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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of feeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_feeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rhetoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Susanne Langer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Langer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susanne K. Langer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="سوزان لنگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوزان لنگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սյուզեն Քեթրին Լանգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սյուզեն Քեթրին Լանգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_K._Langer" title="Susanne K. Langer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Susanne K. Langer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="סוזן לנגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוזן לנגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="सुसान लँगर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुसान लँगर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="سوزان لانجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوزان لانجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="スザンヌ・ランガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スザンヌ・ランガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1" title="سوزاني لينګر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوزاني لينګر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лангер, Сьюзен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лангер, Сьюзен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Katherina_Langer" title="Susanne Katherina Langer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Susanne Katherina Langer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susanne Langer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сюзанна Лангер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сюзанна Лангер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American philosopher (1895–1985)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Susanne Langer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Susanne_Langer_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Susanne_Langer_1945.jpg/220px-Susanne_Langer_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Susanne_Langer_1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Langer in 1945</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Susanne Katerina Knauth</div><br />December 20, 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 17, 1985<span style="display:none">(1985-07-17)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Old_Lyme,_Connecticut" title="Old Lyme, Connecticut">Old Lyme, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/William_Leonard_Langer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Leonard Langer">William Leonard Langer</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1921; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1942)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Distinction between discursive and presentational symbols</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Susanne Katherina Langer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> <b>Knauth</b>; December 20, 1895 – July 17, 1985) was an American philosopher, writer, and educator known for her theories on the influences of art on the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of the earliest American women to achieve an academic career in philosophy and the first woman to be professionally recognized as an American philosopher<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="By whom? (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Langer is best remembered for her 1942 book <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_a_New_Key" title="Philosophy in a New Key">Philosophy in a New Key</a></i>, which was followed by a sequel, <i>Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art</i>, in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, Langer was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born Susanne Katherina Knauth, Langer was raised in <a href="/wiki/West_Side_(Manhattan)" title="West Side (Manhattan)">Manhattan's West Side</a> in New York City. She was the daughter of Antonio Knauth, an attorney, and Else Uhlich, both immigrants from Germany. Though she was American born, Langer's primary language was German, as it was strictly spoken in her household throughout her youth, and her German accent remained for her entire life. She was exposed thoroughly to creativity and art, most specifically through music. She was taught to play the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> and the piano, and she continued with the cello for the rest of her life. As a girl, Langer enjoyed reciting the works of great poets as well as traditional children's rhymes and tales. This formed her love for reading and writing, and she would often write her own poems and stories to entertain her younger siblings. Her love of nature began during the summers her family spent in their cottage on <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a>. She married <a href="/wiki/William_Leonard_Langer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Leonard Langer">William Leonard Langer</a>, a fellow student at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, in 1921, and in the same year the couple took their studies to Vienna, Austria. They had two sons and moved back to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> before they divorced in 1942. She died July 17, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her early education included attendance at <a href="/wiki/Veltin_School_for_Girls" title="Veltin School for Girls">Veltin School for Girls</a>, a private school, as well as being tutored from home. In 1916, Langer enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a>. She earned a bachelor's degree in 1920 and continued with graduate studies in philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, where she received a master's degree in 1924 and a doctorate in 1926. She returned to Radcliffe as a tutor in philosophy from 1927 to 1942. She lectured in philosophy for one year at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a> and for five years at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (1945–1950). From 1954 to 1962, she taught at <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a>. She also taught philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susanne Langer brought to the fore previously unexplored ideas about the connection of consciousness and aesthetics in striking prose, bringing her serious scholarly attention and respect that allowed her to forge a career as an academic philosopher in the wake of her divorce and the pressures it put on her. As her work progressed, she