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<span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thirty-nine Articles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_39_artikler" title="De 39 artikler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De 39 artikler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neununddrei%C3%9Fig_Artikel" title="Neununddreißig Artikel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neununddreißig Artikel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treinta_y_nueve_art%C3%ADculos" title="Treinta y nueve artículos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Treinta y nueve artículos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trente-neuf_articles" title="Trente-neuf articles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trente-neuf articles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%B5%ED%9A%8C_39%EA%B0%9C%EC%A1%B0_%EC%8B%A0%EC%A1%B0" title="영국 성공회 39개조 신조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 성공회 39개조 신조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Puluh_Sembilan_Pasal_Gereja_Anglikan" title="Tiga Puluh Sembilan Pasal Gereja Anglikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiga Puluh Sembilan Pasal Gereja Anglikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentanove_articoli_di_religione" title="Trentanove articoli di religione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trentanove articoli di religione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXIX_articuli" title="XXXIX articuli – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="XXXIX articuli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/39%E7%AE%87%E6%9D%A1" title="39箇条 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="39箇条" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_trettini_artikler" title="De trettini artikler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De trettini artikler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/39_artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="39 artykułów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="39 artykułów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinta_e_Nove_Artigos_de_Religi%C3%A3o" title="Trinta e Nove Artigos de Religião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trinta e Nove Artigos de Religião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/39_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="39 статей англиканского вероисповедания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="39 статей англиканского вероисповедания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" title="Thirty-Nine Articles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thirty-Nine Articles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_trettionio_artiklarna" title="De trettionio artiklarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De trettionio artiklarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/39_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="39 статей англіканського віросповідання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="39 статей англіканського віросповідання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%A2%9D%E4%BF%A1%E7%B6%B1" title="三十九條信綱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三十九條信綱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q937617#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;padding-bottom:0.15em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglicanism" title="Category:Anglicanism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/160px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/240px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/320px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican doctrine</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirty-nine Articles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Lambeth_Quadrilateral" title="Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ministry and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background and history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval cathedral architecture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">Latitudinarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Liberal</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion history</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Primates_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Primates in the Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion Primates'</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meetings" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings">Meetings</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Communion_dioceses" title="List of Anglican Communion dioceses">Bishops</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_and_ecumenism" title="Anglican Communion and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">Ordination of women</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Report" title="Windsor Report">Windsor Report</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other Anglican denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bartonville_Agreement" title="Bartonville Agreement">Bartonville Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_St._Louis" title="Congress of St. Louis">Congress of St. Louis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_American_Anglican_Conference" title="North American Anglican Conference">North American Anglican Conference</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism" title="Template:Anglicanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglicanism" title="Template talk:Anglicanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Thirty-nine Articles of Religion</b> (commonly abbreviated as the <b>Thirty-nine Articles</b> or the <b>XXXIX Articles</b>), finalised in 1571, are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with respect to the controversies of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. The Thirty-nine Articles form part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> used by the Church of England, and feature in parts of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>), as well as by denominations outside of the Anglican Communion that identify with the Anglican tradition (see <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a>). </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> broke with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a>, he began the reform of the Church of England, which would be <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">headed</a> by the monarch (himself), rather than the pope. At this point, he needed to determine what its doctrines and practices would be in relation to the Church of Rome and the new <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant movements</a> in continental Europe. A series of defining documents were written and replaced over a period of thirty years as the doctrinal and political situation changed from the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1533, to the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_of_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication of Elizabeth I">excommunication of Elizabeth I</a> in 1570. These positions began with the Ten Articles in 1536, and concluded with the finalisation of the Thirty-nine articles in 1571. The Thirty-nine articles ultimately served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> doctrine and Catholic practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The articles went through at least five major revisions prior to their finalisation in 1571. The first attempt was the Ten Articles in 1536, which showed some slightly Protestant leanings – the result of an English desire for a political alliance with the German <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next revision was the Six Articles in 1539 which swung away from all reformed positions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then the <i>King's Book</i> in 1543, which re-established most of the earlier Catholic doctrines. