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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 詞源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 基本概念 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基本概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去基本概念細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-基本概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-遺傳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺傳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 遺傳 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺傳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因組" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因組"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 基因組 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因組-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-定義進化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義進化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 定義進化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義進化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有性繁殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有性繁殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 有性繁殖 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有性繁殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-機制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#機制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 機制 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-機制-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去機制細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-機制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-物競天擇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物競天擇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 物競天擇 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物競天擇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-進化適應度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化適應度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 進化適應度 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進化適應度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人工選擇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人工選擇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 人工選擇 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人工選擇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因突變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因突變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 基因突變 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因突變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因流動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因流動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 基因流動 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因流動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因漂變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因漂變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 基因漂變 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因漂變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-效果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#效果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 效果 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-效果-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去效果細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-效果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-適應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#適應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 適應 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-適應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-痕跡器官" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#痕跡器官"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 痕跡器官 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-痕跡器官-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物種形成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物種形成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 物種形成 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物種形成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-物種概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物種概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 物種概念 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物種概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成機制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成機制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 形成機制 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形成機制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概念衝擊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念衝擊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 概念衝擊 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念衝擊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-絕種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#絕種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 絕種 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-絕種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-證據" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#證據"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 證據 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-證據-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去證據細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-證據-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-微進化嘅證據" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#微進化嘅證據"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 微進化嘅證據 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-微進化嘅證據-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-家紅狐狸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家紅狐狸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 家紅狐狸 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家紅狐狸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宏進化嘅證據" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宏進化嘅證據"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 宏進化嘅證據 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宏進化嘅證據-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進化論史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化論史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 進化論史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-進化論史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去進化論史細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-進化論史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-《物種起源》前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#《物種起源》前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 《物種起源》前 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-《物種起源》前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-《物種起源》後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#《物種起源》後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 《物種起源》後 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-《物種起源》後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會反應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會反應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 社會反應 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社會反應-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去社會反應細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-社會反應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗教觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 宗教觀點 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-「理論」" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#「理論」"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 「理論」 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-「理論」-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-種族主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#種族主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 種族主義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-種族主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 應用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 睇埋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 註釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 引咗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 拎 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 開/收內容一覽 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">進化</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有157種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" > 157種語言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Evolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%98%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%88%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%A5" title="ዝግመተ ለውጥ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዝግመተ ለውጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n" title="Evolución – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Evolución" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التطور – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التطور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التطور – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="التطور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تطور – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تطور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6" title="ক্ৰমবিকাশ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ৰমবিকাশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3xica" title="Evolución biolóxica – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evolución biolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99kam%C3%BCl" title="Təkamül – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkamül" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تکامول تئوریسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکامول تئوریسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evuolioc%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Evuoliocėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Evuoliocėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвалюцыя – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвалюцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еволюция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="বিবর্তন – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="বিবর্তন – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3" title="Evolució – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ng-hu%C3%A1" title="Céng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Céng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پەرەسەندن – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرەسەندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluce" title="Evoluce – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esblygiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推薦文章"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(biologi)" title="Evolution (biologi) – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evolution (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusyon" title="Evolusyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Evolusyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Εξέλιξη – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέλιξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzi%C3%B2un" title="Evoluziòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Evoluziòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucio_(teorio)" title="Evolucio (teorio) – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evolucio (teorio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Evolución biológica – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evolución biológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsioon" title="Evolutsioon – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboluzio" title="Eboluzio – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eboluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluci%C3%B3n" title="Volución – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Volución" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="فرگشت – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluutio" title="Evoluutio – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evoluutio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menningarl%C3%A6ran" title="Menningarlæran – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Menningarlæran" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)" title="Évolution (biologie) – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évolution (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolutsion" title="Ewolutsion – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ewolutsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BAsje" title="Evolúsje – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89abhl%C3%B3id" title="Éabhlóid – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éabhlóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volousyon_(byoloji)" title="Évolousyon (byoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Évolousyon (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean-fh%C3%A0s" title="Mean-fhàs – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mean-fhàs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n" title="Evolución – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evolución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove_%C3%B1emoambue" title="Tekove ñemoambue – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove ñemoambue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="ઉત્ક્રાંતિ – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્ક્રાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="אבולוציה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבולוציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रम-विकास – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रम-विकास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolisyon" title="Evolisyon – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Evolisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BAci%C3%B3_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Evolúció (biológia) – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evolúció (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էվոլյուցիա – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էվոլյուցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Մարդկային Ծիները – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարդկային Ծիները" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusion" title="Ebolusion – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ebolusion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluciono" title="Evoluciono – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Evoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%B3un" title="Þróun – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þróun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzione" title="Evoluzione – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evoluzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoluushan" title="Ivoluushan – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ivoluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volusi" title="Évolusi – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Évolusi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუცია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamhazt" title="Tamhazt – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamhazt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8har%C5%A9raka_(evolution)" title="Ũharũraka (evolution) – 吉庫尤文" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũharũraka (evolution)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉庫尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ವಿಕಾಸ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="진화 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AA%C5%9Fve%C3%A7%C3%BBn" title="Pêşveçûn – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêşveçûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplegyans" title="Esplegyans – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Esplegyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutio" title="Evolutio – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Evolutio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutioun_(Biologie)" title="Evolutioun (Biologie) – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Evolutioun (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolui" title="Evolui – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Evolui" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie) – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Evolutie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ວິວັດທະນາການ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິວັດທະນາການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoliucija" title="Evoliucija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Evoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C5%ABcija" title="Evolūcija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Evolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88volusi" title="Èvolusi – 馬都拉文" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Èvolusi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="馬都拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%B4lisi%C3%B4na" title="Evôlisiôna – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Evôlisiôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еволуција – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еволуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവപരിണാമം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവപരിണാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="उत्क्रांती – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzzjoni" title="Evoluzzjoni – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Evoluzzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibolu%C3%A7on" title="Eiboluçon – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiboluçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်စဉ် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်စဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تکامل – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تکامل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutschoon" title="Evolutschoon – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Evolutschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रम-विकास – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रम-विकास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="विकासक्रम – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विकासक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi – 尼亞斯文" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亞斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie) – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evolutie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucion_(biologia)" title="Evolucion (biologia) – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evolucion (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਵਿਕਾਸਵਾਦ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕਾਸਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolushon" title="Evolushon – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Evolushon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolucja_biologiczna" title="Ewolucja biologiczna – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewolucja biologiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolussion" title="Evolussion – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Evolussion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ایولوشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایولوشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تکامل – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تکامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evolução – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evolução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aqyay" title="Rikch'aqyay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aqyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluziun" title="Evoluziun – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Evoluziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evoluție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еволуція – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еволуція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_sa_evolutzioni" title="Teoria de sa evolutzioni – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Teoria de sa evolutzioni" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ارتقا – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارتقا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzigz" title="Azzigz – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azzigz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="පරිණාමය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිණාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_evol%C3%BAcia" title="Biologická evolúcia – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biologická evolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucioni" title="Evolucioni – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evolucioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Еволуција (биологија) – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еволуција (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volusi" title="Évolusi – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Évolusi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mageuko_ya_spishi" title="Mageuko ya spishi – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mageuko ya spishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="పరిణామం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరిణామం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusaun" title="Evolusaun – 泰頓文" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Evolusaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="泰頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволютсия – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эволютсия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิวัฒนาการ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิวัฒนาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivolusan" title="Ivolusan – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ivolusan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrim" title="Evrim – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еволюція – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еволюція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="نظریۂ ارتقا – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظریۂ ارتقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsiya" title="Evolutsiya – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Evolutsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BCcii" title="Evolücii – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evolücii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_h%C3%B3a" title="Tiến hóa – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiến hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot%C3%BCkam" title="Votükam – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Votükam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუცია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עוואלוציע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עוואלוציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94" title="天演 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天演" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACn-h%C3%B2a" title="Chìn-hòa – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chìn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/300px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/450px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/600px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E9%9B%80" title="達爾文雀">達爾文雀</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="加拉帕戈斯群島">加拉帕戈斯群島</a>唔同島進化出唔同形狀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%84" title="啄">啄</a>，適應唔同島嘅環境。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg/300px-Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg/450px-Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg/600px-Evolution-Insular-Restriction-and-Extinction-of-Oceanic-Land-Crabs-Exemplified-by-the-Loss-of-an-pone.0019916.g002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="491" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">唔同物種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9" title="蟹">蟹</a>嘅<ruby><rb>䚗</rb><rt>gong6</rt></ruby>形狀都唔同，而呢種差異源於佢哋需要適應喺唔同環境嗰度生存。</div></div></div></div></div> 進化（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>：zeon3 faa3），又叫演化（jin2 faa3），喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>上係指一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">族群</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="可遺傳">可遺傳</a>特徵一代一代噉演變，而進化嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%8C%96" title="操作化">操作</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>（實際科研用嘅定義）係「一個族群內部各<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>嘅出現頻率隨住<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>而改變」嘅過程<a href="#cite_note-hall2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-livescience-2">[2]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>基於<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>：所有<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>）都有 <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>，呢啲 DNA 係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>組成，而多數物種都或多或少有個體差異－就算係同種嘅生物，隻隻身上帶嘅基因都同同類個體身上嘅有啲唔同，而呢點引致每個個體喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">特徵</a>上都有啲唔同；根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>，因為個體差異，一個族群嘅個體當中可能有啲比較擅長生存同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>，生存同繁殖能力勁嘅個體會更加大<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會</a>能夠將自己嘅基因傳俾下一代<a href="#cite_note-3">[註 1]</a>，所以一個族群嘅基因代代都會有些少唔同咗樣；除咗噉，繁殖嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="細胞分裂">細胞分裂</a>等嘅過程之中仲會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="突變">突變</a>等嘅現象。因為呢啲緣故，經過幾百萬年嘅時間，一個族群變變吓就會變到同之前完全唔同咗樣，而呢群新嘅生物嘅 DNA 帶嘅基因同之前嘅好唔同，差異可能大到算係一個新嘅物種<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a>。 進化同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a>好有拏褦，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成">新物種出現</a>主要係靠進化引起嘅：例如有個族群，佢哋因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="氣候變化">氣候變化</a>等嘅原因搞到佢哋原本住嘅地方唔再啱佢哋住，於是佢哋就遷徙去第啲地方，可能喺過程入面分開咗做兩組，一組遷徙去地方 A，另一組遷徙去地方 B，而呢兩個地方嘅環境好唔同，一個凍啲一個熱啲，但兩個都啱嗰種生物住；長遠嚟講，喺凍地區住嗰組會進化出有利喺寒冷環境生存嘅特徵（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%8B%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="皮下脂肪">皮下脂肪</a>變厚），而喺熱地區住嗰組會進化出有利喺炎熱環境生存嘅特徵（例如係皮下脂肪變薄）。十萬年後，兩組變到好唔同<a href="#cite_note-6">[註 2]</a>－變咗做兩個唔同嘅物種，不過佢哋仲有個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="共同祖先">共同祖先</a><a href="#cite_note-gould2002-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上面次次有親啲族群內部分開搬去唔同環境嗰度住嗰陣，個族群嘅各組就會慢慢噉適應各自嘅新環境而變樣－令地球有豐富嘅生物多樣性<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a>。 對進化嘅研究好有用：喺實際應用方面，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>上對進化嘅了解經已俾人應用喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="農業">農業</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>等嘅領域嗰度，例如了解<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>嘅進化對於醫藥研究者整<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a>嚟講好緊要<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a>；而且進化嘅相關概念仲喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>上有用，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="進化演算法">進化演算法</a>就運用咗物競天擇嘅原理做<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>，用「一代一代淘汰表現差嘅模型」嘅方法得出表現優良嘅模型<a href="#cite_note-goldberg1988-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源">詞源</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/240px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/360px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>達爾文嘅相，1860 年左右影嘅；佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>理論改革咗成個科學界。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物種起源">物種起源</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>入面嘅 evolution 一詞係嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>嘅 evolvere，後者嘅意思本嚟係「將一嚿卷埋咗嘅嘢打開」，而家吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>上用呢隻詞係指「喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>歷史上，唔同類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>點樣由早期嘅形式發展出嚟」嘅一種自然現象。呢個詞喺廿一世紀初嘅英文入面亦有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a>嘅問題：喺日常英文用語裏面，evolution 呢隻字有時俾人用嚟指發展或者進步等嘅意思，又或者係喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B5%E7%89%A9%E5%B0%8F%E7%B2%BE%E9%9D%88" title="寵物小精靈">某啲大眾媒體</a>嗰度指一啲「有啲似生物學上嘅進化，但又唔係生物學上嘅進化嘅嘢」。因為噉，家陣啲生物學家喺做親乜嘢有關進化嘅學術討論嗰陣，好多時都會清楚噉講到明佢哋傾緊嘅係 <dl><dd>生物進化（biological evolution）</dd></dl> －指一個族群嘅生物隨住世代而出現遺傳上嘅改變嘅一種自然現象<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a>。 對進化論嘅發展貢獻重大嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文">達爾文</a>都有用 evolve 呢隻字：達爾文喺佢本名著《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物種起源">物種起源</a>》<a href="#cite_note-14">[e 1]</a>嘅 1859 年第一版係用 evolved 呢隻字結尾嘅；而雖然達爾文打後又有用 <ul><li>經過改變嘅繼承<a href="#cite_note-15">[e 2]</a>、</li> <li>改變過程<a href="#cite_note-16">[e 3]</a>同埋</li> <li>物種改變嘅原理<a href="#cite_note-17">[e 4]</a></li></ul> 等嘅字眼嚟形容生物進化嘅概念，不過到咗《物種起源》最後嘅 1876 年第六版，達爾文用咗 evolution 呢隻字好多次，仲直接嗌佢套理論做進化論<a href="#cite_note-18">[e 5]</a>，奠定咗 evolution 呢隻字嘅使用<a href="#cite_note-19">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[13]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>會用嘅進化一詞，被指係由<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="和製漢字">和製漢字</a>嗰度<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞">借過嚟</a>嘅：《物種起源》第一本<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="中文">中文</a>版由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%90%9B%E6%AD%A6" title="馬君武">馬君武</a>翻譯，同早期少少嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文">日文</a>版一樣用而家用緊嘅進化一詞；而喺廿一世紀初，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>以外嘅大中華地區普遍都係用緊進化呢兩隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>表示 evolution 嘅意思－喺粵語入邊，呢兩隻字係讀做 zeon3 faa3 嘅<a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a>。 順帶一提，廿世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>又有用天演（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/進化/#yue">tin1 jin2</a>）呢隻字詞指 evolution，呢隻少人用嘅字詞係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%BE%A9" title="嚴復">嚴復</a>譯嗰本《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94%E8%AB%96" title="天演論">天演論</a>》嗰度走出嚟嘅<a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本概念">基本概念</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg/240px-Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg/360px-Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg/480px-Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>呢兩仔爺對<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="耳仔">耳仔</a>一個板。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="進化生物學">進化生物學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遺傳">遺傳</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型">基因型</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">表現型</a></div> 廿一世紀進化論最基本嘅概念係<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[e 6]</a>，即係<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D" title="父母">父母</a>將自己嘅特徵傳俾<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%94%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="仔女">仔女</a>嘅過程。由日常生活嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>可以得知以下嘅事實<a href="#cite_note-24">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[17]</a>： <ul><li>人與人之間喺各種特徵－包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="頭髮">頭髮</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="眼珠">眼珠</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="色水">色水</a>以至<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%98" title="身高">身高</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E8%83%BD" title="體能">體能</a>等－上有差異<a href="#cite_note-26">[18]</a>；</li> <li>人喺特徵傾向會似自己嘅父母（遺傳），但又好少可會同父母完全一個板<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a>；</li> <li>有一啲特徵－例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%A4%E7%97%95" class="mw-redirect" title="疤痕">疤痕</a>噉－係無論如何都唔能夠由父母直接傳俾仔女嘅；</li> <li>上述嘅現象喺第啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>以至<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>身上都可以觀察得到。</li></ul> 由呢啲簡單嘅觀察嗰度，可以作出以下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>：是但搵任何一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>，佢會由父母身上繼承一啲嘢（呢啲嘢就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型">基因型</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[e 7]</a>），呢啲嘢會對佢最後嘅整體特徵（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">表現型</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[e 8]</a>）有深遠嘅影響，但後天得到嘅特徵（例如疤痕）似乎多數都唔會影響返基因型轉頭，所以唔會直接由父母傳俾仔女。上述嘅假說喺廿世紀初引起咗學界一個疑問：特徵係點樣由父母傳去仔女嗰度嘅呢？對於呢個問題，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學界">生物學界</a>喺 1940 至 1950 年代做嘅研究表明，<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> 正正就係喺遺傳過程發生嘅媒介，而呢個重大發現定立咗現代<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>嘅基礎<a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pearson2006-32">[22]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因組">基因組</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg/langyue-240px-Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg/langyue-360px-Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg/langyue-480px-Diagram_showing_a_double_helix_of_a_chromosome_CRUK_065.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>將一條 DNA 解開嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="抽象">抽象</a>圖解；地球嘅生物有由 C、G、A、T 四個唔同款嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>配對組成嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8D" title="鹼基對">鹼基對</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a>最基本嘅單位係<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8D" title="鹼基對">鹼基對</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[e 9]</a>：一條 <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>由一排排成雙成對嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>（<a href="#cite_note-34">[e 10]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>嘅一種）組成，後者可以有四個唔同款－ C、G、A、T －呢啲款嘅配對同排列會影響到隻生物體內蛋白質嘅產生等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>過程，而呢啲生命過程會影響隻生物嘅特徵（例：<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>就係由蛋白質組成嘅，所以影響身體嘅蛋白質產生就會影響隻動物嘅肌肉嘅粗幼）；呢啲配對同排列喺隻隻生物入面都唔同，所以<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>同物種之間同埋個體同個體之間會喺特徵上有差異<a href="#cite_note-pearson2006-32">[22]</a>。 基因組嘅分層結構如下<a href="#cite_note-35">[註 3]</a>： <ul><li>一條 <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>上嘅每個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[e 11]</a>都可以由若干對鹼基對組成：隻隻生物嘅基因組入面似乎都有一啲醶基對係冇用嘅，而且一個遺傳特徵可以係由好幾對醶基對一齊決定嘅，一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>係指一條 DNA 分子入面某柞一齊做某個功能嘅鹼基對。</li> <li>如果有某段 DNA 喺唔同個體入面唔有幾個唔同款，呢啲唔同款就係彼此嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="等位基因">等位基因</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[e 12]</a>。</li> <li>喺一隻生物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>入面，佢一條條嘅 DNA 會聚埋一齊形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體">染色體</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[e 13]</a>嘅結構<a href="#cite_note-39">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[24]</a>。</li> <li>一隻生物體內所有嘅染色體加埋嘅總體就係佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[e 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[25]</a>。</li></ul> 舉個例說明，人嘅基因組由 23 對（46 條）染色體組成，呢 23 對染色體嘅 DNA 分子上面總共有成超過 30 億對嘅鹼基對；每一對鹼基對都可以係 CG、AT 等嘅唔同款，所以有好多個可能嘅組合；是但搵兩個人，佢哋身上嘅鹼基對有 99.5% 都係一樣嘅<a href="#cite_note-43">[26]</a>；之但係 30 億嘅 0.5% 都仲係一個好可觀嘅數字，所以人與人之間有唔細嘅個體同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="種族">種族</a>差異<a href="#cite_note-44">[27]</a>。如果一條 DNA 上面有某一段入面嘅鹼基對會一齊做某個特定功能（例如係決定頭髮嘅色水），噉佢哋就為止「一個基因」。人類嘅頭髮色水可以有黑、紅、同埋棕幾款，而「<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="黑頭髮">黑頭髮</a>嘅基因」同埋「<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="金頭髮">金頭髮</a>嘅基因」就係嗰段 DNA 嘅等位基因<a href="#cite_note-45">[28]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="定義進化">定義進化</h4></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="微進化">微進化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="宏進化">宏進化</a></div> 基因組喺理論思考上可以攞嚟<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>進化：隨住<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>過去，一班生物嘅基因組會（因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>等嘅原因）一代一代慢慢噉變，而某啲等位基因可能會完全取代其他等位基因又或者消失－例如有某啲表現型特徵可能好幫到班生物生存同繁殖，令到同佢相關嘅等位基因喺幾代之後就完全支配嗮個物種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%AB" title="基因庫">基因庫</a>（<a href="#cite_note-46">[e 15]</a> 指個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">族群</a>身上帶嘅所有基因），又或者因為個特徵太過唔啱生存（例如有個基因會搞到個個體<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="不育">不育</a>）等嘅原因所以好快消失咗。