94343006/Santa_and_The_Moon_Matrix">Santa and The Moon Matrix</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Santa & The Moon Matrix</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article reflects on the use of illustrations of the Moon in images of Santa Claus, on Christ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article reflects on the use of illustrations of the Moon in images of Santa Claus, on Christmas gift-wrapping paper and in children’s books, in 3 countries which have been important in shaping the image of Santa Claus and his predecessor Sinterklaas: Belgium, the Netherlands and USA. The appearance of the Moon in Halloween illustrations is also considered. The lack of either knowledge concerning the physical origin of the Moon’s phases, or interest in understanding them, is found to be widespread in Belgium and the Netherlands, but is also clearly present in the USA, and is quite possibly global. Certainly incomplete, but surely representative, lists that compile occurrences of both scientifically correct and scientifically incorrect giftwrapping paper and children’s books are also presented. <br />Introduction <br />Images of the Moon are often used to indicate an evening or night scene, not only as illustrations in books (for adults and children), but also on product packaging, brochures, greetings cards, gift-wrapping paper, in advertising, commercials, as pictograms, etc. A full Moon is often used, partly hidden behind trees or clouds, but a partially lit Moon — half or crescent — also frequently appears. The latter case leaves no doubt as to an image’s identification with the Moon; a full Moon could possibly be mistaken for the Sun. There are two ways of depicting a partially lit Moon: around its first and its last quarters. A crescent Moon, on its way towards first quarter is called a waxing Moon, and such a waxing Moon can be observed in the afternoon twilight and in the evening. Its right hand side is illuminated, for observers in the northern hemisphere (left for observers in the south). The first quarter Moon sets at midnight, a waxing Moon even earlier. A waning crescent Moon (from third quarter to new Moon: left hand side illuminated) rises around 3 am, hence can only be observed late at night and in the morning twilight. The full Moon is directly opposite the Sun in the sky, and hence rises at sunset. <br />Moon illustrations are occasionally incorrect. There are postcards showing artist’s impressions of tropical evenings with both the Sun and the full Moon close to each other. Full Moons sometimes rise around midnight in movie scenes. Illustrations which show Moon crescents are also occasionally wrong: third quarter Moons or waning crescents are depicted when the actual scene is in the evening. A 2010 UNICEF Christmas card as well as the opening scene in the 2010 Jacquie Lawson animated Advent e-Calendar — both widely sold items — provided the culmination of several years of frowning (and smiling) about this misconception or ignorance, and triggered the research presented below. The UNICEF card, of British design1, shows children decorating an outdoor Christmas tree. Judging from the Moon phase, the scene takes place at 4 am or 5 am in the morning, which is not impossible but unlikely. The village scene that opened the 2010 Jacquie Lawson2 digital Advent Calendar depicts a Christmas carol concert, sung in the village square. Whereas the thin waning Moon indicates an early morning event, the artist undoubtedly wants to show us an early evening scene, judging from the people on the square and the lights in the houses, shops and the church. It is just about possible that both artists intended to create Australian scenes with reversed Moon phases, but the presence of snow in both scenes is strongly suggestive of the northern hemisphere in December.... The same misunderstanding is frequently seen on gift-wrapping paper in the Netherlands, displaying Sinterklaas, the predecessor of Santa Claus, distributing presents in the evening with a third quarter or waning Moon in the sky. <br /> <br />see <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUEAexUBlRQ" rel="nofollow">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUEAexUBlRQ</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a02a25a64af24ffb6b821ce0e1b67dd4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96826244,"asset_id":94343006,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96826244/download_file?st=MTczMjk4NzMxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94343006"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94343006"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94343006; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94343006]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94343006]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94343006; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94343006']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 94343006, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a02a25a64af24ffb6b821ce0e1b67dd4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94343006]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94343006,"title":"Santa and The Moon Matrix","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article reflects on the use of illustrations of the Moon in images of Santa Claus, on Christmas gift-wrapping paper and in children’s books, in 3 countries which have been important in shaping the image of Santa Claus and his predecessor Sinterklaas: Belgium, the Netherlands and USA. The appearance of the Moon in Halloween illustrations is also considered. The lack of either knowledge concerning the physical origin of the Moon’s phases, or interest in understanding them, is found to be widespread in Belgium and the Netherlands, but is also clearly present in the USA, and is quite possibly global. Certainly incomplete, but surely representative, lists that compile occurrences of both scientifically correct and scientifically incorrect giftwrapping paper and children’s books are also presented.