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MRSA Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Contagious, Pictures & Superbug
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12px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none}.ccpaFtrLnk:hover { text-decoration: underline}.copyright p { font-size: 12px; width: 460px; margin: 5px 0}.copyright p a { color: #000}main+#sponsors { margin: 40px auto; padding: 20px; max-width: 1100px; clear: both}main+.hstitle { font-size: 26px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 15px 0}main+.hstitle span { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400}main+#sponsors .wrapper ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; column-count: 3; column-gap: 50px}main+#sponsors .wrapper li { line-height:26px; padding-bottom:5px; font-size:16px; padding: 5px 0; break-inside: avoid}main+#sponsors .wrapper li a { color: #2196f3; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; word-break: break-word}main+#sponsors .wrapper li a:hover { text-decoration: underline}/*** HP ***/.promoList,.promoThumb,.rowExtra { max-width: 1100px; margin: 50px auto}#HP .hasAd .wrapper { height: 110px}#HP #rightAd_rdr { float: right; margin: 0}.promoList .container,.promoThumb .container { 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<!-- Start 728x90 Ad Tag --> <div id="bannerAd_rdr"><div id="bannerAd_fmt"><script> var ooAdTarget={targets:{'pvid': window.s_pageview_id || '','tug': window.s_tug || '','pug': window.s_pug || '','art': '84499','pt': '4297','uri': '%2Fmrsa%255Finfection%2Farticle.htm','cc': '9999','oohc': '63'},'blockCodes': '_h0_f33_cust4_a49_f65_cust048_cust091_cust126_'} </script> <div id="ads2-pos-101" class="ad_placeholder ad" data-is-mobile="false" data-block-codes="_h0_f33_cust4_a49_f65_cust048_cust091_cust126_" data-pos="101" data-sizes="[[728,90],[970, 90]]"> </div> </div></div> <!-- End 728x90 Ad Tag --> </section> <main id="article-wrapper" class="AP"> <header> <!-- Start Breadcrumbs --> <div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage"> <p class="breadcrumbs" itemprop="breadcrumb"> <a onclick="wmdTrack('brdcrmb_healthcenters');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/diseases_and_conditions/article.htm">health centers</a> / <a onclick="wmdTrack('brdcrmb_center')" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/infectious_disease/focus.htm">infectious disease center</a><span>/</span>mrsa infection article </p> </div> <!-- End Breadcrumbs --> <div id="headline"> <h1>MRSA Infection</h1> <!-- Start Author Editor --> <div> <ul class="author"> <li>Medical Author: <!--START HREFPOPOUT--> <a onclick="wmdTrack('art-auth');" href="/bio/sandra_gonzalez_gompf_md_facp" target="_blank">Sandra Gonzalez Gompf, MD, FACP</a> <!--END HREFPOPOUT--> </li> <li>Medical Editor: <!--START HREFPOPOUT--> <a onclick="wmdTrack('art-auth');" href="/bio/melissa_conrad_stoppler_md" target="_blank">Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD</a> <!--END HREFPOPOUT--> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- End Author Editor --> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <article class="full-width"> <div id="pageContainer" class="pageContainer"> <div> <div class="apPage"> <!--START TOC--> <div class="toc_lite"> <ul class="owl-carousel"> <li> <a href="#things_to_know_about_mrsa_infections">Things to Know</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#things_to_know_about_mrsa_infections">MRSA infections facts</a></li><li><a href="#what_is_methicillin-resistant_staphylococcus_aureus_mrsa">What is methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)?</a></li><li><a href="#what_is_methicillin-resistant_staphylococcus_aureus_mrsa_continued">What is methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)? (Continued)</a></li><li><a href="#where_are_other_mrsa_information_sources">Where are other MRSA information sources?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#how_many_strains_of_mrsa_are_there">Types</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#how_many_strains_of_mrsa_are_there">How many strains of MRSA are there?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#what_does_a_mrsa_infection_look_like">Symptoms & Signs</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#what_does_a_mrsa_infection_look_like">What does a MRSA infection look like?</a></li><li><a href="#what_are_mrsa_infection_symptoms_and_signs">What are the signs and <b>symptoms</b> of a MRSA infection?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#what_are_the_risk_factors_for_mrsa_infections">Risks & Complications</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#what_are_the_risk_factors_for_mrsa_infections">What are the risk factors for MRSA infections?</a></li><li><a href="#what_are_the_potential_complications_of_a_mrsa_infection">What are the potential complications of a MRSA infection?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#is_a_mrsa_infection_contagious">Is It Contagious?</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#is_a_mrsa_infection_contagious">Is a MRSA infection <b>contagious</b>?</a></li><li><a href="#how_is_a_mrsa_infection_transmitted_or_spread">How is a MRSA infection transmitted or spread?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#what_tests_do_medical_professionals_use_to_diagnose_a_mrsa_infection">Diagnosis</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#what_tests_do_medical_professionals_use_to_diagnose_a_mrsa_infection">What tests do medical professionals use to diagnose a MRSA infection?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#what_types_of_doctors_treat_mrsa_infections">Doctors Specialists</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#what_types_of_doctors_treat_mrsa_infections">What types of doctors treat MRSA infections?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#how_should_caregivers_treat_mrsa_patients_at_home">Treatment</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#how_should_caregivers_treat_mrsa_patients_at_home">How should caregivers treat MRSA patients at home?</a></li><li><a href="#what_is_the_treatment_for_a_mrsa_infection">What is the <b>treatment</b> for a MRSA infection?</a></li><li><a href="#what_is_the_treatment_for_a_mrsa_infection_continued">What is the treatment for a MRSA infection? (Continued)</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#what_is_the_prognosis_of_a_mrsa_infection">Prognosis</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#what_is_the_prognosis_of_a_mrsa_infection">What is the prognosis of a MRSA infection?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#how_can_people_prevent_a_mrsa_infection">Prevention</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#how_can_people_prevent_a_mrsa_infection">How can people prevent a MRSA infection?</a></li> </ul> </li><li> <a href="#what_is_a_superbug">Superbug</a> <ul class="sub"> <li><a href="#what_is_a_superbug">What is a superbug?</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <!--END TOC--> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="things_to_know_about_mrsa_infections" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">Things to know about MRSA infections</span></h3></div></p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> (<i><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Staph</a> aureus</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, or SA) is a common bacterium (a type of germ) in the nose and on the skin of people and animals.</li> <li>MRSA<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_picture_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> means "methicillin-resistant <i><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Staphylococcus</a> aureus</i>." It is a specific "staph" bacteria (a type of germ) that is often resistant to (is not killed by) several types of antibiotic treatments. Most <i>S. aureus</i> is methicillin-susceptible (killed by methicillin and most other common treatments).