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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_oxygen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_oxygen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Response to oxygen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_oxygen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clinical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bifidobacteria_and_the_infant_gut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bifidobacteria_and_the_infant_gut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bifidobacteria and the infant gut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bifidobacteria_and_the_infant_gut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Bifidobacterium</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="شقاء (بكتيريا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شقاء (بكتيريا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobakteriyalar" title="Bifidobakteriyalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bifidobakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacteri" title="Bifidobacteri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bifidobacteri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobakter" title="Bifidobakter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bifidobakter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="بیفیدوباکتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیفیدوباکتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բիֆիդոբակտերիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիֆիդոբակտերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ביפידובקטריום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביפידובקטריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბიფიდობაქტერიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიფიდობაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бифидобактериялар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бифидобактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%82%B9%E8%8F%8C" title="ビフィズス菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビフィズス菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobakteriyalar" title="Bifidobakteriyalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bifidobakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бифидобактерии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бифидобактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бифидобактерияҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бифидобактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bifidobacterium" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Біфідобактерії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біфідобактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n_bifidus" title="Vi khuẩn bifidus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn bifidus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><i>Bifidobacterium</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bifidobacterium adolescentis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg/220px-Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg/330px-Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg/440px-Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bifidobacterium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetia" title="Actinomycetia">Actinomycetia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacteriaceae" title="Bifidobacteriaceae">Bifidobacteriales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacteriaceae" title="Bifidobacteriaceae">Bifidobacteriaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Bifidobacterium</i></a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigurd_Orla-Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigurd Orla-Jensen (page does not exist)">Orla-Jensen</a> 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_bifidum" title="Bifidobacterium bifidum">Bifidobacterium bifidum</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text. </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Bifidobacterium</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">gram-positive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">nonmotile</a>, often branched <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12381787_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12381787-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MayoB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayoB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though strains have been isolated from the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mouth (<i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_dentium" title="Bifidobacterium dentium">B. dentium</a></i>) of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal tract <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotics</a>. </p><p>Before the 1960s, <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species were collectively referred to as <i>Lactobacillus bifidus</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg/220px-20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg/330px-20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg/440px-20101210_013757_BifidobacteriumAnimalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Some of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis" title="Bifidobacterium animalis">Bifidobacterium animalis</a></i> bacteria found in a sample of Activia yogurt:  The numbered ticks on the scale are 10 micrometres apart.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Tissier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Tissier (page does not exist)">Henri Tissier</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Paediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paediatrician">pediatrician</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> in Paris, isolated a bacterium characterised by a Y-shaped morphology ("bifid") in the intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants and named it "bifidus".<sup id="cite_ref-tspace.library.utoronto.ca_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tspace.library.utoronto.ca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a>, deputy director at the Pasteur Institute, propounded the theory that <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> bacteria are beneficial to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-tspace.library.utoronto.ca_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tspace.library.utoronto.ca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metchnikoff observed that the <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a> of Bulgarians was the result of their consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">fermented milk products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metchnikoff also suggested that "oral administration of cultures of fermentative bacteria would implant the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i>Bifidobacterium</i> possesses a unique <a href="/wiki/Fructose-6-phosphate_phosphoketolase" title="Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase">fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase</a> pathway employed to ferment <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much metabolic research on bifidobacteria has focused on <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharide</a> metabolism, as these carbohydrates are available in their otherwise nutrient-limited habitats. Infant-associated bifidobacterial <a href="/wiki/Phylotype" title="Phylotype">phylotypes</a> appear to have evolved the ability to ferment <a href="/wiki/Human_milk_oligosaccharide" title="Human milk oligosaccharide">milk oligosaccharides</a>, whereas adult-associated species use plant oligosaccharides, consistent with what they encounter in their respective environments. As breast-fed infants often harbor bifidobacteria-dominated gut consortia, numerous applications attempt to mimic the bifidogenic properties of milk oligosaccharides. These are broadly classified as plant-derived <a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">fructooligosaccharides</a> or dairy-derived <a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">galactooligosaccharides</a>, which are differentially metabolized and distinct from milk oligosaccharide <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MayoB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayoB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_to_oxygen">Response to oxygen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Response to oxygen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sensitivity of members of the genus <i>Bifidobacterium</i> to O<sub>2</sub> generally limits probiotic activity to anaerobic habitats. Recent research has reported that some <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains exhibit various types of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxic" class="extiw" title="wikt:oxic">oxic</a> growth. Low concentrations of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains. Based on the growth profiles under different O<sub>2</sub> concentrations, the <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species were classified into four classes: O<sub>2</sub>-hypersensitive, O<sub>2</sub>-sensitive, O<sub>2</sub>-tolerant, and <a href="/wiki/Microaerophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microaerophilic">microaerophilic</a>. The primary factor responsible for aerobic growth inhibition is proposed to be the production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) in the growth medium. A H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-forming <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidase" title="Oxidase">oxidase</a> was purified from O<sub>2</sub>-sensitive <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i> and was identified as a <i>b</i>-type <a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a>. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production in highly aerated environments.<sup id="cite_ref-SonomotoKYokotaA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonomotoKYokotaA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomes">Genomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the genus <i>Bifidobacterium</i> have genome sizes ranging from 1.73 (<i>Bifidobacterium indicum</i>) to 3.25 Mb (<i>Bifidobacterium biavatii</i>), corresponding to 1,352 and 2,557 predicted protein-encoding <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frames</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani-2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani-2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Functional classification of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> genes, including the <a href="/wiki/Pan-genome" title="Pan-genome">pan-genome</a> of this genus, revealed that 13.7% of the identified bifidobacterial genes encode enzymes involved in <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milani-2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani-2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_uses">Clinical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adding <i>Bifidobacterium</i> as a probiotic to conventional treatment of <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a> has been shown to be associated with improved rates of remission and improved maintenance of remission.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghouri2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghouri2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry. Different species and/or strains of bifidobacteria may exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-MayoB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayoB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">lipopolysaccharide</a> in the intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinzone-2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinzone-2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bifidobacteria may also improve abdominal pain in patients with <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a> (IBS) though studies to date have been inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naturally occurring <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp. may discourage the growth of <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram-negative</a> pathogens in infants.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mother's milk contains high concentrations of lactose and lower quantities of phosphate (<a href="/wiki/PH_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="PH buffer">pH buffer</a>). Therefore, when mother's milk is fermented by lactic acid bacteria (including bifidobacteria) in the infant's gastrointestinal tract, the pH may be reduced, making it more difficult for Gram-negative bacteria to grow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bifidobacteria_and_the_infant_gut">Bifidobacteria and the infant gut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bifidobacteria and the infant gut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human infant gut is relatively sterile up until birth, where it takes up bacteria from its surrounding environment and its mother.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> that makes up the infant gut differs from the adult gut. An infant reaches the adult stage of their microbiome at around three years of age, when their microbiome diversity increases, stabilizes, and the infant switches over to solid foods. Breast-fed infants are colonized earlier by <i>Bifidobacterium</i> when compared to babies that are primarily formula-fed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bifidobacterium</i> is the most common bacteria in the infant gut microbiome.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is more variability in <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypes</a> over time in infants, making them less stable compared to the adult <i>Bifidobacterium</i>. Infants and children under three years old show low diversity in microbiome bacteria, but more diversity between individuals when compared to adults.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduction of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and increase in diversity of the infant gut microbiome occurs with less breast-milk intake and increase of solid food intake. Mammalian milk all contain <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> showing natural selection <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Human milk oligosaccharides are not digested by enzymes and remain whole through the digestive tract before being broken down in the colon by microbiota. <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species genomes of <i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum" title="Bifidobacterium longum">B. longum</a>, B. bifidum, <a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_breve" title="Bifidobacterium breve">B. breve</a></i> contain genes that can hydrolyze some of the human milk oligosaccharides and these are found in higher numbers in infants that are breast-fed. <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">Glycans</a> that are produced by the humans are converted into food and energy for the <i>B. bifidum.</i> showing an example of <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i>Bifidobacterium</i> comprises the following species:<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 250px;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_actinocoloniiforme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme (page does not exist)">B. actinocoloniiforme</a></i> <small>Killer et al. 2011</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_adolescentis" title="Bifidobacterium adolescentis">B. adolescentis</a></i> <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_aemilianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium aemilianum (page does not exist)">B. aemilianum</a></i> <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_aerophilum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium aerophilum (page does not exist)">B. aerophilum</a></i> <small>Michelini et al. 2017</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_aesculapii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium aesculapii (page does not exist)">B. aesculapii</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2014</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_amazonense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium amazonense (page does not exist)">B. amazonense</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_angulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium angulatum (page does not exist)">B. angulatum</a></i> <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis" title="Bifidobacterium animalis">B. animalis</a></i> <small>(Mitsuoka 1969) Scardovi and Trovatelli 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_anseris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium anseris (page does not exist)">B. anseris</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_apousia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium apousia (page does not exist)">B. apousia</a></i> <small>Chen et al. 2022</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_apri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium apri (page does not exist)">B. apri</a></i> <small>Pechar et al. 2017</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_aquikefiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium aquikefiri (page does not exist)">B. aquikefiri</a></i> <small>Laureys et al. 2016</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_asteroides" title="Bifidobacterium asteroides">B. asteroides</a></i> <small>Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_avesanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium avesanii (page does not exist)">B. avesanii</a></i> <small>Michelini et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_biavatii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium biavatii (page does not exist)">B. biavatii</a></i> <small>Endo et al. 2012</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_bifidum" title="Bifidobacterium bifidum">B. bifidum</a></i> <small>(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_bohemicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium bohemicum (page does not exist)">B. bohemicum</a></i> <small>Killer et al. 2011</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_bombi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium bombi (page does not exist)">B. bombi</a></i> <small>Killer et al. 2009</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_boum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium boum (page does not exist)">B. boum</a></i> <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_breve" title="Bifidobacterium breve">B. breve</a></i> <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_callimiconis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium callimiconis (page does not exist)">B. callimiconis</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_callitrichidarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum (page does not exist)">B. callitrichidarum</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_callitrichos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium callitrichos (page does not exist)">B. callitrichos</a></i> <small>Endo et al. 2012</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_canis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium canis (page does not exist)">B. canis</a></i> <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_castoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium castoris (page does not exist)">B. castoris</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_catenulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium catenulatum (page does not exist)">B. catenulatum</a></i> <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_catulorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium catulorum (page does not exist)">B. catulorum</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_cebidarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium cebidarum (page does not exist)">B. cebidarum</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_choerinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium choerinum (page does not exist)">B. choerinum</a></i> <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_choladohabitans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium choladohabitans (page does not exist)">B.choladohabitans </a></i> <small>Chen et al. 2022</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_choloepi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium choloepi (page does not exist)">B. choloepi</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_colobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium colobi (page does not exist)">B. colobi</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_commune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium commune (page does not exist)">B. commune</a></i> <small>Praet et al. 2015</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_criceti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium criceti (page does not exist)">B. criceti</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small></li> <li>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_crudilactis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium crudilactis (page does not exist)">B. crudilactis</a></i>" <small>Delcenserie et al. 2007</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_cuniculi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium cuniculi (page does not exist)">B.cuniculi </a></i> <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_dentium" title="Bifidobacterium dentium">B. dentium</a></i> <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_dolichotidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium dolichotidis (page does not exist)">B. dolichotidis</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small></li> <li>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_eriksonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium eriksonii (page does not exist)">B. eriksonii</a></i>" <small>Cato et al. 1970</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_erythrocebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium erythrocebi (page does not exist)">B. erythrocebi</a></i> <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_eulemuris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium eulemuris (page does not exist)">B. eulemuris</a></i> <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_faecale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium faecale (page does not exist)">B. faecale</a></i> <small>Choi et al. 2014</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_felsineum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium felsineum (page does not exist)">B. felsineum</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_gallicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium gallicum (page does not exist)">B. gallicum</a></i> <small>Lauer 1990</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_gallinarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium gallinarum (page does not exist)">B. gallinarum</a></i> <small>Watabe et al. 1983</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_globosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium globosum (page does not exist)">B. globosum</a></i> <small>(ex Scardovi et al. 1969) Biavati et al. 1982</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_goeldii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium goeldii (page does not exist)">B. goeldii</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_hapali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium hapali (page does not exist)">B. hapali</a></i> <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_imperatoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium imperatoris (page does not exist)">B. </a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_indicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium indicum (page does not exist)">B. indicum</a></i> <small>Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_italicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium italicum (page does not exist)">B. italicum</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_jacchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium jacchi (page does not exist)">B. jacchi</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_lemurum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium lemurum (page does not exist)">B. lemurum</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2015</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_leontopitheci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium leontopitheci (page does not exist)">B. leontopitheci</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum" title="Bifidobacterium longum">B. longum</a></i> <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_magnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium magnum (page does not exist)">B. magnum</a></i> <small>Scardovi and Zani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_margollesii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium margollesii (page does not exist)">B.margollesii </a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_merycicum" title="Bifidobacterium merycicum">B. merycicum</a></i> <small>Biavati and Mattarelli 1991</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_miconis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium miconis (page does not exist)">B. miconis</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_miconisargentati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium miconisargentati (page does not exist)">B. miconisargentati</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_minimum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium minimum (page does not exist)">B. minimum</a></i> <small>Biavati et al. 1982</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_mongoliense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium mongoliense (page does not