亦即係話喺呢個過程入面，某啲基因喺個物種嘅基因庫入面出現嘅頻率會慢慢變化，而呢個就係進化嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="操作定義">操作定義</a>（實際搞科研嗰陣用嘅定義）<a href="#cite_note-47">[29]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>化啲噉睇，進化嘅過程可以噉樣嚟想像：喺是但一點時間點搵個基因 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32d13273b9af4564fa2c421c96d039c414db8628" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.163ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{0}}">，<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32d13273b9af4564fa2c421c96d039c414db8628" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.163ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{0}}"> 嘅第 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"> 個複製品叫 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{0i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{0i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1ca01e497a826fca141df55f84205bd39771bc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.731ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{0i}}">，<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{0i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{0i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1ca01e497a826fca141df55f84205bd39771bc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.731ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{0i}}"> 傳到去下一代基因庫 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8788bf85d532fa88d1fb25eff6ae382a601c308" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.384ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}}"> 嗰度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會率</a>會唔等同於另一個基因嘅一個複製品（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{1i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{1i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55dfcc8d4d364a7048c921e653cd5ed4e5b74d41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.731ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{1i}}">），即係 <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(g_{0i}\subset x_{1})\neq \Pr(g_{1i}\subset x_{1})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⊂</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≠</mo> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⊂</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(g_{0i}\subset x_{1})\neq \Pr(g_{1i}\subset x_{1})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f9742eb9eff139530dfff7bf8b6d98a29cb47a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.132ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(g_{0i}\subset x_{1})\neq \Pr(g_{1i}\subset x_{1})}"><a href="#cite_note-48">[註 4]</a></dd></dl> 例如係好出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%BA%E5%B0%BA%E8%A0%96" title="樺尺蠖">樺尺蠖</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[e 16]</a>噉：樺尺蠖係一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%9B%BE" title="飛蛾">飛蛾</a>，本來係白色帶黑斑點嘅，不過喺 18 世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命">工業革命</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="工廠">工廠</a>排出大量黑色嘅廢氣，引致樺尺蠖族群嘅色水有所改變－<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="生態學家">生態學家</a>發現喺工業革命嗰兩個世紀期間，英格蘭樺尺蠖嘅色水變到黑鼆鼆噉色。根據生物學家嘅研究，呢個現象嘅原因如下－樺尺蠖嘅身體色水係由等位基因話事嘅，隻隻樺尺蠖身上都有決定佢身體色水嘅基因，而「白色帶斑點嘅基因」同埋「黑色嘅基因」係呢個基因嘅等位基因，喺英格蘭樺尺蠖由白色帶斑點變成近乎全黑嘅色水嘅過程當中，「黑色嘅基因」喺呢個族群嘅基因庫入面出現嘅頻率提升咗（黑色身體喺污染得勁嘅環境嗰度起到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="保護色">保護色</a>作用），而「白色帶斑點嘅基因」嘅出現頻率就相應跌咗－喺定義上就係一個進化嘅例子<a href="#cite_note-50">[30]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Biston.betularia.7200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biston.betularia.7200.jpg/270px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biston.betularia.7200.jpg/405px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biston.betularia.7200.jpg/540px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="1662" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg/270px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg/405px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg/540px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:">上：未經工業革命嘅樺尺蠖<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>； 下：工業革命後嘅樺尺蠖樣本<a href="#cite_note-51">[註 5]</a>。</div></div></div></div> 按照呢個定義，進化有得按時間尺度同差異程度分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="微進化">微進化</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[e 17]</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="宏進化">宏進化</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[e 18]</a>兩種： <ul><li>想像一個族群，佢哋嘅基因庫會一代一代噉變；喺（例如）10 代之後，個基因庫變到有些少唔同咗樣，不過第 10 代嘅個體同初代個體之間嘅差異仲未算明顯（基因決定特徵），喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分類">生物分類</a>上仲算係同一個物種，呢種喺相對短嘅時間之內發生、未至於令個生物族群完全變成第個物種嘅進化就係所謂嘅微進化，例子有正話提到樺尺蠖族群整體嘅變色過程<a href="#cite_note-54">[31]</a>；</li> <li>而家想像個族群一路進化落去，喺（例如）過咗 10,000 代之後，第 10,000 代嘅個體同初代個體之間有咗極大嘅差異（基因決定特徵），經已算係兩個唔同嘅物種，呢種喺長時間發生、會令個生物族群完全變成第個物種嘅進化就係所謂嘅宏進化，例子有由原始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="靈長目動物">靈長目動物</a>進化成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>嘅過程<a href="#cite_note-55">[32]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有性繁殖">有性繁殖</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolsex-dia1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Evolsex-dia1a.png/300px-Evolsex-dia1a.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Evolsex-dia1a.png/450px-Evolsex-dia1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Evolsex-dia1a.png/600px-Evolsex-dia1a.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>有性繁殖（左）同無性繁殖（右）嘅分別，M 代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC" title="公">公</a>、F 代表<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B8" title="乸">乸</a>；如果每個個體都生兩個後代，有性繁殖嗰方嘅人口會維持不變，而無性繁殖嗰方嘅人口每代會加倍。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="有性繁殖">有性繁殖</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德爾定律">孟德爾定律</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90" title="配子">配子</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="基因多樣性">基因多樣性</a></div> 遺傳係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>嘅一部份： <ul><li>喺原始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="無性生物">無性生物</a>當中，基因會直接由母體傳去後代嗰度－好似係細菌靠住一變二、二變四噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="細胞分裂">分裂</a>，出嘅後代係完全同母體一個餅印嘅。</li> <li>而喺好似人等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有性生物">有性生物</a>當中，繁殖需要兩個個體（父母）－喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="有性繁殖">有性繁殖</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[e 19]</a>嘅過程，父母嗰度會各自發生<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="細胞分裂">細胞分裂</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[e 20]</a>，雙方都會各自俾一啲基因出嚟，而且呢個過程當中父母俾出嘅基因仲會獨立分別噉洗牌；喺人同其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>入面，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="性染色體">性染色體</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[e 21]</a>係繁殖嘅關鍵，人<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="男性">男性</a>嘅性染色體係一條 <a href="/wiki/X_%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="X 染色體">X 染色體</a>同一條 <a href="/wiki/Y_%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="Y 染色體">Y 染色體</a>，而人<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="女性">女性</a>嘅就係兩條 X 染色體；喺繁殖嘅過程嗰度，父母會各自將自己嘅其中一條性染色體傳俾個仔女，而呢個過程會決定個細路嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="性別">性別</a>：如果阿爸俾咗自己條 Y 染色體嘅話就會生仔，而如果佢俾咗自己條 X 染色體嘅話就會生女。性染色體將阿爸嘅基因型同阿媽嘅交俾仔女，所以仔女通常都會有啲似阿爸又有啲似阿媽，但唔會同是但一個完全一個餅印，而且呢個過程度仲會有少量嘅洗牌效應，會影響邊個等位基因同邊個等位基因黐埋一齊<a href="#cite_note-59">[33]</a>，令到佢哋嘅仔女身上嘅等位基因會係父母等位基因嘅新組合<a href="#cite_note-60">[34]</a>，所以通常<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="兄弟">兄弟</a>唔會完全一樣樣，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9" title="姊妹">姊妹</a>都唔會完全一樣樣<a href="#cite_note-61">[35]</a>。</li></ul> 有性繁殖係一把雙面刃<a href="#cite_note-62">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[38]</a>：首先，有性繁殖效率相對低，喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%80%A7%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2" title="兩性異形">兩性有明顯差異</a>嘅物種（例如係人）嗰度，父母淨係得一方可以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%97%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="佗仔">佗仔</a>；而且靠有性繁殖生下一代嘅個體淨係有得將佢一半嘅基因傳俾下一代，再過多兩代就得返嗰八分之一；雖然有性繁殖理論上有缺點，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[e 22]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[e 23]</a>比較多係行有性繁殖嘅。廿一世紀生物學界一般認為原因在於有性繁殖令一個族群內部有返咁上下<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="基因多樣性">多樣性</a>：就噉複製母體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="無性繁殖">無性繁殖</a>創造出嚟嘅後代同母體一個板；相比之下，有性繁殖當中嘅基因洗牌過程令一個物種嘅基因庫更加多樣化，好多時會令到進化嘅過程更加快<a href="#cite_note-67">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[40]</a>，而呢一點可能會令個物種更加有能力適應係噉變嘅環境－如果一個物種嘅個體全部都係靠無性繁殖生產後代，個物種繁殖嗰陣就會少咗「唔同個體嘅基因溝埋同重新組合」呢個步驟，噉佢哋嘅基因多樣性就會低得好交關－佢哋啲個體個個都差唔多樣，爭嘅資源都一樣，噉一發生起啲乜嘢天然災害，資源短缺起上嚟就好容易會一吓過死嗮<a href="#cite_note-69">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[42]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/750px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/1125px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/1500px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>下睇到、畀研究者上咗色嘅人類染色體</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="機制">機制</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antibiotic_resistance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antibiotic_resistance.svg/langyue-240px-Antibiotic_resistance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antibiotic_resistance.svg/langyue-360px-Antibiotic_resistance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antibiotic_resistance.svg/langyue-480px-Antibiotic_resistance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>細菌透過物競天擇產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="抗藥性">抗藥性</a>嘅抽象圖解；抗藥能力（以色水表示）勁啲嘅個體（一個圓圈代表一個個體）先生存到落嚟，所以得佢哋有得繁殖，佢哋嘅後代都會傾向抗藥能力勁。</figcaption></figure> 進化定義係指一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">族群</a>嘅基因庫隨時間演變嘅過程：當某個<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="等位基因">等位基因</a>喺個物種嘅基因庫入面出現嘅頻率變嗰陣，進化就發生咗。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="進化機制">進化機制</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[e 24]</a>係指引致基因庫一代一代噉改變嘅原因。根據廿一世紀嘅進化論，進化機制主要有以下呢啲<a href="#cite_note-72">[43]</a>： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物競天擇">物競天擇</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[e 25]</a>係由達爾文喺佢本名著《物種起源》嗰度提出嘅。「通過物競天擇進行嘅進化」係指某啲等位基因因為有利於生存同繁殖而變得更加常見嘅過程。例如身上帶有「<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="抗藥性">抗藥能力</a>勁嘅基因」嘅細菌個體比較能夠生存落去同埋繁殖，所以喺下一代入面「抗藥能力勁嘅基因」呢個等位基因就變得更加常見。呢個機制成日俾人話佢係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%AD%89%E8%87%AA%E6%98%8E" title="不證自明">不證自明</a>嘅，因為個機制係三個簡單事實嘅必然結果<a href="#cite_note-lew-74">[44]</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">表現型</a>差異：就算係喺一個族群嘅生物入面，個體彼此之間喺形態、生理、行為等各方面（表現型）有所差異；</li> <li>適應能力差異：唔同嘅表現型特徵對於生存同繁殖嘅影響都唔同，例如「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%8B%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="皮下脂肪">皮下脂肪</a>厚」對於喺凍嘅地方生存有利，而「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="不育">不育</a>」對繁殖不利；</li> <li>適應能力嘅遺傳度：呢啲影響適應能力嘅表現型特徵受基因影響，有啲甚至完全由基因話事嘅，所以有得一代傳一代。</li></ul> 喺野外，好多時「生咗出嚟嘅下一代」數量大過「有得生存落去嘅下一代」，而呢啲原因令到同一個物種之間嘅個體會爭生存所需嘅資源（例如係爭<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>）同埋繁殖嘅機會（例如係爭伴侶）。喺呢啲競爭嗰度，某啲個體因為先天優勢所以比較大機會爭贏，好似係天生大隻啲聰明啲所以比較擅長搵嘢食，或者天生個樣靚啲所以比較容易搵到伴侶，於是乎呢啲有先天優勢嘅個體同冇咁有優勢嘅比起上嚟，會比較有能力生存同繁殖－將自己身上嘅基因傳去下一代嗰度<a href="#cite_note-75">[45]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="進化適應度">進化適應度</h4></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="進化適應度">進化適應度</a></div> 物競天擇帶出咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="進化適應度">進化適應度</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[e 26]</a>呢個概念。一隻生物嘅進化適應度係指佢生存同繁殖嘅能力，而呢個能力決定佢有幾大<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會</a>將自己身上嘅基因傳去下一代。某隻生物嘅進化適應度係以「比例上有幾多後代帶有嚟自嗰隻生物嘅基因」嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>嘅<a href="#cite_note-77">[46]</a>，所以進化適應度唔係齋睇佢可以生到幾多個後代嘅－就算佢生到嘅仔女嘅數量係同類個體嘅十倍，如果嗰啲仔女因為太虛弱或者佢唔識照顧等嘅原因而生存唔到，呢隻生物嘅進化適應度都唔會好高<a href="#cite_note-lew-74">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[47]</a>。 一個特徵（或者等位基因）嘅進化適應度唔係定死咗唔變嘅。如果個族群住嘅環境變咗，本嚟係中性或者有害嘅特徵可能會變成有利嘅特徵，反之亦然<a href="#cite_note-79">[48]</a>，例如係頭先講咗嘅樺尺蠖嘅例子噉樣，喺一個乾淨嘅自然環境嗰度，生到成身黑色會令到隻蠖變得更加樣眼，更加容易俾啲獵食者睇到同捉嚟食，但喺工業革命嗰陣，啲工廠噴咗好多污染物出嚟，搞到佢哋住嘅地方好多都變咗黑鼆鼆噉嘅色，喺呢個環境當中，「成身黑色」反而變咗做個有利嘅特徵，令到隻蠖變得冇咁樣眼。地球一路都有好多<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC" title="地殼">地殼</a>活動、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%81" title="洋流">洋流</a>等嘅嘢令地球嘅環境不斷噉變化，而呢啲變化令到地球上嘅生物要係噉進化嚟適應新環境，亦都令地球嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[e 27]</a>變得更加高<a href="#cite_note-81">[49]</a>。 物競天擇可以大致上噉用以下嘅 <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="源碼">碼</a>嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">模擬</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[50]</a>： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>var p; // 基因 P 喺個族群當中嘅出現率 var N = 2000; var generations = 200; var data = []; var simulations = 10; // 定義咗柞子程序先。 function next_generation(simulation_data) { // 呢個子程序負責由一代嘅數據計下一代嘅樣 var draws = 2 * N; var A1 = 0; var A2 = 0; for (var i = 0; i < draws; i = i + 1) { // p 乘嘅數值代表基因 P 有幾有利生存繁殖，嗰個數值愈高愈表示基因 P 有利生存繁殖。 if (Math.random() <= p * 1.01) { // 喺呢個個案入面，0.5 * 1.01 大過 0.5，所以 A1 嘅數值比較有可能上升。 A1 = A1 + 1; } else { A2 = A2 + 1; } } p = A1/draws; // 將 p 設做一代後，基因 P 喺個族群當中嘅出現頻率。如果 p 上面乘嗰個數大過 1，噉 p 嘅數值傾向會升。 simulation_data.push(p); } function simulation(simulation_counter) { // 呢個子程序負責做模擬。 p = 0.5; // 設 p 做 0.5，即係個族群入面一半個體有基因 P。 for (var i = 0; i < generations; i = i + 1) { // 行 200 代（設咗 generations = 200）。 next_generation(data[simulation_counter]); // 行 next_generation 呢個子程序，行 200 次。 } } // 個主程序喺呢度。 for (var i = 0; i < simulations; i = i + 1) { // 做 10 次模擬（設咗 simulations = 10）， data.push([]); // 每次都將計出嘅數據放入 data[] 呢個 array 嗰度。 simulation(i); // 行 simulation 呢個子程序。 } draw_line_chart(data,"Generation","p",["Population Size:",N,"Generations:",generations]); // 最後畫條線，以 X 軸表示代，Y 軸表示 p；如果「p * 1.01」當中 p 乘嗰個數大過 1，通常條線會係一條有好多起起跌跌、但總體偏升嘅線。 </pre></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg/540px-BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg/810px-BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg/1080px-BrownFractionalH75Seed1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><center>想像 Y 軸表示「某個有利等位基因嘅出現頻率」，X 軸代表「第幾代」。</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人工選擇">人工選擇</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectio_caesarea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sectio_caesarea.jpg/300px-Sectio_caesarea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sectio_caesarea.jpg/450px-Sectio_caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sectio_caesarea.jpg/600px-Sectio_caesarea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>比利時藍係一種好出名嘅肉牛。呢隻身上仲有開刀生仔留低嘅疤痕。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[e 28]</a>同物競天擇一樣，都係一個物種入面「有啲個體有得生存繁殖、有啲冇」而令個物種嘅基因庫一代一代噉變樣。同物競天擇唔同嘅係，喺人工選擇當中，負責揀「邊啲個體有得生存繁殖」嘅唔係大自然，而係人：喺人嘅歷史裏面，人有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%A4%8A" title="馴養">養</a>好多唔同種對佢哋有用嘅動物，好似係有得攞嚟看門口同<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="打獵">打獵</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>、用嚟捉<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="老鼠">老鼠</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>、用嚟幫手<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%95%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="耕田">耕田</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B" title="牛">牛</a>、用嚟騎同拉車嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" title="馬">馬</a>同埋用嚟食嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AC" title="豬">豬</a>呀噉。人好多時都有能力主宰佢哋養嘅動物嘅生存同埋繁殖－就自然有得決定佢哋所養嘅個體入面邊啲有得將自己嘅基因傳俾下一代。呢種機制就係所謂嘅人工選擇<a href="#cite_note-84">[51]</a>。 人工選擇一個出名嘅例子係<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E8%97%8D" title="比利時藍">比利時藍</a>：呢個品種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%89%9B" title="肉牛">肉牛</a>身上有種特殊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="基因變異">基因變異</a>，個變異令佢哋生<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>生得好勁（而牛肌肉係最好賣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉">牛肉</a>之一），同時亦都搞到佢哋啲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B8" title="乸">乸</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="生產道">生產道</a>變窄咗，成日都要靠開刀先至成功生到仔。呢種牛如果擺喺自然環境嗰度，應該會冇能力自己正常噉繁殖，好快會<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種">絕種</a>，但呢種牛係由人養嘅，而佢哋咁好肉令佢哋好有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="經濟價值">經濟價值</a>，亦都令到啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%A0%B4" title="牧場">牧場</a>肯揼錢幫佢哋開刀生仔－呢種喺自然環境嗰度冇能力成功生存繁殖嘅動物，喺人養嘅環境之下因為人嘅選擇而有得生存繁殖，所以就係人工選擇嘅一個例子<a href="#cite_note-85">[52]</a>。除咗比利時藍之外，動物靠人工選擇而進化嘅過程喺牧場或者係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B5%E7%89%A9" title="寵物">寵物</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="動物配種">配種</a>當中日日都發生緊<a href="#cite_note-86">[53]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因突變">基因突變</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg/240px-Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg/360px-Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg/480px-Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>突變搞到呢樖<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E8%91%89%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9" title="松葉牡丹">松葉牡丹</a>有兩朵花唔同咗色，但成樖嘢都仲係健康嘅－突變呢家嘢唔一定有害。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="基因突變">基因突變</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="基因突變">基因突變</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[e 29]</a>係指一個細胞嘅基因組嘅某段 DNA 突然有變化。當有一段 DNA 變咗樣，相應嘅基因會有變化，可能會搞到個細胞冇能力繼續做佢做開嗰個功能，而如果呢個細胞屬於一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a>（例如係人類），隻多細胞生物可能會受害，例如一個人隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%87%82" class="mw-redirect" title="手臂">手臂</a>嘅肌肉細胞突變，可能會搞到嚿肌肉喪失功能，而呢點會對個人嘅生存造成危害。根據對<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%85%B9%E6%9E%9C%E8%A0%85" title="黑腹果蠅">黑腹果蠅</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[e 30]</a>嘅研究，如果一個突變令某個基因所產生嘅蛋白質有所改變，噉個突變通常（70% 嘅情況下）會係有害嘅，而喺淨低嘅情況下，個突變就會係冇影響或者有些少好處嘅<a href="#cite_note-89">[54]</a>。 