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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Tista' tara u tikkopja s-sors ta' din il-paġna. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="mt" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{infobox bijografija}} '''Václav Havel''' (pronunzjat bil-lingwa Ċeka: [ˈvaːtslav ˈɦavɛl]; 5 ta’ Ottubru 1936 - 18 ta’ Diċembru 2011) kien statista, awtur, [[poeta]], drammaturgu u dissident. <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Webb|isem=W. L.|data=18 December 2011|titlu=Václav Havel obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/18/vaclav-havel|pubblikazzjoni=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref name="Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Crain|isem=Caleb|data=21 March 2012|titlu=Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/166949/havels-specter-vaclav-havel#|pubblikazzjoni=[[The Nation]]|data-aċċess=16 July 2014}}</ref> Havel serva bħala l-aħħar president Ċekoslovakk mill-1989 sal-1992. Mill-1993 sal-2003 sar l-ewwel president Ċek li ġie elett demokratikament wara l-waqgħa tal-komuniżmu. Bħala kittieb, huwa magħruf għad-drammi, għall-esejs u għall-memoirs tiegħu biċ-Ċek. L-ewwel suċċessi letterarji tiegħu kienu bħala drammaturgu. F’xogħlijiet bħal ''The Garden Party'' u ''The Memorandum,'' Havel uża stil assurd sabiex jikkritika s-sistema komunista. Hu beda jkun aktar involut fil-politika u għen biex jitwaqqfu inizjattivi għad-dissendenti, bħaċ-‘Charter 77’ u l-Kumitat għad-Difiża għal min jiġi kkundanat inġustament, wara li kien ipprotesta fir-[[Rebbiegħa ta' Praga]] u tniżżel fil-lista s-sewda wara l-Patt ta’ Varsavja għall-invażjoni taċ-Ċekoslovakkja. L-attivitajiet politiċi tiegħu wasslu għas-sorveljanza mill-Pulizija Sigrieta, l-StB, u qatta’ ħafna żmien il-ħabs bħala priġunier politiku.<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni|paġni=560–583}}</ref> L-itwal perjodu li qatta’ l-ħabs kien ta’ kważi erba’ snin, bejn l-1979 u l-1983. Il-partit ta’ Havel, ‘Forum Ċiviku’, kellu sehem kruċjali fir-Rivoluzzjoni tal-Bellus, li fl-1989 waqqgħet is-sistema Komunista taċ-Ċekoslovakkja. Ftit wara, laħaq president, u s-sena ta’ wara reġa’ ġie elett b’maġġoranza kbira u l-istess fl-1993 wara l-indipendenza tal-Islovakkja. Havel kien strumentali għat-tneħħija tal-Patt ta’ Varsavja u biex jiżdiedu l-pajjiżi tal-Lvant fin-NATO. Ħafna mill-pożizzjonijiet u l-politiki tiegħu kienu kontroversjali, pereżempju l-oppożizzjoni tiegħu għall-indipendenza tal-Islovakkja, il-kundanna għat-trattament tal-Ġermaniżi li kienu joqogħdu fit-territorju Ċek u t-tkeċċija tagħhom miċ-Ċekoslovakkja wara [[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], u anke l-għoti ta’ amnestija ġenerali għal dawk li ntbagħtu l-ħabs fl-era Komunista. Fl-aħħar tal-presidenza tiegħu, kien iżjed popolari barra milli f’pajjiżu. Wara li ma baqax President, Havel kompla jimpenja ruħu politikament, u waqqaf ħafna inizjattivi, inkluż id-‘Dikjarazzjoni ta’ Praga dwar il-Kuxjenza u l-Komuniżmu Ewropew’',<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni|paġni=128–135}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/media/article.php?article=3850|titlu=Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism|data=9 June 2008|pubblikatur=[[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]]|data-aċċess=10 May 2011|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518124148/http://victimsofcommunism.org/media/article.php?article=3850|arkivju-data=18 May 2011}}</ref> il-Fondazzjoni VIZE 97, u l-konferenza annwali Forum 2000. Il-filosofija politika ta’ Havel kienet antikonsumerista, umanista u ambjentalista u favur l-attiviżmu politiku u d-demokrazija diretta.<ref name="Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Crain|isem=Caleb|data=21 March 2012|titlu=Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/166949/havels-specter-vaclav-havel#|pubblikazzjoni=[[The Nation]]|data-aċċess=16 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCrain2012">[[Caleb Crain|Crain, Caleb]] (21 March 2012). [http://www.thenation.com/article/166949/havels-specter-vaclav-havel# "Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel"]. ''[[In-Nazzjon|The Nation]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Mill-2004 sa mewtu, hu appoġġja l-Partit tal-Ħodor Ċek. Matul ħajtu rċieva għadd ta’ rikonoxximenti, bħall-Medalja Presidenzjali għal-Libertà, il-Premju Gandhi għall-Paċi, il-Medalja ta’ Philadelphia għall-Libertà, l-Ordni ta’ Kanada, il-Premju tal-Erba’ Libertajiet, il-Premju tal-Ambaxxatur għall-Kuxjenza, u l-Premju Ċittadinanza Hanno R. Ellenbogen. Is-sena akkademika 2012-2013 fil-Kulleġġ tal-Ewropa ssemmiet għalih bħala omaġġ.