</li> <li>In general, healthy people with no <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cuts_scrapes_and_puncture_wounds/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">cuts</a>, abrasions, or breaks on their skin are at low risk of getting infected.</li> <li><strong>About one out of every three people (33%) are estimated to carry staph in their nose, usually without any illness. About two in 100 (2%) carry MRSA<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_quiz/quiz.htm" rel="quiz" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>. Both adults and children may have MRSA.</strong></li> <li>Like common <i>S. aureus</i> (SA), MRSA may cause deep (invasive) or life-threatening infections in some people. Because it is resistant to commonly used antibiotics, it can be harder to treat or become worse if the right treatment is delayed. MRSA is one of the bacteria listed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/prevention/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Prevention</a> (CDC) as a "superbug<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_picture_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>" resistant to multiple antibiotics.</li> <li>MRSA skin infections can be picked up either in the general community (community-associated MRSA or CA-MRSA infection<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_picture_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>) or in health care facilities (healthcare-acquired or HA-MRSA). In the hospital, MRSA can cause <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cuts_scrapes_and_puncture_wounds/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">wound</a> infections after surgery, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/pneumonia_facts/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">pneumonia</a> (lung infection), or infections of catheters inserted into veins. Invasive MRSA infections include soft tissue infections, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_how_the_heart_works/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">heart</a> valve infections, bone infections, abscesses in organs, joint infections, or bloodstream infections (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sepsis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">sepsis</a>, "<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sepsis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">blood poisoning</a>").</li> <li>Symptoms and Signs include <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cellulitis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">cellulitis</a>, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/boils/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">boils</a>, abscesses, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sty_stye/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">sty</a>, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/impetigo/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">impetigo</a>, carbuncles<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/boils_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>, and <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/rash/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">rash</a>.</li> <li>Because HA-MRSA can be life-threatening, the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and Emerging Infections Program (EIP) of the CDC monitor hospital MRSA rates. The CDC also advises hospitals and health professionals about preventing and lowering MRSA infection rates.</li> <li>Rates of MRSA bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients fell nearly 50% from 1997 to 2007 since hospitals began using prevention measures. MRSA is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with the skin, inhaling droplets from <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_cough/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">coughing</a>, or items touched by someone who has MRSA (for example, sink, bench, bed, and utensils). People can be carriers of MRSA even if they don't have an infection. This is called colonization. A common place for MRSA colonization with MRSA is inside the nose.</li> <li>One way to keep visitors and health care staff from carrying MRSA from one patient to others is to follow CDC-guided precautions by wearing disposable gloves and gowns (and sometimes masks) when visiting hospitalized people who have MRSA. A sign at the door provides instructions that should be carefully followed.</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_is_methicillin-resistant_staphylococcus_aureus_mrsa" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What is methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)?</span></h3></div></p> <p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (SA) is a common skin bacterium. It is sometimes called staph, and it most often causes skin and soft tissue infections. Although <i>S. aureus</i> has been causing staph infections as long as humans have existed, MRSA has only been around since 1961. Methicillin was one of the first antibiotics used to treat <i>S. aureus</i> and other infections. <i>S. aureus</i> developed a gene mutation that allowed it to escape being killed by methicillin, so it became resistant to methicillin. That makes it harder to treat someone who gets an infection. Stronger, more expensive, or intravenous antibiotics may be needed.</p> <p>Since the 1960s, MRSA has picked up more resistance to different antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics has increased resistance in MRSA and other infectious bacteria because resistance genes (the genes that code for resistance) can be passed from bacteria to bacteria.</p> <p>A deadly complication of MRSA is a deep infection, <strong><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/necrotizing_fasciitis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">necrotizing fasciitis</a></strong>, which causes rapid spread and destruction of human tissues. Some but not all <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sprained_ankle/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">strains</a> of MRSA are more likely to behave like "<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/necrotizing_fasciitis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">flesh-eating bacteria</a>." It is impossible to predict which MRSA infection will be "flesh-eating."</p></div> <a class="mediaPrmo ss" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_picture_slideshow/article.htm" onclick="wmdTrack('ssprmo-arttop');" target="_blank"> <img src="https://images.medicinenet.com//images/slideshow/mrsa2-s1-mrsa-magnification.jpg"> <span class="skew"></span> <span class="icon-slideshow"></span> <h4 class="label">SLIDESHOW</h4> <span class="caption">MRSA Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment</span> <span class="btn">See Slideshow</span> </a> <div id="342852582-2" class="medianet"><script type="text/javascript">try { window._mNHandle.queue.push(function () { window._mNDetails.loadTag("342852582-2", "490x175", "342852582"); }); } catch (error) { }</script></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_is_methicillin-resistant_staphylococcus_aureus_mrsa_continued" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What is methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)? (Continued)</span></h3></div></p> <p>A deadly complication of MRSA is a deep infection, necrotizing fasciitis<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/necrotizing_fasciitis_picture/picture.htm" rel="img" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>, which causes rapid spread and destruction of human tissues. Some but not all strains of MRSA are more likely to behave like "flesh-eating bacteria." It is impossible to predict which MRSA infection will be "flesh-eating."