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</li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 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data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci_cd&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd"> CI/CD </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case"> View all use cases </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare"> Healthcare </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services"> Financial services </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing"> Manufacturing </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/government"> Government </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 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related to import"},{"level":2,"text":":mod:`importlib.machinery` -- Importers and path hooks","anchor":"modimportlibmachinery----importers-and-path-hooks","htmlText":":mod:`importlib.machinery` -- Importers and path hooks"},{"level":2,"text":":mod:`importlib.util` -- Utility code for importers","anchor":"modimportlibutil----utility-code-for-importers","htmlText":":mod:`importlib.util` -- Utility code for importers"},{"level":2,"text":"Examples","anchor":"examples","htmlText":"Examples"},{"level":3,"text":"Importing programmatically","anchor":"importing-programmatically","htmlText":"Importing programmatically"},{"level":3,"text":"Checking if a module can be imported","anchor":"checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported","htmlText":"Checking if a module can be imported"},{"level":3,"text":"Importing a source file directly","anchor":"importing-a-source-file-directly","htmlText":"Importing a source file directly"},{"level":3,"text":"Implementing lazy imports","anchor":"implementing-lazy-imports","htmlText":"Implementing lazy imports"},{"level":3,"text":"Setting up an importer","anchor":"setting-up-an-importer","htmlText":"Setting up an importer"},{"level":3,"text":"Approximating :func:`importlib.import_module`","anchor":"approximating-funcimportlibimport_module","htmlText":"Approximating :func:`importlib.import_module`"}],"lineInfo":{"truncatedLoc":"1685","truncatedSloc":"1153"},"mode":"file"},"image":false,"isCodeownersFile":null,"isPlain":false,"isValidLegacyIssueTemplate":false,"issueTemplate":null,"discussionTemplate":null,"language":"reStructuredText","languageID":419,"large":false,"planSupportInfo":{"repoIsFork":null,"repoOwnedByCurrentUser":null,"requestFullPath":"/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/importlib.rst","showFreeOrgGatedFeatureMessage":null,"showPlanSupportBanner":null,"upgradeDataAttributes":null,"upgradePath":null},"publishBannersInfo":{"dismissActionNoticePath":"/settings/dismiss-notice/publish_action_from_dockerfile","releasePath":"/python/cpython/releases/new?marketplace=true","showPublishActionBanner":false},"rawBlobUrl":"https://github.com/python/cpython/raw/refs/heads/main/Doc/library/importlib.rst","renderImageOrRaw":false,"richText":"\u003carticle class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id1\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id2\"\u003e:mod:`!importlib`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e --- The implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id3\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id4\"\u003e:keyword:`!import`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-modimportlib-----the-implementation-of-keywordimport\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: :mod:`!importlib` --- The implementation of :keyword:`!import`\" href=\"#modimportlib-----the-implementation-of-keywordimport\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. module:: importlib\n :synopsis: The implementation of the import machinery.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. moduleauthor:: Brett Cannon \u0026lt;brett@python.org\u0026gt;\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. sectionauthor:: Brett Cannon \u0026lt;brett@python.org\u0026gt;\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.1\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource code:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"#id5\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id6\"\u003e:source:`Lib/importlib/__init__.py`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-introduction\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-introduction\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Introduction\" href=\"#introduction\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe purpose of the \u003ca href=\"#id7\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id8\"\u003e:mod:`importlib`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e package is three-fold.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne is to provide the\nimplementation of the \u003ca href=\"#id9\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id10\"\u003e:keyword:`import`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e statement (and thus, by extension, the\n\u003ca href=\"#id11\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id12\"\u003e:func:`__import__`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e function) in Python source code. This provides an\nimplementation of \u003ca href=\"#id13\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id14\"\u003e:keyword:`!import`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which is portable to any Python\ninterpreter. This also provides an implementation which is easier to\ncomprehend than one implemented in a programming language other than Python.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTwo, the components to implement \u003ca href=\"#id15\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id16\"\u003e:keyword:`import`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e are exposed in this\npackage, making it easier for users to create their own custom objects (known\ngenerically as an \u003ca href=\"#id17\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id18\"\u003e:term:`importer`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e) to participate in the import process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThree, the package contains modules exposing additional functionality for\nmanaging aspects of Python packages:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id19\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id20\"\u003e:mod:`importlib.metadata`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e presents access to metadata from third-party\ndistributions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id21\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id22\"\u003e:mod:`importlib.resources`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e provides routines for accessing non-code\n\"resources\" from Python packages.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. seealso::\n\n :ref:`import`\n The language reference for the :keyword:`import` statement.\n\n `Packages specification \u0026lt;https://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages/\u0026gt;`__\n Original specification of packages. Some semantics have changed since\n the writing of this document (e.g. redirecting based on ``None``\n in :data:`sys.modules`).\n\n The :func:`.__import__` function\n The :keyword:`import` statement is syntactic sugar for this function.\n\n :ref:`sys-path-init`\n The initialization of :data:`sys.path`.\n\n :pep:`235`\n Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms\n\n :pep:`263`\n Defining Python Source Code Encodings\n\n :pep:`302`\n New Import Hooks\n\n :pep:`328`\n Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative\n\n :pep:`366`\n Main module explicit relative imports\n\n :pep:`420`\n Implicit namespace packages\n\n :pep:`451`\n A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System\n\n :pep:`488`\n Elimination of PYO files\n\n :pep:`489`\n Multi-phase extension module initialization\n\n :pep:`552`\n Deterministic pycs\n\n :pep:`3120`\n Using UTF-8 as the Default Source Encoding\n\n :pep:`3147`\n PYC Repository Directories\n\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-functions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFunctions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-functions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Functions\" href=\"#functions\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)\n\n An implementation of the built-in :func:`__import__` function.\n\n .. note::\n Programmatic importing of modules should use :func:`import_module`\n instead of this function.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: import_module(name, package=None)\n\n Import a module. The *name* argument specifies what module to\n import in absolute or relative terms\n (e.g. either ``pkg.mod`` or ``..mod``). If the name is\n specified in relative terms, then the *package* argument must be set to\n the name of the package which is to act as the anchor for resolving the\n package name (e.g. ``import_module('..mod', 'pkg.subpkg')`` will import\n ``pkg.mod``).\n\n The :func:`import_module` function acts as a simplifying wrapper around\n :func:`importlib.__import__`. This means all semantics of the function are\n derived from :func:`importlib.__import__`. The most important difference\n between these two functions is that :func:`import_module` returns the\n specified package or module (e.g. ``pkg.mod``), while :func:`__import__`\n returns the top-level package or module (e.g. ``pkg``).\n\n If you are dynamically importing a module that was created since the\n interpreter began execution (e.g., created a Python source file), you may\n need to call :func:`invalidate_caches` in order for the new module to be\n noticed by the import system.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.3\n Parent packages are automatically imported.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: invalidate_caches()\n\n Invalidate the internal caches of finders stored at\n :data:`sys.meta_path`. If a finder implements ``invalidate_caches()`` then it\n will be called to perform the invalidation. This function should be called\n if any modules are created/installed while your program is running to\n guarantee all finders will notice the new module's existence.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.10\n Namespace packages created/installed in a different :data:`sys.path`\n location after the same namespace was already imported are noticed.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: reload(module)\n\n Reload a previously imported *module*. The argument must be a module object,\n so it must have been successfully imported before. This is useful if you\n have edited the module source file using an external editor and want to try\n out the new version without leaving the Python interpreter. The return value\n is the module object (which can be different if re-importing causes a\n different object to be placed in :data:`sys.modules`).\n\n When :func:`reload` is executed:\n\n * Python module's code is recompiled and the module-level code re-executed,\n defining a new set of objects which are bound to names in the module's\n dictionary by reusing the :term:`loader` which originally loaded the\n module. The ``init`` function of extension modules is not called a second\n time.\n\n * As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only reclaimed\n after their reference counts drop to zero.\n\n * The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any new or\n changed objects.\n\n * Other references to the old objects (such as names external to the module) are\n not rebound to refer to the new objects and must be updated in each namespace\n where they occur if that is desired.\n\n There are a number of other caveats:\n\n When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module's global\n variables) is retained. Redefinitions of names will override the old\n definitions, so this is generally not a problem. If the new version of a\n module does not define a name that was defined by the old version, the old\n definition remains. This feature can be used to the module's advantage if it\n maintains a global table or cache of objects --- with a :keyword:`try`\n statement it can test for the table's presence and skip its initialization if\n desired::\n\n try:\n cache\n except NameError:\n cache = {}\n\n It is generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically loaded\n modules. Reloading :mod:`sys`, :mod:`__main__`, :mod:`builtins` and other\n key modules is not recommended. In many cases extension modules are not\n designed to be initialized more than once, and may fail in arbitrary ways\n when reloaded.\n\n If a module imports objects from another module using :keyword:`from` ...\n :keyword:`import` ..., calling :func:`reload` for the other module does not\n redefine the objects imported from it --- one way around this is to\n re-execute the :keyword:`!from` statement, another is to use :keyword:`!import`\n and qualified names (*module.name*) instead.\n\n If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module that\n defines the class does not affect the method definitions of the instances ---\n they continue to use the old class definition. The same is true for derived\n classes.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n .. versionchanged:: 3.7\n :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised when the module being reloaded lacks\n a :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec`.\n\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-mod-importlib-abc-abstract-base-classes-related-to-import\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id23\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id24\"\u003e:mod:`importlib.abc`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e -- Abstract base classes related to import\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-modimportlibabc----abstract-base-classes-related-to-import\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: :mod:`importlib.abc` -- Abstract base classes related to import\" href=\"#modimportlibabc----abstract-base-classes-related-to-import\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. module:: importlib.abc\n :synopsis: Abstract base classes related to import\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource code:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"#id25\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id26\"\u003e:source:`Lib/importlib/abc.py`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"#id27\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id28\"\u003e:mod:`importlib.abc`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e module contains all of the core abstract base classes\nused by \u003ca href=\"#id29\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id30\"\u003e:keyword:`import`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Some subclasses of the core abstract base classes\nare also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eABC hierarchy:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eobject\n +-- MetaPathFinder\n +-- PathEntryFinder\n +-- Loader\n +-- ResourceLoader --------+\n +-- InspectLoader |\n +-- ExecutionLoader --+\n +-- FileLoader\n +-- SourceLoader\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class representing a \u003ca href=\"#id31\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id32\"\u003e:term:`meta path finder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.10\n No longer a subclass of :class:`!Finder`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: find_spec(fullname, path, target=None)\n\n An abstract method for finding a :term:`spec \u0026lt;module spec\u0026gt;` for\n the specified module. If this is a top-level import, *path* will\n be ``None``. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or\n module and *path* will be the value of :attr:`~module.__path__` from the\n parent package. If a spec cannot be found, ``None`` is returned.\n When passed in, ``target`` is a module object that the finder may\n use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return.\n :func:`importlib.util.spec_from_loader` may be useful for implementing\n concrete ``MetaPathFinders``.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: invalidate_caches()\n\n An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal\n cache used by the finder. Used by :func:`importlib.invalidate_caches`\n when invalidating the caches of all finders on :data:`sys.meta_path`.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Returns ``None`` when called instead of :data:`NotImplemented`.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class representing a \u003ca href=\"#id33\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id34\"\u003e:term:`path entry finder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Though\nit bears some similarities to \u003ca href=\"#id35\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id36\"\u003e:class:`MetaPathFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ePathEntryFinder\u003c/code\u003e\nis meant for use only within the path-based import subsystem provided\nby \u003ca href=\"#id37\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id38\"\u003e:class:`importlib.machinery.PathFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.10\n No longer a subclass of :class:`!Finder`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: find_spec(fullname, target=None)\n\n An abstract method for finding a :term:`spec \u0026lt;module spec\u0026gt;` for\n the specified module. The finder will search for the module only\n within the :term:`path entry` to which it is assigned. If a spec\n cannot be found, ``None`` is returned. When passed in, ``target``\n is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated\n guess about what spec to return. :func:`importlib.util.spec_from_loader`\n may be useful for implementing concrete ``PathEntryFinders``.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: invalidate_caches()\n\n An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal\n cache used by the finder. Used by\n :meth:`importlib.machinery.PathFinder.invalidate_caches`\n when invalidating the caches of all cached finders.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class for a \u003ca href=\"#id39\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id40\"\u003e:term:`loader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\nSee \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 302\u003c/a\u003e for the exact definition for a loader.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLoaders that wish to support resource reading should implement a\n\u003ca href=\"#id41\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id42\"\u003e:meth:`get_resource_reader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e method as specified by\n\u003ca href=\"#id43\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id44\"\u003e:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.7\n Introduced the optional :meth:`get_resource_reader` method.