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.infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Crispus Attucks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Crispus_Attucks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/220px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/330px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/440px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Speculative 19th-century portrait of Crispus Attucks</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Crispus Attucks</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1723<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Framingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Framingham">Framingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" class="mw-redirect" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 5, 1770 (age 47)<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" class="mw-redirect" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevedore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stevedore (not yet started)">Dockworker</a><sup id="cite_ref-pbs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crispus Attucks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">circa</a> 1723 – March 5, 1770) was the first person to die in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made him the first American to die in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being killed at the Boston Massacre, Attucks became a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> of the American Revolution. He also became a symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> (anti-slavery) movement, both in the <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a> and the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>. </p><p>Attucks had a big impact on important historical events like the American Revolution and the abolitionist movement. However, he continues to have an impact on American <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> today. Even 250 years after his death, modern songs, stories, and television shows still talk about Attucks. Children go to schools that are named after him. In 2002, Attucks was named one of the "100 Greatest <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>" in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asante_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Early life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Early life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from how he died, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> do not know much about Attucks' life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Prince Yonger, was a <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> who had been born in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>; his mother, Nancy Attucks, was a <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_American" title="Native American">Native American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Crispus Attucks' <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> was John Attucks of Massachusetts, who was hanged during <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attucks himself may have been a freeman, or may have escaped <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> suggests that he was born a slave in <a href="/wiki/Framingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Framingham">Framingham</a>, Massachusetts, but escaped from slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1750, William Brown, a slave-owner in Framingham, put out an <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisement</a> about a runaway slave named Crispus. In the advertisement, Brown offered a reward of 10 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> to whoever found and returned Attucks to him. The description in the advertisement fit Crispus Attucks, suggesting that Attucks was the runaway slave. Still, people have argued for decades about whether Attucks was a free black man or a runaway slave. </p><p>Attucks may have worked as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dockworker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dockworker (not yet started)">dockworker</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" title="Merchant marine">merchant seaman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He definitely became a <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailor</a> and spent most of the rest of his life at sea. He often worked on <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whalers</a>, which involved long trips at sea. Many historians also believe that he went by the <a href="/wiki/Alias" class="mw-redirect" title="Alias">alias</a> "Michael Johnson" in order to avoid being caught and sent back to slavery. He may only have been temporarily in Boston in early 1770, having recently returned from a voyage to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. He was due to leave shortly afterwards on a ship for <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parr_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_and_trials">Reaction and trials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Reaction and trials" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Reaction and trials"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> successfully argued that most of the accused British soldiers fired their guns in self-defense. He got all but two of the soldiers <a href="/wiki/Acquitted" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquitted">acquitted</a> of <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> (found not guilty). Two of the soldiers were found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> and were punished by being branded (<a href="/wiki/Burn_(injury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn (injury)">burned</a>) on their thumbs. While defending the British soldiers, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">molattoes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taig (not yet started)">Irish teagues</a> and outlandish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Tar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Tar (not yet started)">Jack Tarrs</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he accused Attucks of having decided "to be the hero of the night," and of having started a <a href="/wiki/Conflict" title="Conflict">conflict</a> with his "mad behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five people killed in the Massacre were buried as <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granary_Burying_Ground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granary Burying Ground (not yet started)">Granary Burying Ground</a>, which also contains the graves of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, and other important people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_in_history">Importance in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Importance in history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Importance in history"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being killed in the Boston Massacre, Attucks was held up as the first martyr of the American Revolution. The deaths of Attucks and four other Americans enraged the American people and helped trigger the start of the American Revolution. </p><p>Attucks also became a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> (anti-slavery) movement in the <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a>. In the early <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, as the abolitionist movement gained strength in Boston, supporters praised Attucks as an African American who played a heroic role in the history of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Minardi1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minardi1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Attucks was of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" title="Mixed race">mixed</a> African and Native American <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/heritage" class="extiw" title="wikt:heritage">heritage</a>, he also became an important figure in Native American history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Legacy and honors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Legacy and honors"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg/220px-Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg/330px-Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg/440px-Boston_Massacre_victims_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Crispus Attucks' grave in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granary_Burying_Ground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granary Burying Ground (not yet started)">Granary Burying Ground</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1858: Boston-area abolitionists, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cooper_Nell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Cooper Nell (not yet started)">William Cooper Nell</a>, created "Crispus Attucks Day" to honor Attucks.