</p></div><div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="how_many_strains_of_mrsa_are_there" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">How many strains of MRSA are there?</span></h3></div></p> <p>In general, there are two major strains of MRSA, "community-acquired” or CA-MRSA and "hospital-acquired" or HA-MRSA. CA-MRSA differs from HA-MRSA in that it is often resistant to fewer antibiotics. It is by definition picked up outside of the hospital or health care institution. CA-MRSA strains are often able to cause more severe and deeper infections in healthy people than HA-MRSA. Very often, CA-MRSA skin infections are so severe and sudden that people believe a spider bit them. MRSA bacteria often have a variety of "virulence factors" that are responsible for this. Some of these are "leucocidin" proteins that are toxic to immune cells that fight infections or cause more inflammation and tissue damage; Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) protein is a well-known example that is produced by the USA300 strain of CA-MRSA. The "phenol-soluble modulin" (PSM) proteins are a recently discovered class of leukocidins that increase the likelihood of causing severe disease in various ways.</p> <p>Most HA-MRSA infections have been due to the USA100 strain. HA-MRSA is more likely to affect people in health care institutions who may have weaker immune systems due to other illnesses. HA-MRSA is less likely to cause problems for healthy people in the community.</p> <p></p></div> <div class="healthnewsmod"> <h3>Health News</h3> <ul class="content featured"> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('cu-ltnews_1')" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/seniors_could_working_later_in_life_be_healthy/news.htm">Seniors, Could Working Later in Life Be Healthy?</a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('cu-ltnews_2')" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/birth_control_pills_devices_linked_to_heart_risks/news.htm">Certain Birth Control Pills, Devices Linked to Higher Heart Risks</a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('cu-ltnews_3')" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/number_infected_24_texas_county_measles_outbreak/news.htm">Number Infected Now 24 in Texas County Measles Outbreak</a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('cu-ltnews_4')" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/depression_can_speed_onset_of_chronic_illnesses/news.htm">Depression Can Speed Onset of Chronic Illnesses</a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('cu-ltnews_5')" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/do_steroid_shots_help_ease_back_pain/news.htm">Do Steroid Shots Help Ease Back Pain? Experts Weigh In</a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-news_all');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/current_health_news/article.htm" target="_blank"><img alt="XML" src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/hp_icon_weeknews.gif" border="0" width="30" height="30" style="vertical-align: middle;" title="XML"> More Health News 禄</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_does_a_mrsa_infection_look_like" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What does a MRSA infection look like?</span></h3></div></p> <!--*ICCChunk-30*--> <p>On the skin, MRSA infection may begin as redness or a rash with a pus-filled pimple<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/adult_acne_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> or <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/boils/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">boil</a>.</p> <ul> <li>It may progress to an open, inflamed area of skin that may weep pus or drain fluid.</li> <li>In some instances, it may appear as an abscess<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/skin_problems_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>, a swollen, tender area, often with reddish skin covering.</li> <li>When the abscess is cut open or spontaneously bursts open, pus drains from the area.</li> <li>If the infection is severe or maybe spreading into the blood (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sepsis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">bacteremia</a>), <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/aches_pain_fever/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">fevers</a> and shaking chills may occur.</li> </ul></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_are_the_risk_factors_for_mrsa_infections" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What are the risk factors for MRSA infections?</span></h3></div></p> <p>People with a higher risk of MRSA infection are those with skin breaks (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cuts_scrapes_and_puncture_wounds/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">scrapes</a>, cuts, or surgical wounds) or hospital patients with intravenous lines, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/burns/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">burns</a>, or skin ulcers.</p> <p>In addition, MRSA may infect people with weak immune systems (infants, the elderly, people with <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">diabetes</a> or <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cancer/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">cancer</a>, or <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/human_immunodeficiency_virus_hiv/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">HIV</a>-infected individuals) or people with chronic skin diseases (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/eczema_facts/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">eczema</a> and <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/psoriasis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">psoriasis</a>), or chronic illnesses.</p> <p>People with pneumonia<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/pneumonia_quiz/quiz.htm" rel="quiz" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> (lung infection) due to MRSA can transmit MRSA by droplets produced during coughing.</p> <p>Patients in health care facilities are often in these risk categories, so special precautions recommended by CDC may be posted on a sign at the room entrance. Examples include "droplet precautions" -- if the patient has pneumonia, disposable masks, gowns, and gloves must be used by people who enter the room, and they must be taken off before leaving. "Contact precautions" may be posted recommending gowns and gloves only if the patient has a <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/impetigo/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">skin infection</a>. Precautions must be followed as posted by both health care professionals and visitors to keep from spreading MRSA to other patients or people at risk of serious infection.</p></div> <script>var nl_tracking = 'cu-btm-skin_nwl';function adjustForm() {$('#nl_module_1 iframe').contents().find('#email').css('width', '65%');$('#nl_module_1 iframe').contents().find('#lid').val('47147');}</script> <div id="nl_module_1" class="bg"> <h3 class="nl_module"><span>Subscribe</span> to MedicineNet's Skin Care & Conditions Newsletter</h3> <div class="nl_column_cont_redesign"> <iframe src="/script/main/nl-et-module-redesign.asp" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" onload="adjustForm()"></iframe> <p class="terms">By clicking "Submit," I agree to the MedicineNet <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12596">Terms and Conditions</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12507">Privacy Policy</a>. I also agree to receive emails from MedicineNet and I understand that I may opt out of MedicineNet subscriptions at any time.