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: create_module(spec)\n\n A method that returns the module object to use when\n importing a module. This method may return ``None``,\n indicating that default module creation semantics should take place.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.6\n This method is no longer optional when\n :meth:`exec_module` is defined.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: exec_module(module)\n\n An abstract method that executes the module in its own namespace\n when a module is imported or reloaded. The module should already\n be initialized when :meth:`exec_module` is called. When this method exists,\n :meth:`create_module` must be defined.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.6\n :meth:`create_module` must also be defined.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: load_module(fullname)\n\n A legacy method for loading a module. If the module cannot be\n loaded, :exc:`ImportError` is raised, otherwise the loaded module is\n returned.\n\n If the requested module already exists in :data:`sys.modules`, that\n module should be used and reloaded.\n Otherwise the loader should create a new module and insert it into\n :data:`sys.modules` before any loading begins, to prevent recursion\n from the import. If the loader inserted a module and the load fails, it\n must be removed by the loader from :data:`sys.modules`; modules already\n in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader began execution should be left\n alone.\n\n The loader should set several attributes on the module\n (note that some of these attributes can change when a module is\n reloaded):\n\n - :attr:`module.__name__`\n - :attr:`module.__file__`\n - :attr:`module.__cached__` *(deprecated)*\n - :attr:`module.__path__`\n - :attr:`module.__package__` *(deprecated)*\n - :attr:`module.__loader__` *(deprecated)*\n\n When :meth:`exec_module` is available then backwards-compatible\n functionality is provided.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raise :exc:`ImportError` when called instead of\n :exc:`NotImplementedError`. Functionality provided when\n :meth:`exec_module` is available.\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.4\n The recommended API for loading a module is :meth:`exec_module`\n (and :meth:`create_module`). Loaders should implement it instead of\n :meth:`load_module`. The import machinery takes care of all the\n other responsibilities of :meth:`load_module` when\n :meth:`exec_module` is implemented.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class for a \u003ca href=\"#id45\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id46\"\u003e:term:`loader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which implements the optional\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 302\u003c/a\u003e protocol for loading arbitrary resources from the storage\nback-end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. deprecated:: 3.7\n This ABC is deprecated in favour of supporting resource loading\n through :class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: get_data(path)\n\n An abstract method to return the bytes for the data located at *path*.\n Loaders that have a file-like storage back-end\n that allows storing arbitrary data\n can implement this abstract method to give direct access\n to the data stored. :exc:`OSError` is to be raised if the *path* cannot\n be found. The *path* is expected to be constructed using a module's\n :attr:`~module.__file__` attribute or an item from a package's\n :attr:`~module.__path__`.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raises :exc:`OSError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class for a \u003ca href=\"#id47\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id48\"\u003e:term:`loader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which implements the optional\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 302\u003c/a\u003e protocol for loaders that inspect modules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_code(fullname)\n\n Return the code object for a module, or ``None`` if the module does not\n have a code object (as would be the case, for example, for a built-in\n module). Raise an :exc:`ImportError` if loader cannot find the\n requested module.\n\n .. note::\n While the method has a default implementation, it is suggested that\n it be overridden if possible for performance.\n\n .. index::\n single: universal newlines; importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source method\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n No longer abstract and a concrete implementation is provided.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: get_source(fullname)\n\n An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is returned as\n a text string using :term:`universal newlines`, translating all\n recognized line separators into ``'\\n'`` characters. Returns ``None``\n if no source is available (e.g. a built-in module). Raises\n :exc:`ImportError` if the loader cannot find the module specified.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raises :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: is_package(fullname)\n\n An optional method to return a true value if the module is a package, a\n false value otherwise. :exc:`ImportError` is raised if the\n :term:`loader` cannot find the module.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raises :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. staticmethod:: source_to_code(data, path='\u0026lt;string\u0026gt;')\n\n Create a code object from Python source.\n\n The *data* argument can be whatever the :func:`compile` function\n supports (i.e. string or bytes). The *path* argument should be\n the \"path\" to where the source code originated from, which can be an\n abstract concept (e.g. location in a zip file).\n\n With the subsequent code object one can execute it in a module by\n running ``exec(code, module.__dict__)``.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.5\n Made the method static.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: exec_module(module)\n\n Implementation of :meth:`Loader.exec_module`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: load_module(fullname)\n\n Implementation of :meth:`Loader.load_module`.\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.4\n use :meth:`exec_module` instead.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class which inherits from \u003ca href=\"#id49\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id50\"\u003e:class:`InspectLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e that,\nwhen implemented, helps a module to be executed as a script. The ABC\nrepresents an optional \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 302\u003c/a\u003e protocol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: get_filename(fullname)\n\n An abstract method that is to return the value of\n :attr:`~module.__file__` for the specified module. If no path is\n available, :exc:`ImportError` is raised.\n\n If source code is available, then the method should return the path to\n the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode was used to load the\n module.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raises :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class which inherits from \u003ca href=\"#id51\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id52\"\u003e:class:`ResourceLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and\n\u003ca href=\"#id53\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id54\"\u003e:class:`ExecutionLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, providing concrete implementations of\n\u003ca href=\"#id55\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id56\"\u003e:meth:`ResourceLoader.get_data`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#id57\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id58\"\u003e:meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cem\u003efullname\u003c/em\u003e argument is a fully resolved name of the module the loader is\nto handle. The \u003cem\u003epath\u003c/em\u003e argument is the path to the file for the module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: name\n\n The name of the module the loader can handle.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: path\n\n Path to the file of the module.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: load_module(fullname)\n\n Calls super's ``load_module()``.\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.4\n Use :meth:`Loader.exec_module` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: get_filename(fullname)\n\n Returns :attr:`path`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: get_data(path)\n\n Reads *path* as a binary file and returns the bytes from it.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class for implementing source (and optionally bytecode)\nfile loading. The class inherits from both \u003ca href=\"#id59\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id60\"\u003e:class:`ResourceLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and\n\u003ca href=\"#id61\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id62\"\u003e:class:`ExecutionLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, requiring the implementation of:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id63\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id64\"\u003e:meth:`ResourceLoader.get_data`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id65\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id66\"\u003e:meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003eShould only return the path to the source file; sourceless\nloading is not supported.\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe abstract methods defined by this class are to add optional bytecode\nfile support. Not implementing these optional methods (or causing them to\nraise \u003ca href=\"#id67\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id68\"\u003e:exc:`NotImplementedError`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e) causes the loader to\nonly work with source code. Implementing the methods allows the loader to\nwork with source \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e bytecode files; it does not allow for \u003cem\u003esourceless\u003c/em\u003e\nloading where only bytecode is provided. Bytecode files are an\noptimization to speed up loading by removing the parsing step of Python's\ncompiler, and so no bytecode-specific API is exposed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: path_stats(path)\n\n Optional abstract method which returns a :class:`dict` containing\n metadata about the specified path. Supported dictionary keys are:\n\n - ``'mtime'`` (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number\n representing the modification time of the source code;\n - ``'size'`` (optional): the size in bytes of the source code.\n\n Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for future\n extensions. If the path cannot be handled, :exc:`OSError` is raised.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raise :exc:`OSError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: path_mtime(path)\n\n Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for the\n specified path.\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.3\n This method is deprecated in favour of :meth:`path_stats`. You don't\n have to implement it, but it is still available for compatibility\n purposes. Raise :exc:`OSError` if the path cannot be handled.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Raise :exc:`OSError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: set_data(path, data)\n\n Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a file\n path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are to be created\n automatically.\n\n When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only\n (:const:`errno.EACCES`/:exc:`PermissionError`), do not propagate the\n exception.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.4\n No longer raises :exc:`NotImplementedError` when called.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_code(fullname)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.get_code`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: exec_module(module)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`Loader.exec_module`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: load_module(fullname)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`Loader.load_module`.\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.4\n Use :meth:`exec_module` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_source(fullname)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.get_source`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: is_package(fullname)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.is_package`. A module\n is determined to be a package if its file path (as provided by\n :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`) is a file named\n ``__init__`` when the file extension is removed **and** the module name\n itself does not end in ``__init__``.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSuperseded by TraversableResources\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn \u003ca href=\"#id69\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id70\"\u003e:term:`abstract base class`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e to provide the ability to read\n\u003cem\u003eresources\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFrom the perspective of this ABC, a \u003cem\u003eresource\u003c/em\u003e is a binary\nartifact that is shipped within a package. Typically this is\nsomething like a data file that lives next to the \u003ccode\u003e__init__.py\u003c/code\u003e\nfile of the package. The purpose of this class is to help abstract\nout the accessing of such data files so that it does not matter if\nthe package and its data file(s) are stored e.g. in a zip file\nversus on the file system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor any of methods of this class, a \u003cem\u003eresource\u003c/em\u003e argument is\nexpected to be a \u003ca href=\"#id71\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id72\"\u003e:term:`path-like object`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which represents\nconceptually just a file name. This means that no subdirectory\npaths should be included in the \u003cem\u003eresource\u003c/em\u003e argument. This is\nbecause the location of the package the reader is for, acts as the\n\"directory\". Hence the metaphor for directories and file\nnames is packages and resources, respectively. This is also why\ninstances of this class are expected to directly correlate to\na specific package (instead of potentially representing multiple\npackages or a module).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLoaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to\nprovide a method called \u003ccode\u003eget_resource_reader(fullname)\u003c/code\u003e which\nreturns an object implementing this ABC's interface. If the module\nspecified by fullname is not a package, this method should return\n\u003ca href=\"#id73\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id74\"\u003e:const:`None`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. An object compatible with this ABC should only be\nreturned when the specified module is a package.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.7\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.14\n Use :class:`importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: open_resource(resource)\n\n Returns an opened, :term:`file-like object` for binary reading\n of the *resource*.\n\n If the resource cannot be found, :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is\n raised.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: resource_path(resource)\n\n Returns the file system path to the *resource*.\n\n If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system,\n raise :exc:`FileNotFoundError`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: is_resource(name)\n\n Returns ``True`` if the named *name* is considered a resource.\n :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is raised if *name* does not exist.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: contents()\n\n Returns an :term:`iterable` of strings over the contents of\n the package. Do note that it is not required that all names\n returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is\n acceptable to return names for which :meth:`is_resource` would\n be false.\n\n Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for\n situations where how a package and its resources are stored\n are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful.\n For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that\n when it is known that the package and resources are stored on\n the file system then those subdirectory names can be used\n directly.\n\n The abstract method returns an iterable of no items.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn object with a subset of \u003ca href=\"#id75\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id76\"\u003e:class:`pathlib.Path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e methods suitable for\ntraversing directories and opening files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor a representation of the object on the file-system, use\n\u003ca href=\"#id77\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id78\"\u003e:meth:`importlib.resources.as_file`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.9\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.14\n Use :class:`importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: name\n\n Abstract. The base name of this object without any parent references.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: iterdir()\n\n Yield ``Traversable`` objects in ``self``.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: is_dir()\n\n Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a directory.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: is_file()\n\n Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a file.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: joinpath(child)\n\n Return Traversable child in ``self``.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: __truediv__(child)\n\n Return ``Traversable`` child in ``self``.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: open(mode='r', *args, **kwargs)\n\n *mode* may be 'r' or 'rb' to open as text or binary. Return a handle\n suitable for reading (same as :attr:`pathlib.Path.open`).