</li> <li>1888: A <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> honoring Attucks and the other victims of the Boston Massacre was created on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Common&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boston Common (not yet started)">Boston Common</a>. It is over 25 feet high and about 10 feet wide. It shows the Boston Massacre, with Attucks lying in the foreground. Under the scene is the date: March 5, 1770. Above the scene stands a female figure, <i>Free America</i>, holding the broken chain of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> in her right hand. Beneath her right foot, she crushes the royal crown of England. At the left of the figure is an <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>. Thirteen stars are cut into one of the faces of the monument. Beneath these stars in raised letters are the names of the five men who were killed that day: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr. Some men died a day later.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG/220px-AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG/330px-AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG/440px-AttucksMiddleSchoolHouston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Crispus Attucks Middle School, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunnyside,_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunnyside, Houston (not yet started)">Sunnyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>In 1888, the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society did not want the Attucks memorial to be created. However, since the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, both organizations have acknowledged his importance in history, and have created <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> exhibits about <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black history (not yet started)">black history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>.</li> <li>1998: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Treasury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Treasury (not yet started)">United States Treasury</a> released "The Black Revolutionary War Patriots <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_coin_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dollar coin (United States) (not yet started)">Silver Dollar</a>" featuring Attucks' image. Funds from sales of the coin were intended for a proposed <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="War memorial">Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002: The Afrocentrist scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molefi Kete Asante (not yet started)">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Crispus Attucks as among the 100 Greatest African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-asante_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Places named for Attucks include the Crispus Attucks High School in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>; Attucks Middle School in Sunnyside, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; the Crispus Attucks Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>; the Attucks Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>; the Crispus Attucks Association in <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York, Pennsylvania</a>; Crispus Attucks Road in Spring Valley, <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-disambig" title="New York">New York</a>; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Bedford-Stuyvesant, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>; Crispus Attucks Park in Carbondale, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis, Illinois</a>; Crispus Attucks Park in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; the Crispus Attucks Center in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorchester,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorchester, (not yet started)">Dorchester,</a> Massachusetts; and the Crispus Attucks Bridge in Framingham, Massachusetts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: In popular culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: In popular culture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"First man to die for the flag we now hold high was a black man" is a line from <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>'s song "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Songs_In_The_Key_Of_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songs In The Key Of Life (not yet started)">Black Man</a>".</li> <li>"Crispus Attucks, the first blasted" is a line from <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>'s song "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Untitled_Nas_album&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untitled Nas album (not yet started)">You Can't Stop Us Now</a>".</li> <li>The poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boyle_O%27Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Boyle O'Reilly (not yet started)">John Boyle O'Reilly</a> wrote the following <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a> when the monument was finally unveiled:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>And to honor Crispus Attucks who was the leader and voice that day: The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr, and Gray. Call it riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for aye...</i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Melvin Tolson begins his poem "Dark Symphony" with the lines:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>"Black Crispus Attucks taught / Us how to die / Before white <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Henry%E2%80%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Henry’ (not yet started)">Patrick Henry’s</a> bugle breath / Uttered the Vertical / Transmitting cry: / 'Yea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Give me liberty or give me death (not yet started)">give me liberty or give me death</a>.'”</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> spoke about Attucks in the introduction of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Why_We_Can%27t_Wait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Why We Can't Wait (not yet started)">Why We Can't Wait</a></i> (1964), as an example of a man whose contribution to history provided a strong message of moral courage.</li> <li>In an unsourced, popular book about Attucks, James Neyland wrote his appraisal of the man's significance:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppressed</a> people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Attucks is discussed at length in the book "Rush Revere and the First Patriots" by <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>. The book is second in a series celebrating "Exceptional Americans."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a> mentions Crispus Attucks in the spoken introduction to his <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> recording of "We Are Americans, Too".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crispus_Attucks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pbs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html">"Africans in America: Crispus Attucks"</a>. <i>PBS.org</i>. WGBH Educational Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS.org&rft.atitle=Africans+in+America%3A+Crispus+Attucks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart2%2F2p24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowery, Malinda Maynor. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24113">African and Native Americans in Colonial and Revolutionary Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090053/http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24113">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/">Teachinghistory.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205612/http://www.teachinghistory.org/">Archived</a> 2018-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 13 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bio_3-3">3.