was drawn to further and deeper exploration of the complexity and nature of human consciousness across times and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Langer's philosophy explored the continuous process of meaning-making in the human mind through the power of "seeing" one thing in terms of another. Langer's first major work, <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_a_New_Key" title="Philosophy in a New Key">Philosophy in a New Key</a></i>, put forth a notion that has become commonplace today: there is a basic and pervasive human need to symbolize, to invent meanings, and to invest meanings in one's world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning with a critique of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, Langer's work is a study of human thought progressing from semantic theory through philosophy of music, sketching a theory for all the arts. For Langer, the human mind "is constantly carrying on a process of symbolic transformation of the experiential data that come to it", causing it to be "a veritable fountain of more or less spontaneous ideas".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Langer's distinction between discursive and presentational symbols is one of her better-known concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discursive symbolization arranges elements (not necessarily words) with stable and context-invariant meanings into a new meaning. Presentation symbolization operates independently of elements with fixed and stable meanings. The presentation cannot be understood by building up an understanding of its parts in isolation but must be understood as a whole. For example, an element used in one painting may be used to articulate an entirely different meaning in another. The same principle applies to a note in a musical arrangement—such elements independently have no fixed meaning except in the context of their entire presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langer's analysis of this internal contextualization within a work of art led her to claim it was "nonsense" to think "form could be abstracted logically" from content.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Langer believed that symbolism is the central concern of philosophy because it underlies all human knowing and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a>, Langer believed that what distinguishes humans from animals is the capacity for using symbols. While all animal life is dominated by feeling, human feeling is mediated by conceptions, symbols, and language. Animals respond to signs, but stimulus from a sign is significantly more complex for humans. This perspective on symbols is also associated with symbolic communication, a field in which animal societies are studied to help understand how symbolic communication affects the conduct of members of a cooperating group. </p><p>Langer was one of the first philosophers to pay close attention to the concept of the virtual, as shown partly by her early use of the term "virtual experience".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>'s notions of <a href="/wiki/Matter_and_Memory" title="Matter and Memory">matter and memory</a>, she connected art to the concept of the virtual. She describes virtuality as "the quality of all things that are created to be perceived". For Langer, the virtual is not only a matter of consciousness, but something external that is created intentionally and existing materially as a space of contemplation outside of the human mind. Langer sees virtuality as a physical space created by the artist, such as a painting or a building, that is "significant in itself and not as part of the surroundings". As an artist figures out the space of an art work, the artist builds a virtual world. Langer particularly considers architecture not as the realization of a space for being, but as the conceptual translation of space and being into virtuality for symbolic perceiving: "The architect, in fine, deals with a created space, a virtual entity." In contrast to Bergson, for Langer, virtuality is tangible and can cause a contemplative interaction between humans and machines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her later years, Langer came to believe that the decisive task of her work was to construct a science- and psychology-based theory of the "life of the mind" using <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a> conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langer's final work, <i>Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling</i>, represents the culmination of her attempt to establish a philosophical and scientific underpinning of aesthetic experience in a three-volume survey of relevant humanistic and scientific texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_feeling">History of feeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of feeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langer's desire to study the mind and its connections with art was rooted in her theory that works of art are representations of human feeling and expression. This led Langer to construct a biological theory of feeling that explains that "feeling" is an inherently biological concept that can be connected to evolutionary genetics. In her essay, "Mind"', Langer tries to connect the early evolution of man to how we perceive the mind today. She explains that early organisms underwent refining through natural selection, in which certain behaviors and functions were shaped in order for them to survive. Langer describes the body's organs all operating with specific rhythms, and these rhythms must cooperate with one another to keep the organism alive. This development, Langer explains, was the beginning of the framework for the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, which Langer believed to be the heart of cognitive interactions among humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susanne Langer's work with symbolism and meaning has led to her association with contemporary rhetoric, although her influence in the field is somewhat debated.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langer established the use of symbols as the "epistemic unit of community",<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that all knowledge in a community is gained and built from shared symbol-systems within a given culture. Langer's concept regarding language and dialogue may be understood to imply that language does not simply communicate, but it produces symbols from which humans then create their own reality.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claimed support of this perspective comes from Langer's statement that "language is intrinsic to thinking, imagining, even our ways of perceiving".