exist)">B. mongoliense</a></i> <small>Watanabe et al. 2009</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_moraviense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium moraviense (page does not exist)">B. moraviense</a></i> <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_moukalabense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium moukalabense (page does not exist)">B. moukalabense</a></i> <small>Tsuchida et al. 2014</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_myosotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium myosotis (page does not exist)">B. myosotis</a></i> <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_oedipodis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium oedipodis (page does not exist)">B. oedipodis</a></i> <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_olomucense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium olomucense (page does not exist)">B. olomucense</a></i> <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_panos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium panos (page does not exist)">B. panos</a></i> <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_parmae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium parmae (page does not exist)">B. parmae</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small></li> <li>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_platyrrhinorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium platyrrhinorum (page does not exist)">B. platyrrhinorum</a></i>" <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_pluvialisilvae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium pluvialisilvae (page does not exist)">B. pluvialisilvae</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_polysaccharolyticum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum (page does not exist)">B. polysaccharolyticum</a></i> <small>Chen et al. 2022</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_pongonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium pongonis (page does not exist)">B. pongonis</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_porcinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium porcinum (page does not exist)">B. porcinum</a></i> <small>(Zhu et al. 2003) Nouioui et al. 2018</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_primatium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium primatium (page does not exist)">B. primatium</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum (page does not exist)">B. pseudocatenulatum</a></i> <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_pseudolongum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (page does not exist)">B. pseudolongum</a></i> <small>Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_psychraerophilum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum (page does not exist)">B. psychraerophilum</a></i> <small>Simpson et al. 2004</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_pullorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium pullorum (page does not exist)">B. pullorum</a></i> <small> Trovatelli et al. 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_ramosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium ramosum (page does not exist)">B. ramosum</a></i> <small>Michelini et al. 2017</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_reuteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium reuteri (page does not exist)">B. reuteri</a></i> <small>Endo et al. 2012</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_rousetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium rousetti (page does not exist)">B. rousetti</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2021</small></li> <li>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_ruminale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium ruminale (page does not exist)">B. ruminale</a></i>" <small>Scardovi et al. 1969</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_ruminantium" title="Bifidobacterium ruminantium">B. ruminantium</a></i> <small>Biavati and Mattarelli 1991</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_saguini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium saguini (page does not exist)">B. saguini</a></i> <small>Endo et al. 2012</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_saguinibicoloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium saguinibicoloris (page does not exist)">B. saguinibicoloris</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_saimiriisciurei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium saimiriisciurei (page does not exist)">B. saimiriisciurei</a></i>" <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_samirii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium samirii (page does not exist)">B. samirii</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_santillanense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium santillanense (page does not exist)">B. santillanense</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_scaligerum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium scaligerum (page does not exist)">B. scaligerum</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_scardovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium scardovii (page does not exist)">B. scardovii</a></i> <small>Hoyles et al. 2002</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_simiarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium simiarum (page does not exist)">B. simiarum</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_simiiventris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium simiiventris (page does not exist)">B. simiiventris</a></i> <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_stellenboschense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium stellenboschense (page does not exist)">B. stellenboschense</a></i> <small>Endo et al. 2012</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_subtile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium subtile (page does not exist)">B. subtile</a></i> <small>Biavati et al. 1982</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_thermacidophilum" title="Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum">B. thermacidophilum</a></i> <small>Dong et al. 2000</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_thermophilum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium thermophilum (page does not exist)">B. thermophilum</a></i> <small>corrig. Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_tibiigranuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium tibiigranuli (page does not exist)">B. tibiigranuli</a></i> <small>Eckel et al. 2020</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_tissieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium tissieri (page does not exist)">B. tissieri</a></i> <small>corrig. Michelini et al. 2016</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_tsurumiense" title="Bifidobacterium tsurumiense">B. tsurumiense</a></i> <small>Okamoto et al. 2008</small></li> <li>"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_urinalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium urinalis (page does not exist)">B. urinalis</a></i>" <small>Hojo et al. 2007</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_vansinderenii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium vansinderenii (page does not exist)">B. vansinderenii</a></i> <small>Duranti et al. 2017</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_vespertilionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium vespertilionis (page does not exist)">B. vespertilionis</a></i> <small>Modesto et al. 2021</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium_xylocopae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifidobacterium xylocopae (page does not exist)">B. xylocopae</a></i> <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bacterial_vaginosis_microbiota" title="List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota">List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteobiotics" title="Proteobiotics">Proteobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrla-Jensen_S.1924" class="citation journal cs1">Orla-Jensen S. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Flait%3A19243627">"Classification des bactéries lactiques"</a> [Classification of the lactic acid bacteria]. <i>Le Lait</i>. <b>4</b> (36): 468–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Flait%3A19243627">10.1051/lait:19243627</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Lait&rft.atitle=Classification+des+bact%C3%A9ries+lactiques&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=468-474&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Flait%3A19243627&rft.au=Orla-Jensen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Flait%253A19243627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABifidobacterium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12381787-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12381787_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellKarmirantzouSnelVilanova2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schell MA, Karmirantzou M, Snel B, Vilanova D, Berger B, Pessi G, Zwahlen MC, Desiere F, Bork P, Delley M, Pridmore RD, Arigoni F (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137899">"The genome sequence of <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>99</b> (22): 14422–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9914422S">2002PNAS...9914422S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.212527599">10.1073/pnas.212527599</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137899">137899</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12381787">12381787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Bifidobacterium+longum+reflects+its+adaptation+to+the+human+gastrointestinal+tract&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=14422-7&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC137899%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12381787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.212527599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...9914422S&rft.aulast=Schell&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Karmirantzou%2C+M&rft.au=Snel%2C+B&rft.au=Vilanova%2C+D&rft.au=Berger%2C+B&rft.au=Pessi%2C+G&rft.au=Zwahlen%2C+MC&rft.au=Desiere%2C+F&rft.au=Bork%2C+P&rft.au=Delley%2C+M&rft.au=Pridmore%2C+RD&rft.au=Arigoni%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC137899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABifidobacterium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayoB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MayoB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayoB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayoB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayovan_Sinderen2010" class="citation book cs1">Mayo B, van Sinderen D, eds. (2010). <i>Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>. <a href="/wiki/Caister_Academic_Press" title="Caister Academic Press">Caister Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-68-4"><bdi>978-1-904455-68-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bifidobacteria%3A+Genomics+and+Molecular+Aspects&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-68-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABifidobacterium" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertChabanWagnerSchellenberg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Albert, Arianne Y. K.; Chaban, Bonnie; Wagner, Emily C.; Schellenberg, John J.; Links, Matthew G.; Schalkwyk, Julie van; Reid, Gregor; Hemmingsen, Sean M.; Hill, Janet E.; Money, Deborah; Group, VOGUE Research (12 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4534464">"A Study of the Vaginal Microbiome in Healthy Canadian Women Utilizing cpn60-Based Molecular Profiling Reveals Distinct Gardnerella Subgroup Community State Types"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (8): e0135620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1035620A">2015PLoSO..1035620A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135620">10.1371/journal.pone.0135620</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4534464">4534464</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26266808">26266808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Vaginal+Microbiome+in+Healthy+Canadian+Women+Utilizing+cpn60-Based+Molecular+Profiling+Reveals+Distinct+Gardnerella+Subgroup+Community+State+Types&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0135620&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4534464%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26266808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1035620A&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Arianne+Y.+K.&rft.au=Chaban%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Emily+C.&rft.au=Schellenberg%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Links%2C+Matthew+G.&rft.au=Schalkwyk%2C+Julie+van&rft.au=Reid%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Hemmingsen%2C+Sean+M.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Janet+E.&rft.au=Money%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Group%2C+VOGUE+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4534464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABifidobacterium" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last11=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tspace.library.utoronto.ca-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tspace.library.utoronto.ca_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tspace.library.utoronto.ca_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6600/1/jb05023.pdf">"Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African Journal of Biotechnology</i>. 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23332725">23332725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Development+of+intestinal+microbiota+in+infants+and+its+impact+on+health&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=167-73&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2012.12.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23332725&rft.aulast=Matamoros&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Gras-Leguen%2C+C&rft.au=Le+Vacon%2C+F&rft.au=Potel%2C+G&rft.au=de+La+Cochetiere%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Ftrends%2Fmicrobiology%2Fabstract%2FS0966-842X%2812%2900213-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABifidobacterium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurroniMilaniDurantiFerrario2018" class="citation journal cs1">Turroni F, Milani C, Duranti S, Ferrario C, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, van Sinderen D, Ventura M (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11105234">"Bifidobacteria and the infant gut: an example of co-evolution and natural selection"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 103–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-017-2672-0">10.1007/s00018-017-2672-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11105234">11105234</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28983638">28983638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24103287">24103287</a>.</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-LPSN_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuzébyParte" class="citation web cs1">Euzéby JP, Parte AC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/family/actinomycetaceae">"<i>Actinomycetaceae</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrabacteria" title="Terrabacteria">Terrabacteria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV1, BV3, BV5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidimicrobiia" title="Acidimicrobiia">Acidimicrobiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetia" title="Actinomycetia">Actinomycetia</a></li> <li>"Aquicultoria"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriobacteriia" title="Coriobacteriia">Coriobacteriia</a></li> <li>"Geothermincolia"</li> <li>"Humimicrobiia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubrobacteria" title="Rubrobacteria">Rubrobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoleophilia" title="Thermoleophilia">Thermoleophilia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipolaricaulota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipolaricaulota (page does not exist)">Bipolaricaulota</a>" <ul><li>"Bipolaricaulia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a> <ul><li>"Caldilineia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexia" title="Chloroflexia">Chloroflexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehalococcoidia" title="Dehalococcoidia">Dehalococcoidia</a></li> <li>Ktedonobacteria</li> <li>"Limnocylindria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Deinococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinococci">Deinococcia</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dormiibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dormiibacterota (page does not exist)">Dormiibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Dormibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a> <ul><li>"Abditibacteriia"</li> <li>Armatimonadia</li> <li>Chthonomonadia</li> <li>Fimbriimonadia</li> <li>"Heboniibacteriia"</li> <li>"Zipacnadia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eremiobacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eremiobacterota (page does not