\r\nIntroduction \r\nImages of the Moon are often used to indicate an evening or night scene, not only as illustrations in books (for adults and children), but also on product packaging, brochures, greetings cards, gift-wrapping paper, in advertising, commercials, as pictograms, etc. A full Moon is often used, partly hidden behind trees or clouds, but a partially lit Moon — half or crescent — also frequently appears. The latter case leaves no doubt as to an image’s identification with the Moon; a full Moon could possibly be mistaken for the Sun. There are two ways of depicting a partially lit Moon: around its first and its last quarters. A crescent Moon, on its way towards first quarter is called a waxing Moon, and such a waxing Moon can be observed in the afternoon twilight and in the evening. Its right hand side is illuminated, for observers in the northern hemisphere (left for observers in the south). The first quarter Moon sets at midnight, a waxing Moon even earlier. A waning crescent Moon (from third quarter to new Moon: left hand side illuminated) rises around 3 am, hence can only be observed late at night and in the morning twilight. The full Moon is directly opposite the Sun in the sky, and hence rises at sunset. \r\nMoon illustrations are occasionally incorrect. There are postcards showing artist’s impressions of tropical evenings with both the Sun and the full Moon close to each other. Full Moons sometimes rise around midnight in movie scenes. Illustrations which show Moon crescents are also occasionally wrong: third quarter Moons or waning crescents are depicted when the actual scene is in the evening. A 2010 UNICEF Christmas card as well as the opening scene in the 2010 Jacquie Lawson animated Advent e-Calendar — both widely sold items — provided the culmination of several years of frowning (and smiling) about this misconception or ignorance, and triggered the research presented below. The UNICEF card, of British design1, shows children decorating an outdoor Christmas tree. Judging from the Moon phase, the scene takes place at 4 am or 5 am in the morning, which is not impossible but unlikely. The village scene that opened the 2010 Jacquie Lawson2 digital Advent Calendar depicts a Christmas carol concert, sung in the village square. Whereas the thin waning Moon indicates an early morning event, the artist undoubtedly wants to show us an early evening scene, judging from the people on the square and the lights in the houses, shops and the church. It is just about possible that both artists intended to create Australian scenes with reversed Moon phases, but the presence of snow in both scenes is strongly suggestive of the northern hemisphere in December.... The same misunderstanding is frequently seen on gift-wrapping paper in the Netherlands, displaying Sinterklaas, the predecessor of Santa Claus, distributing presents in the evening with a third quarter or waning Moon in the sky. \r\n\r\nsee https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUEAexUBlRQ\r\n","publication_name":"Santa \u0026 The Moon Matrix"},"translated_abstract":"This article reflects on the use of illustrations of the Moon in images of Santa Claus, on Christmas gift-wrapping paper and in children’s books, in 3 countries which have been important in shaping the image of Santa Claus and his predecessor Sinterklaas: Belgium, the Netherlands and USA. The appearance of the Moon in Halloween illustrations is also considered. The lack of either knowledge concerning the physical origin of the Moon’s phases, or interest in understanding them, is found to be widespread in Belgium and the Netherlands, but is also clearly present in the USA, and is quite possibly global. Certainly incomplete, but surely representative, lists that compile occurrences of both scientifically correct and scientifically incorrect giftwrapping paper and children’s books are also presented.\r\nIntroduction \r\nImages of the Moon are often used to indicate an evening or night scene, not only as illustrations in books (for adults and children), but also on product packaging, brochures, greetings cards, gift-wrapping paper, in advertising, commercials, as pictograms, etc. A full Moon is often used, partly hidden behind trees or clouds, but a partially lit Moon — half or crescent — also frequently appears. The latter case leaves no doubt as to an image’s identification with the Moon; a full Moon could possibly be mistaken for the Sun. There are two ways of depicting a partially lit Moon: around its first and its last quarters. A crescent Moon, on its way towards first quarter is called a waxing Moon, and such a waxing Moon can be observed in the afternoon twilight and in the evening. Its right hand side is illuminated, for observers in the northern hemisphere (left for observers in the south). The first quarter Moon sets at midnight, a waxing Moon even earlier. A waning crescent Moon (from third quarter to new Moon: left hand side illuminated) rises around 3 am, hence can only be observed late at night and in the morning twilight. The full Moon is directly opposite the Sun in the sky, and hence rises at sunset. \r\nMoon illustrations are occasionally incorrect. There are postcards showing artist’s impressions of tropical evenings with both the Sun and the full Moon close to each other. Full Moons sometimes rise around midnight in movie scenes. Illustrations which show Moon crescents are also occasionally wrong: third quarter Moons or waning crescents are depicted when the actual scene is in the evening. A 2010 UNICEF Christmas card as well as the opening scene in the 2010 Jacquie Lawson animated Advent e-Calendar — both widely sold items — provided the culmination of several years of frowning (and smiling) about this misconception or ignorance, and triggered the research presented below. The UNICEF card, of British design1, shows children decorating an outdoor Christmas tree. Judging from the Moon phase, the scene takes place at 4 am or 5 am in the morning, which is not impossible but unlikely. The village scene that opened the 2010 Jacquie Lawson2 digital Advent Calendar depicts a Christmas carol concert, sung in the village square. Whereas the thin waning Moon indicates an early morning event, the artist undoubtedly wants to show us an early evening scene, judging from the people on the square and the lights in the houses, shops and the church. It is just about possible that both artists intended to create Australian scenes with reversed Moon phases, but the presence of snow in both scenes is strongly suggestive of the northern hemisphere in December.... The same misunderstanding is frequently seen on gift-wrapping paper in the Netherlands, displaying Sinterklaas, the predecessor of Santa Claus, distributing presents in the evening with a third quarter or waning Moon in the sky. \r\n\r\nsee 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