DNA 上好多時會有複製咗幾次嘅基因，而呢啲「多咗幾份出嚟」嘅基因被指係有利於突變嘅發生<a href="#cite_note-90">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[56]</a>：喺好多生物物種嘅 DNA 當中都會有「做同一樣功能嘅基因多咗幾份」嘅情況，例例如係喺人 DNA 負責整<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="眼珠">眼珠</a>嘅基因當中，有 4 個基因係用嚟整感光結構嘅，而有 3 個基因整<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E9%8C%90%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="視錐細胞">視錐細胞</a>同 1 個基因整<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%A1%BF%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="視桿細胞">視桿細胞</a>，而呢柞基因本來都係由一個基因演變出嚟嘅<a href="#cite_note-92">[57]</a>；想像家陣有個基因因為突變而壞咗，做唔到佢原有嘅功能，但條 DNA 上有呢個基因嘅複製品，噉啲複製品就可以做埋嗰個基因嗰份，等隻生物唔會因為突變搞到佢做唔到某啲對生存繁殖嚟講必要嘅功能－「一個基因多咗幾份」可以間接令「靠突變嚟進化」呢家嘢對個體以至成個物種嚟講風險冇咁高<a href="#cite_note-93">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[59]</a>。除此之外，第啲類型嘅突變仲可以由本來冇用嘅 DNA 嗰度變啲全新嘅基因出嚟<a href="#cite_note-95">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[61]</a>。 新基因嘅產生可以涉及由幾個基因嗰度每個切一截出嚟再組合<a href="#cite_note-97">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[63]</a>。喺呢個過程入面，每個基因嘅功能嘅某一部份會俾佢拆出嚟再組合埋一齊做一個新功能－雖然呢個新功能唔一定有用或者有益<a href="#cite_note-99">[64]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因流動">基因流動</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[e 31]</a>係指同一個物種唔同族群之間或者物種之間交流基因嘅過程，係一個族群或者物種攞前所未接觸過嘅基因嘅一種方法：一個族群嘅個體可以搬去第啲同物種嘅族群嗰度住，並且同新族群嘅個體交配同生下一代－人就成日都做呢樣嘢，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91" title="移民">移民</a>去第個國家，跟手喺嗰度落地生根同埋同當地人通婚。除咗人之外，喺同一笪<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="大陸">大陸</a>嗰度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="老鼠">老鼠</a>都可能分做好多個族群，而啲老鼠耐唔耐就會搞遷徙，造成唔同老鼠族群之間嘅基因流動<a href="#cite_note-101">[65]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_flow_Figure_19_02_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gene_flow_Figure_19_02_04.jpg/500px-Gene_flow_Figure_19_02_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Gene_flow_Figure_19_02_04.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> 上圖係基因流動嘅抽象圖解；想像家陣有兩個族群（唔同顏色）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E8%9F%B2" title="甲蟲">甲蟲</a>，佢哋兩個群體俾座山隔開咗，箭咀表示基因嘅傳遞，右邊族群具有令到隻蟲深色嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="等位基因">等位基因</a>，而右邊族群入面有隻個體遷徙去左邊族群嗰度，喺嗰度搵到伴侶生後代，令左邊地區首次有咗隻深色嘅甲蟲。睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E6%80%A7" title="顯性">顯性</a>。 物種之間嘅基因流動會涉及所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E5%90%91%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="橫向基因轉移">橫向基因轉移</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[e 32]</a>－即係一啲基因由一隻生物傳去另一隻唔係佢仔女嘅生物嗰度。呢種事通常喺細菌入面至會發生<a href="#cite_note-103">[66]</a>，而且仲會搞到<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>研究者好頭痛：一個物種嘅細菌俾<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5" title="藥">藥</a>殺到咁上下會開始<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5" title="抗藥">抗藥</a>－冇抗藥能力嘅個體話咁快死嗮，淨返抗藥能力勁嘅個體先會生存到落嚟，抗藥能力勁嘅個體跟手會繁殖（抗藥能力受基因影響）生一啲同佢哋一樣抗藥能力勁嘅下一代，最後成個物種變到抗藥能力愈嚟愈強。除咗噉，細菌仲有可能做橫向基因轉移將自己嘅抗藥基因傳俾第啲物種嘅細菌，搞到成柞細菌物種都變到有抗藥能力<a href="#cite_note-104">[67]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因漂變">基因漂變</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="基因漂變">基因漂變</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="基因漂變">基因漂變</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[e 33]</a>係指一個等位基因喺一個族群入面出現嘅頻率因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="抽樣誤差">抽樣誤差</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[e 34]</a>而有所改變嘅過程：有性繁殖嘅父母基因洗牌過程（即係由阿爸嗰度抽一半、由阿媽嗰度又抽一半）係帶有些少<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F" title="隨機">隨機</a>嘅－就算一個等位基因嘅適應度唔差過第啲等位基因，個基因都可能會喺「抽基因」過程當中咁啱抽唔到佢傳落去後代嗰度，搞到佢嘅出現頻率喺兩代之間有隨機性質嘅下降<a href="#cite_note-107">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[69]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BesselProcess1D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BesselProcess1D.svg/540px-BesselProcess1D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BesselProcess1D.svg/810px-BesselProcess1D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BesselProcess1D.svg/1080px-BesselProcess1D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> 數學化啲噉講，可以想像上圖，X 軸代表時間，而三條唔同色嘅線分別代表三個描述緊一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="隨機過程">隨機過程</a>（例如進化）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>。隨機過程本質上就會有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="誤差">誤差</a>：例如 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{t}=f(x_{t-1})+e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{t}=f(x_{t-1})+e}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8617dcef22d4f50df91c45753614e33d9fb07546" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.522ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{t}=f(x_{t-1})+e}">，當中 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f279a30bc8eabc788f3fe81c9cfb674e72e858db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.156ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{t}}"> 指喺時間點 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"> 嘅 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"> 數值（例：喺時間點 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}">，某等位基因喺基因庫入面嘅出現頻率），<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"> 係一個特定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數">函數</a>（反映 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f279a30bc8eabc788f3fe81c9cfb674e72e858db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.156ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{t}}"> 點樣受到 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{t-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{t-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5218e6b1bb5ac7a2f8f61a01c8ab2cdce1a8ae1e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.256ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{t-1}}"> 影響），而 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"> 係帶有隨機性質嘅誤差值；條線會有好多相對細幅度嘅上上落落。 基因漂變淨係會喺兩種情況之下停止：一係個等位基因完全喺個物種嘅基因庫嗰度消失（例：個族群完全冇嗮金頭髮嘅個體），一係個等位基因完全取代嗮第啲等位基因（例：個族群淨係得返金頭髮嘅個體）；如果以上兩個情況冇發生，噉一個等位基因嘅出現率喺唔同世代之間實會有些少上上落落。同時，如果有個屬同一個物種嘅族群（例如係人）因為遷徙等嘅原因而分開做兩組各自獨立發展，就算佢哋各自本來嘅基因庫同埋新環境完全一樣，兩組喺好幾代之後嘅基因庫都梗會有些少唔同<a href="#cite_note-109">[70]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="效果">效果</h2></div> 進化會影響一個生物<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">族群</a>每一方面嘅特徵：基因左右一隻生物身體嘅蛋白質產生，所以會影響隻生物嘅外型同身體功能；除此之外，進化仲有可能改變一個物種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>－蛋白質產生會影響<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅結構同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>上嘅研究表明咗，神經系統嘅結構同生理特性主宰一隻動物嘅行為同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>特徵<a href="#cite_note-ryle1949-110">[71]</a>，例如喺人身上做嘅研究就發現，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>（IQ）相當大程度上係受遺傳因素主宰嘅<a href="#cite_note-111">[72]</a>。進化造成嘅各方面改變會影響一個物種嘅生存同繁殖，亦都會影響到佢哋嘅進化適應度，主要會有幾個效果： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="適應">適應</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="適應">適應</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="進化生態學">進化生態學</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="適應">適應</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[e 35]</a>指「一個物種慢慢噉變到更加適合喺佢哋嘅環境嗰度生存同繁殖」嘅一個過程<a href="#cite_note-113">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[74]</a>。好似喺正話提到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%BA%E5%B0%BA%E8%A0%96" title="樺尺蠖">樺尺蠖</a>例子噉，樺尺蠖族群整體嚟講變成黑鼆鼆噉嘅色水，呢點令佢哋更加能夠匿埋喺周圍黑鼆鼆嘅環境嗰度，更加擅長避開<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="獵食者">獵食者</a>同生存落去－而噉樣主要係因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>嘅過程，白晒晒噉色嘅樺尺蠖更加容易俾獵食者擔走，而後者冇咁生存到落嚟，淨係得黑色樺尺蠖有得繁殖，所以佢哋更加大<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會</a>將自己嘅基因（包括「令佢哋黑鼆鼆噉色」嘅基因）傳俾下一代，於是「黑鼆鼆噉色」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="等位基因">等位基因</a>出現頻率上升，令到個物種變到多數都係黑鼆鼆噉嘅色水。呢種「透過進化變到更加適合喺環境嗰度生存同繁殖」嘅過程，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="生物學家">生物學家</a>喺好多個細菌、植物同動物物種身上都有觀察得到<a href="#cite_note-115">[75]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 499.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 497.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakicetus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="巴基鯨[e 36]嘅重組圖[註 6]；佢哋係現代鯨魚嘅祖先，有腳。"><img alt="巴基鯨[e 36]嘅重組圖[註 6]；佢哋係現代鯨魚嘅祖先，有腳。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pakicetus_BW.jpg/746px-Pakicetus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="498" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Pakicetus_BW.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E9%AF%A8" title="巴基鯨">巴基鯨</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[e 36]</a>嘅重組圖<a href="#cite_note-117">[註 6]</a>；佢哋係現代鯨魚嘅祖先，有腳。</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 731.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 729.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_skeleton.png" class="mw-file-description" title="廿一世紀嘅鬚鯨棚骨；喺鬚鯨進化史當中，佢哋對前腳（a 同 b 兩嚿骨）變咗做鰭，變得更加擅長游水。"><img alt="廿一世紀嘅鬚鯨棚骨；喺鬚鯨進化史當中，佢哋對前腳（a 同 b 兩嚿骨）變咗做鰭，變得更加擅長游水。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whale_skeleton.png/1094px-Whale_skeleton.png" decoding="async" width="730" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Whale_skeleton.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">廿一世紀嘅鬚鯨棚<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="骨骼">骨</a>；喺鬚鯨進化史當中，佢哋對前腳（a 同 b 兩嚿骨）變咗做鰭，變得更加擅長游水。</div> </li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg/240px-Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg/360px-Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg/480px-Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>雞唔識飛，但仲有對「翼」－雞對翼係一個痕跡器官<a href="#cite_note-118">[76]</a>。</figcaption></figure> 喺進化適應嘅過程入面，一個族群嘅已有身體結構會慢慢噉變<a href="#cite_note-119">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[78]</a>，佢哋可能會得到一啲新特徵，又或者失去某啲已有特徵。好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%9A%E9%AF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="鬚鯨">鬚鯨</a>嘅進化史噉，對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>等證據嘅研究顯示，鬚鯨嘅遠古祖先（可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E9%AF%A8%E7%A7%91" title="巴基鯨科">巴基鯨科</a>）係有<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3" title="腳">腳</a>嘅陸上動物，後嚟因為某啲原因走咗去近<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>嘅地方住，甚至乎開始<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B0%B4" title="游水">游水</a>（嚟捉<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="魚">魚</a>食或者避開一啲唔識游水嘅獵食者）；打後佢哋嘅後代嘅腳就愈嚟愈變到似<a href="/wiki/%E9%B0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鰭">鰭</a>，令到佢哋變得更加擅長游水（同時失去喺陸地上面行嘅能力）<a href="#cite_note-121">[79]</a>。同樣嘅適應過程喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蝙蝠">蝙蝠</a>身上都見得到：蝙蝠對翼嘅骨架同<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="老鼠">老鼠</a>嘅腳嘅骨架有好多相似嘅地方，而研究亦都顯示蝙蝠同老鼠有某啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="共同祖先">共同祖先</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[e 37]</a>，但兩者打後就分開各自進化<a href="#cite_note-123">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[81]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="痕跡器官">痕跡器官</h4></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="痕跡器官">痕跡器官</a></div> 喺進化適應嘅過程當中，某啲身體結構可能會失去原有功能，但又未完全消失得嗮，變成所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="痕跡器官">痕跡器官</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[e 38]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[82]</a>。好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E" title="雞">雞</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E9%B5%9D" title="企鵝">企鵝</a>呢啲唔曉飛嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳥類">鳥類</a>噉樣，查實佢哋嘅祖先有好強壯嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BC" title="翼">翼</a>，而且佢哋有好多現代近親物種都曉飛，但雞同企鵝已經唔曉飛（雖然企鵝進化到好擅長游水），淨係得返對又冇力又飛唔起、但仲未消失嗮嘅翼<a href="#cite_note-127">[83]</a>。除咗噉，痕跡器官例子仲有一啲喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97" class="mw-redirect" title="黑暗">黑暗</a>環境生活，進化到得返對盲眼嘅魚類<a href="#cite_note-128">[84]</a>同埋係明明經已冇腳但係仲有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E9%AA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="盤骨">盤骨</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A" title="鯨魚">鯨魚</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇">蛇</a>呀噉<a href="#cite_note-129">[85]</a>。人亦都有啲好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E9%BD%92" class="mw-redirect" title="智慧齒">智慧齒</a>等嘅痕跡器官<a href="#cite_note-130">[86]</a>。 <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> Info：「退化」 由痕跡器官嘅概念當中睇得到，進化通常會令到一個族群嘅生物整體上變得更加擅長喺住緊個環境度生存同埋繁殖，但唔一定會令到佢哋變得更加「高等」或者「複雜」：頭先鬚鯨同雞等嘅例子就係噉，進化好多時係透過「失去某啲嘢」嚟令個族群更加適應到環境嘅－鬚鯨喺佢哋嘅進化過程嗰度少咗對腳，呢樣嘢係令到佢哋行唔到路，但同時令到佢哋嘅身體唔使生腳，空咗啲資源出嚟，可以更加專注於將身上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="營養">營養</a>用嚟組成游水用嘅鰭，令佢哋游水叻咗，總體更加適應到喺海入面生活<a href="#cite_note-131">[87]</a>。 因為噉，專業嘅生物學家唔會用退化<a href="#cite_note-132">[e 39]</a>呢隻詞－「進化」喺生物學嘅定義上純粹係指一個族群嘅生物嘅基因庫有改變，呢啲基因上嘅改變可以引致班生物嘅身體多咗啲新嘅嘢，或者少噉咗啲舊嘅嘢，而兩種情況都有可能幫到班生物適應佢哋住緊嘅環境。「退化」呢隻詞嘅出現純粹係因為一般人同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="大眾媒體">大眾媒體</a>對進化論嘅誤解，以為一種生物進化就實要係「多咗啲嘢」或者「變得更加高等」<a href="#cite_note-133">[註 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[88]</a>。 亦可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%AA" title="定向進化說">定向進化說</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96" title="目的論">目的論</a>等已經畀現代生物學界否決咗嘅諗法。 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物種形成">物種形成</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liger_couple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liger_couple.jpg/300px-Liger_couple.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liger_couple.jpg/450px-Liger_couple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liger_couple.jpg/600px-Liger_couple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>兩隻獅虎；研究表明，獅虎喺絕大多數情況下都冇生殖能力。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成">物種形成</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成">物種形成</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[e 40]</a>係指「本來同屬一個物種嘅族群分開，並且各自獨立發展做兩個或者以上唔同物種」嘅過程<a href="#cite_note-gav-136">[89]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="物種概念">物種概念</h4></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="物種概念">物種概念</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[e 41]</a>喺廿一世紀初嘅生物學界都仲係一個有些少爭議性嘅概念。最基本上，物種可以用交配嚟定義嘅，即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="生物物種概念">生物物種概念</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[e 42]</a>：喺呢個定義下，一個「物種」嘅生物指嘅係一個或者多個族群嘅生物，而呢啲族群係<a href="#cite_note-139">[90]</a> <ol><li>有能力同對方配種－指正常嘅異性個體有能力同對方交配並且生出有繁殖能力嘅後代；而且</li> <li>喺繁殖上同其他族群分開嘅。</li></ol> 例如係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>呢個族群噉，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%A8%AE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="白種人">白種人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%A8%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="黃種人">黃種人</a>－又或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢人">漢人</a>、又或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B0%91%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="廣府民系">粵人</a>同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E7%B3%BB" title="漢族民系">漢族民系</a>－之間有住血統同埋外型上嘅差異，但佢哋之間有能力配種（白人同黃種人通婚可以生到有生殖能力嘅後代出嚟），而呢幾個族群都係冇能力同人以外嘅生物配種嘅，例如一個人－無論佢係邊個人種都好－同一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" title="馬">馬</a>交配唔會生到啲乜嘢後代出嚟，所以人類係一個同馬唔同嘅物種<a href="#cite_note-140">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[92]</a>；又例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E8%99%8E" title="獅虎">獅虎</a>噉，公嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90" title="獅子">獅子</a>同乸嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%99%8E" title="老虎">老虎</a>交配可以生到獅虎呢種動物出嚟，但獅虎幾乎係一定冇生殖能力嘅，所以獅子同埋老虎喺生物學界先會俾人當做兩個唔同嘅物種嚟睇<a href="#cite_note-142">[93]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="形成機制">形成機制</h4></div> 物種形成主要有兩大機制：<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="異域物種形成">異域型</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[e 43]</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="同域物種形成">同域型</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[e 44]</a>。異域指多過一個族群嘅生物受地理上嘅隔離而由同一個物種變成多個唔同物種嘅過程<a href="#cite_note-145">[94]</a>，例如係因為遷徙等嘅原因同一個物種分開做幾組，搬去唔同嘅地方度住，再分別噉適應各自嘅環境而進化，如果佢哋要適應嘅環境唔同或者有明顯嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="基因漂變">基因漂變</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E7%95%B0%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="趨異進化">進化到咁上下</a>呢幾組之間嘅差異會大到冇能力同對方配種－變咗做唔同嘅物種。呢種分化喺人身上都睇得到：各個人種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9A%E8%89%B2" title="膚色">膚色</a>等特徵因為住嘅環境唔同而進化到唔一樣，只不過係人仲未分化到冇能力彼此之間配種，所以仲算係同一個物種<a href="#cite_note-gav-136">[89]</a>。如果將異域物種形成嘅過程畫做抽象化嘅圖解（色水表示基因庫嘅特徵）： <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 626px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 624px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allopatric_Speciation_(Process_diagram).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Original population－原初族群 Geographical barrier－地理分隔 Reproductive isolation－繁殖上嘅分離"><img alt="Original population－原初族群 Geographical barrier－地理分隔 Reproductive isolation－繁殖上嘅分離" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Allopatric_Speciation_%28Process_diagram%29.png/936px-Allopatric_Speciation_%28Process_diagram%29.png" decoding="async" width="624" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Allopatric_Speciation_%28Process_diagram%29.png/1405px-Allopatric_Speciation_%28Process_diagram%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Allopatric_Speciation_%28Process_diagram%29.png/1871px-Allopatric_Speciation_%28Process_diagram%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="758" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original population－原初族群 Geographical barrier－地理分隔 Reproductive isolation－繁殖上嘅分離</div> </li> </ul> 另一方面，同域物種形成係指有個新物種去到某一個環境，同一個固有物種喺同一個地區度住，但因為繁殖或者溝通等嘅行為差異而同唔到對方配種，最後兩者分化到變做兩個唔同嘅物種，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="印尼">印尼</a>就有一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蝙蝠">蝙蝠</a>因為佢哋之間把聲有差異，而且佢哋係靠認對方把聲嚟搵伴侶嘅，搞到佢哋產生咗幾個把聲唔同嘅族群。呢幾個族群仲要拒絕同其他族群交配，最後產生咗三個從來都未雜交嘅族群<a href="#cite_note-146">[95]</a>。如果畫做抽象化圖解嘅話： <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 491.