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/crispus-attucks-9191864">"Crispus Attucks Biography"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. A&E Television Networks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=Crispus+Attucks+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fcrispus-attucks-9191864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asante-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-asante_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-asante_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2002" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/100greatestafric0000asan"><i>100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573929639" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573929639"><bdi>978-1573929639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Greatest+African+Americans%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1573929639&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F100greatestafric0000asan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PoqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251">"Unhappy Disturbances at Boston"</a>. <i>The London Magazine, or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer</i>. <b>39</b>. London: R. Baldwin: 251. 1770<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Magazine%2C+or%2C+Gentleman%27s+Monthly+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Unhappy+Disturbances+at+Boston&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=251&rft.date=1770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PoqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-parr_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-parr_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Parr_and_Kevin_A._Swope2009" class="citation book cs1">James L. Parr and Kevin A. Swope (2009). <i>Framingham: Legends and Lore</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596295650" title="Special:BookSources/9781596295650"><bdi>9781596295650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framingham%3A+Legends+and+Lore&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781596295650&rft.au=James+L.+Parr+and+Kevin+A.+Swope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1770" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, John (November 27, 1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html">"The Trial of William Wemms, James Hartegan, William McCauley, Hugh White, Matthew Killroy, William Warren, John Carroll, and Hugh Montgomery, for the murder of Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, Samuel Maverick, James Caldwell, and Patrick Carr"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. J. Fleeming<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+William+Wemms%2C+James+Hartegan%2C+William+McCauley%2C+Hugh+White%2C+Matthew+Killroy%2C+William+Warren%2C+John+Carroll%2C+and+Hugh+Montgomery%2C+for+the+murder+of+Crispus+Attucks%2C+Samuel+Gray%2C+Samuel+Maverick%2C+James+Caldwell%2C+and+Patrick+Carr&rft.date=1770-11-27&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ftreasures%2Ftrr046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Attucks, Crispus". <i>Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.</i> New York: D. Appleton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/granary.asp">"Granary Burying Ground"</a>. <i>CityofBoston.gov</i>. City of Boston. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2016</span>. <q>[V]isitors will find the graves of three signers of the Declaration of Independence: Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Robert Treat Paine … patriot and craftsman Paul Revere; James Otis, Revolutionary orator and lawyer; and five victims of the Boston Massacre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityofBoston.gov&rft.atitle=Granary+Burying+Ground&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofboston.gov%2Ffreedomtrail%2Fgranary.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minardi1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Minardi1_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Margot Minardi, <i>The Inevitable Negro: Making Slavery History in Massachusetts, 1770–1863</i> (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>: PhD Dissertation, 2007.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBolster1997" class="citation book cs1">Bolster, W. Jeffrey (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackjacksafrica0000bols"><i>Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674076273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674076273"><bdi>978-0674076273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Jacks%3A+African+American+Seamen+in+the+Age+of+Sail&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0674076273&rft.aulast=Bolster&rft.aufirst=W.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackjacksafrica0000bols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2005" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, David J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithboundariesc0000silv"><i>Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha's Vineyard, 1600–1871</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521706957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521706957"><bdi>978-0521706957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Boundaries%3A+Colonists%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Community+among+the+Wampanoag+Indians+of+Martha%27s+Vineyard%2C+1600%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521706957&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithboundariesc0000silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMandell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mandell, Daniel R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triberacehistory0000mand"><i>Tribe, Race, History: Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801898198" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801898198"><bdi>978-0801898198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribe%2C+Race%2C+History%3A+Native+Americans+in+Southern+New+England%2C+1780%E2%80%931880&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0801898198&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriberacehistory0000mand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMandell1996" class="citation book cs1">Mandell, Daniel R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindfrontierin00mand"><i>Beyond the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts</i></a>. Lincoln: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska (not yet started)">University of Nebraska</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803282490" title="Special:BookSources/9780803282490"><bdi>9780803282490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Frontier%3A+Indians+in+Eighteenth-Century+Eastern+Massachusetts&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780803282490&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindfrontierin00mand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225032651/http://www.usmint.gov/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2000/02.cfm">"Plinky's Coin of the Month"</a>. <i>USMint.gov</i>. The United States Mint. February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2000/02.cfm">the original</a> on December 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USMint.gov&rft.atitle=Plinky%27s+Coin+of+the+Month&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fkids%2FcoinNews%2FcoinOfTheMonth%2F2000%2F02.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNeyland2008" class="citation book cs1">Neyland, James (February 28, 2008). <i>Crispus Attucks: Patriot</i>. Holloway House Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870677915" title="Special:BookSources/9780870677915"><bdi>9780870677915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crispus+Attucks%3A+Patriot&rft.pub=Holloway+House+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=9780870677915&rft.aulast=Neyland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLimbaugh2014" class="citation book cs1">Limbaugh, Rush (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushreverefirstp0000limb"><i>Rush Revere and the First Patriots: Time-Travel Adventures with Exceptional Americans</i></a>. Threshold Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476755885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476755885"><bdi>978-1476755885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rush+Revere+and+the+First+Patriots%3A+Time-Travel+Adventures+with+Exceptional+Americans&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1476755885&rft.aulast=Limbaugh&rft.aufirst=Rush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frushreverefirstp0000limb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACrispus+Attucks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. 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Ferguson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" title="Negro leagues">Negro league baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">SWAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category:African-American people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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