<sup>[9]</sup> </p><p>According to Arabella Lyon, professor at State University of New York, Langer holds that meaning arises from the relationship between a community, its discourse, and the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyon suggests that Langer's work may be viewed as a contradiction to the comparatively traditional theories of Aristotle, by way of Langer's argument that discourse forms through sensory experiences shared between speaker and hearer, rather than through logic as advocated by the philosopher. Langer's epistemic view of symbolism and language, which further examines the motivation of the speaker, the influential aspects of language that affect people, and the relationship between the speaker and the community,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often reflected in aspects of modern rhetorical studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos,_claros,_negociados,_articulados.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos%2C_claros%2C_negociados%2C_articulados.svg/220px-Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos%2C_claros%2C_negociados%2C_articulados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos%2C_claros%2C_negociados%2C_articulados.svg/330px-Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos%2C_claros%2C_negociados%2C_articulados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos%2C_claros%2C_negociados%2C_articulados.svg/440px-Susanne_Langer_-_Filosofia_%C3%A9_a_cont%C3%ADnua_busca_de_sentidos_-_mais_amplos%2C_claros%2C_negociados%2C_articulados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Poster with a quotation of Susanne Langer in Portuguese</figcaption></figure> <p>Langer's works were largely influenced by fellow philosophers <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>. Whitehead, an English mathematician and philosophy professor, was Langer's professor at Radcliffe. Whitehead introduced Langer to the history of human thought, the origins of the modern world, and contemporary philosophy. He helped shape her perspective on these topics which she presented in her first text, <i>The Practice of Philosophy</i>. Throughout her career, Whitehead continued to influence her understanding of the complicated world of human thought which guided her to pursue a philosophical career. She shared Whitehead's belief in going beyond the limitations of scientific research and believed that along with the new-found thinking and ideas that had initiated the modern era in science and philosophy, the opportunity for a rebirth of philosophical creativity would arise. Langer dedicated <i>Philosophy in a New Key</i> to "Alfred North Whitehead, my great Teacher and Friend".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susanne Langer's other main influence was the German philosopher Ernst Cassirer. Cassirer was a neo-Kantian who studied theories of symbolization. Cassirer influenced much of Langer's ideas in <i>Philosophy in a New Key</i>, where she stated that the creation of symbols is the essential activity of art, myth, rite, the sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. She stated, "It is a peculiar fact that every major advance in thinking, every epoch-making new insight, springs from a new type of symbolic transformation". She drew from Cassirer's view in her belief that art theory must be interdependent with a theory of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg/170px-Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg/255px-Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg/340px-Langeria_magnifica_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>A fossil leaf of <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Langeria_magnifica" class="mw-redirect" title="Langeria magnifica">Langeria magnifica</a></i><br /> Named for Langer by <a href="/wiki/Jack_A._Wolfe" title="Jack A. Wolfe">Wolfe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Wehr" title="Wesley Wehr">Wehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_in_paleontology" title="1987 in paleontology">1987</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Susanne Langer had an influence in many fields: for example, she has been cited by psychologist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Motivation_and_Personality" title="Motivation and Personality">Motivation and Personality</a></i> (1954), by urban planner <a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Image_of_the_City" title="The Image of the City">The Image of the City</a></i> (1960), by inventor <a href="/wiki/William_J._J._Gordon" title="William J. J. Gordon">William J. J. Gordon</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Synectics" title="Synectics">Synectics</a></i> (1961), by philosopher (epistemology and aesthetics) <a href="/wiki/Louis_Arnaud_Reid" title="Louis Arnaud Reid">Louis Arnaud Reid</a> in <i>Ways of Knowledge and Experience</i> (1961), by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Cultures" title="The Interpretation of Cultures">The Interpretation of Cultures</a></i> (1973), by art scholar <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Dissanayake" title="Ellen Dissanayake">Ellen Dissanayake</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Aestheticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo Aestheticus">Homo Aestheticus</a></i> (1992), and by digital media theorist <a href="/wiki/Janet_Murray" title="Janet Murray">Janet Murray</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_on_the_Holodeck" title="Hamlet on the Holodeck">Hamlet on the Holodeck</a></i> (1997). She is both cited and excerpted in <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Rader" title="Melvin Rader">Melvin Rader</a>'s classic compilation, <i>A Modern Book of Esthetics,</i> that has been widely used for several decades as a standard college text in esthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Cruise of the Little Dipper, and Other Fairy Tales</i> (1924 illustrated by Helen Sewall)</li> <li><i>The Practice of Philosophy</i> (1930, foreword by Alfred North Whitehead)</li> <li><i>An Introduction to Symbolic Logic</i> (1937), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60164-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60164-9">978-0-486-60164-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/pdfy-rhrw7VPajPHIhLwH" class="extiw" title="iarchive:pdfy-rhrw7VPajPHIhLwH">Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art</a></i> (1942), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-66503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-66503-3">978-0-674-66503-3</a></li> <li><i>Language and Myth</i> (1946), translator, from Sprache und Mythos (1925) by Ernst Cassirer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20051-4">978-0-486-20051-4</a></li> <li><i>Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Problems of Art: Ten Philosophical Lectures</i>, 1957</li> <li><i>Reflections on Art</i> (1961) (editor)</li> <li><i>Philosophical