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 489.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original population－原初族群 Isolation－（因為地理以外嘅因素造成嘅）分離"><img alt="Original population－原初族群 Isolation－（因為地理以外嘅因素造成嘅）分離" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg/734px-Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="490" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg/1102px-Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg/1467px-Sympatric_Speciation_Schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="656" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original population－原初族群 Isolation－（因為地理以外嘅因素造成嘅）分離</div> </li> </ul> 同域物種形成可以再細分做兩種：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="近域物種形成">近域型</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[e 45]</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%B0%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="鄰域物種形成">鄰域型</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[e 46]</a><a href="#cite_note-gav-136">[89]</a>。近域物種形成指一個族群地理上同原本嘅族群隔離咗，打後因為呢個新族群擴大而同本嚟嗰個族群有接觸，但喺呢個時候兩個族群嘅差異經已大到配唔到種－變咗做兩個唔同嘅物種<a href="#cite_note-149">[96]</a>；鄰域物種形成指嘅係一個族群分咗個細族群出嚟，而呢個細族群搬咗去就喺旁邊嘅地區度住，雖然兩個族群喺地理上相連，但係某啲交流上嘅困難搞到佢哋最後分化咗做唔同嘅物種<a href="#cite_note-150">[97]</a>。 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 349.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 347.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PT05_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="兩隻嚟自唔同地域嘅黑脊鷗"><img alt="兩隻嚟自唔同地域嘅黑脊鷗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PT05_ubt.jpeg/521px-PT05_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="348" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/PT05_ubt.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="558" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">兩隻嚟自唔同地域嘅黑脊鷗</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring_species_seagull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="黑脊鷗嘅居住地分佈；佢哋被指有種情況，係相鄰地區嘅黑脊鷗族群先至有能力同對方配種。"><img alt="黑脊鷗嘅居住地分佈；佢哋被指有種情況，係相鄰地區嘅黑脊鷗族群先至有能力同對方配種。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ring_species_seagull.svg/359px-Ring_species_seagull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ring_species_seagull.svg/540px-Ring_species_seagull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ring_species_seagull.svg/719px-Ring_species_seagull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="622" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">黑脊鷗嘅居住地分佈；佢哋被指有種情況，係相鄰地區嘅黑脊鷗族群先至有能力同對方配種。</div> </li> </ul> 最出名嘅鄰域物種形成例子係<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%8B%80%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="環狀物種">環狀物種</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[e 47]</a><a href="#cite_note-gav-136">[89]</a>。環狀物種係生物學上一個廣受討論嘅進化現象：一柞族群分別噉住喺一柞相鄰嘅區域嗰度，因為上述嘅進化過程令到佢哋當中地理上離對方愈遠嘅族群（遺傳上）愈係同對方唔同，而相鄰嘅族群之間嘅相似度高到足以同對方配種，但唔相鄰嘅族群就做唔到呢樣嘢。住喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%88" title="北極圈">北極圈</a>嗰頭嘅各<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%84%8A%E9%B7%97" title="黑脊鷗">黑脊鷗</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[e 48]</a>族群就被指有噉嘅情況<a href="#cite_note-153">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[99]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="概念衝擊">概念衝擊</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluster-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cluster-2.svg/300px-Cluster-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cluster-2.svg/450px-Cluster-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cluster-2.svg/600px-Cluster-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>呢柞物件可以按位置<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A7%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="座標">座標</a>分做三類，但三個類之間冇本質上嘅差異。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="本質主義">本質主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚類分析">聚類分析</a></div> 環狀物種等嘅現象反映出「物種」之間嘅分界查實係有些少含糊嘅。喺進化嘅過程入面，一個族群係慢慢噉變樣嘅，由一個物種進化到變成第個物種（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="宏進化">宏進化</a>）嘅過程唔係一吓就變出嚟，而係慢慢逐啲逐啲噉變嘅，所以同一個族群入面兩代之間實有配種嘅能力，世代同世代之間嘅差異唔係「一係就似一係就唔似」，而係「有幾似」： <ul><li>一般嚟講，假設冇乜嘢好勁嘅突變，第 1 代同第 10 代之間嘅差異會大過第 1 代同第 2 代之間嘅；</li> <li>而第 1 代同第 100 代之間嘅差異又會大過第 1 代同第 10 代之間嘅。</li></ul> 如此類推，個族群慢慢噉變吓變吓，（譬如）可能去到第 500 代，佢哋先會同第 1 代差異大到冇能力配種，之但係喺呢個情況嗰度，第 250 代同第 1 代有能力配種，而第 250 代又有能力同第 500 代配種。因為噉，對於進化嘅研究令到科學界理解到一點：唔同嘅生物「物種」之間查實冇話有乜嘢完全明確嘅分界線<a href="#cite_note-155">[註 8]</a>，而物種呢個概念到咗廿一世紀初，科學界一般都當佢只不過係一種為咗溝通方便嘅用詞，而唔係一個嚴謹嘅科學概念<a href="#cite_note-sober-156">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[101]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="絕種">絕種</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg/300px-Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg/450px-Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg/600px-Palais_de_la_Decouverte_Tyrannosaurus_rex_p1050042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%BE%8D" title="暴龍">暴龍</a>嘅骨頭；恐龍喺白堊紀滅絕事件期間大規模絕種，家吓得返啲化石同模型俾人睇。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種">絕種</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E6%A8%BD%E9%A0%B8" title="種群樽頸">種群樽頸</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種">絕種</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[e 49]</a>係指某一個物種或者屬某個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分類">生物分類</a>上嘅族群成個消失：當有一個物種，佢哋最後淨低嗰個個體都死埋嗰一刻，呢個物種算係絕咗種<a href="#cite_note-159">[102]</a>。 絕種喺生物進化史上面唔係啲乜嘢出奇嘅事，而係係噉不斷發生緊嘅。事實係據估計，地球上曾經存在過嘅物種當中絕大多數嘅都經已絕咗種，而且地球上曾經發生過好多次生物大規模絕種嘅情況（即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="集體絕種">集體絕種</a>），集體絕種多數係源於地球嘅環境－尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>－突然之間變得好犀利，搞到有好多生物族群嚟唔切進化去適應新嘅環境，並且因為噉而死嗮<a href="#cite_note-160">[103]</a>。最嚴重嗰五次集體絕種分別係發生喺 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%99%B6%E7%B4%80" title="奧陶紀">奧陶紀</a>後期（4 億 4 千萬年前）、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%B4%80" title="泥盆紀">泥盆紀</a>後期（3 億 6 千萬年前）、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="二疊紀">二疊紀</a>後期（2 億 5 千萬年前；大約 95% 嘅海洋生物同 70% 嘅陸地動物唔見咗）、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="三疊紀">三疊紀</a>後期（2 億 1 千萬年前）、同埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E7%B4%80" title="白堊紀">白堊紀</a>末期（6 千 5 百萬年前）。</li></ul> 當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E7%B4%80-%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%B4%80%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="白堊紀-古近紀滅絕事件">白堊紀-古近紀滅絕事件</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[e 50]</a>因為涉及到<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%8D" title="恐龍">恐龍</a>嘅絕種而好出名<a href="#cite_note-162">[104]</a>。除此之外，廿一世紀初嘅研究指，當時生物物種絕種嘅速度係正常速度嘅 100 到 1,000 倍，據估計主要係因為人嘅各種活動污染咗地球環境<a href="#cite_note-163">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[106]</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%9A%96%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="全球暖化">全球暖化</a>嘅現象<a href="#cite_note-165">[107]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="證據">證據</h2></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="進化論嘅證據">進化論嘅證據</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域一樣，會跟足<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>。噉講意思即係話，生物學界會根據手上已知係真嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>，諗一啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>出嚟解釋研究緊嘅現象，然後靠<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>嘅思考，去諗吓呢柞理論會做點樣嘅預測，跟手做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>嚟攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>，驗證吓個理論嘅預測係咪真確<a href="#cite_note-166">[108]</a>。根據廿世紀嘅生物學研究，進化論呢一個理論得到嚟自多個源頭嘅證據支撐，大致上有兩大流： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="微進化嘅證據">微進化嘅證據</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5" title="抗藥">抗藥</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="微進化">微進化</a>係指一個物種內部喺短時間內嘅基因庫變動，變動嘅幅度未至於令最新嗰代成為新嘅物種（最新嗰代同原初嗰代仲有能力配種）。微進化可以輕易噉<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>得到：生物學家可以由野外嘅動植物嗰度<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a>，睇吓唔同嘅動植物物種基因庫會點樣隨時間變化，再睇吓呢啲基因上嘅變化會同啲動植物嘅特徵有乜嘢<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">相關</a>，而呢啲研究的確發現咗野生動植物之間會有微進化嘅現象<a href="#cite_note-167">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[110]</a>。 除咗觀察性質嘅研究，生物學家仲有得做實驗：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>係用科學方法嚟驗證<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a>嘅手法之一，指做研究嘅人主動噉對研究緊嘅現象作出一啲操控，再睇吓個操控會產生點樣嘅結果（以及係個結果同理論所預測嘅有冇出入）。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="哈佛大學">哈佛大學</a>就曾經做過一個噉嘅實驗驗證微進化： <ul><li>研究人員將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C" title="大腸桿菌">大腸桿菌</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[e 51]</a>擺喺個缸入面養，呢個缸愈近中間嘅地方就放咗愈高<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="濃度">濃度</a>嘅抗生素喺度－抗生素會殺死大腸桿菌，所以只有對抗生素抵抗力勁嘅大腸桿菌先會能夠喺近中間嘅地方生存；</li> <li>實驗結果顯示，一如<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>作嘅假說所料，喺個缸邊緣地區（抗生素濃度低）嘅大腸桿菌死唔去，跟手仲繁殖，生到對抗生素抵抗力一代勁過一代，最後仲散佈去到個缸嘅中間（抗生素濃度最高嗰忽）</li></ul> －展示咗「一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">族群</a>嘅生物進化，並且變到愈嚟愈適應自己住嘅環境」呢一個過程。呢啲有關細菌進化嘅研究對<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>嚟講極之有價值<a href="#cite_note-baym2016-170">[111]</a>。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="進化醫學">進化醫學</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/450px--Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="450" height="253" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm/Kishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKishony_lab-The_Evolution_of_Bacteria_on_a_Mega-Plate.webm&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><center>講哈佛大學嗰個大腸桿菌進化研究嘅片；白色嘅係有大腸桿菌嘅區域。</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="家紅狐狸">家紅狐狸</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg/300px-L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg/450px-L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg/600px-L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>野生動物一般唔會俾人接近佢哋，但呢隻家紅狐狸喺度同個人玩，反映佢經過<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="馴化">馴化</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B4%85%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" title="家紅狐狸">家紅狐狸</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%A4%8A" title="馴養">馴養</a></div> 睇微進化過程嘅實驗喺複雜啲嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a>身上都做過。例如係相當之出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B4%85%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" title="家紅狐狸">家紅狐狸</a>噉：喺 1959 年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>生物學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Belyayev_(zoologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Dmitry Belyayev (zoologist)">迪米璀·貝里葉</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[e 52]</a>指出，一隻動物嘅行為係受制於好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="荷爾蒙">荷爾蒙</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>結構呢啲生理因素嘅，而呢啲生理因素又係受到基因影響嘅，所以生物嘅進化過程會影響到一個物種嘅行為；為咗驗證呢啲諗法，貝里葉佢開始咗做一個實驗，搵咗一柞<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="紅狐狸">紅狐狸</a>返嚟，再做以下嘅步驟諗住<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%A4%8A" title="馴養">馴養</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[e 53]</a>佢哋<a href="#cite_note-adams2008-173">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[113]</a>： <ul><li>貝里葉將柞紅狐狸分做三個等級：第三級嘅狐狸係最唔聽話嘅，即係嗰啲會嘗試走佬或者係一有研究人員行近就會攻擊嘅個體；而第二級嘅狐狸就係嗰啲會俾研究人員行近同埋掂佢哋，但唔會對研究人員產生明顯好感嘅個體；第一級嘅狐狸就係最聽話嗰批，呢啲個體唔單只會俾研究人員行近同埋掂佢哋，有陣時仲曉做揈尾等嘅友善動作。</li> <li>貝里葉選擇性噉淨係俾第一同第二級嘅狐狸繁殖同生產後代（操控）。</li> <li>後嚟啲狐狸一代一代噉愈養愈馴，做做吓個族群度仲有咗所謂嘅「精英級」狐狸－一啲識得主動噉同人類接觸嘅個體，佢哋曉主動行埋去研究人員嗰度同埋好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>噉聞佢哋陣除；呢啲精英級嘅個體喺一個月大之前已經曉做呢啲嘢（即係顯示呢種行為唔多似係後天學返嚟嘅）。</li> <li>去到第十代嘅狐狸嗰陣，個族群裏面得 18% 嘅個體係屬於精英級嘅，去到第廿代嗰陣呢個數字就升到去 35%。到咗廿一世紀初，呢個實驗仲持續噉進行緊，而且個族群裏面已經有成 70% 至 80% 嘅狐狸係屬於精英級（操控造成嘅效果）。</li></ul> 呢個研究好有生物學價值：喺呢個研究嘅過程入面，一個族群嘅生物俾啲研究人員選擇，而整體成個族群嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">表現型</a>喺幾代之後出現咗明顯改變，顯示咗好似狐狸噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>－複雜過細菌好多嘅生物－都曉進化，而且進化唔淨只影響外型同埋某啲身體結構，仲可以影響一種生物嘅行為<a href="#cite_note-adams2008-173">[112]</a>。除咗呢類實驗，日日都喺牧場同埋寵物配種嗰度發生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a>過程亦都俾人視為進化過程嘅實驗證據（人特登操控某啲嘢，引致生物嘅基因庫同表現型起變化）<a href="#cite_note-175">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[115]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宏進化嘅證據">宏進化嘅證據</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="古生物學">古生物學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="年代測定">年代測定</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="年代測定">年代測定</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="宏進化">宏進化</a>指長時間（閒閒地幾百萬年）發生嘅進化，最後嗰一代嘅個體會冇能力同初代個體配種。原則上，宏進化難以用實驗嚟研究：宏進化定義上就係發生喺（對人嚟講）極漫長嘅時間嘅，如果要做一個宏進化實驗，研究者就要做一啲操控，再睇吓個操控喺（例如）幾百萬年後產生乜嘢影響，喺人力物力上根本冇可能做得到<a href="#cite_note-177">[註 9]</a>；不過科學家依然搵到宏進化嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>性質證據。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="古生物學">古生物學</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[e 54]</a>係一門以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>做基礎嚟去研究生物物種嘅生物學子領域：當一隻生物<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="死亡">死亡</a>嗰陣，佢條屍會俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>分解而<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E7%88%9B" title="腐爛">腐爛</a>，搞到佢生存過嘅痕跡冇咗。但有陣時，呢啲遺跡可能會因為某啲因素而成功噉保存到落嚟－例如一隻生物條屍或者佢造成嘅一啲痕跡（好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3%E5%8D%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="腳印化石">腳印</a>噉）因為某啲特定嘅原因咁啱得咁橋好快俾啲泥土𢫏住咗，令到佢哋唔會俾水流等嘅自然<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>破壞，而佢哋最硬淨嘅部份－例如係骨頭－就會變成化石留低到落嚟。有時一啲化石仲會保留到成隻生物，例如係俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>雪住咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%AF%9B%E8%B1%A1" title="長毛象">長毛象</a>同埋一啲俾<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀">琥珀</a>封住嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>呀噉<a href="#cite_note-179">[116]</a>。研究者可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[e 55]</a>等嘅技術嚟睇吓搵到嘅每個古生物樣本年代有幾久遠，靠噉嚟得知唔同地區嘅生物喺形態上點樣隨時間變化<a href="#cite_note-181">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[118]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="有隻蟻喺入面嘅琥珀"><img alt="有隻蟻喺入面嘅琥珀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/270px-Amber2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/405px-Amber2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/540px-Amber2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2213" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">有隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BB" title="蟻">蟻</a>喺入面嘅琥珀</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 438px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 436px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JialingpusYuechiensis(Ichnite)-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一嚿有恐龍腳印喺上面嘅化石"><img alt="一嚿有恐龍腳印喺上面嘅化石" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/654px-JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="436" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/981px-JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/1307px-JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1780" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">一嚿有恐龍腳印喺上面嘅化石</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="始祖鳥嘅化石"><img alt="始祖鳥嘅化石" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/299px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/450px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/599px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2552" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">始祖鳥嘅化石</div> </li> </ul> 呢啲好多嚟自古代生物嘅痕跡令生物學家有得睇到唔同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="地質時代">地質時代</a>嘅生物係乜嘢樣，而且仲係進化嘅直接證據：自從達爾文嗰陣時開始，古生物學家發現咗好多佢哋之前未見過嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="過渡化石">過渡化石</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[e 56]</a>－呢啲化石顯示咗現有生物物種同佢哋啲遠古祖先之間嗰啲過渡形態，例如係好出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E7%A5%96%E9%B3%A5" title="始祖鳥">始祖鳥</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[e 57]</a>，就係由某啲恐龍嗰度進化出現代鳥類嘅證據－始祖鳥喺大約 1 億 5 千萬年前存在過，由佢嘅身體構造好明顯睇得出，佢有啲似恐龍又有啲似現代鳥類，而且喺後期啲嘅化石嗰度仲睇到呢種生物嘅後代慢慢噉演變到愈嚟愈似現代鳥類，支撐咗宏進化嘅假說<a href="#cite_note-185">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[120]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進化論史">進化論史</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucretius_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lucretius_Rome.jpg/240px-Lucretius_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Lucretius_Rome.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>盧克萊修嘅頭像</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2" title="進化論史">進化論史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="《物種起源》前">《物種起源》前</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%98%93%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%AA" title="物種易質說">物種易質說</a></div> 喺最廣義上，進化論可以泛指「描述生物物種一代一代噉變化嘅學說」。呢種學說歷史查實相當悠久：早喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嗰陣，經已有學者喺度討論啲類似現代進化論嘅諗頭，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[e 58]</a>打前就有古希臘<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>主張話一種生物可以係由第種生物嗰度嚟嘅<a href="#cite_note-188">[121]</a>，而打後少少嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BF%AE" title="盧克萊修">盧克萊修</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[e 59]</a>喺佢本《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96" title="物性論">物性論</a>》<a href="#cite_note-190">[e 60]</a>入面都有提咗啲類似進化論嘅諗法<a href="#cite_note-191">[122]</a>。 不過喺打後嗰超過 1,000 年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方世界</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96" title="目的論">目的論</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[e 61]</a>主導：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里士多德">阿里士多德</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[e 62]</a>提出，唔淨只係生勾勾嘅嘢－喺所有大自然嘅嘢嚟講，進化係大自然各種可能性嘅一種唔完美嘅呈現。佢提出咗好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="理型">理型</a>同物種等嘅概念。而呢個亦都係佢個<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="自然目的論">自然目的論</a>嘅一部分：佢認為一切嘅事物存在嘅目的都係要喺某啲「神聖嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>秩序」入面發揮一啲作用，所以各種生物有親啲乜嘢特徵都係因為某啲「冥冥中嘅主宰」嘅意願。