\n\n When opening as text, accepts encoding parameters such as those\n accepted by :attr:`io.TextIOWrapper`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: read_bytes()\n\n Read contents of ``self`` as bytes.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: read_text(encoding=None)\n\n Read contents of ``self`` as text.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn abstract base class for resource readers capable of serving\nthe \u003ca href=\"#id79\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id80\"\u003e:meth:`importlib.resources.files`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e interface. Subclasses\n\u003ca href=\"#id81\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id82\"\u003e:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and provides\nconcrete implementations of the \u003ca href=\"#id83\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id84\"\u003e:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e's\nabstract methods. Therefore, any loader supplying\n\u003ca href=\"#id85\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id86\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.TraversableResources`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e also supplies ResourceReader.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLoaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to\nimplement this interface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.9\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.14\n Use :class:`importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. abstractmethod:: files()\n\n Returns a :class:`importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` object for the loaded\n package.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-mod-importlib-machinery-importers-and-path-hooks\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id87\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id88\"\u003e:mod:`importlib.machinery`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e -- Importers and path hooks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-modimportlibmachinery----importers-and-path-hooks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: :mod:`importlib.machinery` -- Importers and path hooks\" href=\"#modimportlibmachinery----importers-and-path-hooks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. module:: importlib.machinery\n :synopsis: Importers and path hooks\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource code:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"#id89\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id90\"\u003e:source:`Lib/importlib/machinery.py`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis module contains the various objects that help \u003ca href=\"#id91\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id92\"\u003e:keyword:`import`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\nfind and load modules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: SOURCE_SUFFIXES\n\n A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for source\n modules.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES\n\n A list of strings representing the file suffixes for non-optimized bytecode\n modules.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.5\n Use :attr:`BYTECODE_SUFFIXES` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES\n\n A list of strings representing the file suffixes for optimized bytecode\n modules.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.5\n Use :attr:`BYTECODE_SUFFIXES` instead.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: BYTECODE_SUFFIXES\n\n A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for bytecode\n modules (including the leading dot).\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.5\n The value is no longer dependent on ``__debug__``.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: EXTENSION_SUFFIXES\n\n A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for\n extension modules.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: all_suffixes()\n\n Returns a combined list of strings representing all file suffixes for\n modules recognized by the standard import machinery. This is a\n helper for code which simply needs to know if a filesystem path\n potentially refers to a module without needing any details on the kind\n of module (for example, :func:`inspect.getmodulename`).\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn \u003ca href=\"#id93\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id94\"\u003e:term:`importer`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e for built-in modules. All known built-in modules are\nlisted in \u003ca href=\"#id95\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id96\"\u003e:data:`sys.builtin_module_names`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. This class implements the\n\u003ca href=\"#id97\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id98\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and\n\u003ca href=\"#id99\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id100\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e ABCs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnly class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for\ninstantiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.5\n As part of :pep:`489`, the builtin importer now implements\n :meth:`Loader.create_module` and :meth:`Loader.exec_module`\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn \u003ca href=\"#id101\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id102\"\u003e:term:`importer`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e for frozen modules. This class implements the\n\u003ca href=\"#id103\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id104\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and\n\u003ca href=\"#id105\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id106\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e ABCs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnly class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for\ninstantiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Gained :meth:`~Loader.create_module` and :meth:`~Loader.exec_module`\n methods.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id107\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id108\"\u003e:term:`Finder \u0026lt;finder\u0026gt;`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e for modules declared in the Windows registry. This class\nimplements the \u003ca href=\"#id109\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id110\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e ABC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnly class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for\ninstantiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. deprecated:: 3.6\n Use :mod:`site` configuration instead. Future versions of Python may\n not enable this finder by default.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"#id111\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id112\"\u003e:term:`Finder \u0026lt;finder\u0026gt;`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e for \u003ca href=\"#id113\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id114\"\u003e:data:`sys.path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and package \u003ccode\u003e__path__\u003c/code\u003e attributes.\nThis class implements the \u003ca href=\"#id115\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id116\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e ABC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnly class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for\ninstantiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. classmethod:: find_spec(fullname, path=None, target=None)\n\n Class method that attempts to find a :term:`spec \u0026lt;module spec\u0026gt;`\n for the module specified by *fullname* on :data:`sys.path` or, if\n defined, on *path*. For each path entry that is searched,\n :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` is checked. If a non-false object\n is found then it is used as the :term:`path entry finder` to look\n for the module being searched for. If no entry is found in\n :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`, then :data:`sys.path_hooks` is\n searched for a finder for the path entry and, if found, is stored\n in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` along with being queried about\n the module. If no finder is ever found then ``None`` is both\n stored in the cache and returned.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.5\n If the current working directory -- represented by an empty string --\n is no longer valid then ``None`` is returned but no value is cached\n in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. classmethod:: invalidate_caches()\n\n Calls :meth:`importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.invalidate_caches` on all\n finders stored in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` that define the method.\n Otherwise entries in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` set to ``None`` are\n deleted.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.7\n Entries of ``None`` in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` are deleted.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.4\n Calls objects in :data:`sys.path_hooks` with the current working\n directory for ``''`` (i.e. the empty string).\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA concrete implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id117\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id118\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which\ncaches results from the file system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cem\u003epath\u003c/em\u003e argument is the directory for which the finder is in charge of\nsearching.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eloader_details\u003c/em\u003e argument is a variable number of 2-item tuples each\ncontaining a loader and a sequence of file suffixes the loader recognizes.\nThe loaders are expected to be callables which accept two arguments of\nthe module's name and the path to the file found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe finder will cache the directory contents as necessary, making stat calls\nfor each module search to verify the cache is not outdated. Because cache\nstaleness relies upon the granularity of the operating system's state\ninformation of the file system, there is a potential race condition of\nsearching for a module, creating a new file, and then searching for the\nmodule the new file represents. If the operations happen fast enough to fit\nwithin the granularity of stat calls, then the module search will fail. To\nprevent this from happening, when you create a module dynamically, make sure\nto call \u003ca href=\"#id119\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id120\"\u003e:func:`importlib.invalidate_caches`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: path\n\n The path the finder will search in.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: find_spec(fullname, target=None)\n\n Attempt to find the spec to handle *fullname* within :attr:`path`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: invalidate_caches()\n\n Clear out the internal cache.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. classmethod:: path_hook(*loader_details)\n\n A class method which returns a closure for use on :data:`sys.path_hooks`.\n An instance of :class:`FileFinder` is returned by the closure using the\n path argument given to the closure directly and *loader_details*\n indirectly.\n\n If the argument to the closure is not an existing directory,\n :exc:`ImportError` is raised.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA concrete implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id121\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id122\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e by\nsubclassing \u003ca href=\"#id123\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id124\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and providing some concrete\nimplementations of other methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: name\n\n The name of the module that this loader will handle.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: path\n\n The path to the source file.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: is_package(fullname)\n\n Return ``True`` if :attr:`path` appears to be for a package.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: path_stats(path)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_stats`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: set_data(path, data)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.set_data`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: load_module(name=None)\n\n Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.load_module` where\n specifying the name of the module to load is optional.\n\n .. deprecated:: 3.6\n\n Use :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` instead.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA concrete implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id125\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id126\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which can\nimport bytecode files (i.e. no source code files exist).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease note that direct use of bytecode files (and thus not source code\nfiles) inhibits your modules from being usable by all Python\nimplementations or new versions of Python which change the bytecode\nformat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: name\n\n The name of the module the loader will handle.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: path\n\n The path to the bytecode file.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: is_package(fullname)\n\n Determines if the module is a package based on :attr:`path`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_code(fullname)\n\n Returns the code object for :attr:`name` created from :attr:`path`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_source(fullname)\n\n Returns ``None`` as bytecode files have no source when this loader is\n used.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: load_module(name=None)\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eConcrete implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id127\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id128\"\u003e:meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.load_module`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e where\nspecifying the name of the module to load is optional.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. deprecated:: 3.6\n\n Use :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` instead.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA concrete implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id129\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id130\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e for\nextension modules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cem\u003efullname\u003c/em\u003e argument specifies the name of the module the loader is to\nsupport. The \u003cem\u003epath\u003c/em\u003e argument is the path to the extension module's file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that, by default, importing an extension module will fail\nin subinterpreters if it doesn't implement multi-phase init\n(see \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 489\u003c/a\u003e), even if it would otherwise import successfully.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.12\n Multi-phase init is now required for use in subinterpreters.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: name\n\n Name of the module the loader supports.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: path\n\n Path to the extension module.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: create_module(spec)\n\n Creates the module object from the given specification in accordance\n with :pep:`489`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.5\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: exec_module(module)\n\n Initializes the given module object in accordance with :pep:`489`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.5\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: is_package(fullname)\n\n Returns ``True`` if the file path points to a package's ``__init__``\n module based on :attr:`EXTENSION_SUFFIXES`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_code(fullname)\n\n Returns ``None`` as extension modules lack a code object.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_source(fullname)\n\n Returns ``None`` as extension modules do not have source code.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. method:: get_filename(fullname)\n\n Returns :attr:`path`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA concrete implementation of \u003ca href=\"#id131\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id132\"\u003e:class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e for\nnamespace packages. This is an alias for a private class and is only made\npublic for introspecting the \u003ccode\u003e__loader__\u003c/code\u003e attribute on namespace\npackages:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; from importlib.machinery import NamespaceLoader\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; import my_namespace\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; isinstance(my_namespace.__loader__, NamespaceLoader)\nTrue\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; import importlib.abc\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; isinstance(my_namespace.__loader__, importlib.abc.Loader)\nTrue\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.11\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA specialization of \u003ca href=\"#id133\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id134\"\u003e:class:`importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e that\nis able to load extension modules in Framework format.