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.coleurope.eu/nl/node/5880|titlu=Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus|data-aċċess=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031060743/https://www.coleurope.eu/nl/node/5880|arkivju-data=31 October 2013}}</ref> Uħud jikkunsidrawh bħala wieħed mill-aktar intellettwali importanti tas-seklu 20. Fl-2012, l-ajruport internazzjonali ta’ [[Praga]] ssemma għalih. == Tfulija == Havel twieled fi [[Praga]] fil-5 ta' Ottubru 1936 <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Webb|isem=W. L.|data=18 December 2011|titlu=Václav Havel obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/18/vaclav-havel|pubblikazzjoni=[[The Guardian]]|data-aċċess=18 December 2011}}</ref> f’familja sinjuri li fiċ-Ċekoslovakkja kienet rrispettata għall-kisbiet kulturali u intraprenditorjali. In-nannu tiegħu, Vácslav Havel, żviluppatur, bena kumpless tad-divertiment fil-Pjazza Wenceslas fi Praga. Missieru, Václav Maria Havel, żviluppa s-subborg Terrazzini Barrandov, fl-ogħla quċċata ta’ Praga – qrib ta’ fejn zijuh, Miloš Havel, bena wieħed mill-akbar studjos tal-films fl-Ewropa.<ref name="Zantovsky">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Zantovsky|isem=Michael|data=2014|titlu=Havel: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/havellife0000anto/page/16|post=New York|pubblikatur=Grove Press|paġni=[https://archive.org/details/havellife0000anto/page/16 16 (family accomplishments), 55 (marriage)]|isbn=9780802123152}}</ref> Omm Havel, Božena Vavrečková,<ref>{{Ċita enċiklopedija|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3416000082/havel-vaclav-1936.html}}</ref> kienet ġejja minn familja influwenti wkoll; missierha kien ambaxxatur Ċekoslovakk u ġurnalist magħruf. [[Stampa:Vaclav_Havel_1965.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri| Havel fl-1965]] Fil-bidu tal-ħamsinijiet, minħabba l-klassi soċjali tiegħu, Havel daħal għall-apprendistat ta’ erba’ snin bħala assistent fil-laboratorju tal-kimika, u fl-istess ħin filgħaxija kien jattendi lezzjonijiet ta’ kors postsekondarju. Hu temm l-edukazzjoni postsekondarja fl-1954. Għal raġunijiet politiċi, ma kienx aċċettat bħala student f’kors tal-umanitajiet fil-postsekondarja; għaldaqstant għażel li jistudja fil-Fakultà tal-Ekonomija tal-Università Teknika Ċeka ġewwa Praga imma waqaf wara sentejn. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.vaclavhavel.cz/cs/vaclav-havel/zivotopis/1936-1959|titlu=::.Václav Havel.::The official website of Václav Havel, writer, dramatist, dissident, prisoner of conscience, human rights activist, former president of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic|pubblikatur=Vaclavhavel.cz|data-aċċess=2013-11-19}}</ref> Havel iżżewweġ lil Olga Šplíchalová fid-9 ta’ Lulju 1964.<ref name="Zantovsky">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Zantovsky|isem=Michael|data=2014|titlu=Havel: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/havellife0000anto/page/16|post=New York|pubblikatur=Grove Press|paġni=[https://archive.org/details/havellife0000anto/page/16 16 (family accomplishments), 55 (marriage)]|isbn=9780802123152}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZantovsky2014">Zantovsky, Michael (2014). [[iarchive:havellife0000anto/page/16|''Havel: A Life'']]. New York: Grove Press. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:havellife0000anto/page/16|16 (family accomplishments), 55 (marriage)]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780802123152|<bdi>9780802123152</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Havel, Václav}} {{Awtorità}} [[Kategorija:Kittieba Ċeki]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2011]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1936]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Mudelli wżati f'din il-paġna: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudell:((" title="Mudell:((">Mudell:((</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudell:((&action=edit" title="Mudell:((">editja</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mudell:))" title="Mudell:))">Mudell:))</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudell:))&action=edit" title="Mudell:))">editja</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mudell:Awtorit%C3%A0" title="Mudell:Awtorità">Mudell:Awtorità</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudell:Awtorit%C3%A0&action=edit" title="Mudell:Awtorità">editja</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mudell:Collapsible_list" title="Mudell:Collapsible list">Mudell:Collapsible list</a> (<a 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