exist)">Eremiobacterota</a>"</li> <li>"Eudoremicrobiia" <ul><li>"Xenobiia"</li> <li>"Eremiobacteria"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyanoprokaryota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cyanobacteriota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li>"Sericytochromatia"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Melainabacteria" title="Melainabacteria">Vampirovibrionophyceae</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Margulisiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margulisiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Margulisiibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Marinamargulisbacteria"</li> <li>"Riflemargulisbacteria"</li> <li>"Saganbacteria"</li> <li>"Termititenacia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV3</a><br /><span class="nobold">Low GC</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacillia</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota A <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridiia</a>"</li> <li>"Thermoanaerobacteria"</li> <li>"Thermosediminibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota D <ul><li>"Dethiobacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Natranaerobiales" title="Natranaerobiales">Natranaerobiia</a>"</li> <li>"Proteinivoracia"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota E <ul><li>"Sulfobacillia"</li> <li>"Symbiobacteriia"</li> <li>"Thermaerobacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota G <ul><li>"Hydrogenisporia"</li> <li>Limnochordia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desulfotomaculota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desulfotomaculota (page does not exist)">Desulfotomaculota</a>" <ul><li>"Carboxydocellia"</li> <li>"Carboxydothermia"</li> <li>"Dehalobacteriia"</li> <li>"Desulfitobacteriia"</li> <li>"Desulfotomaculia"</li> <li>"Moorellia"</li> <li>"Peptococcia"</li> <li>"Syntrophomonadia"</li> <li>"Thermincolia"</li></ul></li> <li>"Halanaerobiaeota" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Halanaerobiales" title="Halanaerobiales">Halanaerobiia</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"Selenobacteria" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Negativicutes" title="Negativicutes">Selenomonadia</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Phyla_Radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate Phyla Radiation">CPR group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elulota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elulota (page does not exist)">Elulota</a>" <ul><li>"Elulimicrobia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Patescibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patescibacteria">Patescibacteria</a>" <ul><li>ABY1</li> <li>"Absconditabacteria"</li> <li>"Andersenbacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Berkelbacteria" title="Berkelbacteria">Berkelbacteria</a>"</li> <li>"Dojkabacteria"</li> <li>"Doudnabacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gracilibacteria" title="Gracilibacteria">Gracilibacteria</a>"</li> <li>"Howlettbacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Katanobacteria" title="Katanobacteria">Katanobacteria</a>"</li> <li>"Kazanbacteria"</li> <li>"Microgenomatia"</li> <li>"Paceibacteria"</li> <li>"Saccharimonadia"</li> <li>"Torokbacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wirthbacteria" title="Wirthbacteria">Wirthbacteria</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thermotogida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synergistetes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a> <ul><li>Atribacteria</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a> <ul><li>Synergistia</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thermocalda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a> <ul><li>Caldisericia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacteria" title="Coprothermobacteria">Coprothermobacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomota" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyoglomota">Dictyoglomerota</a> <ul><li>Dictyoglomeria</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithacetigenota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithacetigenota (page does not exist)">Lithacetigenota</a>" <ul><li>"Lithacetigenia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobiota (page does not exist)">Thermodesulfobiota</a>" <ul><li>"Thermodesulfobiia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a> <ul><li>"Thermotogia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusobacterida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusobacteria">Fusobacteriota</a> <ul><li>Fusobacteriia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Macinerneyibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macinerneyibacteriota (page does not exist)">Macinerneyibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Macinerneyibacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muiribacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muiribacteriota (page does not exist)">Muiribacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Muiribacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifleibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifleibacteriota (page does not exist)">Rifleibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Ozemibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walliibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walliibacteriota (page does not exist)">Walliibacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrobacteria" title="Hydrobacteria">Hydrobacteria</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV2, BV4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clade 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerophobota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerophobota (page does not exist)">Aerophobota</a>" <ul><li>"Aerophobia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Auribacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auribacterota (page does not exist)">Auribacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Ancaeobacteria"</li> <li>"Auribacteria"</li> <li>"Erginobacteria"</li> <li>"Tritonobacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desantisiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desantisiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Desantisiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a> <ul><li>Elusimicrobiia</li> <li>Endomicrobiia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Firestoneibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firestoneibacteriota (page does not exist)">Firestoneibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Goldiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Omnitrophota" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnitrophota">Omnitrophota</a>" <ul><li>"Omnitrophia"</li> <li>"Velamenicoccia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratteibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratteibacteriota (page does not exist)">Ratteibacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clade 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abyssubacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abyssubacteria (page does not exist)">Abyssubacteria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinthialibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinthialibacterota (page does not exist)">Hinthialibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Hinthialibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenedentota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogenedentota (page does not exist)">Hydrogenedentota</a>" <ul><li>"Hydrogenedentia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poribacteria" title="Poribacteria">Poribacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saltatorellota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltatorellota (page does not exist)">Saltatorellota</a>" <ul><li>"Saltatorellae"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerlaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerlaeota (page does not exist)">Sumerlaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Sumerlaeia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spirochaeto<br />bacteriobiontes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Babelota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babelota (page does not exist)">Babelota</a>" <ul><li>"Babeliae"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindowiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindowiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Lindowiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a> <ul><li>"Brevinematia"</li> <li>"Brachyspirae"</li> <li>"Exilispiria"</li> <li>"Leptospiria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetia</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PVC_superphylum" title="PVC