</p> </div> </div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_are_mrsa_infection_symptoms_and_signs" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What are MRSA infection symptoms and signs?</span></h3></div></p> <p>The incubation period (time between infection and start of symptoms) is variable and may depend on the particular strain of MRSA and the person's immunity. Most MRSA infections are skin and soft tissue infections that produce the following signs and symptoms:</p> <ul> <li>Cellulitis is an infection of the skin or the fat and tissues under the skin, usually starting as small red bumps on the skin. It includes redness, swelling of the tissues, warmth, and tenderness.</li> <li>Boils<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/boils_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> (pus-filled infections of hair follicles)</li> <li>Abscesses (collections of pus in or under the skin)</li> <li>Sty<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/sty_stye_picture/picture.htm" rel="img" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> (an infection of an oil gland of the eyelid<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/eye_diseases_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>)</li> <li>Carbuncles (infections larger than an abscess, usually with several openings to the skin)</li> <li>Impetigo<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/impetigo_picture/picture.htm" rel="img" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> (skin infection with pus-filled blisters)</li> <li><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/rash/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Rashes</a> like a <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sunburn_and_sun_poisoning/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">sunburn</a> or skin redness (skin appears to be reddish or have red-colored areas)</li> </ul> <p>All of these skin infections are painful.</p> <p>A major problem with MRSA (and occasionally other staph infections) is that occasionally the skin infection can spread to almost any other organ in the body. When this happens, it is a deep or invasive infection that can spread to the blood and infect internal organs. MRSA infections can cause complications such as infection of heart valves (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/endocarditis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">endocarditis</a>), <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/gangrene/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">gangrene</a> or death of the soft tissues (necrotizing fasciitis), and bone or joint infections (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/osteomyelitis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">osteomyelitis</a> or <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/septic_arthritis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">septic arthritis</a>). This can be deadly. <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/aches_pain_fever/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Fever</a>, chills, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/low_blood_pressure/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">low blood pressure</a>, joint pains, severe <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/headache/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">headaches</a>, shortness of breath, and sunburn-like rash over most of the body are symptoms of sepsis (blood poisoning). This requires emergency medical attention.</p></div> <div id="342852582-6" class="medianet"><script type="text/javascript">try { window._mNHandle.queue.push(function () { window._mNDetails.loadTag("342852582-6", "490x175", "342852582"); }); } catch (error) { }</script></div> <!-- START US ONLY VISITOR RR2 --><div class="from_webmd"> <h3>From <img class="logoTitle" src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/promo/logo_webmd.gif" alt="WebMD Logo"></h3> <div class="content"> <div class="wrapper"> <h5>Infection Resources</h5> <ul> <li><a onclick="wmdPageLink('rs-4297-4297_1');" href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/ss/slideshow-ear-infection-anatomy" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">What Causes Ear Infections?</a></li><li><a onclick="wmdPageLink('rs-4297-4297_2');" href="https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/fungal-infections-skin" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">What Fungal Infections Look Like</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <h5>Featured Centers</h5> <ul> <li><a onclick="wmdPageLink('fc-3785-1');" href="https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/psa-22/psa-make-treatment-work " target="_blank" rel="nofollow">What Are the Best PsA Treatments for You?</a></li><li><a onclick="wmdPageLink('fc-3709-2');" href="https://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/video/ra-biologic-drugs" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Understanding Biologics </a></li><li><a onclick="wmdPageLink('fc-5056-3');" href="https://blogs.webmd.com/depression/20220131/what-i-wish-people-knew-about-depression " target="_blank" rel="nofollow">10 Things People With Depression Wish You Knew </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END US ONLY VISITOR RR2 --> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="is_a_mrsa_infection_contagious" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">Is a MRSA infection contagious?</span></h3></div></p> <p>MRSA skin and soft tissue infections can be contagious<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/contagious_quiz/quiz.htm" rel="quiz" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> or spread from person to person by contact with the skin, pus, or infected body fluids of a person who has MRSA. Some people may be "carriers" of MRSA. In other words, the bacteria live on their skin or in the nostrils. It may cause no problems, or it may cause infections on that person's body or be transmitted to other people. It is not unusual for people in the community who are in frequent close contact with or who live with a person who has MRSA to also become carriers of MRSA. MRSA is very common in the community, especially in children and even pets.</p> <p></p></div><div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="how_is_a_mrsa_infection_transmitted_or_spread" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">How is a MRSA infection transmitted or spread?</span></h3></div></p> <p>There are two major ways people become infected with MRSA.</p> <ul> <li>The first is physical contact with someone who is either infected or is a carrier (people who are not infected but are colonized with the bacteria on their body) of MRSA.</li> <li>The second way is for people to physically contact MRSA from objects such as door handles, floors, sinks, or towels that have been touched by an MRSA-infected person or carrier.</li> </ul> <p>Normal skin tissue in people usually does not allow MRSA infection to develop; however, if there are cuts, abrasions, or other breaks in the skin such as psoriasis<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/psoriasis_symptoms_treatment_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> (a chronic inflammatory skin disease with dry patches, redness, and white scales), MRSA (or any <i>S. aureus</i>) may proliferate. Many otherwise healthy people, especially children, and young adults do not notice small skin imperfections or scrapes and may not take precautions about skin contact. This is the likely reason MRSA outbreaks occur in diverse types of people such as families, school team players (like football players or wrestlers), dormitory residents, and armed-services personnel in constant close contact.