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor compatibility with the iOS App Store, \u003cem\u003eall\u003c/em\u003e binary modules in an iOS app\nmust be dynamic libraries, contained in a framework with appropriate\nmetadata, stored in the \u003ccode\u003eFrameworks\u003c/code\u003e folder of the packaged app. There can\nbe only a single binary per framework, and there can be no executable binary\nmaterial outside the Frameworks folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo accommodate this requirement, when running on iOS, extension module\nbinaries are \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e packaged as \u003ccode\u003e.so\u003c/code\u003e files on \u003ccode\u003esys.path\u003c/code\u003e, but as\nindividual standalone frameworks. To discover those frameworks, this loader\nis be registered against the \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e file extension, with a \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e\nfile acting as a placeholder in the original location of the binary on\n\u003ccode\u003esys.path\u003c/code\u003e. The \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e file contains the path of the actual binary in\nthe \u003ccode\u003eFrameworks\u003c/code\u003e folder, relative to the app bundle. To allow for\nresolving a framework-packaged binary back to the original location, the\nframework is expected to contain a \u003ccode\u003e.origin\u003c/code\u003e file that contains the\nlocation of the \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e file, relative to the app bundle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, consider the case of an import \u003ccode\u003efrom foo.bar import _whiz\u003c/code\u003e,\nwhere \u003ccode\u003e_whiz\u003c/code\u003e is implemented with the binary module\n\u003ccode\u003esources/foo/bar/_whiz.abi3.so\u003c/code\u003e, with \u003ccode\u003esources\u003c/code\u003e being the location\nregistered on \u003ccode\u003esys.path\u003c/code\u003e, relative to the application bundle. This module\n\u003cem\u003emust\u003c/em\u003e be distributed as\n\u003ccode\u003eFrameworks/foo.bar._whiz.framework/foo.bar._whiz\u003c/code\u003e (creating the framework\nname from the full import path of the module), with an \u003ccode\u003eInfo.plist\u003c/code\u003e file\nin the \u003ccode\u003e.framework\u003c/code\u003e directory identifying the binary as a framework. The\n\u003ccode\u003efoo.bar._whiz\u003c/code\u003e module would be represented in the original location with\na \u003ccode\u003esources/foo/bar/_whiz.abi3.fwork\u003c/code\u003e marker file, containing the path\n\u003ccode\u003eFrameworks/foo.bar._whiz/foo.bar._whiz\u003c/code\u003e. The framework would also contain\n\u003ccode\u003eFrameworks/foo.bar._whiz.framework/foo.bar._whiz.origin\u003c/code\u003e, containing the\npath to the \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a module is loaded with this loader, the \u003ccode\u003e__file__\u003c/code\u003e for the module\nwill report as the location of the \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e file. This allows code to use\nthe \u003ccode\u003e__file__\u003c/code\u003e of a module as an anchor for file system traversal.\nHowever, the spec origin will reference the location of the \u003cem\u003eactual\u003c/em\u003e binary\nin the \u003ccode\u003e.framework\u003c/code\u003e folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Xcode project building the app is responsible for converting any \u003ccode\u003e.so\u003c/code\u003e\nfiles from wherever they exist in the \u003ccode\u003ePYTHONPATH\u003c/code\u003e into frameworks in the\n\u003ccode\u003eFrameworks\u003c/code\u003e folder (including stripping extensions from the module file,\nthe addition of framework metadata, and signing the resulting framework),\nand creating the \u003ccode\u003e.fwork\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e.origin\u003c/code\u003e files. This will usually be done\nwith a build step in the Xcode project; see the iOS documentation for\ndetails on how to construct this build step.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.13\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. availability:: iOS.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: name\n\n Name of the module the loader supports.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: path\n\n Path to the ``.fwork`` file for the extension module.\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-mod-importlib-util-utility-code-for-importers\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id135\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id136\"\u003e:mod:`importlib.util`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e -- Utility code for importers\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-modimportlibutil----utility-code-for-importers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: :mod:`importlib.util` -- Utility code for importers\" href=\"#modimportlibutil----utility-code-for-importers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. module:: importlib.util\n :synopsis: Utility code for importers\n\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource code:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"#id137\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id138\"\u003e:source:`Lib/importlib/util.py`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis module contains the various objects that help in the construction of\nan \u003ca href=\"#id139\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id140\"\u003e:term:`importer`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. attribute:: MAGIC_NUMBER\n\n The bytes which represent the bytecode version number. If you need help with\n loading/writing bytecode then consider :class:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None, *, optimization=None)\n\n Return the :pep:`3147`/:pep:`488` path to the byte-compiled file associated\n with the source *path*. For example, if *path* is ``/foo/bar/baz.py`` the return\n value would be ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc`` for Python 3.2.\n The ``cpython-32`` string comes from the current magic tag (see\n :func:`get_tag`; if :attr:`sys.implementation.cache_tag` is not defined then\n :exc:`NotImplementedError` will be raised).\n\n The *optimization* parameter is used to specify the optimization level of the\n bytecode file. An empty string represents no optimization, so\n ``/foo/bar/baz.py`` with an *optimization* of ``''`` will result in a\n bytecode path of ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc``. ``None`` causes\n the interpreter's optimization level to be used. Any other value's string\n representation is used, so ``/foo/bar/baz.py`` with an *optimization* of\n ``2`` will lead to the bytecode path of\n ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.opt-2.pyc``. The string representation\n of *optimization* can only be alphanumeric, else :exc:`ValueError` is raised.\n\n The *debug_override* parameter is deprecated and can be used to override\n the system's value for ``__debug__``. A ``True`` value is the equivalent of\n setting *optimization* to the empty string. A ``False`` value is the same as\n setting *optimization* to ``1``. If both *debug_override* an *optimization*\n are not ``None`` then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.5\n The *optimization* parameter was added and the *debug_override* parameter\n was deprecated.\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.6\n Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.\n\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: source_from_cache(path)\n\n Given the *path* to a :pep:`3147` file name, return the associated source code\n file path. For example, if *path* is\n ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc`` the returned path would be\n ``/foo/bar/baz.py``. *path* need not exist, however if it does not conform\n to :pep:`3147` or :pep:`488` format, a :exc:`ValueError` is raised. If\n :attr:`sys.implementation.cache_tag` is not defined,\n :exc:`NotImplementedError` is raised.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.6\n Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: decode_source(source_bytes)\n\n Decode the given bytes representing source code and return it as a string\n with universal newlines (as required by\n :meth:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source`).\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: resolve_name(name, package)\n\n Resolve a relative module name to an absolute one.\n\n If **name** has no leading dots, then **name** is simply returned. This\n allows for usage such as\n ``importlib.util.resolve_name('sys', __spec__.parent)`` without doing a\n check to see if the **package** argument is needed.\n\n :exc:`ImportError` is raised if **name** is a relative module name but\n **package** is a false value (e.g. ``None`` or the empty string).\n :exc:`ImportError` is also raised if a relative name would escape its\n containing package (e.g. requesting ``..bacon`` from within the ``spam``\n package).\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.3\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.9\n To improve consistency with import statements, raise\n :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`ValueError` for invalid relative\n import attempts.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: find_spec(name, package=None)\n\n Find the :term:`spec \u0026lt;module spec\u0026gt;` for a module, optionally relative to\n the specified **package** name. If the module is in :data:`sys.modules`,\n then ``sys.modules[name].__spec__`` is returned (unless the spec would be\n ``None`` or is not set, in which case :exc:`ValueError` is raised).\n Otherwise a search using :data:`sys.meta_path` is done. ``None`` is\n returned if no spec is found.\n\n If **name** is for a submodule (contains a dot), the parent module is\n automatically imported.\n\n **name** and **package** work the same as for :func:`import_module`.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.7\n Raises :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` instead of :exc:`AttributeError` if\n **package** is in fact not a package (i.e. lacks a\n :attr:`~module.__path__` attribute).\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: module_from_spec(spec)\n\n Create a new module based on **spec** and\n :meth:`spec.loader.create_module \u0026lt;importlib.abc.Loader.create_module\u0026gt;`.\n\n If :meth:`spec.loader.create_module \u0026lt;importlib.abc.Loader.create_module\u0026gt;`\n does not return ``None``, then any pre-existing attributes will not be reset.\n Also, no :exc:`AttributeError` will be raised if triggered while accessing\n **spec** or setting an attribute on the module.\n\n This function is preferred over using :class:`types.ModuleType` to create a\n new module as **spec** is used to set as many import-controlled attributes on\n the module as possible.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.5\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None)\n\n A factory function for creating a :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec`\n instance based on a loader. The parameters have the same meaning as they do\n for ModuleSpec. The function uses available :term:`loader` APIs, such as\n :meth:`InspectLoader.is_package`, to fill in any missing\n information on the spec.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: spec_from_file_location(name, location, *, loader=None, submodule_search_locations=None)\n\n A factory function for creating a :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec`\n instance based on the path to a file. Missing information will be filled in\n on the spec by making use of loader APIs and by the implication that the\n module will be file-based.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.4\n\n .. versionchanged:: 3.6\n Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: source_hash(source_bytes)\n\n Return the hash of *source_bytes* as bytes. A hash-based ``.pyc`` file embeds\n the :func:`source_hash` of the corresponding source file's contents in its\n header.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.7\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. function:: _incompatible_extension_module_restrictions(*, disable_check)\n\n A context manager that can temporarily skip the compatibility check\n for extension modules. By default the check is enabled and will fail\n when a single-phase init module is imported in a subinterpreter.\n It will also fail for a multi-phase init module that doesn't\n explicitly support a per-interpreter GIL, when imported\n in an interpreter with its own GIL.\n\n Note that this function is meant to accommodate an unusual case;\n one which is likely to eventually go away. There's is a pretty good\n chance this is not what you were looking for.\n\n You can get the same effect as this function by implementing the\n basic interface of multi-phase init (:pep:`489`) and lying about\n support for multiple interpreters (or per-interpreter GIL).\n\n .. warning::\n Using this function to disable the check can lead to\n unexpected behavior and even crashes. It should only be used during\n extension module development.\n\n .. versionadded:: 3.12\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA class which postpones the execution of the loader of a module until the\nmodule has an attribute accessed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis class \u003cstrong\u003eonly\u003c/strong\u003e works with loaders that define\n\u003ca href=\"#id141\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id142\"\u003e:meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e as control over what module type\nis used for the module is required. For those same reasons, the loader's\n\u003ca href=\"#id143\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id144\"\u003e:meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.create_module`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e method must return \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e or a\ntype for which its \u003ccode\u003e__class__\u003c/code\u003e attribute can be mutated along with not\nusing \u003ca href=\"#id145\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id146\"\u003e:term:`slots \u0026lt;__slots__\u0026gt;`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Finally, modules which substitute the object\nplaced into \u003ca href=\"#id147\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id148\"\u003e:data:`sys.modules`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e will not work as there is no way to properly\nreplace the module references throughout the interpreter safely;\n\u003ca href=\"#id149\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id150\"\u003e:exc:`ValueError`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e is raised if such a substitution is detected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor projects where startup time is critical, this class allows for\npotentially minimizing the cost of loading a module if it is never used.\nFor projects where startup time is not essential then use of this class is\n\u003cstrong\u003eheavily\u003c/strong\u003e discouraged due to error messages created during loading being\npostponed and thus occurring out of context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionadded:: 3.5\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. versionchanged:: 3.6\n Began calling :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.create_module`, removing the\n compatibility warning for :class:`importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter` and\n :class:`importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader`.\n\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e.. classmethod:: factory(loader)\n\n A class method which returns a callable that creates a lazy loader. This\n is meant to be used in situations where the loader is passed by class\n instead of by instance.\n ::\n\n suffixes = importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES\n loader = importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader\n lazy_loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader.factory(loader)\n finder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder(path, (lazy_loader, suffixes))\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-examples\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-examples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Examples\" href=\"#examples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-importing-programmatically\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eImporting programmatically\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-importing-programmatically\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Importing programmatically\" href=\"#importing-programmatically\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo programmatically import a module, use \u003ca href=\"#id151\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id152\"\u003e:func:`importlib.import_module`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eimport importlib\n\nitertools = importlib.import_module('itertools')\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eChecking if a module can be imported\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Checking if a module can be imported\" href=\"#checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you need to find out if a module can be imported without actually doing the\nimport, then you should use \u003ca href=\"#id153\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id154\"\u003e:func:`importlib.util.find_spec`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that if \u003ccode\u003ename\u003c/code\u003e is a submodule (contains a dot),\n\u003ca href=\"#id155\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id156\"\u003e:func:`importlib.util.find_spec`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e will import the parent module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eimport importlib.util\nimport sys\n\n# For illustrative purposes.\nname = 'itertools'\n\nif name in sys.modules:\n print(f\"{name!r} already in sys.modules\")\nelif (spec := importlib.util.find_spec(name)) is not None:\n # If you chose to perform the actual import ...\n module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\n sys.modules[name] = module\n spec.loader.exec_module(module)\n print(f\"{name!r} has been imported\")\nelse:\n print(f\"can't find the {name!r} module\")\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-importing-a-source-file-directly\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eImporting a source file directly\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-importing-a-source-file-directly\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Importing a source file directly\" href=\"#importing-a-source-file-directly\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis recipe should be used with caution: it is an approximation of an import\nstatement where the file path is specified directly, rather than\n\u003ca href=\"#id157\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id158\"\u003e:data:`sys.path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e being searched. Alternatives should first be considered first,\nsuch as modifying \u003ca href=\"#id159\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id160\"\u003e:data:`sys.path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e when a proper module is required, or using\n\u003ca href=\"#id161\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id162\"\u003e:func:`runpy.run_path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e when the global namespace resulting from running a Python\nfile is appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo import a Python source file directly from a path, use the following recipe:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eimport importlib.util\nimport sys\n\n\ndef import_from_path(module_name, file_path):\n spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, file_path)\n module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\n sys.modules[module_name] = module\n spec.loader.exec_module(module)\n return module\n\n\n# For illustrative purposes only (use of `json` is arbitrary).