Sketches</i> (1962), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0763-2">978-1-4351-0763-2</a></li> <li><i>Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling</i>, three volumes (1967, 1972, and 1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Confusion of Symbols and Confusion of Logical Types", <i>Mind</i>, vol. 35, 1926, pp. 222–229</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confusion+of+Symbols+and+Confusion+of+Logical+Types&rft.btitle=Mind&rft.pages=222-229&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Form and Content: A Study in Paradox", <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>, vol. 23, 1926, pp. 435–438</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Form+and+Content%3A+A+Study+in+Paradox&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=435-438&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"A Logical Study of Verbs", <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>, vol. 24, 1927, pp. 120–129</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Logical+Study+of+Verbs&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=120-129&rft.date=1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Treadmill of Systematic Doubt", <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>, vol. 26, 1929, pp. 379–384</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Treadmill+of+Systematic+Doubt&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=379-384&rft.date=1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Facts: The Logical Perspectives of the World", <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>, vol. 30, 1933, pp. 178–187</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facts%3A+The+Logical+Perspectives+of+the+World&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=178-187&rft.date=1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"On a Fallacy in 'Scientific Fatalism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>International Journal of Ethics</i>, vol. 46, 1936, pp. 473–483</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+a+Fallacy+in+%27Scientific+Fatalism%27&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Ethics&rft.pages=473-483&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Lord of Creation", <i>Fortune</i>, vol. 29, January 1944, pp. 127–154</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lord+of+Creation&rft.btitle=Fortune&rft.pages=127-154&rft.date=1944-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Why Philosophy?", <i>Saturday Evening Post</i>, vol. 234, 13 May 1961, pp. 34–35, 54, 56</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Philosophy%3F&rft.btitle=Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.pages=34-35%2C+54%2C+56&rft.date=1961-05-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"<a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Sheffer" title="Henry M. Sheffer">Henry M. Sheffer</a>", <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>, vol. 25, 1964, pp. 305–307</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+M.+Sheffer&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.pages=305-307&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_behavior" title="Symbolic behavior">Symbolic behavior</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicks2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wicks, Robert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/schopenhauer/#8">"Arthur Schopenhauer"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition)</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arthur+Schopenhauer&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2019+Edition%29&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wicks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fschopenhauer%2F%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1994" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael (1994). <i>Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science</i>. MIT Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-13296-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-13296-6"><bdi>0-262-13296-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+the+Philosophy+of+Social+Science&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-262-13296-6&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárezGarcíaAgnew2011" class="citation book cs1">Suárez, Osbel (exhibition concept and guest curator); García, María Amalia; Agnew, Michael (translations) (2011). Witschey, Erica; Fundación Juan March (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.march.es/catalogos/fedora/repository/cat:170/PDF"><i>Cold America: Geometric Abstraction in Latin América (1934–1973)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Exhibition catalog)</span>. Madrid: Fundación Juan March. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7075-588-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7075-588-0"><bdi>978-84-7075-588-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707460289">707460289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+America%3A+Geometric+Abstraction+in+Latin+Am%C3%A9rica+%281934%E2%80%931973%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Juan+March&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707460289&rft.isbn=978-84-7075-588-0&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Osbel+%28exhibition+concept+and+guest+curator%29&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Amalia&rft.au=Agnew%2C+Michael+%28translations%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.march.es%2Fcatalogos%2Ffedora%2Frepository%2Fcat%3A170%2FPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikidata page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/16px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/24px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29043205" class="extiw" title="d:Q29043205">Wikidata</a> ()</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthonyflood.com/liddylonerganlearnslanger.htm">From Lonergan Workshop, vol. 11, 1995, 53-90. Posted May 5, 2008, What Bernard Lonergan Learned from Susanne K. Langer. Richard M. Liddy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Susanne-K-Langer">"Susanne K. Langer | Feminist Philosopher, Cognitive Scientist, Art Historian | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Susanne+K.+Langer+%7C+Feminist+Philosopher%2C+Cognitive+Scientist%2C+Art+Historian+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSusanne-K-Langer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1953" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Susanne K. (1953). <i>Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeling+and+Form%3A+A+Theory+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Susanne+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+A&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-02412.html">"American National Biography Online: Langer, Susanne K."