</p></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_tests_do_medical_professionals_use_to_diagnose_a_mrsa_infection" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What tests do medical professionals use to diagnose a MRSA infection?</span></h3></div></p> <p>Most doctors start with a complete history and physical exam of the patient to identify any skin changes that may be due to MRSA, especially if the patient or caretaker mentions a close association with a person who has been diagnosed with MRSA. If possible, a sample of pus from a wound, blood, or urine is sent to a microbiology lab and cultured for <i>S. aureus</i>. Deep infections (such as bone) may require the removal of a piece of tissue for testing (biopsy). If <i>S. aureus</i> is isolated (grown on a petri plate), the bacteria are then exposed to different antibiotics, including methicillin. <i>S. aureus</i> bacteria that grow well when methicillin is in the culture are termed MRSA, and the patient is diagnosed as MRSA-infected. Often there is no material to culture, and doctors treat the person with antibiotics that kill MRSA as well as more common bacteria until more information is available. This is called empiric therapy, meaning that doctors make their best guess on what bacteria are likely to be the cause of infection, until the bacteria have been definitively identified.</p> <p>Some hospitals may screen patients for carrying MRSA so that precautions can be taken to avoid spreading MRSA. The same procedure is done by swabbing the skin or inside the nose. These tests help distinguish MRSA infections from other skin changes that often appear initially similar to MRSA, such as <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/spider_bites_black_widow_and_brown_recluse/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">spider bites</a> or skin changes that occur with <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/lyme_disease/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Lyme disease</a>. Many MRSA infections get mistaken for a <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/spider_bites_black_widow_and_brown_recluse/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">spider bite</a>. This can cause delayed or incorrect treatment and progression of the MRSA infection.</p> <p>There are rapid screening tests that can detect the presence of MRSA DNA material (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/pcr_polymerase_chain_reaction/article.htm" rel="proc" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">polymerase chain reaction</a>, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/pcr_polymerase_chain_reaction/article.htm" rel="proc" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">PCR</a>) in a blood sample in as little as two hours. The test is able to determine whether the genetic material is from MRSA or from less resistant forms of staph bacteria. It may allow hospitals to start precautions early. It may also allow doctors to quickly tailor the antibiotics to only what is needed; this reduces unnecessary antibiotic use and helps reduce <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/antibiotic_resistance/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">antibiotic resistance</a>. It also may reduce the side effects and costs of unnecessary antibiotics. These tests cannot be used alone for the diagnosis of an MRSA infection. They do not provide important details about the antibiotics to which the specific strain is susceptible.</p></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_types_of_doctors_treat_mrsa_infections" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What types of doctors treat MRSA infections?</span></h3></div></p> <p>Since MRSA can affect any organ, different doctors may be involved in caring for someone with MRSA. Most surgeons and primary care doctors, such as family practice specialists, pediatricians, internists, and emergency care doctors, can treat MRSA infections. Complicated or deep MRSA infections are often treated by an infectious diseases specialist who is consulted by another doctor. A <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonologist_doctor/article.htm" rel="webmdlt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">pulmonologist</a> (lung specialist) may help to treat patients with MRSA pneumonia. A cardiologist (heart specialist) may help to diagnose MRSA infection of the heart valves. Specialist surgeons may be needed to treat deep MRSA infections in different parts of the body, such as an orthopedist (bone surgeon), podiatrist (foot surgeon), vascular (blood vessel surgeon), or cardiovascular (heart) surgeons.</p></div><div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="how_should_caregivers_treat_mrsa_patients_at_home" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">How should caregivers treat MRSA patients at home?</span></h3></div></p> <p>The CDC states that healthy caregivers are unlikely to become infected while caring for MRSA patients at home. Patients with MRSA and their caregivers should do the following:</p><ul><li>Clean hands often, especially before and after changing wound dressings or bandages.</li><li>Keep any wounds clean and change bandages as instructed until healed.</li><li>Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors.</li><li>Wash and dry clothes and bed linens with detergent and the temperatures recommended on the labels. <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/common_cold/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Cold</a> water is adequate to remove germs if an item cannot be washed warm.</li><li>Tell health care providers that the person has MRSA. This includes home health nurses and aides, therapists, and personnel in doctors' offices.</li><li>Follow all other instructions given by the doctor.</li></ul></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_is_the_treatment_for_a_mrsa_infection" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What is the treatment for a MRSA infection?</span></h3></div></p> <!--*ICCChunk-440*--> <ul> <li>The main treatment for boils and abscesses is incision and drainage. Antibiotics may not be needed if the infection is mild and the pus is drained.</li> <li>If antibiotic treatment is needed, it is usually empiric (based on the physician's best guess). Treatment can be made more precise if a pus sample can be sent to the laboratory. When the tests are run to determine that the staph bacteria isolated from a given patient are methicillin-resistant, they also provide valuable information about which antibiotics can successfully kill the bacteria (its susceptibility profile).</li> </ul> <p>Fortunately, many MRSA infections can be treated by a common and long-standing antibiotic, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/vancomycin-oral/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">vancomycin</a> (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/vancomycin-oral/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Vancocin</a> and generic brands), and it is included in most empiric treatment regimens. Newer <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/drugs_what_you_should_know_about_your_drugs/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">drugs</a> are also available, although some are much more expensive: ceftaroline (Teflaro), <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/linezolid-oral_tablets/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">linezolid</a> (Zyvox), daptomycin (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/daptomycin-_injection/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Cubicin</a>), dalbavancin (Dalvance), telavancin (Vibativ), and others. Only linezolid comes in a pill in addition to intravenous (IV) solution. Moderate to severe infections need to be treated by IV antibiotics, usually given in the hospital setting and completed at home with a home health agency.