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, Henry VIII's son, the <a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a> were written under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> in 1552. It was in this document that Calvinist thought reached the zenith of its influence in the English Church. These articles were never put into action, owing to Edward VI's death and the reversion of the English Church to Catholicism under Henry VIII's elder daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>. </p><p>Finally, upon the coronation of Elizabeth I and the re-establishment of the Church of England as separate from the Catholic Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion were initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_1563" title="Convocation of 1563">Convocation of 1563</a>, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. </p><p>The Thirty-nine Articles were finalised in 1571, and incorporated into the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>. Although not the end of the struggle between Catholic and Protestant monarchs and citizens, the book helped to standardise the English language, and was to have a lasting effect on <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">religion in the United Kingdom</a> and elsewhere through its wide use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Category:History of the Church of England">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="History of the Church of England">History of the Church of England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/180px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/270px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/360px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="984" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Westminster Abbey</i> (1749) by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages (597–1500)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Christianity">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Medieval_England" title="Religion in Medieval England">Religion in Medieval England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocations of Canterbury and York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_development_of_Church_of_England_dioceses" title="Historical development of Church of England dioceses">Development of dioceses</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation (1509–1559)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1549)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1552)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">Martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1559)</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_1563" title="Convocation of 1563">Convocation of 1563</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Elizabeth_I" title="History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I">History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marprelate_Controversy" title="Marprelate Controversy">Marprelate Controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Jacobean period (1603–1625)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I_and_religious_issues" title="James VI and I and religious issues">James I and religious issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History of the Puritans under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1604)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Caroline period (1625–1649)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History of the Puritans under King Charles I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1649–1688</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">History of the Puritans from 1649</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Conference" title="Savoy Conference">Savoy Conference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1662)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1700–1950</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy" title="Bangorian Controversy">Bangorian Controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Revival">Evangelical Revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_England)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)">Prayer Book Crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">History of the Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template talk:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_Articles_(1536)"><span id="Ten_Articles_.281536.29"></span>Ten Articles (1536)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ten Articles (1536)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s break with Rome inaugurated a period of doctrinal confusion and controversy as both conservative and reforming clergy attempted to shape the church's direction, the former as "<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> without the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>" and the latter as <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>. In an attempt "to establish Christian quietness and unity", the Ten Articles were adopted by clerical <a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocation</a> in July 1536 as the English Church's first post-papal doctrinal statement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ten Articles were crafted as a rushed interim compromise between conservatives and reformers. Historians have variously described it as a victory for <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and a success for Catholic resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993128_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993128-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its provisions have also been described as "confusing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first five articles dealt with doctrines that were "commanded expressly by God, and are necessary to our <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>", while the last five articles dealt with "laudable ceremonies used in the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division reflects how the Articles originated from two different discussions earlier in the year. The first five articles were based on the Wittenberg Articles negotiated between English ambassadors <a href="/wiki/Edward_Foxe" title="Edward Foxe">Edward Foxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnes_(martyr)" title="Robert Barnes (martyr)">Robert Barnes</a> and German Lutheran theologians, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>. This doctrinal statement was itself based on the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> of 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Wittenberg_Articles"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Wittenberg_Articles"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five principal doctrines were the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">ecumenical creeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core doctrine in the Ten Articles was <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justification – which was defined as <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">remission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and accepting into God's favour – was through "the only mercy and <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, promised freely unto us for his Son’s sake <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, and the merits of his <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">passion</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a> would follow, not precede, justification. However, the Lutheran influence was diluted with qualifications. Justification was attained "by <a href="/wiki/Contrition" title="Contrition">contrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> joined with <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, good works were "necessarily required to the attaining of everlasting life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the disappointment of conservatives, only three of the traditional seven <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> were even mentioned (baptism, the Eucharist and penance).