</a> <i>www.anb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anb.org&rft.atitle=American+National+Biography+Online%3A+Langer%2C+Susanne+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F16%2F16-02412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221075501/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/topelius.htm">"Susanne Langer"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/topelius.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Susanne+Langer&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Ftopelius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelley, C. (1998). "Consciousness, Symbols and Aesthetics: A Just-So Story and its Implications in Susanne Langer's <i>Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling</i>", <i>Philosophical Psychology</i> Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 45-66. Philosopher's Index, EBSCOHost, viewed 4 April 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Gardner (1992). "<i>Philosophy in a New Key</i> Revisited: An Appreciation of Susanne Langer", in <i>Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity</i>. New York: Basic Books, pp. 48–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthonyflood.com/drydenlangerwhitehead.htm">"Dryden, "Whitehead's Influence on Susanne Langer's Conception of Living Form"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.anthonyflood.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anthonyflood.com&rft.atitle=Dryden%2C+%22Whitehead%27s+Influence+on+Susanne+Langer%27s+Conception+of+Living+Form%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthonyflood.com%2Fdrydenlangerwhitehead.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmann, Michael H. G., Geist und Welt – durch die Symbolisierungen der Kunst betrachtet, a review of Susanne K. Langer, Die lebendige Form menschlichen Fühlens und Verstehens (The living form of human feeling and understanding). Munich: Fink, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7705-3462-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7705-3462-X">3-7705-3462-X</a>, IASL Online, retrieved 2010-03-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lachmann, Rolf (January 1998). "From Metaphysics to Art and Back: The Relevance of Susan K. Langer's Philosophy for Process Metaphysics", <i>Process Studies</i> 26, pp. 107–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1950" class="citation journal cs1">Langer, Susanne K. (1950). "The Principles of Creation in Art". <i>Hudson Review</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 520–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3847705">10.2307/3847705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3847705">3847705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+Creation+in+Art&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=520-521&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3847705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3847705%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Susanne+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (2008), <i>Theories of Human Communication</i> (9th ed.), Belmont, California: The Thomson Wadsworth Corporation, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1969" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Dorothy (1969). <i>Literature and Knowing</i>. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Knowing&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susanne K. Langer, <i>Feeling and Form</i> (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953), 65 and 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunsford, Andrea (1995). Reclaiming Rhetoric: Women in the Rhetorical Tradition. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 265–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes, Robert (2008). Susanne Langer in Focus: The Symbolic Mind. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRader1980" class="citation book cs1">Rader, Melvin (1980). <i>A Modern Book of Esthetics</i> (Fifth ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0030193311" title="Special:BookSources/0030193311"><bdi>0030193311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+Book+of+Esthetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston+Inc&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0030193311&rft.aulast=Rader&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borchert, Donald M. <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. Print.</li> <li>Campbell, James. "Langer's Understanding of Philosophy". <i>Transactions Of The Charles S. Peirce Society</i> 33.1 (1997): 133. <i>Academic Search Complete</i>. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.</li> <li>Lyon, Arabella . "Susanne Langer". <i>Notable American Women</i>. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University. 2005. 36</li> <li>Connie C. Price. "Langer, Susanne K". <i>American National Biography Online</i> Feb. 2000. Accessed March 14, 2016. 2000 American Council of Learned Societies. Published by Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDengerink_Chaplin2019" class="citation cs2">Dengerink Chaplin, Adrienne (2019), <i>The Philosophy of Susanne Langer: Embodied Meaning in Logic, Art and Feeling</i>, Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03055-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03055-8"><bdi>978-1-350-03055-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Susanne+Langer%3A+Embodied+Meaning+in+Logic%2C+Art+and+Feeling&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-350-03055-8&rft.aulast=Dengerink+Chaplin&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryden2001" class="citation cs2">Dryden, Donald (2001), "Susanne Langer and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>: Art and the Dynamics of the Stream of Consciousness", <i>The Journal of Speculative Philosophy</i>, vol. 15, pp. 272–285, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsp.2001.0036">10.1353/jsp.2001.0036</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144036874">144036874</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Susanne+Langer+and+William+James%3A+Art+and+the+Dynamics+of+the+Stream+of+Consciousness&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Speculative+Philosophy&rft.pages=272-285&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsp.2001.0036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144036874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dryden&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurig1994" class="citation cs2">Durig, Alexander (1994), "What Did Susanne Langer Really Mean", <i>Sociological Theory</i>, vol. 12, pp. 254–265</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Did+Susanne+Langer+Really+Mean&rft.btitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.pages=254-265&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Durig&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaikis,_Lona2024" class="citation cs2">Gaikis, Lona, ed. (2024), <i>The Bloomsbury Handbook of Susanne K. Langer</i>, Bloomsbury, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-29464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-29464-6"><bdi>978-1-350-29464-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Handbook+of+Susanne+K.