</p> <p>Less serious infections are often susceptible to <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/trimethoprim/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">trimethoprim</a>-<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sulfamethoxazole/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">sulfamethoxazole</a> (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sulfamethoxazole_and_trimethoprim/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Bactrim</a>), <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/doxycycline/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">doxycycline</a> (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/doxycycline/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Vibramycin</a>), and <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/clindamycin-oral/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">clindamycin</a> (<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/clindamycin-oral/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Cleocin</a>), all of which come in an oral form as well as IV. Rarely, some strains have become resistant to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistance, vancomycin-resistant <i>Staph aureus</i>, VRSA); this may require combinations of antibiotics.</p> <!--FN2--><!--FN2--></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_is_the_treatment_for_a_mrsa_infection_continued" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What is the treatment for a MRSA infection? (Continued)</span></h3></div></p> <p>The CDC recommends clinicians use the 2011 guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) that detail treatments. The 38-page set of guidelines can be found at http://www.idsociety.org/<br /> uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/MRSA.pdf. Since MRSA is resistant to multiple antibiotics, the treatment will depend on the specific MRSA bacteria that is cultured from each patient. The doctor will choose antibiotics that the laboratory reports as susceptible to the resistance test they perform on each culture.</p> <p>Some people think they are "cured" after a few antibiotic doses and stop taking the medicine. Others may start forgetting to take it once they don't feel sick and get back to normal activity. This is bad because there may be bacteria left that start the infection up again, spread to other parts of the body, and are exposed to low antibiotic doses. Low antibiotic exposures give MRSA time to become resistant to the medicine. If the infection comes back, it may be worse and even harder to treat. In fact, this is how <i>S</i><i>. aureus</i> and other bacteria became "superbugs." Anyone treated with antibiotics should take the entire course of the antibiotic as directed by their doctor. Setting up reminders for yourself as soon as you start on treatment helps keep you on track for success.</p></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_is_the_prognosis_of_a_mrsa_infection" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What is the prognosis of a MRSA infection?</span></h3></div></p> <p>The prognosis of MRSA infections depends on how severe the infection is, the overall health of the patient, and how well the infection responds to treatment. Mild to moderate skin infections (boils, small abscesses) in patients with otherwise good health almost always have a good prognosis with full recovery if treated appropriately. However, patients with more severe infection and/or additional health problems (for example, diabetes<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/type_2_diabetes_pictures_slideshow/article.htm" rel="slide" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>, immunocompromised status, infected trauma<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/trauma_and_first_aid_quiz/quiz.htm" rel="quiz" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a> wound), or those who get MRSA while in the hospital for another problem, have a prognosis from good to poor. MRSA pneumonia or sepsis has a death rate of about 20%. In addition, patients who are treated and do well still have a high risk of recurrent infection that may vary from 20%-40%. In addition, treatment with multiple antibiotics has its own risks. Drug reactions can occur. Killing of "friendly flora" (normal protective bacteria) in the bowel can lead to other infections such as pseudomembranous <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/colitis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">colitis</a> caused by <em><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/clostridium_difficile_colitis/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Clostridium difficile</a></em>.</p></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="how_can_people_prevent_a_mrsa_infection" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">How can people prevent a MRSA infection?</span></h3></div></p> <!--*ICCChunk-1307*--> <p>The best way to avoid MRSA infection is to avoid making direct contact with skin, clothing, and any items that come in contact with people who have MRSA. Basic precautions against any infections are most practical. Treat and cover (for example, antiseptic cream and a Band-Aid) any skin breaks or wounds. Pay attention to cleanliness. For example, wash hands with soap after toilet use. Soap makes dirt and bacteria slippery, and rubbing underwater removes them. <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/alcohol_metabolism/article.htm" rel="webmdlt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Alcohol</a>-containing hand sanitizers are very effective if hands are not obviously dirty and just need quick sanitizing. Clothes that may have come in contact with MRSA are effectively treated by washing with detergent; cold water is as good as hot. Frequent cleaning of living areas also helps, especially the bathroom and kitchen.</p> <p>Pregnant women should consult with their doctors if they are infected or are carriers of MRSA. In 2007, the first incidence of MRSA in a pet was recorded. MRSA can be transferred between pets and humans. MRSA has been documented in dogs<a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/puppies_and_dogs_quiz/quiz.htm" rel="quiz" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');"><span class="icon"></span></a>, cats, and horses but may be found in other animals in the future. Care and treatments are similar to those in humans, but a veterinarian should be consulted on all potential cases.</p> <p>The CDC does not recommend screening everyone for MRSA. However, the CDC does recommend that high-risk patients who are being admitted to the hospital be screened for MRSA and then, if positive for MRSA, follow infection-control guidelines during the hospital stay. One study showed that the number of infections with both HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA dropped from 2005 to 2008, and authorities speculate that such drops are due to infection-control measures in hospitals and better home care measures.</p></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_are_the_potential_complications_of_a_mrsa_infection" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What are the potential complications of a MRSA infection?</span></h3></div></p> <p>Complications from MRSA can occur in almost all organ systems; the following is a listing of some that can result in permanent organ damage or death: endocarditis, kidney or lung infections (pneumonia), necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis (blood poisoning). Early diagnosis and treatment usually result in better outcomes and reduction or elimination of further complications.