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Articles affirm the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a>, stating that "under the form and figure of bread and wine ... is verily, substantially and really contained the very self-same body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition was acceptable to those who held to <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a>, but it clearly condemned <a href="/wiki/Sacramentarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentarianism">sacramentarianism</a>. More controversially for the reformers, the Articles maintained penance as a sacrament and the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>'s authority to grant divine <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Articles six to ten focused on secondary issues. Significantly, <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, which had been a central concern of medieval religion, was placed in the non-essential articles. On the question of its existence, the Ten Articles were ambiguous. They stated, "the place where [departed souls] be, the name thereof, and kind of pains there" was "uncertain by scripture". <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">Prayer for the dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">masses for the dead</a> were permitted as arguably relieving the pain of departed souls in purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017240_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017240-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Articles also defended the use of a number of Catholic rituals and practices opposed by Protestants, such as kissing the cross on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, while mildly criticising popular abuses and excesses. The use of <a href="/wiki/Religious_images_in_Christian_theology" title="Religious images in Christian theology">religious images</a> was permitted but people were to be taught not to kneel before them or make <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">offerings</a> to them. Prayer to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a>, and all the other <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> was permitted as long as <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> was avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238–239_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238–239-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summary, the Ten Articles asserted:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The Bible and the three <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">ecumenical creeds</a> are the basis and summary of true Christian faith.</li> <li>Baptism imparts <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">remission of sins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> and is necessary for salvation, even in the case of infants. It condemns the opinions of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.</li> <li>The sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>, with confession and absolution, is necessary to salvation.</li> <li>That the body and blood of Christ are <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">really present</a> in the Eucharist.</li> <li>Justification is by faith, but good works are necessary.</li> <li>Images can be used as representations of virtue and good example and also to remind people of their sins but are not objects of worship.</li> <li>Saints are to be honoured as examples of life and as furthering the prayers of the faithful.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Praying to saints</a> is permitted, and holy days should be observed.</li> <li>The observance of various rites and ceremonies, such as clerical <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>, sprinkling of <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>, bearing of candles on <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>, giving of ashes on <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, is good and laudable. However, none of these has power to forgive sin.</li> <li>It is a good and charitable deed to pray for the dead. However, the doctrine of purgatory is biblically uncertain. Abuses related to purgatory, such as the claim that papal <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> or masses for the dead offered at certain localities (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Scala_Coeli" title="Santa Maria Scala Coeli">scala coeli</a></i> mass) can deliver immediately from purgatory, are to be rejected.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishops'_Book_(1537)"><span id="Bishops.27_Book_.281537.29"></span><i>Bishops' Book</i> (1537)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bishops' Book (1537)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas-Cranmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thomas-Cranmer.jpg/150px-Thomas-Cranmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thomas-Cranmer.jpg/225px-Thomas-Cranmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thomas-Cranmer.jpg/300px-Thomas-Cranmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> headed the committee that authored the <i>Bishop's Book</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The failure of the Ten Articles to settle doctrinal controversy led <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, the King's <a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">vicegerent</a> in spirituals, to convene a national <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of bishops and high-ranking clergy for further theological discussion in February 1537.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996185–186_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996185–186-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This synod produced a book called <i>The Institution of the Christian Man</i> (popularly called <i>The Bishops' Book</i>), the word <i>institution</i> being synonymous with <i>instruction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878444_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878444-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Bishops' Book</i> preserved the semi-Lutheranism of the Ten Articles, and the articles on justification, purgatory, and the sacraments of baptism, the Eucharist and penance were incorporated unchanged into the new book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017255_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the synod met, conservatives were still angry that four of the traditional seven sacraments (<a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, marriage, <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme unction">extreme unction</a>) had been excluded from the Ten Articles. <a href="/wiki/John_Stokesley" title="John Stokesley">John Stokesley</a> argued for all seven, while <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> only acknowledged baptism and the Eucharist. The others divided along party lines. The conservatives were at a disadvantage because they found it necessary to appeal to <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a>, which violated Cromwell's instructions that all arguments refer to scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996187–188_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996187–188-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the missing sacraments were restored but placed in a separate section to emphasize "a difference in dignity and necessity." Only baptism, the Eucharist and penance were "instituted of Christ, to be as certain instruments or remedies necessary for our salvation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017254_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017254-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation was declared to have been introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> in imitation of what they had read about the <a href="/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands" title="Christian laying on of hands">practice of the Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996189_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996189-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Bishops' Book</i> also