+Langer&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-29464-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnis2009" class="citation cs2">Innis, Robert E. (2009), <i>Susanne Langer in Focus: The Symbolic Mind</i>, Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22053-0"><bdi>978-0-253-22053-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Susanne+Langer+in+Focus%3A+The+Symbolic+Mind&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22053-0&rft.aulast=Innis&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyce1983" class="citation cs2">Royce, Joseph R. (1983), "The Implications of Langer's Philosophy of Mind for a Science of Psychology", <i>Journal of Mind and Behavior</i>, vol. 4, pp. 491–506</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Implications+of+Langer%27s+Philosophy+of+Mind+for+a+Science+of+Psychology&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Mind+and+Behavior&rft.pages=491-506&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Royce&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2000" class="citation cs2">Schultz, William (2000), <i>Cassirer and Langer on Myth: An Introduction</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2465-2"><bdi>978-0-8153-2465-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassirer+and+Langer+on+Myth%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2465-2&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1998" class="citation cs2">Shelley, Cameron (1998), "Consciousness, Symbols and Aesthetics: A Just-So Story and Its Implications in Susanne Langer's Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling", <i>Philosophical Psychology</i>, vol. 11, pp. 45–66</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consciousness%2C+Symbols+and+Aesthetics%3A+A+Just-So+Story+and+Its+Implications+in+Susanne+Langer%27s+Mind%3A+An+Essay+on+Human+Feeling&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Psychology&rft.pages=45-66&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatling1998" class="citation cs2">Watling, Christine P. (1998), "The Arts, Emotion, and Current Research in Neuroscience", <i>Mosaic</i>, vol. 31, pp. 107–124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arts%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Current+Research+in+Neuroscience&rft.btitle=Mosaic&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Watling&rft.aufirst=Christine+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Langer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Susanne_Langer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Susanne Langer">Susanne Langer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/51344">Works by Susanne Langer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindle" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Windle, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/langer">"Susanne Langer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Susanne+Langer&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Windle&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Flanger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusanne+Langer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/nyregion/susanne-k-langer-philosopher-is-dead-at-89.html">SUSANNE K. LANGER, PHILOSOPHER, IS DEAD AT 89</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> obituary of 19 July 1985 b</i>y William R Greer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/slanger.htm">Susanne Langer - Authors' Calendar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huthsteiner.org/Knauth/Susanne.Knath.Langer_Bio_DLB.pdf">Susanne K. Langer (20 December 1895 – 17 July 1985)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203007/http://www.huthsteiner.org/Knauth/Susanne.Knath.Langer_Bio_DLB.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Donald Dryden</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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title="Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame">Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jobe_Akeley" title="Mary Jobe Akeley">Mary Jobe Akeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Fox_Auerbach" title="Beatrice Fox Auerbach">Beatrice Fox Auerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Fielding_Baker" title="Emma Fielding Baker">Emma Fielding Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Beatrice_Longman" title="Evelyn Beatrice Longman">Evelyn Longman Batchelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Cohen" title="Jody Cohen">Jody Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Crandall" title="Prudence Crandall">Prudence Crandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Seymour_Day" title="Katharine Seymour Day">Katharine Seymour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelia_Fielding" title="Fidelia Fielding">Fidelia Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Goodwin" title="Dorothy Goodwin">Dorothy Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Griswold" title="Estelle Griswold">Estelle Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hall" title="Mary Hall">Mary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Martha_Houghton_Hepburn" title="Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn">Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beecher_Hooker" title="Isabella Beecher Hooker">Isabella Beecher Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_Roberts_Jones" title="Emeline Roberts Jones">Emeline Roberts Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_B._Kennelly" title="Barbara B. Kennelly">Barbara B. Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Taylor_Milton" title="Rachel Taylor Milton">Rachel Taylor Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ash_Peters" title="Ellen Ash Peters">Ellen Ash Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Petry" title="Ann Petry">Ann Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Porter" title="Sarah Porter">Sarah Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodate_Pope_Riddle" title="Theodate Pope Riddle">Theodate Pope Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Negron_Rosario" title="Edna Negron Rosario">Edna Negron Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rudkin" title="Margaret Rudkin">Margaret Rudkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Saint_James" title="Susan Saint James">Susan Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Thrall_Smith" title="Virginia Thrall Smith">Virginia Thrall Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiths_of_Glastonbury" title="Smiths of Glastonbury">Smiths of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Crosby_Standish" title="Hilda Crosby Standish">Hilda Crosby Standish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Tantaquidgeon" title="Gladys Tantaquidgeon">Gladys Tantaquidgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Tianti" title="Betty Tianti">Betty Tianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Bunce_Watson" title="Hannah Bunce Watson">Hannah Bunce Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_G._Woodhouse" title="Chase G. Woodhouse">Chase G. Woodhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_M._Feeney" title="Helen M. Feeney">Helen M. Feeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Hewins" title="Caroline Hewins">Caroline Hewins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Lopiano" title="Donna Lopiano">Donna Lopiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Col%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1nchez" title="María Colón Sánchez">María Colón Sánchez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edythe_J._Gaines" title="Edythe J. Gaines">Edythe J. Gaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_L%27Engle" title="Madeleine L'Engle">Madeleine L'Engle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susanne Langer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hart_Jarvis_Colt" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt">Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dillard" title="Annie Dillard">Annie Dillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Rose" title="Margo Rose">Margo Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Wheeler_Waring" title="Laura Wheeler Waring">Laura Wheeler Waring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorrit_Hoffleit" title="Dorrit Hoffleit">Dorrit Hoffleit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle" title="Rosa Ponselle">Rosa Ponselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Vernon_(businesswoman)" title="Lillian Vernon (businesswoman)">Lillian Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Osgood_Wright" title="Mabel Osgood Wright">Mabel Osgood Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hamilton-Merritt" title="Jane Hamilton-Merritt">Jane Hamilton-Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tucker" title="Sophie Tucker">Sophie Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Uccello" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Uccello">Ann Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Barringer" title="Emily Barringer">Emily Barringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrianne_Baughns-Wallace" title="Adrianne Baughns-Wallace">Adrianne Baughns-Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Goodrich_Jenson" title="Mary Goodrich Jenson">Mary Goodrich Jenson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Nyro" title="Laura Nyro">Laura Nyro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Roraback" title="Catherine Roraback">Catherine Roraback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_W._Stewart" title="Maria W. Stewart">Maria Miller Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Griswold" title="Florence Griswold">Florence Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Kraus" title="Eileen Kraus">Eileen Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Therese_Winter" title="Miriam Therese Winter">Miriam Therese Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotha_Bushnell_Hillyer" title="Dotha Bushnell Hillyer">Dotha Bushnell Hillyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_McLean" title="Clarice McLean">Clarice McLean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coolidge" title="Martha Coolidge">Martha Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Frankenthaler" title="Helen Frankenthaler">Helen Frankenthaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Townsend_Seymour" title="Mary Townsend Seymour">Mary Townsend Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stanback" title="Anne Stanback">Anne Stanback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hamill" title="Dorothy Hamill">Dorothy Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Joyce" title="Joan Joyce">Joan Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenna_Collett-Vare" title="Glenna Collett-Vare">Glenna Collett-Vare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Plummer_Cobb" title="Jewel Plummer Cobb">Jewel Plummer Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Patricia Goldman-Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Minerva_Franklin" title="Martha Minerva Franklin">Martha Minerva Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_M._Mazure" title="Carolyn M. Mazure">Carolyn M. Mazure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_L._Smits" title="Helen L. Smits">Helen L. Smits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_M._Mulcahy" title="Anne M. Mulcahy">Anne M. Mulcahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Parsons" title="Martha Parsons">Martha Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Wilderotter" title="Maggie Wilderotter">Maggie Wilderotter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_M._Kelley" title="Isabelle M. Kelley">Isabelle M. Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Nappier" title="Denise Nappier">Denise Nappier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Wald" title="Patricia Wald">Patricia Wald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Garrels" title="Anne Garrels">Anne Garrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Middleton" title="Faith Middleton">Faith Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro" title="Rosa DeLauro">Rosa DeLauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Franklin" title="Barbara Franklin">Barbara Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lorimer" title="Linda Lorimer">Linda Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Lewis_Troup" title="Augusta Lewis Troup">Augusta Lewis Troup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Farrand" title="Beatrix Farrand">Beatrix Farrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawton" title="Jennifer Lawton">Jennifer Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Salzman" title="Marian Salzman">Marian Salzman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Miles" title="Carolyn Miles">Carolyn Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lobo" title="Rebecca Lobo">Rebecca Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pauley" title="Jane Pauley">Jane Pauley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Yerwood" title="Joyce Yerwood">Joyce Yerwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Griest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen Griest">Kristen Griest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_A._Lucas" title="Ruth A. Lucas">Ruth A. Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Rush-Kittle" title="Regina Rush-Kittle">Regina Rush-Kittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Chase" title="Lucia Chase">Lucia Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anika_Noni_Rose" title="Anika Noni Rose">Anika Noni Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Weymouth" title="Tina Weymouth">Tina Weymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Chertow" title="Marian Chertow">Marian Chertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Newman" title="Nell Newman">Nell Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Langevin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Langevin (page does not exist)">Martha Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_George_Plouffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth George Plouffe (page does not exist)">Elizabeth George Plouffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bennett" title="Josephine Bennett">Josephine Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Burr" title="Frances Ellen Burr">Frances Ellen Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flanagan" title="Catherine Flanagan">Catherine Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lee_Brown_Fleming" title="Sarah Lee Brown Fleming">Sarah Lee Brown Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Hill_(suffragist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clara Hill (suffragist) (page does not exist)">Clara Hill (suffragist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Hill" title="Elsie Hill">Elsie Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Hill">Helena Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Pierson" title="Emily Pierson">Emily Pierson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enola_G._Aird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enola G. Aird (page does not exist)">Enola G. Aird</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Baker_(Connecticut)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Baker (Connecticut) (page does not exist)">Patricia Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Berman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Berman (page does not exist)">Donna Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalilah_L._Brown-Dean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalilah L. Brown-Dean (page does not exist)">Khalilah L. Brown-Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glynda_C._Carr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glynda C. Carr (page does not exist)">Glynda C. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callie_Gale_Heilmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callie Gale Heilmann (page does not exist)">Callie Gale Heilmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerimarie_Liesegang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerimarie Liesegang (page does not exist)">Jerimarie Liesegang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kica_Matos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kica Matos (page does not exist)">Kica Matos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marilyn_Ondrasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marilyn Ondrasik (page does not exist)">Marilyn Ondrasik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Selders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamela Selders (page does not exist)">Pamela Selders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teresa_C._Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teresa C. Younger (page does not exist)">Teresa C. Younger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cora_Lee_Bentley_Radcliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe (page does not exist)">Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rizzotti" title="Jennifer Rizzotti">Jennifer Rizzotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhakpa_Sherpa" title="Lhakpa Sherpa">Lhakpa Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Whaley" title="Suzy Whaley">Suzy Whaley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Lisa Cortés">Lisa Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Cruickshank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Cruickshank (page does not exist)">Laura Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carla_Squatrito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carla Squatrito (page does not exist)">Carla Squatrito</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regina_Winters-Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regina Winters-Toussaint (page does not exist)">Regina Winters-Toussaint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bronin" title="Sara Bronin">Sara Bronin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melissa_Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melissa Bernstein (page does not exist)">Melissa Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Summers" title="Barbara Summers">Barbara Summers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466026#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11908869X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007438">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12555743r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12555743r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446846">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langer, Susanne K."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV038155">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35290802">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20040804003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/83249">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068467117">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90117304">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006969&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000003836&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634925">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9dkjwh2r36bwf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810617614205606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810617614405606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/168736">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007307352805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512914906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14081568">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00261059?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500321047">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/899657">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11908869X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11908869X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034848118">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t6x8c">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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