Great Pacific Garbage Patch

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This vortex of trash is formed by the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, a large system of rotating ocean currents. The GPGP is often described as a floating "island" of waste, although much of it exists in a more dispersed, soup-like state.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/how-did-it-form" title="How Did It Form?"><h3>How Did It Form?</h3></a>The formation of the GPGP is a result of human activities combined with oceanic currents. Plastics and other debris are carried by rivers and wind into the ocean. Over time, these materials are drawn into the gyre by circulating currents, where they accumulate. The process is exacerbated by the durability of plastics, which do not biodegrade but instead break down into smaller particles known as microplastics.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/what-are-the-environmental-impacts" title="What Are the Environmental Impacts?"><h3>What Are the Environmental Impacts?</h3></a>The environmental impacts of the GPGP are profound:</div><div>1. <strong>Marine Life</strong>: Marine animals, such as sea turtles and birds, often mistake plastic debris for food, leading to ingestion, entanglement, and often death.<br>2. <strong>Ecosystem Disruption</strong>: The ingestion of plastics can introduce toxic chemicals into the marine food web, disrupting ecosystems.<br>3. <strong>Habitat Damage</strong>: Coral reefs and other marine habitats can be physically damaged by floating debris.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/what-are-microplastics" title="What Are Microplastics?"><h3>What Are Microplastics?</h3></a>Microplastics are tiny plastic particles, less than 5mm in diameter, that result from the breakdown of larger plastic debris. These particles are particularly concerning because they can be ingested by a wide range of marine organisms, from plankton to whales, and can absorb and concentrate toxic chemicals from the surrounding water.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/what-measures-are-being-taken-to-address-it" title="What Measures Are Being Taken to Address It?"><h3>What Measures Are Being Taken to Address It?</h3></a>Efforts to address the GPGP include:</div><div>1. <strong>Cleanup Initiatives</strong>: Organizations like The Ocean Cleanup are developing technology to remove debris from the ocean.<br>2. <strong>Legislation</strong>: Governments are implementing policies to reduce plastic waste, such as banning single-use plastics.<br>3. <strong>Public Awareness</strong>: Educational campaigns aim to reduce plastic usage and promote recycling.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/can-the-gpgp-be-cleaned-up" title="Can the GPGP Be Cleaned Up?"><h3>Can the GPGP Be Cleaned Up?</h3></a>Cleaning up the GPGP presents significant challenges:</div><div>1. <strong>Scale</strong>: The sheer size of the patch, estimated to be twice the size of Texas, makes cleanup efforts daunting.<br>2. <strong>Dispersal</strong>: Much of the debris is spread out over vast areas and exists below the surface, making it difficult to collect.<br>3. <strong>Ongoing Pollution</strong>: New waste continues to enter the ocean, meaning that cleanup efforts must be continuous and comprehensive.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/what-can-individuals-do-to-help" title="What Can Individuals Do to Help?"><h3>What Can Individuals Do to Help?</h3></a>Individuals can contribute to mitigating the GPGP by:</div><div>1. <strong>Reducing Plastic Use</strong>: Opting for reusable items instead of single-use plastics.<br>2. <strong>Recycling</strong>: Properly recycling plastics to prevent them from entering the ocean.<br>3. <strong>Supporting Legislation</strong>: Advocating for policies that aim to reduce plastic waste.<br>4. <strong>Participating in Cleanups</strong>: Joining local beach and river cleanups to prevent debris from reaching the ocean.</div><div><a href="https://pollutiontoxicology.com/knowledgebase/is-there-hope-for-the-future" title="Is There Hope for the Future?"><h3>Is There Hope for the Future?</h3></a>While the GPGP remains a significant environmental challenge, ongoing efforts in technology, policy, and public engagement offer hope for mitigation. Innovations in waste management, increased global cooperation, and a shift towards sustainable practices are critical components in addressing this issue.</div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3>The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a stark reminder of the consequences of plastic pollution. Addressing this monumental problem requires a multifaceted approach involving technology, policy, and individual action. By understanding the gravity of the situation and working collectively, we can make strides towards a cleaner, healthier ocean.</div></div> </div> <div id="recent_papers"> <br><hr /><br><h2 class="heading1">Relevant Publications</h2> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899733" target='_blank' title="Hunting for pigments in bacterial settlers of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.">Hunting for pigments in bacterial settlers of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37141799" target='_blank' title="Surface dispersion of coastal discharges in North America towards the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.">Surface dispersion of coastal discharges in North America towards the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2023</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36860051" target='_blank' title="First evidence and potential sources of novel brominated flame retardants and BDE 209 in the deepest ocean.">First evidence and potential sources of novel brominated flame retardants and BDE 209 in the deepest ocean.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2023</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35554091" target='_blank' title="The role of PETase in Breaking Down Polyethylene Plastics.">The role of PETase in Breaking Down Polyethylene Plastics.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2022</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34808966" target='_blank' title="Detecting the Great Pacific Garbage Patch floating plastic litter using WorldView-3 satellite imagery.">Detecting the Great Pacific Garbage Patch floating plastic litter using WorldView-3 satellite imagery.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2021</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33810751" target='_blank' title="Transition paths of marine debris and the stability of the garbage patches.">Transition paths of marine debris and the stability of the garbage patches.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2021</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34725256" target='_blank' title="Thermodynamic feasibility of shipboard conversion of marine plastics to blue diesel for self-powered ocean cleanup.">Thermodynamic feasibility of shipboard conversion of marine plastics to blue diesel for self-powered ocean cleanup.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2021</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32479284" target='_blank' title="Making sense of microplastics? Public understandings of plastic pollution.">Making sense of microplastics? Public understandings of plastic pollution.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2020</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32385313" target='_blank' title="Relative abundance of derelict fishing gear in the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery grounds as estimated from fishery observer data.">Relative abundance of derelict fishing gear in the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery grounds as estimated from fishery observer data.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2020</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33333307" target='_blank' title="The occurrence and transport of microplastics: The state of the science.">The occurrence and transport of microplastics: The state of the science.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2020</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30249095" target='_blank' title="Sensing Ocean Plastics with an Airborne Hyperspectral Shortwave Infrared Imager.">Sensing Ocean Plastics with an Airborne Hyperspectral Shortwave Infrared Imager.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2018</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29568057" target='_blank' title="Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic.">Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2018</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29728262" target='_blank' title="Numerical simulations of debris drift from the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011 and their verification with observational reports.">Numerical simulations of debris drift from the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011 and their verification with observational reports.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2018</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27331654" target='_blank' title="Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific understanding to invoke positive change.">Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific understanding to invoke positive change.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2016</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27822538" target='_blank' title="Diversity and Activity of Communities Inhabiting Plastic Debris in the North Pacific Gyre.">Diversity and Activity of Communities Inhabiting Plastic Debris in the North Pacific Gyre.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2016</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26037817" target='_blank' title="Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and carboxylic acids in liver, muscle and adipose tissues of black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) from Midway Island, North Pacific Ocean.">Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and carboxylic acids in liver, muscle and adipose tissues of black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) from Midway Island, North Pacific Ocean.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2015</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278233" target='_blank' title="Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the northeast pacific ocean.">Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the northeast pacific ocean.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue 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