included expositions on the creed, the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878446_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878446-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Marshall_(translator)" title="William Marshall (translator)">William Marshall</a>'s primer (an English-language <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>) of 1535, which itself was influenced by Luther's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Marshall, <i>The Bishops' Book</i> rejected the traditional Catholic numbering of the Ten Commandments, in which the <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">prohibition on making and worshiping graven images</a> was part of the first commandment, "<a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me" title="Thou shalt have no other gods before me">Thou shalt have no other gods before me</a>". In agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>'s church at Zurich, the authors of the <i>Bishops' Book</i> adopted the Jewish tradition of separating these commandments. While allowing images of Christ and the saints, the exposition on the second commandment taught against representations of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and criticised those who "be more ready with their substance to deck dead images gorgeously and gloriously, than with the same to help poor Christian people, the quick and lively <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">images of God</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such teachings encouraged <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, which would become a feature of the English Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996192_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996192-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list of the 46 divines as they appear in the <i>Bishop's Book</i> included all of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacons</a> and 17 other <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctors of Divinity</a>, some of whom were later involved with translating the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Bible</a> and compiling the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878445_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee,_Archbishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lee, Archbishop of York">Edward Lee</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Stokesley" title="John Stokesley">John Stokesley</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich,_Bishop_of_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Aldrich, Bishop of Carlisle">Robert Aldrich</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Voysey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Voysey">John Voysey</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Clerk,_Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clerk, Bishop of Bath and Wells">John Clerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Lee_(bishop)" title="Rowland Lee (bishop)">Rowland Lee</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodrich" title="Thomas Goodrich">Thomas Goodrich</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shaxton" title="Nicholas Shaxton">Nicholas Shaxton</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bird_(Bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bird (Bishop) (page does not exist)">John Bird</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Foxe" title="Edward Foxe">Edward Foxe</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hilsey" title="John Hilsey">John Hilsey</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Repps" class="mw-redirect" title="William Repps">William Repps</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Barlowe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Barlowe">William Barlowe</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Partew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Partew (page does not exist)">Robert Partew</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Holgate" title="Robert Holgate">Robert Holgate</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Wolman">Richard Wolman</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Knight_(royal_servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Knight (royal servant)">William Knight</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Bell,_Bishop_of_Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bell, Bishop of Worcester">John Bell</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmond Bonner</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Skip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Skip (page does not exist)">William Skip</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuthbert_Marshal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuthbert Marshal (page does not exist)">Cuthbert Marshal</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Curren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Curren (page does not exist)">Richard Curren</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Cliffe" title="William Cliffe">William Cliffe</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Downes_(divine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Downes (divine) (page does not exist)">William Downes</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Oking (page does not exist)">Robert Oking</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bradford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Bradford (page does not exist)">Ralph Bradford</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smyth_(Regius_Professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Smyth (Regius Professor)">Richard Smyth</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Matthew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Matthew (page does not exist)">Simon Matthew</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pryn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pryn (page does not exist)">John Pryn</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Buckmaster" title="William Buckmaster">William Buckmaster</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_May_(theologian)" title="William May (theologian)">William May</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wotton" title="Nicholas Wotton">Nicholas Wotton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Edmunds_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edmunds (academic)">John Edmunds</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Robertson_(divine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Robertson (divine) (page does not exist)">Thomas Robertson</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(English_statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Baker (English statesman)">John Baker</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Barett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Barett (page does not exist)">Thomas Barett</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hase (page does not exist)">John Hase</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyson_(divine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tyson (divine) (page does not exist)">John Tyson</a> </p><p>In August 1537, it was presented to the King who ordered that parts should be read from the pulpit every Sunday and feast day. Nevertheless, the King was not entirely satisfied and took it upon himself to make a revised <i>Bishops' Book</i>, which, among other proposed changes,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> weakened the original's emphasis on justification by faith. This revised version was never published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017259_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017259-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the <i>Bishops' Book</i> was never authorised by the Crown or Convocation, the Ten Articles remained the official doctrinal standard of