superphylum">PVC group</a><br />(Planctobacteria)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydiia">Chlamydiia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a> <ul><li>"Brocadiia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycisphaerae" title="Phycisphaerae">Phycisphaeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetia" title="Planctomycetia">Planctomycetia</a></li> <li>"Uabimicrobiia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a> <ul><li>Kiritimatiellia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentisphaerae">Lentisphaeria</a></li> <li>Verrucomicrobiia</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FCB_group" class="mw-redirect" title="FCB group">FCB group</a><br />(Sphingobacteria)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteroidia">Bacteroidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobiia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobiia">Chlorobiia</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteria">Ignavibacteriia</a>"</li> <li>"Kapabacteria"</li> <li>"Kryptoniia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermia">Rhodothermia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a> <ul><li>Calditrichia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloacimonadota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloacimonadota (page does not exist)">Cloacimonadota</a>" <ul><li>"Cloacimonadia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coatesiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coatesiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Coatesiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopoliota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmopoliota (page does not exist)">Cosmopoliota</a>" <ul><li>"Cosmopolitia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delongiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delongiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Delongiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardsiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwardsiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Edwardsiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiseniibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiseniibacteriota (page does not exist)">Eiseniibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electryoneota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electryoneota (page does not exist)">Electryoneota</a>" <ul><li>"Electryoneia"</li> <li>"Tariuqbacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentibacterota (page does not exist)">Fermentibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Fermentibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitinivibrionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitinivibrionia">Chitinivibrionia</a></li> <li>Fibrobacteria</li> <li>"Raymondbacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a> <ul><li>Gemmatimonadia</li> <li>"Glassbacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heilongiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heilongiota (page does not exist)">Heilongiota</a>" <ul><li>"Heilongiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrothermota (page does not exist)">Hydrothermota</a>" <ul><li>"Hydrothermia"</li> <li>"Stahlbacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krumholzibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krumholzibacteriota (page does not exist)">Krumholzibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Krumholzibacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latescibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latescibacterota (page does not exist)">Latescibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Handelsmanbacteria"</li> <li>"Latescibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marinimicrobia" title="Marinimicrobia">Neomarinimicrobiota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinisomatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinisomatota (page does not exist)">Marinisomatota</a>" <ul><li>"Marinisomatia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianyaibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianyaibacteriota (page does not exist)">Tianyaibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Zixibacteria" title="Zixibacteria">Zixiibacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquificida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidulodesulfobacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidulodesulfobacteriota (page does not exist)">Acidulodesulfobacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a> <ul><li>Aquificia</li> <li>"Desulfurobacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a> <ul><li>"Campylobacteria"</li> <li>Desulfurellia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calescibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calescibacteriota (page does not exist)">Calescibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Calescibacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a> <ul><li>Chrysiogenia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadaibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadaibacteriota (page does not exist)">Dadaibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Dadabacteria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacterota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferribacterota">Deferribacterota</a> <ul><li>"Deferribacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>Desulfobacterota G <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntrophorhabdia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntrophorhabdia (page does not exist)">Syntrophorhabdia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermosulfidibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermosulfidibacterota (page does not exist)">Thermosulfidibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Thermosulfidibacteria"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deltaproteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltaproteobacteria">Deltaproteobacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriovoracia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriovoracia">Bacteriovoracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bdellovibrionia">Bdellovibrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoflexia" title="Oligoflexia">Oligoflexia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binatota (page does not exist)">Binatota</a>" <ul><li>"Binatia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferrimicrobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferrimicrobiota (page does not exist)">Deferrimicrobiota</a>" <ul><li>"Anaeroferrophilia"</li> <li>"Deferrimicrobiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferrisomatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferrisomatota (page does not exist)">Deferrisomatota</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deferrisomatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferrisomatia">Deferrisomatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desulfuromonadota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desulfuromonadota (page does not exist)">Desulfuromonadota</a>" <ul><li>Desulfuromonadia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lernaellota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lernaellota (page does not exist)">Lernaellota</a>" <ul><li>"Lernaellia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylomirabilota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylomirabilota (page does not exist)">Methylomirabilota</a>" <ul><li>"Methylomirabilia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Modulibacteria" title="Modulibacteria">Moduliflexota</a>" <ul><li>"Moduliflexia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxococcia">Myxococcia</a></li> <li>"Bradymonadia"</li> <li>Polyangiia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a> <ul><li>Nitrospinia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a> <ul><li>Nitrospiria</li> <li>"Thermodesulfovibrionia"</li></ul></li> <li>SAR324 <ul><li>"Lambdaproteobacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Schekmaniibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schekmaniibacteriota (page does not exist)">Schekmaniibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tectimicrobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tectimicrobiota (page does not