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>，呢種「宇宙有某啲神聖秩序」嘅思想嘅變體做咗嗰時各<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>教派嘅標準知識，而佢哋心目中掌管住宇宙秩序嘅主宰就係佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[123]</a>。 呢種思想要去到成 17 世紀先至開始俾人挑戰：當時新興起嘅現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>要求對自然現象嘅解釋應該建基喺觀察得到嘅事物上面，要遵守共同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>，而唔好先假定咗有某啲神聖嘅宇宙秩序喺背後，就算信上帝都唔好假定咗人完全了解上帝嘅意願。好多同期學者仲係堅持舊嘅見解：例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="博物學家">博物學家</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ray" class="extiw" title="en:John Ray">莊·里</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[e 63]</a>就提出咗「物種」呢個詞語，並且主張每個物種都有某啲唔會隨住時間變嘅「本質」；而<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="動物學家">動物學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="林奈">林奈</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[e 64]</a>雖然承認物種之間有分層嘅關係，但仲係主張呢啲嘢係「跟從上帝嘅計劃」嘅。即係話喺呢個時期，西方嘅思想界嘅主流仲係目的論－啲人認為宇宙入面嘅嘢都係服從一個冥冥中嘅主宰，而呢個冥冥中嘅主宰係「會為咗人著想」或者「人有能力了解」嘅。要再打後啲，呢種思想先至慢慢噉失去影響力<a href="#cite_note-197">[124]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="《物種起源》後">《物種起源》後</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%9C%E8%AB%96" title="現代進化綜論">現代進化綜論</a></div> 喺 1859 年年底，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文">達爾文</a>出版咗佢嗰本名著《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物種起源">物種起源</a>》<a href="#cite_note-198">[e 65]</a>。達爾文仔細噉講解咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>嘅諗法，指出人口增長會引致「生存鬥爭」，而且喺每一代入面都有好多細路因為有限嘅資源而喺去到生殖年齡之前就死咗<a href="#cite_note-199">[註 10]</a>，呢啲過程令到一個族群嘅生物入面擅長生存嘅個體會佔上風，而其他嘅會死亡並且冇能力將自己嘅基因傳俾下一代。達爾文佢靠住呢柞推論同埋佢喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="加拉帕戈斯群島">加拉帕戈斯群島</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[e 66]</a>等地收集返嚟嘅證據，解釋咗好多當時解釋唔到嘅現象。後嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="比較解剖學家">比較解剖學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="湯瑪士·赫胥黎">湯瑪士·赫胥黎</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[e 67]</a>仲將呢套理論用落去人類嗰度，運用古生物學同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="比較解剖學">比較解剖學</a>嘅知識提供證據，支持「人類同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA%E7%8C%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="類人猿">類人猿</a>有共同祖先」嘅諗法，奠定咗進化論嘅學術地位<a href="#cite_note-desmond2014-202">[125]</a>。 初頭嗰陣，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西人">西人</a>嘅社會大眾普遍都覺得呢種思想好難接受：佢哋覺得進化論係暗示人喺宇宙入面冇乜特殊地位，只不過係另一種動物（呢點同西人傳統對上帝嘅認知唔夾）；再加上達爾文等嘅科學家唔撐「宇宙入面有某啲神聖秩序，而呢啲神聖秩序可以攞嚟解釋生物點解有某啲特徵」呢個諗法，所以佢哋覺得接受進化論就等如係推<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論">無神論</a>－而喺當時，無神論好多時都俾西人覺得係一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="罪">罪</a><a href="#cite_note-desmond2014-202">[125]</a>。不過，達爾文佢本人去到最後都仲係主張<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" title="不可知論">不可知論</a>（<a href="#cite_note-203">[e 68]</a> 一種中立觀點，唔肯定上帝存在，但係亦都唔否定佢存在），而唔認為自己係無神論者<a href="#cite_note-204">[126]</a>。 除咗科學同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">神學</a>上嘅衝擊之外，達爾文嘅理論仲打破咗西人（同好多地區嘅人）傳統嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="本質主義">本質主義</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[e 69]</a>思想：呢種思想主張唔同「類」嘅嘢之間係有住某啲唔可以打破嘅分別嘅，例如佢哋會覺得「<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="白人">白人</a>」同埋「<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%A8%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="黃種人">黃種人</a>」係兩類本質上唔同嘅嘢，無論一個白人點變個樣，都冇可能變到做黃種人。不過達爾文嘅觀點就指出咗呢種思想嘅問題：物種同物種之間冇明確嘅分界線，兩個族群或者兩樣嘢之間嘅差異唔係「一係似一係唔似」，而係「有幾相似」－「相似度」呢樣嘢係連續嘅。例如如果將一個白人嘅面形同膚色等特徵逐啲逐啲噉變，最後係有得慢慢噉將佢變做一個黃種人嘅。呢種思想上嘅改革最後令到世人改變咗佢哋對「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="種族">種族</a>」呢啲概念嘅認知<a href="#cite_note-206">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[128]</a>。而到咗廿一世紀，進化論經已廣泛噉樣俾各領域嘅科學家用嚟解釋自然現象同埋製作各種有用嘅發明，成為咗做現代科學唔可以少嘅知識<a href="#cite_note-baym2016-170">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[129]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會反應">社會反應</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg/270px-Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg/405px-Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg/540px-Dobzhansky_Evolution_Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>美國<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>大學<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="聖母院大學">聖母院大學</a>一個大堂地板嘅裝飾，上面有一句英文名言：「除非有進化論照住，生物學冇嘢係合理嘅。」</figcaption></figure> 喺 19 世紀嗰陣，尤其係喺《物種起源》出版打後嗰一排，各界嘅學者對於「進化對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>信仰有乜嘢啓示」呢一條問題起咗相當激烈嘅爭詏。到咗今日，大量嘅科研證據令到絕大多數嘅科學家都接受咗「進化論的確能夠準確噉樣描述到自然現象」呢一點，而且除咗理論上嘅價值，進化論喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="農業">農業</a>、醫學、寵物配種甚至乎係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>等多方面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>上都好好用，成為咗好多科學家做嘢嗰陣走唔甩要學嘅知識<a href="#cite_note-209">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[131]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教觀點">宗教觀點</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B0%8D%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E6%8B%92%E6%96%A5" title="宗教對進化論嘅拒斥">宗教對進化論嘅拒斥</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%B0%8E%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" title="神導進化論">神導進化論</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="人類進化">人類進化</a></div> 進化論引起咗宗教方面嘅熱議。喺廿一世紀初，唔同嘅宗教團體對於進化論嘅意見有相當大分歧： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬天主教會">羅馬天主教會</a>嘅官方觀點係「任何信徒都有權自由揀係咪相信對《<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="創世紀">創世紀</a>》嘅字面解讀」：天主教徒有得揀相信上帝真係用咗六日創造所有嘢，又有得揀相信進化論同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="宇宙大爆炸">宇宙大爆炸</a>等嘅科學理論；天主教會認為，上帝有用到進化嘅過程嚟創造人同埋各種生物嘅肉體，但無論人類係進化出嚟定係特殊噉創造，佢哋都係有特殊噉創造嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>，所以係特別嘅；一般嚟講，喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="天主教學校">天主教學校</a>入面，啲老師教進化論俾啲學生知係冇問題嘅<a href="#cite_note-211">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[133]</a>。而一般嚟講，喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="天主教學校">天主教學校</a>入面，老師教進化論俾啲學生知係冇問題嘅。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="新教">新教</a>內部就有唔細嘅分歧：有啲比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="原教旨主義">原教旨主義</a>嘅新教徒主張<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經">聖經</a>入面寫嘅所有嘢都係<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="歷史">歷史</a>事實（雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="地質學">地質學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙學">宇宙學</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a>等多個領域嘅研究都唔撐呢個觀點，而且聖經有某啲描述自相<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE" title="矛盾">矛盾</a>），而進化論唔符合《創世紀》等聖經章節嘅字面內容，所以係唔真確嘅<a href="#cite_note-213">[134]</a>；雖然係噉，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>嘅新教徒組織<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" class="extiw" title="en:American Scientific Affiliation">美國科學聯系</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[e 70]</a>就提出咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="進化創造">進化創造</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[e 71]</a>嘅觀點，認為上帝喺創造宇宙嗰陣，聰明噉設下咗一啲自然定律，再俾呢啲自然定律自己運行並且最後創造出<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>，而進化嘅機制就係呢啲定律嘅一部份<a href="#cite_note-216">[135]</a>。而且不論教派，有好多基督徒都認為好似係《創世紀》呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="舊約聖經">舊約聖經</a>入面嘅內容應該當做<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="先知">先知</a>受上帝啟發而寫出嚟嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言型</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔">故仔</a>，唔應該當係歷史噉嚟讀，所以對進化論持接受態度<a href="#cite_note-217">[136]</a>。因為呢啲內部分歧，喺新教徒搞嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="學校">學校</a>或者係喺新教徒多嘅地區，老師教進化論有時會搞到部份新教徒家長不滿<a href="#cite_note-218">[137]</a>。</li> <li>喺基督教以外，有好多相信上帝存在嘅人都對進化論持接納嘅態度：例如係主張<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="理神論">理神論</a>（<a href="#cite_note-219">[e 72]</a> 一種信上帝但反宗教嘅觀點，認為上帝唔會直接介入宇宙嘅事務，所以唔會派先知嚟人世）嘅人士噉，佢哋唔接受聖經，更加唔會相信舊約聖經嘅內容係歷史，所以普遍都對進化論相當之受落，認為進化有效噉展示出上帝點樣「唔使直接插手落宇宙嗰度，都創造到人等嘅有<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>生命」<a href="#cite_note-220">[138]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="「理論」">「理論」</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a></div> 啲人喺批評進化論嗰陣，其中一個最常見嘅講法係話進化只不過係一個理論<a href="#cite_note-221">[e 73]</a>。對於呢個論調，英國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="道金斯">道金斯</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[e 74]</a>就噉講： <blockquote>啲人有陣時會嘗試喺辯論當中用噉嘅方法爭分數（指嘗試贏一場辯論），話「進化只不過係一個理論」。呢個講法正確，不過人有需要理解呢句嘢係乜嘢意思。「世界圍住<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽">太陽</a>轉」都一樣只係一個理論－只係一個有極大量<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="進化論嘅證據">證據</a>支撐嘅理論。<a href="#cite_note-223">[e 75]</a></blockquote> 喺日常英文用語裏面，theory（一般會譯做理論）呢個字最廣義上可以係指「對某啲現象嘅講法」<a href="#cite_note-224">[139]</a>，而根據呢個定義，「地球圍住太陽轉」同「舊約聖經係歷史」等嘅諗法都一樣係「理論」。喺嚴謹嘅科學上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a>係指「嘗試對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="大自然">大自然</a>某啲現象作出，而且有一定證據支撐」嘅解釋；事實上，進化論受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="進化論嘅證據">相當大量嘅證據</a>支撐，而且喺實際應用上真係能夠攞嚟預測現象<a href="#cite_note-baym2016-170">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[140]</a>，所以一般認為，進化論算係一個嚴謹科學定義上嘅理論，而「舊約聖經係歷史」呢一個諗法唔算<a href="#cite_note-226">[141]</a>。 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="種族主義">種族主義</h3></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會達爾文主義">社會達爾文主義</a></div> 另一方面，又有唔少人批評話進化論提倡<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="種族主義">種族主義</a>。一般認為，呢個批評係個<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="草人謬論">草人謬論</a>（<a href="#cite_note-227">[e 76]</a> 指批評者喺度批評緊一個受批評者根本冇主張過嘅立場），例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>哲學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tindale" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher Tindale">基斯道化·天道</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[e 77]</a>就用美國<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="路易斯安那州">路易斯安那州</a>議會喺 2001 年諗過嘅一個法案嚟做草人謬論嘅例子。呢個法案嘅內容大致上係噉嘅<a href="#cite_note-tindale-229">[142]</a>： <blockquote>進化論之父查理斯·達爾文寫嘅嘢提倡將種族主義合理化，佢嗰兩本書《物種起源》<a href="#cite_note-230">[e 78]</a>同《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%98%85%E7%94%B1%E4%BE%86" title="人類嘅由來">人類嘅由來</a>》<a href="#cite_note-231">[e 79]</a>提出咗一個高等種族同低等種族嘅分級... 因為噉，一貫反對任何形式嘅種族主義嘅路易斯安那州議會喺呢度拒絕主張「某啲種族嘅人高等過其他種族嘅人」嘅達爾文主義理念嗰柞核心理念，並且遣責利用呢啲思想來將種族主義合理化嘅行徑。<a href="#cite_note-232">[e 80]</a></blockquote> 天道指出，呢個法案喺度<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E8%8D%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="打草人">打緊草人</a>（<a href="#cite_note-233">[e 81]</a> 指「批評對方冇主張過嘅立場」呢一個舉動）：實際上，達爾文並冇主張過種族主義<a href="#cite_note-234">[註 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[143]</a>。達爾文真正講緊嘅嘢係物競天擇引致物種一代一代噉改變－即係指喺自然界，同一個生物族群入面嘅某啲個體會比較擅長生存同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>，所以比較大機會能夠將自己帶嘅基因傳俾後代，引致每一個族群嘅基因庫都會一代一代噉變樣，只係客觀噉描述唔同族群喺身體結構上會有唔同，而唔係邊個族群「高等」啲。對於種族之間嘅差異，達爾文個理論會講嘅係「白人同<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA" title="黑人">黑人</a>等唔同種族適應咗各自唔同嘅生存環境－<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>－而進化到身體結構上有啲唔同」，例如非洲太陽猛啲，所以黑人進化到皮膚<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="黑色素">黑色素</a>多嚟保護皮膚<a href="#cite_note-tindale-229">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[144]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用">應用</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford,_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/300px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/450px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg/600px-Cattle_Feedlot_near_Rocky_Ford%2C_CO_IMG_5651-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="哥羅拉度州">哥羅拉度州</a>一個牧場嘅牛；牧場主人要點樣控制啲牛嘅繁殖，先可以令下一代嘅牛（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" title="生產">生產</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6" title="牛奶">牛奶</a>嘅能力最大化呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%98%85%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="人類智能嘅進化">人類智能嘅進化</a></div> 到咗廿一世紀初，進化論有廣泛嘅應用價值，例如： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="動物配種">動物配種</a>，指用遺傳學嘅知識去安排動物交配，令動物嘅後代產生預期中嘅特徵（即係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a>），簡單嘅例子有特登淨係俾<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E5%85%AC" title="雞公">雞公</a>同啲生得<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E8%9B%8B" title="雞蛋">蛋</a>多嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E4%B9%B8" title="雞乸">雞乸</a>交配，嘗試產生出能夠生多蛋嘅下一代雞乸，再進階啲嘅動物配種可以用到對配緊嘅動物嘅遺傳基因嘅知識<a href="#cite_note-237">[145]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="植物配種">植物配種</a>，同動物配種一樣，不過用嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>，例子有<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%9E%9C" title="生果">生果</a>品種嘅配種<a href="#cite_note-238">[146]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="進化心理學">進化心理學</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>一個子領域，集中於思考進化點樣影響現代人嘅行－心理同行為嘅特徵由一隻動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>主宰，而神經系統嘅結構等特徵可以受基因影響，基因會受進化影響，所以原則上，人類等嘅現代動物嘅心理同行為特徵理應一定程度上反映佢哋嘅進化史<a href="#cite_note-239">[147]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="進化醫學">進化醫學</a>，指運用進化論上嘅知識做醫學相關嘅研究，簡單嘅例子有研究致病細菌嘅進化，可以睇返上面哈佛大學大腸桿菌研究嘅例子<a href="#cite_note-240">[148]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="進化演算法">進化演算法</a>係一種建基於<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>概念嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="機械學習演算法">機械學習演算法</a>，同一般機械學習做法唔同嘅係，進化演算法會用隨機嘅方法<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96" title="初始化">初始化</a>產生出一大柞模型，然後揀個表現指標，淘汰走啲表現唔好嘅個體，並且俾啲表現嘅個體「繁殖」（俾佢哋產生同自己相似嘅模型），令到後代嘅表現好過前代嘅<a href="#cite_note-goldberg1988-11">[9]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="文化進化">文化進化</a>將進化論上嘅諗頭<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E5%8C%96" title="廣義化">廣義化</a>，用嚟解釋<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>嘅演變－文化可以定義為「能夠影響人嘅行為、可以喺人之間傳播嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>」<a href="#cite_note-241">[149]</a>，每一吓文化傳播都有可能成功，而成功嘅機會率視乎嗰嚿文化資訊嘅特徵而定，例如好笑嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%91%E8%A9%B1" title="笑話">笑話</a>比較大機會會令聽嗰個人開心同埋想將個笑話講俾第個人聽，所以成功傳播嘅機會率會高啲；即係話一嚿文化資訊同一個基因一樣，「表現好就有得被複製（由一個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>傳去第個人嘅腦）」，於是有唔少<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="社會學家">社會學家</a>就主張，進化論上嘅概念可以應用嚟分析文化嘅演變<a href="#cite_note-242">[150]</a>。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="模因">模因</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[e 82]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a>嘅概念。</li></ul> ... 等等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋">睇埋</h2></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:1"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E5%8C%96" title="蟹化">蟹化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最終共同祖先">LUCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="進化博弈">進化博弈</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻">文獻</h2></div> 入門書： <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Charlesworth, Brian; Charlesworth, Deborah (2003). Evolution: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780192802514" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-280251-4</a>. LCCN 2003272247. OCLC 51668497.</li> <li>Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780393027051" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-393-02705-1</a>. LCCN 88037469. OCLC 18983518.</li> <li>Jones, Steve (1999). Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated. London; New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780385409858" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-40985-8</a>. LCCN 2002391059. OCLC 41420544.</li> <li>—— (2000). Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780375501036" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-50103-6</a>. LCCN 99053246. OCLC 42690131. American version.</li> <li>Pallen, Mark J. (2009). The Rough Guide to Evolution. Rough Guides Reference Guides. London; New York: Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781858289465" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85828-946-5</a>. LCCN 2009288090. OCLC 233547316.</li></ul> </div> 進階書： <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Barton, Nicholas H.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; et al. (2007). Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780879696849" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87969-684-9</a>. LCCN 2007010767. OCLC 86090399.</li> <li>Coyne, Jerry A.; Orr, H. Allen (2004). Speciation. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780878930890" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87893-089-0</a>. LCCN 2004009505. OCLC 55078441.</li> <li>Hall, Brian K.; Olson, Wendy, eds. (2003). Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780674009042" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-00904-2</a>. LCCN 2002192201. OCLC 50761342.</li> <li>Minelli, Alessandro (2009). Forms of Becoming: The Evolutionary Biology of Development. Translation by Mark Epstein. Princeton, New Jersey; Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780691135687" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-691-13568-7</a>. LCCN 2008028825. OCLC 233030259.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋">註釋</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> 即係 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaedd5c32e21c788177fdf980449176841df1056" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(}">A 有得繁殖<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle )\neq \Pr(}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≠</mo> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle )\neq \Pr(}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a5fff554b3cfcc2f56390f398fbefc903bfb9c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.757ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle )\neq \Pr(}">B 有得繁殖<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle )}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/775c8f99fbc2db4ef20dd618a468f110bae7bd76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle )}">；喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>上，<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b32fcb1155112a1f8ba8c2a7d392773bcf8eb92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.459ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(y)}"> 係指「事件 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"> 發生嘅機會率」。 