CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.thehindu.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9272f60d1e14fcdf',cH: 'UtmlkzsJYlMAuupihv.Zo8gqz0s56C_1Na8oSmyNGM4-1743121220-1.2.1.1-nr84euJONX5fbi3Seg8.pGem3oopt1lI5yjtRqAtfFYdsqhW_.ev3Qt2YEQrcCYz',cUPMDTk: "\/archive\/web\/2011\/09\/?__cf_chl_tk=q_2HuSGvGtNI63A3Ol._i.Yt_rPQJGnzBMh8APykPZY-1743121220-1.0.1.1-GSuHsPu34ylLfjLU7iGf4MewSu73wj.KrlNhihE2f1w",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743121220',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/archive\/web\/2011\/09\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=q_2HuSGvGtNI63A3Ol._i.Yt_rPQJGnzBMh8APykPZY-1743121220-1.0.1.1-GSuHsPu34ylLfjLU7iGf4MewSu73wj.KrlNhihE2f1w",md: "Xtr5Q.xdoTCm4HlVDwlwGrRVmvMaPf95YCs4PmP6VdE-1743121220-1.2.1.1-9VoK7y4CBY9d3JJy_DB4_iK75OhbENlg2umrltaR6w0zhCA1_kpMr6N0hUS2ue6UYmpNk.sSIxlVEmQpPoXfOGdRxKcalzowE1tXWwyMWD5FSb5Hg_mSXPKTsuKbwOyHVmTrBvRZxfsQUZ7i6gAPF7.UqAF618MoIXLzyDlq1LWTWrw0qXq4wSN6kgNL_JQoCKL.1hZA9S3gyLfoTUCUQF.s9zPTld5fr.lEZs0Q1vaXo1mXGhTdYrLCxuv8LQK4AjBHRRIi73GjjLNnc57uvwAyJm_2bY_KKqtu7iWhvQe0Tjx9WzCeFHrJ8ZUGV1GzW_qJY75La9Zbqpmh02X4EQ.D5ipiIA5JooeVEXr1Z7ZBXiN3vyq7OJzNaCkH7wHxomTVXwid5DfLMnYtl6ikv1hYlabdFAt4puHLL_Xr6IiaP16buGUYFg2gcbrW4P1Ipdv3MBSiVOkW2oLevSlVz6yjpngozi3esoSHADZy63EuQB4FMDFZYrvTbCrbHLMvTigXnyF3NbkICn8LYcZ7q9_wTZqUuxwFobMje.PdWXUGTBP0d4R_r8PCdA1xN8MbsMOVOcjBmNZ8QzqNTQsXcoqOuz4FWUBDdn7q6xFb6oi9GsJ4CYxzl1H5Z7fpFDPnI.rCGbnItuzogZIrjFg1PExsJkdzWQZB4X6Nz9BmZvK4bMtYAff61tiS0DFeYsVwmwUzFqrd7LguUbRsvU0qsWfk4ntvEbKwdjY3_lejsMtjWsSFeTlomJmhSeM9OFetlugt5jB.n03TZx8utntzEtaa8Qit9xWz5TewYehHOD9mGrKDLLAv0w0BiSvviowuIXHOLquHC_OIGKJREcXKUBKrcC0Ns5oicMMzVaLz3ZtSBzdOubvDijZMhhxwHU5bmmD9u5GBkdz4bNA1B7QYhO.4NG3ig4zcPBs83mdxrrytIN9Y1fKSS7uwaVHiniIeeu7f1WUuG8ajxTSFiWPiOEDv2N_3yxcZxRqDOzYbryEuPq8WfwO8namjPQW6iklKVb5UFBqSaY05nhKspZaMwHWH.cxo9w65eQLaCl4XIJHxcuLNj10kyoBm4VgIdpoYf1cOItlZPtsdMRPKB_f9aY3lRIK7GoCWV88DFrxjDdXF07Fah.sOZwvp8IiZyDp1.c3NiKEMUlrZT87Y4bIYNhX7c0PB8HvbE9WbFUqLg1zBcHgYgNYh90z6CsoeunFDKFroHQokHg6gN31QZZ.RwzKfpytL340U9_kpctZCbPKpPuwjS4DpIn.SeIzcnTyE",mdrd: "0qHIVmCKltlnYih9agj7sJoAp0vXCC3mxV.jnm_EXaU-1743121220-1.2.1.1-K_9PkfamM.sQt4JzxYn5eUUR9YmaFU0vchXYbNw_7ti8R_wDDrkfVQz7_NS7OtfYK_4wREZu1loFFLKkMgtQT_HJd.tPETdN8fKLIqH8tPmvIKylilBh.PT_0Ab_p9M3yff1LYTe7369r5nXlRURhR9ZprH7vmSnbnyYksj1LakO155OjrzRFEDAy_uueXfFZr2dcLF_LE11Oe_pb1xEFmvOe4l9k12zUgBgDCcl78_xxcRdIOLLdd9XoPQWooOLdY21sCE.9PRUUnOw.3KLab5_sy_JM1cuWBDm4Ay1Zgu5F3h83Kj3WfxHO4RKWmM0hr4ztebuTYTXBYNqQYbT.V_GEqYCZXk2iJn6yEycI4QrPN8mxWc6CDFE4MHxniSP7a.Ue.bkEpt154dgXYumX3qTFh4XnyjNPh5DIa97.xwR_0TYRY9FjFROKLkwWtqxUcUpHJa.8t0jtt0KvVmA.8A3AHqOx4K.j04Glx4DYVCBoHqkiRH4NiT5GDS1M.r5OFrAuPPiLEb4Y6sBE7ZKCJPqVedV9w82jmZokBMwjRhi6TdJe2BwcRdDxY8KBBXmkQ2pWxJONwup3npfmUcUQp21ToYFvfvlMYtdBsZ0wlpzkt4zG.mmOia9s3o6v0qZn9qPXwnHs6G84EneiIc3.nNlqc8A2aaDZbx0NRpiN_xYa7EKkrvDDrTPUpKJzhCFmgxfB96chDgys4y5cbAOtX6qQnd3YUGmwkOLQNZCGQ4FU4BEiPTX6EHT4OuL1Q_ThT7yOP7G4_7EaG.7b9dicpv3bOIGmNC_GMXBN7CmFQmN2alV2Yb8ZDnQW6MPiDUV638wgBOMVGLzb21lGjac85ioIeuMa71VwMEWj7hTEVYU_TzfuRh_uImuzvQOX0sz9Eq3r5DBveXm9k8sO_fR_JFbd.V.t4LVB4BjUa.c5RAt7mxSQDFyFaOmCllTlOR_Ks64MDgEuFBkZ79Pu9.EUc9Zf86vMDZd8zbBKX3EDZoHcTem_GldqTda92fapEFLf4jbtcQKO7crI7iXG9b8Q7z1vhJ.7KRWWvuVTCSCXNcGfriyTWdS.tAZwQLXMk4qIPvYRizrCyXjx6gloUIbViefoPn6G.PaL5ZiCnHkWWwJoKAaKbW8ukEnXQofM8meNshGsyRb510TWjhcCAy0HYw1_.Cr0Ig3CiMLQ.I8nCjHOoXacTFzu0LcmB5_BkCd57Aed.MjcxSzfnQSi7MFAUQ5i1g0wo0Ia6zvkmk2s87p4DJSHJrSTidWerqz0JC8YJ2r3YDHmmCxKR4TzZqfjnklwmlChrBOkC7OXw__F.gp0qX0Q4OqRzEp604lSSumN1vrjImXda2FIB7oItP4GSxf6bltm_KyUDWAkSOJ_zFFVnELva2QcxIf.zH_mGgbllf7PfAu0Gln0dw2nRR.7jRuivMWJY9Vp0MW0Pp_yudomu3z6sTHwr_FjH2yIMifqQK783S9nou8sG4IKale4DXXA8nLJYm1fo7I15MtVzoeEvuLSqcC9koOp7HbHwnldtqvkRuWWjfmPAiAdLm4Y7uMCCcjEYkaVfn0.r8T9EfeTMMtMGw3RXsIMUxGzUPODXJiPpfz.VdOUNh4gR6_S5.m07iximoClWUQ5nXHteZMSqkmJBd1yKSpUMkzQ0eez4hp7LjJxPGzyrwda25hdkN7uYMYV1cnCRhFeVA7kLrogupQ5Dfe_u.mNafhcaIa_ulNd1HfuD4xdsdCGZeQdwNnVIBBxcKtp1D6ie7cZDC.yxBUIZwo2MlckD6V1F_ZHRorPMOd7hcCsPw.MP71QZW_74pNoYiIAzbdwV8gXiGQ_Dn4QMSqiVMhNLQjHljk2ggdgX4lZjSAZNTmMvfq0q72Ax6ccdeE5xis5IurEllXjLCNkCLedKPo7Uie9uB11k1qdpD6z_aijZHaFsUi9CYeehgt86yvt9R1tNp9_T6kZ9OWyBOpB.PpV6wvRtkTtt0GNq__P5QaAUWyhKM4n13k_lrwkp095A0.xkwvo7aaIoVcRHcBYU5U_1Pv74dkFVosQwZDpverZUgztYzdcQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9272f60d1e14fcdf';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/archive\/web\/2011\/09\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=q_2HuSGvGtNI63A3Ol._i.Yt_rPQJGnzBMh8APykPZY-1743121220-1.0.1.1-GSuHsPu34ylLfjLU7iGf4MewSu73wj.KrlNhihE2f1w" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>