exist)">Tectimicrobiota</a>" <ul><li>"Entotheonellia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriia" title="Acidobacteriia">Acidobacteriia</a>"</li> <li>"Aminicenantia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocatellia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocatellia">Blastocatellia</a></li> <li>"Fischerbacteria"</li> <li>"Guanabaribacteriia"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holophagae" title="Holophagae">Holophagia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Polarisedimenticolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarisedimenticolia">Polarisedimenticolia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoanaerobaculia" title="Thermoanaerobaculia">Thermoanaerobaculia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinamibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicinamibacteria">Vicinamibacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Canglongiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canglongiota (page does not exist)">Canglongiota</a>" <ul><li>"Canglongiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptospirillaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptospirillaeota (page does not exist)">Leptospirillaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Leptospirillia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Caulobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulobacteria">Caulobacteria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Zetaproteobacteria" title="Zetaproteobacteria">Mariprofundia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magnetococcales" title="Magnetococcales">Magnetococcia</a>"</li> <li>"Pseudomonadia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qinglongiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qinglongiota (page does not exist)">Qinglongiota</a>" <ul><li>"Qinglongiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinosulfoleibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salinosulfoleibacteria (page does not exist)">Salinosulfoleibacteria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teskebacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teskebacteria (page does not exist)">Teskebacteria</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <i><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">Bergey's Manual</a></i> (2001–2012)</li> <li>Alternative views: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria_(classifications)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bacteria (classifications)">Wikispecies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yogurt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yogurts" title="Template:Yogurts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yogurts" title="Template talk:Yogurts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yogurts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yogurts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yogurt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curd_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curd (India)">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiah" title="Dadiah">Dadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhau" title="Dhau">Dhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_yogurt" title="Frozen yogurt">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzoon" title="Matzoon">Matzoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_lao" title="Nai lao">Nai lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatiq" title="Qatiq">Qatiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">Strained</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obstjoghurt01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/80px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/120px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/160px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_starter" title="Fermentation starter">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus" title="Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus"><i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>bulgaricus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_thermophilus" title="Streptococcus thermophilus">Streptococcus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bifidobacterium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borani" title="Borani">Borani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churri" title="Churri">Churri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1lb%C4%B1r" title="Çılbır">Çılbır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukauni" title="Chukauni">Chukauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucumber_raita" title="Cucumber raita">Cucumber raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_chutney" title="Dahi chutney">Dahi chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_baigana" title="Dahi baigana">Dahi baigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_machha" title="Dahi machha">Dahi machha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_vada" title="Dahi vada">Dahi vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahibara_Aludam" title="Dahibara Aludam">Dahibara Aludam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovga" title="Dovga">Dovga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameed" title="Jameed">Jameed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">Kadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashk" title="Kashk">Kashk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitha_dahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitha dahi">Mitha dahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfait" title="Parfait">Parfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papri_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Papri chaat">Papri chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita">Raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">Shrikhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas_(soup)" title="Spas (soup)">Spas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">Tarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoixo" title="Zhoixo">Zhoixo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">Drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophiline" title="Acidophiline">Acidophiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaas" title="Chaas">Chaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chal" title="Chal">Chal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalap" title="Chalap">Chalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Doogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">Lassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leben_(milk_product)" title="Leben (milk product)">Leben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">Mattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_lao" title="Nai lao">Nai lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaere" title="Omaere">Omaere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazhenka" title="Ryazhenka">Ryazhenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenets" title="Varenets">Varenets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">Fermented milk products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasi" title="Amasi">Amasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpis" title="Calpis">Calpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clabber_(food)" title="Clabber (food)">Clabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocoque" title="Jocoque">Jocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursik" title="Mursik">Mursik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suorat" title="Suorat">Suorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viili" title="Viili">Viili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yay%C4%B1k_ayran%C4%B1" title="Yayık ayranı">Yayık ayranı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bifidobacterium</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132656" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q132656">Q132656</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62FVD">62FVD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/83443">83443</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BIFIG">1BIFIG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3223496">3223496</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/357120">357120</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1062625">1062625</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=956829">956829</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bacterio.net/bifidobacterium.html">bifidobacterium.html</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1678">1678</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/06a85664-a237-4f9b-83e8-44a3f6ff9a78">06a85664-a237-4f9b-83e8-44a3f6ff9a78</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=559796">559796</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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