</p></div> </div><div class="apPage"> <div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="what_is_a_superbug" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">What is a superbug?</span></h3></div></p> <p>The term <i>superbug</i> is a nonspecific word that is used to describe any organism that is resistant to at least one or more commonly used antibiotics. The most common bacteria described as superbugs are the following:</p> <ul> <li>MRSA (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains resistant to multiple antibiotics)</li> <li><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/vancomycin-resistant_enterococci_vre/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">VRE</a> (<i>Enterococcus</i> species resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin)</li> <li>PRSP (<i><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/streptococcal_infections/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Streptococcus</a> pneumoniae</i> strains resistant to <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/penicillins-injection/article.htm" rel="pharm" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">penicillin</a>)</li> <li>ESBL (<i><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/e_coli__0157h7/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">Escherichia coli</a></i> and similar bacteria that are resistant to a certain category of antibiotics, such as cephalosporins)</li> <li>CRE (Escherichia coli and similar bacteria that are resistant to the carbapenem antibiotics, which are often used as a last resort for ESBL and other resistant bacteria)</li> </ul> <p>Emerging superbugs may include multiple drug-resistant <i>Clostridium difficile</i>, VRSA (vancomycin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>), and NDM <i>Escherichia coli</i> (New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase resistant <i><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/e_coli__0157h7/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">E. coli</a></i>), and some strains of <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/gonorrhea_in_women/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">gonorrhea</a>. In 2013, the CDC set up a superbug site listing 18 different genera and species as "threats" due to <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/antibiotic_resistance/article.htm" rel="dt" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">antimicrobial resistance</a>. They are categorized as urgent, serious, and concerning according to their potential to cause serious health problems; MRSA is ranked as serious. The U.S. National Institutes of Health funds research to develop new diagnosis tools, treatments, and <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/immunizations/article.htm" rel="proc" onclick="wmdTrack('embd-lnk');">vaccines</a> against superbugs, including MRSA.</p> <p></p></div><div class="wrapper"><p><b><a name="where_are_other_mrsa_information_sources" class="bookmark"></a></b><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><h3><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">Where are other MRSA information sources?</span></h3></div></p> <p>"<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/index.html" onclick="popupWarning();" rel="manual" target="_blank">Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) Infections</a>," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</p></div> <!--CONTINUEREADING--> </div> <div class="apPageBottom"> <div id="refs">References<span class="icon-search"></span></div> <div id="refStash"> Baorto, Elizabeth P. "<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Infections. Medscape.com. Jan. 15, 2019. <<a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview>." target="_blank">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview>.</a><br /><br /> Cheung, G., J. Hwang-Soo, and M.O. Chattergee. "Phenol-soluble modulins -- critical determinants of staphylococcal virulence." <i>FEMS Microbiol Rev</i> 38.4 (2014): 698-719. <br /><br /> Herchline, Thomas E. "Staphylococcal Infections." Medscape.com. Apr. 25, 2016. <<a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview>." target="_blank">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228816-overview>.</a><br /><br /> Kallen, A.J., S. Bulens, A. Reingold, et al. "Health Care-Associated Invasive MRSA Infections, 2005-2008." <i>JAMA</i> 304 (2010): 641-648. <br /><br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-extra apPage"> <div class="sideBox extra thumbnails"><h3>Top MRSA Infection Related Articles</h3> <ul> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_01');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/12_causes_of_respiratory_infections_slideshow/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshow/featured-slideshow/featured-respiratory-infections.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Respiratory Illnesses: 13 Types of Lung Infections</h4><div class="relContent">Is your cough caused by a cold, flu, pneumonia or something else? Learn causes of respiratory infection like bronchitis, pneumonia, SARS, Coronavirus COVID-19 bird flu, and more.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_02');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/aches_pain_fever/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/thumb-fever.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Fever</h4><div class="relContent">Although a fever technically is any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 F (37 C), in practice, a person is usually not considered to have a significant fever until the temperature is above 100.4 F (38 C). Fever is part of the body's own disease-fighting arsenal; rising body temperatures apparently are capable of killing off many disease-producing organisms.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_03');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/boil_picture/picture.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-boil-illustration.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Illustrations of Boils</h4><div class="relContent">A boil, also referred to as a skin abscess, is a localized infection deep in the skin. See a picture of a Boil and learn more about the health topic.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_04');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/boils/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/thumb-boils.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Boils</h4><div class="relContent">A boil is a skin abscess, a collection of pus localized deep in the skin. There are several different types of boils. Among them are the following: furuncle or carbuncle, cystic acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, and pilonidal cyst.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_05');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/breastfeeding/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/thumb-breastfeeding.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding</h4><div class="relContent">It's important to know whether you will breastfeed or bottle-feed your baby prior to delivery, as the breasts' ability to produce milk diminishes soon after childbirth without the stimulation of breastfeeding. Breast milk is easily digested by babies and contains infection-fighting antibodies and cholesterol, which promotes brain growth. Formula-fed babies actually need to eat somewhat less often since formula is less readily digested by the baby than human milk. This article explores the advantages and disadvantages of both forms of feeding.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_06');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cellulitis/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-cellulitis.