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> 唔同到冇能力成功同對方交配並且生產下一代。 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> 喺最基本上，呢啲知識源自用<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>等嘅架生對 DNA 作出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>，以及剖析 DNA 嘅特性同一隻生物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">表現型</a>之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> 喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>上，<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b32fcb1155112a1f8ba8c2a7d392773bcf8eb92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.459ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(y)}"> 係指「事件 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"> 發生嘅機會率」，而 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\subset b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\subset b}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cb6f96cb08bed4e2929e092242a73d0dfb3ba46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.326ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\subset b}"> 簡單啲講係指「<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"> 喺 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"> 入面（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%86" title="子集">子集</a>）」。 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> 兩隻係唔同個體。 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> 重組過程係基於巴基鯨科<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>嘅。 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> 可以睇埋 <a href="/wiki/TV_Tropes" title="TV Tropes">TV Tropes</a> 嘅 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GoalOrientedEvolution">Goal-Oriented Evolution</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a> 可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚類分析">聚類分析</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a> 而且發生喺幾百萬年間嘅事件仲有「係咪受控」嘅問題－科學家會質疑幾百萬年後見到嘅效果係咪真係因為成幾百萬年前做嘅操控引起嘅。 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a> 喺嗰個時代，細路好多時都養唔大。 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">↑</a> 而且達爾文查實並唔係進化論之父，因為佢唔係第一個提倡進化論嘅科學家。 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗">引咗</h2></div> 篇文用咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="行話">行話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="專有名詞">專有名詞</a>或者引用咗嘅名句，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>（或者其他外語）版本如下： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> On the Origin of Species </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> descent with modification </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> process of modification </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> doctrine of the modification of species </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> theory of evolution </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> heredity </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> genotype </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> phenotype </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> base pair，bp </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> nucleotides </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> gene </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> alleles </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> chromosomes </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> genome </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> gene pool </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D" title="學名">學名</a>：Biston betularia </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> micro </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> macro </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> sexual reproduction </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> cell division </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> allosome </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> eukaryotes </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> multicellular organisms </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> mechanism of evolution </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> natural selection </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> evolutionary fitness </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> biodiversity </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> artificial selection / selective breeding </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> genetic mutation </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> fruit flies </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> gene flow </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> horizontal gene transfer </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> genetic drift </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> sampling error </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> adaptation </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> Pakicetus </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> common ancestor </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> vestigial organ </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a> devolve </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> speciation </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a> species </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a> The Biological Species Concept；BSC </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a> allopatric </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> sympatric </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a> peripatric </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a> parapatric </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a> ring species </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a> 學名：Larus argentatus </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> extinction </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a> Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a> E. Coli </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a> Dmitry Belyayev </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a> domesticate </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a> paleontology </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a> radioactive dating </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a> transitional fossil </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a> 學名：Archaeopteryx </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a> Socrates </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a> Lucretius </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a> 拉丁文：De rerum natura </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a> teleology </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a> Aristotle </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a> John Ray </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a> Carl Linnaeus </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a> On the Origin of Species </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a> Galápagos </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a> Thomas Henry Huxley </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a> agnosticism </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a> essentialism </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a> American Scientific Affiliation </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a> evolutionary creation </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a> deism </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a> evolution is just a theory </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a> Richard Dawkins </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">↑</a> "People sometimes try to score debating points by saying, "Evolution is only a theory." That is correct, but it's important to understand what that means. It is also only a theory that the world goes round the Sun — it's just a theory for which there is an immense amount of evidence." </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a> straw man fallacy </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a> Christopher Tindale </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a> On the Origin of Species </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">↑</a> The Descent of Man </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a> "Whereas, the writings of Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, promoted the justification of racism, and his books On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man postulate a hierarchy of superior and inferior races... Therefore, be it resolved that the legislature of Louisiana does hereby deplore all instances and all ideologies of racism, does hereby reject the core concepts of Darwinist ideology that certain races and classes of humans are inherently superior to others, and does hereby condemn the extent to which these philosophies have been used to justify and approve racist practices." </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">↑</a> hitting the straw man </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a> meme </li> </ol></div> 篇文引用咗以下呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hall2008-1"><a href="#cite_ref-hall2008_1-0">↑</a> Hall, Brian K.; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt (2008). Strickberger's Evolution (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-livescience-2"><a href="#cite_ref-livescience_2-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html">What is Darwin's Theory of Evolution?</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Futuyma, Douglas J. Evolution. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Kimura, Motoo. The neutral theory of molecular evolution: a review of recent evidence. The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics (Mishima, Japan: Genetics Society of Japan). 1991, 66 (4): 367–386. </li> <li id="cite_note-gould2002-7"><a href="#cite_ref-gould2002_7-0">↑</a> Gould, Stephen J. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Belknap Press. 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_14">Mechanisms: the processes of evolution</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Lande R., Arnold S. J. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution. 1983, 37: 1210–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Yin, H., Li, G., Chen, X., Wang, W., Wong, P. K., Zhao, H., & An, T. (2020). Accelerated evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance through early emerged stress responses driven by photocatalytic oxidation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 118829. </li> <li id="cite_note-goldberg1988-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-goldberg1988_11-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldberg1988_11-1">9.1</a> Goldberg, David E.; Holland, John H. (1988). "Genetic algorithms and machine learning". Machine Learning. 3 (2): 95–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Michie, D.; Spiegelhalter, D. J.; Taylor, C. C. (1994). "Machine Learning, Neural and Statistical Classification". Ellis Horwood Series in Artificial Intelligence. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/evolution">evolution: definition of evolution in Oxford dictionary (American English)</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192624/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/evolution">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年6月4號，.. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Darwin, Charles. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 1876 [2010-08-08]. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/evolve">Etymology of Evolution</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> 王道環. 物種起源導讀. 《物種起源》. 台灣商務印書館. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> 俞政，《嚴復著譯研究》，蘇州大學出版社 2003 年出版。 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> Phillips, Patrick C. (November 2008). "Epistasis—the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems". Nature Reviews Genetics. London: Nature Publishing Group. 9 (11): 855–867. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Visscher, Peter M.; Hill, William G.; Wray, Naomi R. (April 2008). "Heritability in the genomics era — concepts and misconceptions". Nature Reviews Genetics. London: Nature Publishing Group. 9 (4): 255–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Butlin, Roger K.; Tregenza, Tom (February 28, 1998). "Levels of genetic polymorphism: marker loci versus quantitative traits". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. London: Royal Society. 353 (1366): 187–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Sturm, Richard A.; Frudakis, Tony N. (August 2004). "Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry". Trends in Genetics. Cambridge, MA: Cell Press. 20 (8): 327–332. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Oetting, William S.; Brilliant, Murray H.; King, Richard A. (August 1996). "The clinical spectrum of albinism in humans". Molecular Medicine Today. Cambridge, MA: Cell Press. 2 (8): 330–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Oswald T. Avery; Colin M. MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty (1944). "Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: Induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 79 (1): 137–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson2006-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pearson2006_32-0">22.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pearson2006_32-1">22.1</a> Pearson, Helen (May 25, 2006). "Genetics: What is a gene?". Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 441 (7092): 398–401. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Futuyma, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Phillips, Patrick C. (November 2008). "Epistasis—the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems". Nature Reviews Genetics. London: Nature Publishing Group. 9 (11): 855–867. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> Rongling Wu; Min Lin (March 2006). 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"What is macroevolution?". Palaeontology. 63 (1): 1–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> Radding, Charles M. (December 1982). "Homologous Pairing and Strand Exchange in Genetic Recombination". Annual Review of Genetics. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. 16: 405–437. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> Agrawal, Aneil F. (September 5, 2006). "Evolution of Sex: Why Do Organisms Shuffle Their Genotypes?". Current Biology. Cambridge, MA: Cell Press. 16 (17): R696-R704. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/howmanychromosomes">How many chromosomes do people have?</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Jablonka, Eva; Raz, Gal (June 2009). "Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Implications for the Study of Heredity and Evolution". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 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"From this most primitive form of life, the divinely-guided process of evolution by natural selection brought about higher life forms." </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a> International Theological Commission (July 2004) Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God, plenary sessions held in Rome 2000–2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a> Ross, Marcus R. (May 2005). "Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism". Journal of Geoscience Education. National Association of Geoscience Teachers. 53 (3): 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a> Craig R, Ph.D. (1998). "Evolutionary Creation". American Scientific Affiliation. A theory of theistic evolution (TE) — also called evolutionary creation * — proposes that God's method of creation was to cleverly design a universe in which everything would naturally evolve. Usually the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution — astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to form the earth's geology) plus chemical evolution (to form the first life) and biological evolution (for the development of life) — but it can refer only to biological evolution. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a> Glover, G. J. (2007). Beyond the Firmament: Understanding Science and the Theology of Creation. Chesapeake, VA: Watertree. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">↑</a> Branch, Glenn (March 2007). "Understanding Creationism after Kitzmiller". BioScience. Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. 57 (3): 278–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/evolutionprogressnature.htm">Does Evolution Demonstrate Purpose in Nature?</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228064553/https://deism.com/evolutionprogressnature.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年2月28號，.. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">↑</a> Fitzhugh, Kirk (2007). "Fact, theory, test and evolution". Letter to the Editor. Zoologica Scripta: 071027215047001. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a> Dobzhansky, Theodosius (March 1973). "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution". The American Biology Teacher. 35 (3): 125–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a> Branch, Glenn; Mead, Louise (July 2008). "'Theory' in Theory and Practice". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 1 (3): 287–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-tindale-229">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-tindale_229-0">142.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tindale_229-1">142.1</a> Christopher W. Tindale (2007). Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softschools.com/timelines/evolution_theory_timeline/98/">Evolution Theory Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011180615/http://www.softschools.com/timelines/evolution_theory_timeline/98/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年10月11號，.. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">↑</a> Adrian Desmond and James Moore (2009). Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">↑</a> Carol Ekarius (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a> Briggs, F.N. and Knowles, P.F. 1967. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">↑</a> Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. Handbook of emotions, 2(2), 91-115. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">↑</a> Williams G., Nesse R.M. (1996). Why We Get Sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine. New York: Vintage Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a> J., Richerson, Peter (2005). Not by genes alone : how culture transformed human evolution. Boyd, Robert, 1948-. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">↑</a> Mesoudi, Alex (2011). Cultural Evolution: How Darwinian theory can explain human culture and synthesize the social sciences. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎">拎</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢： <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Evolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Evolution">進化</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li>（英文） "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00545gl">進化</a>"，<a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li>（英文） "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/evolution">進化論學習資源</a>"</li> <li>（英文） "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218132454/https://online-learning.harvard.edu/course/evolution-matters-lecture-series-0">進化論講課系列</a>"</li> <li>（英文） Stearns, Stephen C. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oyc.yale.edu/ecology-and-evolutionary-biology/eeb-122">EEB 122：進化論、生態學同行為嘅原理</a>"，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="耶魯大學">耶魯大學</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物進化" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="Template:進化"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style="background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:進化 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" 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href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="輻射適應">輻射適應</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%A7%81%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%AB%96" title="自私基因論">自私基因論</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" title="進化博弈論">進化博弈論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳基礎</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="生殖">生殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%9B%B8%E7%95%B0" title="基因相異">基因相異</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%AB" title="基因庫">基因庫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="基因多樣性">基因多樣性</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型">基因型</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B" title="表現型">表現型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91" title="表現型可塑">可塑</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E9%81%93%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="渠道導向">渠道導向</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德爾定律">孟德爾定律</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_icon_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Evolution_icon_01.svg/150px-Evolution_icon_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Evolution_icon_01.svg/225px-Evolution_icon_01.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最終共同祖先">LUCA</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E5%9E%8B" title="生物多型">生物多型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="物種概念">物種概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="物種分類">物種分類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="群體遺傳學">群體遺傳學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">物種變化</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成">物種形成</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="異域物種形成">異域</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="同域物種形成">同域</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="近域物種形成">近域</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%84%B0%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="鄰域物種形成">鄰域</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%8B%80%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="環狀物種">環狀物種</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種">絕種</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="共同絕種">共同絕種</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="大規模絕種">大規模絕種</a>）同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E6%A8%BD%E9%A0%B8" title="種群樽頸">種群樽頸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="親緣關係學">親緣關係</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="進化支">進化支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="單系群">單系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="進化機制">機制</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="進化適應度">適應度</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="共同進化">共同進化</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="性選擇">性選擇</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E5%B1%AC%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="親屬選擇">親屬選擇</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="群體選擇">群體選擇</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="基因突變">基因突變</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="基因漂變">基因漂變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%A8%A1%E5%A1%8A%E5%8C%96" title="生物模塊化">生物模塊化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="進化論嘅證據">證據</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%A4%8A" title="馴養">馴養</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5" title="抗藥">抗藥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="痕跡器官">痕跡器官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="年代測定">年代測定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="過渡化石">過渡化石</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="進化生態學">進化生態</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E5%90%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="趨同進化">趨同</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="平行進化">平行</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E7%95%B0%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="趨異進化">趨異</a>進化</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="反捕食者適應">反捕食者適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C_(%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96)" title="合作 (進化)">合作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號理論">訊號理論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="生命進化史">進化史</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="生命起源">生命起源</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96" title="無生源論">無生源論</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A8%AE%E8%AB%96" title="泛種論">泛種論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%8D%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="恐龍進化">恐龍進化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="人類進化">人類進化</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%98%85%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="人類智能嘅進化">人類智能嘅進化</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6%E5%98%85%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="生物複雜度嘅進化">生物複雜度嘅進化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2" title="進化論史">進化論史</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%98%93%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%AA" title="物種易質說">物種易質說</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blending_inheritance" class="extiw" title="en:Blending inheritance">融合遺傳說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%AA" title="定向進化說">定向進化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="拉馬克主義">拉馬克主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文">查理斯·達爾文</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物種起源">物種起源</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="本質主義">本質主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E4%BC%91%E8%AC%A8" title="大衛休謨">大衛休謨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%9C%E8%AB%96" title="現代進化綜論">現代綜論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">社會爭論</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B0%8D%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E6%8B%92%E6%96%A5" title="宗教對進化論嘅拒斥">相關宗教爭議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%B0%8E%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" title="神導進化論">神導進化論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會達爾文主義">社會達爾文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論">無神論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" title="不可知論">不可知論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="理神論">理神論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="生物領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="生物分類學">生物分類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8" title="生物系統學">生物系統學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生物地理學">生物地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="生態學">生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="古生物學">古生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="發育生物學">發育生物學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="進化發育生物學">進化發育生物學</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="動物配種">動物配種</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="植物配種">植物配種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="進化心理學">進化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="進化醫學">進化醫學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學">電腦科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較</a>語言學）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div>拉雜相關 <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="進化運算">進化運算</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="進化演算法">進化演算法</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="遺傳演算法">遺傳演算法</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8F%B2" title="地球史">地球史</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生態系統">生態系統</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="模因">Meme</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="文化進化">文化進化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="複雜系統">複雜系統</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%A6" title="可進化度">可進化度</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:生物學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style="background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:生物學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style="background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style="background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div id="研究「生命」依種特性嘅科學，而專做依啲研究嘅人就係生物學家">研究「<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>」依種特性嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>，而專做依啲研究嘅人就係<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="生物學家">生物學家</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">基礎概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學哲學</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論生物學">生物學理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗生物學">生物學實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="活體實驗">In vivo</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A6%E7%AE%A1%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="試管實驗">In vitro</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">數理生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="運算生物學">運算生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg/150px-Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg/225px-Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg/300px-Twemoji12_1f9ec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">重要特徵</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E5%86%85%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="體内平衡">體内平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="新陳代謝">新陳代謝</a></li> <li>識得<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物發育">發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="有性繁殖">有性繁殖</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="適應">適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="結構">結構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E7%86%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="負熵">負熵</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A6%88%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="真覈細胞">真覈細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="減數分裂">減數</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有絲分裂">有絲</a>分裂</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單細胞生物">單細胞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞</a>生物</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" title="細胞培養">細胞培養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="細胞理論">細胞理論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">呼吸作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHNOPS" title="CHNOPS">CHNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96" title="無生源論">無生源論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="外星生物">外星生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="碳生命">碳生命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB" title="死">死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生命系統">生命系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="人工生命">人工生命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論">還原論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%99%BC" title="創發">創發</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">重要學說</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_%E6%B8%AC%E5%BA%8F" title="DNA 測序">DNA 測序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8D" title="鹼基對">鹼基對</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="等位基因">等位基因</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體">染色體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7" title="性">性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="基因多樣性">基因多樣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">進化論</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="基因突變">基因突變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="基因漂變">基因漂變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="物種概念">物種概念</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物種形成">物種形成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="進化論嘅證據">進化論嘅證據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最終共同祖先">LUCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="進化生物學">進化生物學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="生態學">生態學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生態系統">生態系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="生物質">生物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="生物群系">生物群系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="棲息地">棲息地</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BD%8D" title="生態位">生態位</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E9%96%93%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="種間關係">種間關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="生物地球化學循環">生物地球化學循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生態保育">生態保育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3" title="醣">碳水化合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82" title="脂">脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="新陳代謝">新陳代謝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="酵素">酵素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%AB%94" title="單體">單體</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="營養作用">營養作用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%B1%A4" title="生物分層">生物分層</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生態系統">生態系統</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="生物群落">生物群落</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">種群</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="生物組織">組織</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" title="細胞胞器">胞器</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a> >  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">生物<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C" title="界">大</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F" title="域">類</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="生物分類學">生物分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">拉雜領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="古生物學">古生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物學">微生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="病理學">病理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="流行病學">流行病學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋生物學">海洋生物學</a></li> <li>微層面（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="分子生物學">分子生物學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="細胞生物學">細胞生物學</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">組織層面</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="解剖學">解剖學</a></li> <li><a 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<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="昆蟲學">昆蟲學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%9F%B2%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="爬蟲兩棲類學">爬蟲兩棲類學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="鳥類學">鳥類學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哺乳類學">哺乳類學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="細菌學">細菌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%B8" title="病毒學">病毒學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生物物理學">生物物理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="生物力學">生物力學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="量子生物學">量子生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生物地理學">生物地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="毒理學">毒理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生物資訊科學">生物資訊科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">睇埋</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="生物學史">生物學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物工程">生物工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" 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