\nimport json\nfile_path = json.__file__\nmodule_name = json.__name__\n\n# Similar outcome as `import json`.\njson = import_from_path(module_name, file_path)\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-implementing-lazy-imports\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eImplementing lazy imports\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-implementing-lazy-imports\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Implementing lazy imports\" href=\"#implementing-lazy-imports\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe example below shows how to implement lazy imports:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; import importlib.util\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; import sys\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; def lazy_import(name):\n... spec = importlib.util.find_spec(name)\n... loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader(spec.loader)\n... spec.loader = loader\n... module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\n... sys.modules[name] = module\n... loader.exec_module(module)\n... return module\n...\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; lazy_typing = lazy_import(\"typing\")\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; #lazy_typing is a real module object,\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; #but it is not loaded in memory yet.\n\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; lazy_typing.TYPE_CHECKING\nFalse\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-setting-up-an-importer\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSetting up an importer\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-setting-up-an-importer\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Setting up an importer\" href=\"#setting-up-an-importer\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor deep customizations of import, you typically want to implement an\n\u003ca href=\"#id163\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id164\"\u003e:term:`importer`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. This means managing both the \u003ca href=\"#id165\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id166\"\u003e:term:`finder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#id167\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id168\"\u003e:term:`loader`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\nside of things. For finders there are two flavours to choose from depending on\nyour needs: a \u003ca href=\"#id169\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id170\"\u003e:term:`meta path finder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e or a \u003ca href=\"#id171\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id172\"\u003e:term:`path entry finder`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The\nformer is what you would put on \u003ca href=\"#id173\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id174\"\u003e:data:`sys.meta_path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e while the latter is what\nyou create using a \u003ca href=\"#id175\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id176\"\u003e:term:`path entry hook`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e on \u003ca href=\"#id177\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id178\"\u003e:data:`sys.path_hooks`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e which works\nwith \u003ca href=\"#id179\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id180\"\u003e:data:`sys.path`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e entries to potentially create a finder. This example will\nshow you how to register your own importers so that import will use them (for\ncreating an importer for yourself, read the documentation for the appropriate\nclasses defined within this package):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eimport importlib.machinery\nimport sys\n\n# For illustrative purposes only.\nSpamMetaPathFinder = importlib.machinery.PathFinder\nSpamPathEntryFinder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder\nloader_details = (importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader,\n importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES)\n\n# Setting up a meta path finder.\n# Make sure to put the finder in the proper location in the list in terms of\n# priority.\nsys.meta_path.append(SpamMetaPathFinder)\n\n# Setting up a path entry finder.\n# Make sure to put the path hook in the proper location in the list in terms\n# of priority.\nsys.path_hooks.append(SpamPathEntryFinder.path_hook(loader_details))\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-approximating-func-importlib-import-module\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eApproximating \u003ca href=\"#id181\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id182\"\u003e:func:`importlib.import_module`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-approximating-funcimportlibimport_module\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Approximating :func:`importlib.import_module`\" href=\"#approximating-funcimportlibimport_module\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eImport itself is implemented in Python code, making it possible to\nexpose most of the import machinery through importlib. The following\nhelps illustrate the various APIs that importlib exposes by providing an\napproximate implementation of\n\u003ca href=\"#id183\"\u003e\u003cspan id=\"user-content-id184\"\u003e:func:`importlib.import_module`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eimport importlib.util\nimport sys\n\ndef import_module(name, package=None):\n \"\"\"An approximate implementation of import.\"\"\"\n absolute_name = importlib.util.resolve_name(name, package)\n try:\n return sys.modules[absolute_name]\n except KeyError:\n pass\n\n path = None\n if '.' in absolute_name:\n parent_name, _, child_name = absolute_name.rpartition('.')\n parent_module = import_module(parent_name)\n path = parent_module.__spec__.submodule_search_locations\n for finder in sys.meta_path:\n spec = finder.find_spec(absolute_name, path)\n if spec is not None:\n break\n else:\n msg = f'No module named {absolute_name!r}'\n raise ModuleNotFoundError(msg, name=absolute_name)\n module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\n sys.modules[absolute_name] = module\n spec.loader.exec_module(module)\n if path is not None:\n setattr(parent_module, child_name, module)\n return module\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":3,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":"/python/.github/blob/5a0a7cb55767fb3667fe2391bcb66bda638edcb4/FUNDING.yml","showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":true,"symbols":[]}},"copilotInfo":null,"copilotAccessAllowed":false,"csrf_tokens":{"/python/cpython/branches":{"post":"i3cKkkm-tt3igaXdbRtR_hkv3oXhYMUnH6IuJsWW3qKCJyUhde2cPlo9K_YzN_KC-xsOf1-BF0UFS_8w70MbwQ"},"/repos/preferences":{"post":"xZ3B12qjWiC90lMNZ6ROJ-N889R2v9GiwwbmbDZJv8o9we1bbY5xvaB8HnUyCFKw8BVBEPfPNaU5ICmSwg697g"}}},"title":"cpython/Doc/library/importlib.rst at main · 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aria-labelledby="file-name-id-wide file-name-id-mobile" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fGqKFv"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 eoaCFS js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id1"><span id="user-content-id2">:mod:`!importlib`</span></a> --- The implementation of <a href="#id3"><span id="user-content-id4">:keyword:`!import`</span></a></h1><a id="user-content-modimportlib-----the-implementation-of-keywordimport" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: :mod:`!importlib` --- The implementation of :keyword:`!import`" href="#modimportlib-----the-implementation-of-keywordimport"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <pre>.. module:: importlib :synopsis: The implementation of the import machinery. </pre> <pre>.. moduleauthor:: Brett Cannon &lt;brett@python.org&gt; </pre> <pre>.. sectionauthor:: Brett Cannon &lt;brett@python.org&gt; </pre> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.1 </pre> <p dir="auto"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a href="#id5"><span id="user-content-id6">:source:`Lib/importlib/__init__.py`</span></a></p> <hr> <a name="user-content-introduction"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Introduction</h2><a id="user-content-introduction" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Introduction" href="#introduction"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The purpose of the <a href="#id7"><span id="user-content-id8">:mod:`importlib`</span></a> package is three-fold.</p> <p dir="auto">One is to provide the implementation of the <a href="#id9"><span id="user-content-id10">:keyword:`import`</span></a> statement (and thus, by extension, the <a href="#id11"><span id="user-content-id12">:func:`__import__`</span></a> function) in Python source code. This provides an implementation of <a href="#id13"><span id="user-content-id14">:keyword:`!import`</span></a> which is portable to any Python interpreter. This also provides an implementation which is easier to comprehend than one implemented in a programming language other than Python.</p> <p dir="auto">Two, the components to implement <a href="#id15"><span id="user-content-id16">:keyword:`import`</span></a> are exposed in this package, making it easier for users to create their own custom objects (known generically as an <a href="#id17"><span id="user-content-id18">:term:`importer`</span></a>) to participate in the import process.</p> <p dir="auto">Three, the package contains modules exposing additional functionality for managing aspects of Python packages:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#id19"><span id="user-content-id20">:mod:`importlib.metadata`</span></a> presents access to metadata from third-party distributions.</li> <li><a href="#id21"><span id="user-content-id22">:mod:`importlib.resources`</span></a> provides routines for accessing non-code "resources" from Python packages.</li> </ul> <pre>.. seealso:: :ref:`import` The language reference for the :keyword:`import` statement. `Packages specification &lt;https://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages/&gt;`__ Original specification of packages. Some semantics have changed since the writing of this document (e.g. redirecting based on ``None`` in :data:`sys.modules`). The :func:`.__import__` function The :keyword:`import` statement is syntactic sugar for this function. :ref:`sys-path-init` The initialization of :data:`sys.path`. :pep:`235` Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms :pep:`263` Defining Python Source Code Encodings :pep:`302` New Import Hooks :pep:`328` Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative :pep:`366` Main module explicit relative imports :pep:`420` Implicit namespace packages :pep:`451` A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System :pep:`488` Elimination of PYO files :pep:`489` Multi-phase extension module initialization :pep:`552` Deterministic pycs :pep:`3120` Using UTF-8 as the Default Source Encoding :pep:`3147` PYC Repository Directories </pre> <a name="user-content-functions"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Functions</h2><a id="user-content-functions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Functions" href="#functions"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <pre>.. function:: __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0) An implementation of the built-in :func:`__import__` function. .. note:: Programmatic importing of modules should use :func:`import_module` instead of this function. </pre> <pre>.. function:: import_module(name, package=None) Import a module. The *name* argument specifies what module to import in absolute or relative terms (e.g. either ``pkg.mod`` or ``..mod``). If the name is specified in relative terms, then the *package* argument must be set to the name of the package which is to act as the anchor for resolving the package name (e.g. ``import_module('..mod', 'pkg.subpkg')`` will import ``pkg.mod``). The :func:`import_module` function acts as a simplifying wrapper around :func:`importlib.__import__`. This means all semantics of the function are derived from :func:`importlib.__import__`. The most important difference between these two functions is that :func:`import_module` returns the specified package or module (e.g. ``pkg.mod``), while :func:`__import__` returns the top-level package or module (e.g. ``pkg``). If you are dynamically importing a module that was created since the interpreter began execution (e.g., created a Python source file), you may need to call :func:`invalidate_caches` in order for the new module to be noticed by the import system. .. versionchanged:: 3.3 Parent packages are automatically imported. </pre> <pre>.. function:: invalidate_caches() Invalidate the internal caches of finders stored at :data:`sys.meta_path`. If a finder implements ``invalidate_caches()`` then it will be called to perform the invalidation. This function should be called if any modules are created/installed while your program is running to guarantee all finders will notice the new module's existence. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.10 Namespace packages created/installed in a different :data:`sys.path` location after the same namespace was already imported are noticed. </pre> <pre>.. function:: reload(module) Reload a previously imported *module*. The argument must be a module object, so it must have been successfully imported before. This is useful if you have edited the module source file using an external editor and want to try out the new version without leaving the Python interpreter. The return value is the module object (which can be different if re-importing causes a different object to be placed in :data:`sys.modules`). When :func:`reload` is executed: * Python module's code is recompiled and the module-level code re-executed, defining a new set of objects which are bound to names in the module's dictionary by reusing the :term:`loader` which originally loaded the module. The ``init`` function of extension modules is not called a second time. * As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only reclaimed after their reference counts drop to zero. * The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any new or changed objects. * Other references to the old objects (such as names external to the module) are not rebound to refer to the new objects and must be updated in each namespace where they occur if that is desired. There are a number of other caveats: When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module's global variables) is retained. Redefinitions of names will override the old definitions, so this is generally not a problem. If the new version of a module does not define a name that was defined by the old version, the old definition remains. This feature can be used to the module's advantage if it maintains a global table or cache of objects --- with a :keyword:`try` statement it can test for the table's presence and skip its initialization if desired:: try: cache except NameError: cache = {} It is generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically loaded modules. Reloading :mod:`sys`, :mod:`__main__`, :mod:`builtins` and other key modules is not recommended. In many cases extension modules are not designed to be initialized more than once, and may fail in arbitrary ways when reloaded. If a module imports objects from another module using :keyword:`from` ... :keyword:`import` ..., calling :func:`reload` for the other module does not redefine the objects imported from it --- one way around this is to re-execute the :keyword:`!from` statement, another is to use :keyword:`!import` and qualified names (*module.name*) instead. If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module that defines the class does not affect the method definitions of the instances --- they continue to use the old class definition. The same is true for derived classes. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.7 :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised when the module being reloaded lacks a :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec`. </pre> <a name="user-content-mod-importlib-abc-abstract-base-classes-related-to-import"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id23"><span id="user-content-id24">:mod:`importlib.abc`</span></a> -- Abstract base classes related to import</h2><a id="user-content-modimportlibabc----abstract-base-classes-related-to-import" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: :mod:`importlib.abc` -- Abstract base classes related to import" href="#modimportlibabc----abstract-base-classes-related-to-import"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <pre>.. module:: importlib.abc :synopsis: Abstract base classes related to import </pre> <p dir="auto"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a href="#id25"><span id="user-content-id26">:source:`Lib/importlib/abc.py`</span></a></p> <hr> <p dir="auto">The <a href="#id27"><span id="user-content-id28">:mod:`importlib.abc`</span></a> module contains all of the core abstract base classes used by <a href="#id29"><span id="user-content-id30">:keyword:`import`</span></a>. Some subclasses of the core abstract base classes are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs.</p> <p dir="auto">ABC hierarchy:</p> <pre>object +-- MetaPathFinder +-- PathEntryFinder +-- Loader +-- ResourceLoader --------+ +-- InspectLoader | +-- ExecutionLoader --+ +-- FileLoader +-- SourceLoader </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class representing a <a href="#id31"><span id="user-content-id32">:term:`meta path finder`</span></a>.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.10 No longer a subclass of :class:`!Finder`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: find_spec(fullname, path, target=None) An abstract method for finding a :term:`spec &lt;module spec&gt;` for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, *path* will be ``None``. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and *path* will be the value of :attr:`~module.__path__` from the parent package. If a spec cannot be found, ``None`` is returned. When passed in, ``target`` is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. :func:`importlib.util.spec_from_loader` may be useful for implementing concrete ``MetaPathFinders``. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. method:: invalidate_caches() An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by :func:`importlib.invalidate_caches` when invalidating the caches of all finders on :data:`sys.meta_path`. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Returns ``None`` when called instead of :data:`NotImplemented`. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class representing a <a href="#id33"><span id="user-content-id34">:term:`path entry finder`</span></a>. Though it bears some similarities to <a href="#id35"><span id="user-content-id36">:class:`MetaPathFinder`</span></a>, <code>PathEntryFinder</code> is meant for use only within the path-based import subsystem provided by <a href="#id37"><span id="user-content-id38">:class:`importlib.machinery.PathFinder`</span></a>.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.10 No longer a subclass of :class:`!Finder`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: find_spec(fullname, target=None) An abstract method for finding a :term:`spec &lt;module spec&gt;` for the specified module. The finder will search for the module only within the :term:`path entry` to which it is assigned. If a spec cannot be found, ``None`` is returned. When passed in, ``target`` is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. :func:`importlib.util.spec_from_loader` may be useful for implementing concrete ``PathEntryFinders``. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. method:: invalidate_caches() An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by :meth:`importlib.machinery.PathFinder.invalidate_caches` when invalidating the caches of all cached finders. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class for a <a href="#id39"><span id="user-content-id40">:term:`loader`</span></a>. See <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302" rel="nofollow">PEP 302</a> for the exact definition for a loader.</p> <p dir="auto">Loaders that wish to support resource reading should implement a <a href="#id41"><span id="user-content-id42">:meth:`get_resource_reader`</span></a> method as specified by <a href="#id43"><span id="user-content-id44">:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`</span></a>.</p> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.7 Introduced the optional :meth:`get_resource_reader` method. </pre> <pre>.. method:: create_module(spec) A method that returns the module object to use when importing a module. This method may return ``None``, indicating that default module creation semantics should take place. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 This method is no longer optional when :meth:`exec_module` is defined. </pre> <pre>.. method:: exec_module(module) An abstract method that executes the module in its own namespace when a module is imported or reloaded. The module should already be initialized when :meth:`exec_module` is called. When this method exists, :meth:`create_module` must be defined. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 :meth:`create_module` must also be defined. </pre> <pre>.. method:: load_module(fullname) A legacy method for loading a module. If the module cannot be loaded, :exc:`ImportError` is raised, otherwise the loaded module is returned. If the requested module already exists in :data:`sys.modules`, that module should be used and reloaded. Otherwise the loader should create a new module and insert it into :data:`sys.modules` before any loading begins, to prevent recursion from the import. If the loader inserted a module and the load fails, it must be removed by the loader from :data:`sys.modules`; modules already in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader began execution should be left alone. The loader should set several attributes on the module (note that some of these attributes can change when a module is reloaded): - :attr:`module.__name__` - :attr:`module.__file__` - :attr:`module.__cached__` *(deprecated)* - :attr:`module.__path__` - :attr:`module.__package__` *(deprecated)* - :attr:`module.__loader__` *(deprecated)* When :meth:`exec_module` is available then backwards-compatible functionality is provided. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raise :exc:`ImportError` when called instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. Functionality provided when :meth:`exec_module` is available. .. deprecated:: 3.4 The recommended API for loading a module is :meth:`exec_module` (and :meth:`create_module`). Loaders should implement it instead of :meth:`load_module`. The import machinery takes care of all the other responsibilities of :meth:`load_module` when :meth:`exec_module` is implemented. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class for a <a href="#id45"><span id="user-content-id46">:term:`loader`</span></a> which implements the optional <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302" rel="nofollow">PEP 302</a> protocol for loading arbitrary resources from the storage back-end.</p> <pre>.. deprecated:: 3.7 This ABC is deprecated in favour of supporting resource loading through :class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: get_data(path) An abstract method to return the bytes for the data located at *path*. Loaders that have a file-like storage back-end that allows storing arbitrary data can implement this abstract method to give direct access to the data stored. :exc:`OSError` is to be raised if the *path* cannot be found. The *path* is expected to be constructed using a module's :attr:`~module.__file__` attribute or an item from a package's :attr:`~module.__path__`. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raises :exc:`OSError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class for a <a href="#id47"><span id="user-content-id48">:term:`loader`</span></a> which implements the optional <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302" rel="nofollow">PEP 302</a> protocol for loaders that inspect modules.</p> <pre>.. method:: get_code(fullname) Return the code object for a module, or ``None`` if the module does not have a code object (as would be the case, for example, for a built-in module). Raise an :exc:`ImportError` if loader cannot find the requested module. .. note:: While the method has a default implementation, it is suggested that it be overridden if possible for performance. .. index:: single: universal newlines; importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source method .. versionchanged:: 3.4 No longer abstract and a concrete implementation is provided. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: get_source(fullname) An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is returned as a text string using :term:`universal newlines`, translating all recognized line separators into ``'\n'`` characters. Returns ``None`` if no source is available (e.g. a built-in module). Raises :exc:`ImportError` if the loader cannot find the module specified. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raises :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: is_package(fullname) An optional method to return a true value if the module is a package, a false value otherwise. :exc:`ImportError` is raised if the :term:`loader` cannot find the module. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raises :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. </pre> <pre>.. staticmethod:: source_to_code(data, path='&lt;string&gt;') Create a code object from Python source. The *data* argument can be whatever the :func:`compile` function supports (i.e. string or bytes). The *path* argument should be the "path" to where the source code originated from, which can be an abstract concept (e.g. location in a zip file). With the subsequent code object one can execute it in a module by running ``exec(code, module.__dict__)``. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 Made the method static. </pre> <pre>.. method:: exec_module(module) Implementation of :meth:`Loader.exec_module`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. method:: load_module(fullname) Implementation of :meth:`Loader.load_module`. .. deprecated:: 3.4 use :meth:`exec_module` instead. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class which inherits from <a href="#id49"><span id="user-content-id50">:class:`InspectLoader`</span></a> that, when implemented, helps a module to be executed as a script. The ABC represents an optional <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302" rel="nofollow">PEP 302</a> protocol.</p> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: get_filename(fullname) An abstract method that is to return the value of :attr:`~module.__file__` for the specified module. If no path is available, :exc:`ImportError` is raised. If source code is available, then the method should return the path to the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode was used to load the module. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raises :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class which inherits from <a href="#id51"><span id="user-content-id52">:class:`ResourceLoader`</span></a> and <a href="#id53"><span id="user-content-id54">:class:`ExecutionLoader`</span></a>, providing concrete implementations of <a href="#id55"><span id="user-content-id56">:meth:`ResourceLoader.get_data`</span></a> and <a href="#id57"><span id="user-content-id58">:meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`</span></a>.</p> <p dir="auto">The <em>fullname</em> argument is a fully resolved name of the module the loader is to handle. The <em>path</em> argument is the path to the file for the module.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: name The name of the module the loader can handle. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: path Path to the file of the module. </pre> <pre>.. method:: load_module(fullname) Calls super's ``load_module()``. .. deprecated:: 3.4 Use :meth:`Loader.exec_module` instead. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: get_filename(fullname) Returns :attr:`path`. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: get_data(path) Reads *path* as a binary file and returns the bytes from it. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class for implementing source (and optionally bytecode) file loading. The class inherits from both <a href="#id59"><span id="user-content-id60">:class:`ResourceLoader`</span></a> and <a href="#id61"><span id="user-content-id62">:class:`ExecutionLoader`</span></a>, requiring the implementation of:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#id63"><span id="user-content-id64">:meth:`ResourceLoader.get_data`</span></a></li> <li><dl> <dt><a href="#id65"><span id="user-content-id66">:meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`</span></a></dt> <dd>Should only return the path to the source file; sourceless loading is not supported.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The abstract methods defined by this class are to add optional bytecode file support. Not implementing these optional methods (or causing them to raise <a href="#id67"><span id="user-content-id68">:exc:`NotImplementedError`</span></a>) causes the loader to only work with source code. Implementing the methods allows the loader to work with source <em>and</em> bytecode files; it does not allow for <em>sourceless</em> loading where only bytecode is provided. Bytecode files are an optimization to speed up loading by removing the parsing step of Python's compiler, and so no bytecode-specific API is exposed.</p> <pre>.. method:: path_stats(path) Optional abstract method which returns a :class:`dict` containing metadata about the specified path. Supported dictionary keys are: - ``'mtime'`` (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number representing the modification time of the source code; - ``'size'`` (optional): the size in bytes of the source code. Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for future extensions. If the path cannot be handled, :exc:`OSError` is raised. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raise :exc:`OSError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: path_mtime(path) Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for the specified path. .. deprecated:: 3.3 This method is deprecated in favour of :meth:`path_stats`. You don't have to implement it, but it is still available for compatibility purposes. Raise :exc:`OSError` if the path cannot be handled. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 Raise :exc:`OSError` instead of :exc:`NotImplementedError`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: set_data(path, data) Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a file path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are to be created automatically. When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only (:const:`errno.EACCES`/:exc:`PermissionError`), do not propagate the exception. .. versionchanged:: 3.4 No longer raises :exc:`NotImplementedError` when called. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_code(fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.get_code`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: exec_module(module) Concrete implementation of :meth:`Loader.exec_module`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. method:: load_module(fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`Loader.load_module`. .. deprecated:: 3.4 Use :meth:`exec_module` instead. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_source(fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.get_source`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: is_package(fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.is_package`. A module is determined to be a package if its file path (as provided by :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`) is a file named ``__init__`` when the file extension is removed **and** the module name itself does not end in ``__init__``. </pre> <p dir="auto"><em>Superseded by TraversableResources</em></p> <p dir="auto">An <a href="#id69"><span id="user-content-id70">:term:`abstract base class`</span></a> to provide the ability to read <em>resources</em>.</p> <p dir="auto">From the perspective of this ABC, a <em>resource</em> is a binary artifact that is shipped within a package. Typically this is something like a data file that lives next to the <code>__init__.py</code> file of the package. The purpose of this class is to help abstract out the accessing of such data files so that it does not matter if the package and its data file(s) are stored e.g. in a zip file versus on the file system.</p> <p dir="auto">For any of methods of this class, a <em>resource</em> argument is expected to be a <a href="#id71"><span id="user-content-id72">:term:`path-like object`</span></a> which represents conceptually just a file name. This means that no subdirectory paths should be included in the <em>resource</em> argument. This is because the location of the package the reader is for, acts as the "directory". Hence the metaphor for directories and file names is packages and resources, respectively. This is also why instances of this class are expected to directly correlate to a specific package (instead of potentially representing multiple packages or a module).</p> <p dir="auto">Loaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to provide a method called <code>get_resource_reader(fullname)</code> which returns an object implementing this ABC's interface. If the module specified by fullname is not a package, this method should return <a href="#id73"><span id="user-content-id74">:const:`None`</span></a>. An object compatible with this ABC should only be returned when the specified module is a package.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.7 </pre> <pre>.. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.14 Use :class:`importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources` instead. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: open_resource(resource) Returns an opened, :term:`file-like object` for binary reading of the *resource*. If the resource cannot be found, :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is raised. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: resource_path(resource) Returns the file system path to the *resource*. If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system, raise :exc:`FileNotFoundError`. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: is_resource(name) Returns ``True`` if the named *name* is considered a resource. :exc:`FileNotFoundError` is raised if *name* does not exist. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: contents() Returns an :term:`iterable` of strings over the contents of the package. Do note that it is not required that all names returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is acceptable to return names for which :meth:`is_resource` would be false. Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for situations where how a package and its resources are stored are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful. For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that when it is known that the package and resources are stored on the file system then those subdirectory names can be used directly. The abstract method returns an iterable of no items. </pre> <p dir="auto">An object with a subset of <a href="#id75"><span id="user-content-id76">:class:`pathlib.Path`</span></a> methods suitable for traversing directories and opening files.</p> <p dir="auto">For a representation of the object on the file-system, use <a href="#id77"><span id="user-content-id78">:meth:`importlib.resources.as_file`</span></a>.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.9 </pre> <pre>.. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.14 Use :class:`importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` instead. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: name Abstract. The base name of this object without any parent references. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: iterdir() Yield ``Traversable`` objects in ``self``. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: is_dir() Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a directory. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: is_file() Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a file. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: joinpath(child) Return Traversable child in ``self``. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: __truediv__(child) Return ``Traversable`` child in ``self``. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: open(mode='r', *args, **kwargs) *mode* may be 'r' or 'rb' to open as text or binary. Return a handle suitable for reading (same as :attr:`pathlib.Path.open`). When opening as text, accepts encoding parameters such as those accepted by :attr:`io.TextIOWrapper`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: read_bytes() Read contents of ``self`` as bytes. </pre> <pre>.. method:: read_text(encoding=None) Read contents of ``self`` as text. </pre> <p dir="auto">An abstract base class for resource readers capable of serving the <a href="#id79"><span id="user-content-id80">:meth:`importlib.resources.files`</span></a> interface. Subclasses <a href="#id81"><span id="user-content-id82">:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`</span></a> and provides concrete implementations of the <a href="#id83"><span id="user-content-id84">:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`</span></a>'s abstract methods. Therefore, any loader supplying <a href="#id85"><span id="user-content-id86">:class:`importlib.abc.TraversableResources`</span></a> also supplies ResourceReader.</p> <p dir="auto">Loaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to implement this interface.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.9 </pre> <pre>.. deprecated-removed:: 3.12 3.14 Use :class:`importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources` instead. </pre> <pre>.. abstractmethod:: files() Returns a :class:`importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` object for the loaded package. </pre> <a name="user-content-mod-importlib-machinery-importers-and-path-hooks"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id87"><span id="user-content-id88">:mod:`importlib.machinery`</span></a> -- Importers and path hooks</h2><a id="user-content-modimportlibmachinery----importers-and-path-hooks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: :mod:`importlib.machinery` -- Importers and path hooks" href="#modimportlibmachinery----importers-and-path-hooks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <pre>.. module:: importlib.machinery :synopsis: Importers and path hooks </pre> <p dir="auto"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a href="#id89"><span id="user-content-id90">:source:`Lib/importlib/machinery.py`</span></a></p> <hr> <p dir="auto">This module contains the various objects that help <a href="#id91"><span id="user-content-id92">:keyword:`import`</span></a> find and load modules.</p> <pre>.. attribute:: SOURCE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for source modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the file suffixes for non-optimized bytecode modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. deprecated:: 3.5 Use :attr:`BYTECODE_SUFFIXES` instead. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the file suffixes for optimized bytecode modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. deprecated:: 3.5 Use :attr:`BYTECODE_SUFFIXES` instead. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: BYTECODE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for bytecode modules (including the leading dot). .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 The value is no longer dependent on ``__debug__``. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: EXTENSION_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for extension modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. function:: all_suffixes() Returns a combined list of strings representing all file suffixes for modules recognized by the standard import machinery. This is a helper for code which simply needs to know if a filesystem path potentially refers to a module without needing any details on the kind of module (for example, :func:`inspect.getmodulename`). .. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <p dir="auto">An <a href="#id93"><span id="user-content-id94">:term:`importer`</span></a> for built-in modules. All known built-in modules are listed in <a href="#id95"><span id="user-content-id96">:data:`sys.builtin_module_names`</span></a>. This class implements the <a href="#id97"><span id="user-content-id98">:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`</span></a> and <a href="#id99"><span id="user-content-id100">:class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader`</span></a> ABCs.</p> <p dir="auto">Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.</p> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.5 As part of :pep:`489`, the builtin importer now implements :meth:`Loader.create_module` and :meth:`Loader.exec_module` </pre> <p dir="auto">An <a href="#id101"><span id="user-content-id102">:term:`importer`</span></a> for frozen modules. This class implements the <a href="#id103"><span id="user-content-id104">:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`</span></a> and <a href="#id105"><span id="user-content-id106">:class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader`</span></a> ABCs.</p> <p dir="auto">Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.</p> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.4 Gained :meth:`~Loader.create_module` and :meth:`~Loader.exec_module` methods. </pre> <p dir="auto"><a href="#id107"><span id="user-content-id108">:term:`Finder &lt;finder&gt;`</span></a> for modules declared in the Windows registry. This class implements the <a href="#id109"><span id="user-content-id110">:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`</span></a> ABC.</p> <p dir="auto">Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. deprecated:: 3.6 Use :mod:`site` configuration instead. Future versions of Python may not enable this finder by default. </pre> <p dir="auto">A <a href="#id111"><span id="user-content-id112">:term:`Finder &lt;finder&gt;`</span></a> for <a href="#id113"><span id="user-content-id114">:data:`sys.path`</span></a> and package <code>__path__</code> attributes. This class implements the <a href="#id115"><span id="user-content-id116">:class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder`</span></a> ABC.</p> <p dir="auto">Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.</p> <pre>.. classmethod:: find_spec(fullname, path=None, target=None) Class method that attempts to find a :term:`spec &lt;module spec&gt;` for the module specified by *fullname* on :data:`sys.path` or, if defined, on *path*. For each path entry that is searched, :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` is checked. If a non-false object is found then it is used as the :term:`path entry finder` to look for the module being searched for. If no entry is found in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`, then :data:`sys.path_hooks` is searched for a finder for the path entry and, if found, is stored in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` along with being queried about the module. If no finder is ever found then ``None`` is both stored in the cache and returned. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 If the current working directory -- represented by an empty string -- is no longer valid then ``None`` is returned but no value is cached in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. </pre> <pre>.. classmethod:: invalidate_caches() Calls :meth:`importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.invalidate_caches` on all finders stored in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` that define the method. Otherwise entries in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` set to ``None`` are deleted. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Entries of ``None`` in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` are deleted. </pre> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.4 Calls objects in :data:`sys.path_hooks` with the current working directory for ``''`` (i.e. the empty string). </pre> <p dir="auto">A concrete implementation of <a href="#id117"><span id="user-content-id118">:class:`importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder`</span></a> which caches results from the file system.</p> <p dir="auto">The <em>path</em> argument is the directory for which the finder is in charge of searching.</p> <p dir="auto">The <em>loader_details</em> argument is a variable number of 2-item tuples each containing a loader and a sequence of file suffixes the loader recognizes. The loaders are expected to be callables which accept two arguments of the module's name and the path to the file found.</p> <p dir="auto">The finder will cache the directory contents as necessary, making stat calls for each module search to verify the cache is not outdated. Because cache staleness relies upon the granularity of the operating system's state information of the file system, there is a potential race condition of searching for a module, creating a new file, and then searching for the module the new file represents. If the operations happen fast enough to fit within the granularity of stat calls, then the module search will fail. To prevent this from happening, when you create a module dynamically, make sure to call <a href="#id119"><span id="user-content-id120">:func:`importlib.invalidate_caches`</span></a>.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: path The path the finder will search in. </pre> <pre>.. method:: find_spec(fullname, target=None) Attempt to find the spec to handle *fullname* within :attr:`path`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. method:: invalidate_caches() Clear out the internal cache. </pre> <pre>.. classmethod:: path_hook(*loader_details) A class method which returns a closure for use on :data:`sys.path_hooks`. An instance of :class:`FileFinder` is returned by the closure using the path argument given to the closure directly and *loader_details* indirectly. If the argument to the closure is not an existing directory, :exc:`ImportError` is raised. </pre> <p dir="auto">A concrete implementation of <a href="#id121"><span id="user-content-id122">:class:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader`</span></a> by subclassing <a href="#id123"><span id="user-content-id124">:class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader`</span></a> and providing some concrete implementations of other methods.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: name The name of the module that this loader will handle. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: path The path to the source file. </pre> <pre>.. method:: is_package(fullname) Return ``True`` if :attr:`path` appears to be for a package. </pre> <pre>.. method:: path_stats(path) Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_stats`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: set_data(path, data) Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.set_data`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: load_module(name=None) Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.load_module` where specifying the name of the module to load is optional. .. deprecated:: 3.6 Use :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` instead. </pre> <p dir="auto">A concrete implementation of <a href="#id125"><span id="user-content-id126">:class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader`</span></a> which can import bytecode files (i.e. no source code files exist).</p> <p dir="auto">Please note that direct use of bytecode files (and thus not source code files) inhibits your modules from being usable by all Python implementations or new versions of Python which change the bytecode format.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: name The name of the module the loader will handle. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: path The path to the bytecode file. </pre> <pre>.. method:: is_package(fullname) Determines if the module is a package based on :attr:`path`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_code(fullname) Returns the code object for :attr:`name` created from :attr:`path`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_source(fullname) Returns ``None`` as bytecode files have no source when this loader is used. </pre> <pre>.. method:: load_module(name=None) </pre> <p dir="auto">Concrete implementation of <a href="#id127"><span id="user-content-id128">:meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.load_module`</span></a> where specifying the name of the module to load is optional.</p> <pre>.. deprecated:: 3.6 Use :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` instead. </pre> <p dir="auto">A concrete implementation of <a href="#id129"><span id="user-content-id130">:class:`importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader`</span></a> for extension modules.</p> <p dir="auto">The <em>fullname</em> argument specifies the name of the module the loader is to support. The <em>path</em> argument is the path to the extension module's file.</p> <p dir="auto">Note that, by default, importing an extension module will fail in subinterpreters if it doesn't implement multi-phase init (see <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489" rel="nofollow">PEP 489</a>), even if it would otherwise import successfully.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.3 </pre> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.12 Multi-phase init is now required for use in subinterpreters. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: name Name of the module the loader supports. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: path Path to the extension module. </pre> <pre>.. method:: create_module(spec) Creates the module object from the given specification in accordance with :pep:`489`. .. versionadded:: 3.5 </pre> <pre>.. method:: exec_module(module) Initializes the given module object in accordance with :pep:`489`. .. versionadded:: 3.5 </pre> <pre>.. method:: is_package(fullname) Returns ``True`` if the file path points to a package's ``__init__`` module based on :attr:`EXTENSION_SUFFIXES`. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_code(fullname) Returns ``None`` as extension modules lack a code object. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_source(fullname) Returns ``None`` as extension modules do not have source code. </pre> <pre>.. method:: get_filename(fullname) Returns :attr:`path`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <p dir="auto">A concrete implementation of <a href="#id131"><span id="user-content-id132">:class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader`</span></a> for namespace packages. This is an alias for a private class and is only made public for introspecting the <code>__loader__</code> attribute on namespace packages:</p> <pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from importlib.machinery import NamespaceLoader &gt;&gt;&gt; import my_namespace &gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance(my_namespace.__loader__, NamespaceLoader) True &gt;&gt;&gt; import importlib.abc &gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance(my_namespace.__loader__, importlib.abc.Loader) True </pre> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.11 </pre> <p dir="auto">A specialization of <a href="#id133"><span id="user-content-id134">:class:`importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader`</span></a> that is able to load extension modules in Framework format.</p> <p dir="auto">For compatibility with the iOS App Store, <em>all</em> binary modules in an iOS app must be dynamic libraries, contained in a framework with appropriate metadata, stored in the <code>Frameworks</code> folder of the packaged app. There can be only a single binary per framework, and there can be no executable binary material outside the Frameworks folder.</p> <p dir="auto">To accommodate this requirement, when running on iOS, extension module binaries are <em>not</em> packaged as <code>.so</code> files on <code>sys.path</code>, but as individual standalone frameworks. To discover those frameworks, this loader is be registered against the <code>.fwork</code> file extension, with a <code>.fwork</code> file acting as a placeholder in the original location of the binary on <code>sys.path</code>. The <code>.fwork</code> file contains the path of the actual binary in the <code>Frameworks</code> folder, relative to the app bundle. To allow for resolving a framework-packaged binary back to the original location, the framework is expected to contain a <code>.origin</code> file that contains the location of the <code>.fwork</code> file, relative to the app bundle.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, consider the case of an import <code>from foo.bar import _whiz</code>, where <code>_whiz</code> is implemented with the binary module <code>sources/foo/bar/_whiz.abi3.so</code>, with <code>sources</code> being the location registered on <code>sys.path</code>, relative to the application bundle. This module <em>must</em> be distributed as <code>Frameworks/foo.bar._whiz.framework/foo.bar._whiz</code> (creating the framework name from the full import path of the module), with an <code>Info.plist</code> file in the <code>.framework</code> directory identifying the binary as a framework. The <code>foo.bar._whiz</code> module would be represented in the original location with a <code>sources/foo/bar/_whiz.abi3.fwork</code> marker file, containing the path <code>Frameworks/foo.bar._whiz/foo.bar._whiz</code>. The framework would also contain <code>Frameworks/foo.bar._whiz.framework/foo.bar._whiz.origin</code>, containing the path to the <code>.fwork</code> file.</p> <p dir="auto">When a module is loaded with this loader, the <code>__file__</code> for the module will report as the location of the <code>.fwork</code> file. This allows code to use the <code>__file__</code> of a module as an anchor for file system traversal. However, the spec origin will reference the location of the <em>actual</em> binary in the <code>.framework</code> folder.</p> <p dir="auto">The Xcode project building the app is responsible for converting any <code>.so</code> files from wherever they exist in the <code>PYTHONPATH</code> into frameworks in the <code>Frameworks</code> folder (including stripping extensions from the module file, the addition of framework metadata, and signing the resulting framework), and creating the <code>.fwork</code> and <code>.origin</code> files. This will usually be done with a build step in the Xcode project; see the iOS documentation for details on how to construct this build step.</p> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.13 </pre> <pre>.. availability:: iOS. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: name Name of the module the loader supports. </pre> <pre>.. attribute:: path Path to the ``.fwork`` file for the extension module. </pre> <a name="user-content-mod-importlib-util-utility-code-for-importers"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id135"><span id="user-content-id136">:mod:`importlib.util`</span></a> -- Utility code for importers</h2><a id="user-content-modimportlibutil----utility-code-for-importers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: :mod:`importlib.util` -- Utility code for importers" href="#modimportlibutil----utility-code-for-importers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <pre>.. module:: importlib.util :synopsis: Utility code for importers </pre> <p dir="auto"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a href="#id137"><span id="user-content-id138">:source:`Lib/importlib/util.py`</span></a></p> <hr> <p dir="auto">This module contains the various objects that help in the construction of an <a href="#id139"><span id="user-content-id140">:term:`importer`</span></a>.</p> <pre>.. attribute:: MAGIC_NUMBER The bytes which represent the bytecode version number. If you need help with loading/writing bytecode then consider :class:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. function:: cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None, *, optimization=None) Return the :pep:`3147`/:pep:`488` path to the byte-compiled file associated with the source *path*. For example, if *path* is ``/foo/bar/baz.py`` the return value would be ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc`` for Python 3.2. The ``cpython-32`` string comes from the current magic tag (see :func:`get_tag`; if :attr:`sys.implementation.cache_tag` is not defined then :exc:`NotImplementedError` will be raised). The *optimization* parameter is used to specify the optimization level of the bytecode file. An empty string represents no optimization, so ``/foo/bar/baz.py`` with an *optimization* of ``''`` will result in a bytecode path of ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc``. ``None`` causes the interpreter's optimization level to be used. Any other value's string representation is used, so ``/foo/bar/baz.py`` with an *optimization* of ``2`` will lead to the bytecode path of ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.opt-2.pyc``. The string representation of *optimization* can only be alphanumeric, else :exc:`ValueError` is raised. The *debug_override* parameter is deprecated and can be used to override the system's value for ``__debug__``. A ``True`` value is the equivalent of setting *optimization* to the empty string. A ``False`` value is the same as setting *optimization* to ``1``. If both *debug_override* an *optimization* are not ``None`` then :exc:`TypeError` is raised. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.5 The *optimization* parameter was added and the *debug_override* parameter was deprecated. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`. </pre> <pre>.. function:: source_from_cache(path) Given the *path* to a :pep:`3147` file name, return the associated source code file path. For example, if *path* is ``/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc`` the returned path would be ``/foo/bar/baz.py``. *path* need not exist, however if it does not conform to :pep:`3147` or :pep:`488` format, a :exc:`ValueError` is raised. If :attr:`sys.implementation.cache_tag` is not defined, :exc:`NotImplementedError` is raised. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`. </pre> <pre>.. function:: decode_source(source_bytes) Decode the given bytes representing source code and return it as a string with universal newlines (as required by :meth:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source`). .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. function:: resolve_name(name, package) Resolve a relative module name to an absolute one. If **name** has no leading dots, then **name** is simply returned. This allows for usage such as ``importlib.util.resolve_name('sys', __spec__.parent)`` without doing a check to see if the **package** argument is needed. :exc:`ImportError` is raised if **name** is a relative module name but **package** is a false value (e.g. ``None`` or the empty string). :exc:`ImportError` is also raised if a relative name would escape its containing package (e.g. requesting ``..bacon`` from within the ``spam`` package). .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.9 To improve consistency with import statements, raise :exc:`ImportError` instead of :exc:`ValueError` for invalid relative import attempts. </pre> <pre>.. function:: find_spec(name, package=None) Find the :term:`spec &lt;module spec&gt;` for a module, optionally relative to the specified **package** name. If the module is in :data:`sys.modules`, then ``sys.modules[name].__spec__`` is returned (unless the spec would be ``None`` or is not set, in which case :exc:`ValueError` is raised). Otherwise a search using :data:`sys.meta_path` is done. ``None`` is returned if no spec is found. If **name** is for a submodule (contains a dot), the parent module is automatically imported. **name** and **package** work the same as for :func:`import_module`. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Raises :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` instead of :exc:`AttributeError` if **package** is in fact not a package (i.e. lacks a :attr:`~module.__path__` attribute). </pre> <pre>.. function:: module_from_spec(spec) Create a new module based on **spec** and :meth:`spec.loader.create_module &lt;importlib.abc.Loader.create_module&gt;`. If :meth:`spec.loader.create_module &lt;importlib.abc.Loader.create_module&gt;` does not return ``None``, then any pre-existing attributes will not be reset. Also, no :exc:`AttributeError` will be raised if triggered while accessing **spec** or setting an attribute on the module. This function is preferred over using :class:`types.ModuleType` to create a new module as **spec** is used to set as many import-controlled attributes on the module as possible. .. versionadded:: 3.5 </pre> <pre>.. function:: spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None) A factory function for creating a :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec` instance based on a loader. The parameters have the same meaning as they do for ModuleSpec. The function uses available :term:`loader` APIs, such as :meth:`InspectLoader.is_package`, to fill in any missing information on the spec. .. versionadded:: 3.4 </pre> <pre>.. function:: spec_from_file_location(name, location, *, loader=None, submodule_search_locations=None) A factory function for creating a :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec` instance based on the path to a file. Missing information will be filled in on the spec by making use of loader APIs and by the implication that the module will be file-based. .. versionadded:: 3.4 .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Accepts a :term:`path-like object`. </pre> <pre>.. function:: source_hash(source_bytes) Return the hash of *source_bytes* as bytes. A hash-based ``.pyc`` file embeds the :func:`source_hash` of the corresponding source file's contents in its header. .. versionadded:: 3.7 </pre> <pre>.. function:: _incompatible_extension_module_restrictions(*, disable_check) A context manager that can temporarily skip the compatibility check for extension modules. By default the check is enabled and will fail when a single-phase init module is imported in a subinterpreter. It will also fail for a multi-phase init module that doesn't explicitly support a per-interpreter GIL, when imported in an interpreter with its own GIL. Note that this function is meant to accommodate an unusual case; one which is likely to eventually go away. There's is a pretty good chance this is not what you were looking for. You can get the same effect as this function by implementing the basic interface of multi-phase init (:pep:`489`) and lying about support for multiple interpreters (or per-interpreter GIL). .. warning:: Using this function to disable the check can lead to unexpected behavior and even crashes. It should only be used during extension module development. .. versionadded:: 3.12 </pre> <p dir="auto">A class which postpones the execution of the loader of a module until the module has an attribute accessed.</p> <p dir="auto">This class <strong>only</strong> works with loaders that define <a href="#id141"><span id="user-content-id142">:meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module`</span></a> as control over what module type is used for the module is required. For those same reasons, the loader's <a href="#id143"><span id="user-content-id144">:meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.create_module`</span></a> method must return <code>None</code> or a type for which its <code>__class__</code> attribute can be mutated along with not using <a href="#id145"><span id="user-content-id146">:term:`slots &lt;__slots__&gt;`</span></a>. Finally, modules which substitute the object placed into <a href="#id147"><span id="user-content-id148">:data:`sys.modules`</span></a> will not work as there is no way to properly replace the module references throughout the interpreter safely; <a href="#id149"><span id="user-content-id150">:exc:`ValueError`</span></a> is raised if such a substitution is detected.</p> <div dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Note</p> <p dir="auto">For projects where startup time is critical, this class allows for potentially minimizing the cost of loading a module if it is never used. For projects where startup time is not essential then use of this class is <strong>heavily</strong> discouraged due to error messages created during loading being postponed and thus occurring out of context.</p> </div> <pre>.. versionadded:: 3.5 </pre> <pre>.. versionchanged:: 3.6 Began calling :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.create_module`, removing the compatibility warning for :class:`importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter` and :class:`importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader`. </pre> <pre>.. classmethod:: factory(loader) A class method which returns a callable that creates a lazy loader. This is meant to be used in situations where the loader is passed by class instead of by instance. :: suffixes = importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES loader = importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader lazy_loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader.factory(loader) finder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder(path, (lazy_loader, suffixes)) </pre> <a name="user-content-examples"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Examples</h2><a id="user-content-examples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Examples" href="#examples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <a name="user-content-importing-programmatically"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Importing programmatically</h3><a id="user-content-importing-programmatically" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Importing programmatically" href="#importing-programmatically"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To programmatically import a module, use <a href="#id151"><span id="user-content-id152">:func:`importlib.import_module`</span></a>.</p> <pre>import importlib itertools = importlib.import_module('itertools') </pre> <a name="user-content-checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Checking if a module can be imported</h3><a id="user-content-checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Checking if a module can be imported" href="#checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If you need to find out if a module can be imported without actually doing the import, then you should use <a href="#id153"><span id="user-content-id154">:func:`importlib.util.find_spec`</span></a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Note that if <code>name</code> is a submodule (contains a dot), <a href="#id155"><span id="user-content-id156">:func:`importlib.util.find_spec`</span></a> will import the parent module.</p> <pre>import importlib.util import sys # For illustrative purposes. name = 'itertools' if name in sys.modules: print(f"{name!r} already in sys.modules") elif (spec := importlib.util.find_spec(name)) is not None: # If you chose to perform the actual import ... module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec) sys.modules[name] = module spec.loader.exec_module(module) print(f"{name!r} has been imported") else: print(f"can't find the {name!r} module") </pre> <a name="user-content-importing-a-source-file-directly"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Importing a source file directly</h3><a id="user-content-importing-a-source-file-directly" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Importing a source file directly" href="#importing-a-source-file-directly"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This recipe should be used with caution: it is an approximation of an import statement where the file path is specified directly, rather than <a href="#id157"><span id="user-content-id158">:data:`sys.path`</span></a> being searched. Alternatives should first be considered first, such as modifying <a href="#id159"><span id="user-content-id160">:data:`sys.path`</span></a> when a proper module is required, or using <a href="#id161"><span id="user-content-id162">:func:`runpy.run_path`</span></a> when the global namespace resulting from running a Python file is appropriate.</p> <p dir="auto">To import a Python source file directly from a path, use the following recipe:</p> <pre>import importlib.util import sys def import_from_path(module_name, file_path): spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, file_path) module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec) sys.modules[module_name] = module spec.loader.exec_module(module) return module # For illustrative purposes only (use of `json` is arbitrary). import json file_path = json.__file__ module_name = json.__name__ # Similar outcome as `import json`. json = import_from_path(module_name, file_path) </pre> <a name="user-content-implementing-lazy-imports"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Implementing lazy imports</h3><a id="user-content-implementing-lazy-imports" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Implementing lazy imports" href="#implementing-lazy-imports"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The example below shows how to implement lazy imports:</p> <pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; import importlib.util &gt;&gt;&gt; import sys &gt;&gt;&gt; def lazy_import(name): ... spec = importlib.util.find_spec(name) ... loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader(spec.loader) ... spec.loader = loader ... module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec) ... sys.modules[name] = module ... loader.exec_module(module) ... return module ... &gt;&gt;&gt; lazy_typing = lazy_import("typing") &gt;&gt;&gt; #lazy_typing is a real module object, &gt;&gt;&gt; #but it is not loaded in memory yet. &gt;&gt;&gt; lazy_typing.TYPE_CHECKING False </pre> <a name="user-content-setting-up-an-importer"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Setting up an importer</h3><a id="user-content-setting-up-an-importer" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Setting up an importer" href="#setting-up-an-importer"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">For deep customizations of import, you typically want to implement an <a href="#id163"><span id="user-content-id164">:term:`importer`</span></a>. This means managing both the <a href="#id165"><span id="user-content-id166">:term:`finder`</span></a> and <a href="#id167"><span id="user-content-id168">:term:`loader`</span></a> side of things. For finders there are two flavours to choose from depending on your needs: a <a href="#id169"><span id="user-content-id170">:term:`meta path finder`</span></a> or a <a href="#id171"><span id="user-content-id172">:term:`path entry finder`</span></a>. The former is what you would put on <a href="#id173"><span id="user-content-id174">:data:`sys.meta_path`</span></a> while the latter is what you create using a <a href="#id175"><span id="user-content-id176">:term:`path entry hook`</span></a> on <a href="#id177"><span id="user-content-id178">:data:`sys.path_hooks`</span></a> which works with <a href="#id179"><span id="user-content-id180">:data:`sys.path`</span></a> entries to potentially create a finder. This example will show you how to register your own importers so that import will use them (for creating an importer for yourself, read the documentation for the appropriate classes defined within this package):</p> <pre>import importlib.machinery import sys # For illustrative purposes only. SpamMetaPathFinder = importlib.machinery.PathFinder SpamPathEntryFinder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder loader_details = (importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader, importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES) # Setting up a meta path finder. # Make sure to put the finder in the proper location in the list in terms of # priority. sys.meta_path.append(SpamMetaPathFinder) # Setting up a path entry finder. # Make sure to put the path hook in the proper location in the list in terms # of priority. sys.path_hooks.append(SpamPathEntryFinder.path_hook(loader_details)) </pre> <a name="user-content-approximating-func-importlib-import-module"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Approximating <a href="#id181"><span id="user-content-id182">:func:`importlib.import_module`</span></a></h3><a id="user-content-approximating-funcimportlibimport_module" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Approximating :func:`importlib.import_module`" href="#approximating-funcimportlibimport_module"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Import itself is implemented in Python code, making it possible to expose most of the import machinery through importlib. The following helps illustrate the various APIs that importlib exposes by providing an approximate implementation of <a href="#id183"><span id="user-content-id184">:func:`importlib.import_module`</span></a>:</p> <pre>import importlib.util import sys def import_module(name, package=None): """An approximate implementation of import.""" absolute_name = importlib.util.resolve_name(name, package) try: return sys.modules[absolute_name] except KeyError: pass path = None if '.' in absolute_name: parent_name, _, child_name = absolute_name.rpartition('.') parent_module = import_module(parent_name) path = parent_module.__spec__.submodule_search_locations for finder in sys.meta_path: spec = finder.find_spec(absolute_name, path) if spec is not None: break else: msg = f'No module named {absolute_name!r}' raise ModuleNotFoundError(msg, name=absolute_name) module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec) sys.modules[absolute_name] = module spec.loader.exec_module(module) if path is not None: 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