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Cellulitis</h4><div class="relContent">Cellulitis is an acute spreading bacterial infection below the surface of the skin characterized by redness, warmth, inflammation, and pain. The most common cause of cellulitis is the bacteria staph (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>).</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_07');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/childrens_health_illnesses_pictures_slideshow/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshow/featured-slideshow/featured-childhood-illnesses.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Kids' Illnesses Slideshow</h4><div class="relContent">Is your child at risk for these childhood diseases? Know when to call the doctor for conditions such as measles, mumps, ringworm, pink eye, strep throat, cough, ear aches, and more.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_08');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/contagious_quiz/quiz.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/quiz/featured-quiz/featured-contagious.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Is It Contagious Quiz</h4><div class="relContent">Is it contagious? Take this quiz to learn about contagious diseases, how contagious diseases are spread, and myths and facts about contagions.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_09');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/is_mrsa_contagious/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-mrsa-contagious.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Is MRSA Contagious?</h4><div class="relContent">MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. MRSA typically spreads through person-to-person contact, but it can also spread via aerosolized droplets. An MRSA skin infection will rapidly become painful, swollen, drain pus, and be warm to the touch.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_10');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/is_pus_a_sign_of_infection_what_causes_pus/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-is-pus-a-sign-of-infection.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Is Pus a Sign of Infection? What Causes It?</h4><div class="relContent">Learn about pus and what to do if a wound gets infected and contains pus. Bacteria are microbes that are invisible to the naked eye because of their size. You can observe them under a microscope.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_11');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_picture_slideshow/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshow/featured-slideshow/featured-mrsa.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>MRSA Slideshow</h4><div class="relContent">MRSA and staph infections are caused by a 'super bug' resistant to antibiotics. Learn causes, symptoms, and treatment options of the highly contagious infection, MSRA.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_12');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/mrsa_quiz/quiz.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/quiz/featured-quiz/featured-mrsa.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>MRSA Quiz!</h4><div class="relContent">It's the MRSA Quiz! For the carriers among us, you'd be surprised that the infectious superbug is lurking on this body part! Take the quiz and learn how to keep this Staph infection at bay.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_13');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/pcr_polymerase_chain_reaction/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-pcr-polymerase-chain-reaction.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)</h4><div class="relContent">PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a method to analyze a short sequence DNA or RNA. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) has many uses, for example, it is used to diagnose genetic diseases, establish paternity or biological relationships, DNA fingerprinting, DNA forensics, and finding bacteria and viruses.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_14');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/rash/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-rash.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Skin Rash</h4><div class="relContent">The word "rash" means an outbreak of red bumps on the body. The way people use this term, "a rash" can refer to many different skin conditions. The most common of these are scaly patches of skin and red, itchy bumps or patches all over the place.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_15');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sepsis/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/forum/featured-sepsis.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Sepsis (Blood Poisoning)</h4><div class="relContent">Sepsis (blood poisoning) is a potentially deadly infection with signs and symptoms that include elevated heart rate, low or high temperature, rapid breathing and/or a white blood cell count that is too high or too low and has more than 10% band cells. Most cases of sepsis are caused by bacterial infections, and some cases are caused by fungal infections. Treatment requires hospitalization, IV antibiotics, and therapy to treat any organ dysfunction.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_16');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/skin_biopsy/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshow/featured-slideshow/featured-childhood-skin-problems.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Skin Biopsy</h4><div class="relContent">During a skin biopsy, a piece of skin is removed under a local anesthesia and examined using a microscope. The different types of skin biopsy include shave biopsy, punch biopsy, and excisional biopsy. Skin biopsies are performed to diagnose skin growths, skin conditions, and skin cancers.</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_17');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/skin_quiz/quiz.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/quiz/featured-quiz/featured-skin.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>Skin Quiz</h4><div class="relContent">What's that all over you? Skin, of course! Test your knowledge of your most amazing organ with the Skin Quiz!</div></a></li> <li><a onclick="wmdTrack('lr-top10_18');" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection_pictures_slideshow/article.htm"><img src="https://images.medicinenet.com/images/slideshow/featured-slideshow/featured-staph-infection.jpg" height="80" width="80"><h4>What Is a Staph Infection? </h4><div class="relContent">Do you know what a staph infection is? What about golden staph? Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments of staph infections (Staphylococcus aureus) before they become dangerous Staphylococcus infection complications like endocarditis or toxic shock syndrome.</div></a></li> </ul><div class="gradient"></div><div class="more"><span class="icon-arrow-right2"></span></div> </div> </div> <div id="pageContainer"> <scroll-page :max-pages="-1" next-page-uri="/mni/api/art-slide/116814?num=1" next-type="art-slide" suffix=""></scroll-page> </div> </article> <aside class="stickyColRight"> <div class="sideBox"><div tw class="shadow-[rgba(17,_17,_26,_0.1)_0px_0px_16px] p-2 min-h-[430px]"> <ce-module-loader url="/article-list-api" module="Featured Slideshow" method="post"> <script id="sample_template" type="text/html"> <h3 class="p-4 text-lg"><a class="no-underline hover:no-underline" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/slideshows/article.htm">Featured Slideshows</a></h3> <ul class="space-y-2"> {{#data}} <li class="list-none"> <a class="rounded-md shadow-md 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