the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie201317_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie201317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_Articles_(1539)"><span id="Six_Articles_.281539.29"></span>Six Articles (1539)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Six Articles (1539)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg/220px-The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg/330px-The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg/440px-The_Act_of_Six_Articles_1539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8137" data-file-height="6135" /></a><figcaption>One of the final drafts of the Six articles (1539), amended in King Henry VIII's own hand</figcaption></figure> <p>Fearful of diplomatic isolation and a Catholic alliance, Henry VIII continued his outreach to the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>. In May 1538, three Lutheran theologians from Germany – Franz Burchard, vice-chancellor of Saxony; Georg von Boineburg, doctor of law; and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Myconius" title="Friedrich Myconius">Friedrich Myconius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendent</a> of the church in <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a> – arrived in London and held conferences with English bishops and clergy at the archbishop's <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> through September.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans presented, as a basis of agreement, a number of articles based on the Lutheran Confession of Augsburg. Bishops <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Tunstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stokesley" title="John Stokesley">Stokesley</a> and others were not won over by these Protestant arguments and did everything they could to avoid agreement. They were willing to separate from Rome, but their plan was to unite with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Church</a> and not with the Protestants on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishops also refused to eliminate what the Germans considered abuses (e.g. private masses for the dead, compulsory <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>, and withholding <a href="/wiki/Communion_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion wine">communion wine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>) allowed by the English Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996219_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996219-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stokesley considered these customs to be essential because the Greek Church practised them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the King was unwilling to break with these practices, the Germans had all left England by 1 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996221_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996221-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, England was in religious turmoil. Impatient Protestants took it upon themselves to further reform – some priests said mass in English rather than Latin and married without authorisation (Archbishop Cranmer was himself secretly married). Protestants themselves were divided between establishment reformers who held Lutheran beliefs upholding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and radicals who held <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramentarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentarian">Sacramentarian</a> views denying real presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017269–270_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017269–270-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1539, a new Parliament met, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Audley,_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Walden" title="Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden">Audley</a> told the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> that the King desired religious uniformity. A committee of four conservative and four reformist bishops was appointed to examine and determine doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 May, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> noted that the committee had not agreed on anything and proposed that the Lords examine six controversial doctrinal questions that became the basis of the Six Articles: </p> <ol><li>whether the Eucharist could be the true body of Christ without transubstantiation,</li> <li>whether it needed to be given to the laity <a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">under both kinds</a>,</li> <li>whether <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">vows</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> needed to be observed as part of divine law,</li> <li>whether clerical celibacy should be compulsory,</li> <li>whether <a href="/wiki/Votive_Mass" title="Votive Mass">private (votive) masses</a> were required (legitimate) by divine law,</li> <li>whether auricular <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> (that is, confession to a priest) was necessary as part of divine law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2013180_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2013180-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for abolishing of Diversity of Opinions of certain Articles concerning Christian Religion.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/25_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Hen. 8">25 Hen. 8</a>. c. 14</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1539</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1547" title="Treason Act 1547">Treason Act 1547</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over the next month, these questions were argued in Parliament and Convocation with the active participation of the King. The final product was an affirmation of traditional teachings on all but the sixth question. Communion in one kind, compulsory clerical celibacy, vows of chastity and votive masses were a legitimate form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants achieved a minor victory on auricular confession, which was declared "expedient and necessary to be retained" but not required by divine law. In addition, although the real presence was affirmed in traditional terminology, the word <i>transubstantiation</i> itself did not appear in the final version.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act of Six Articles became law in June 1539, which, unlike the Ten Articles, gave the Six Articles statutory authority. Harsh penalties were attached to violations of the Articles. Denial of transubstantiation was punished by burning without an opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Recant" class="mw-redirect" title="Recant">recant</a>. Denial of any of the other articles was punished by hanging or life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Married priests had until 12 July to put away their wives, which was likely a concession granted to give Archbishop Cranmer time to move his wife and children outside of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996249_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996249-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the act's passage, bishops Latimer and Shaxton, outspoken opponents of the measure, were forced to resign their dioceses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996251_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996251-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act of Six Articles was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1547" title="Treason Act 1547">Treason Act 1547</a> during the reign of Henry's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017312_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017312-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_Book_(1543)"><span id="King.27s_Book_.281543.29"></span><i>King's Book</i> (1543)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King's Book (1543)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Parliament re-convened in April 1540, a committee was formed to revise the <i>Bishops' Book</i>, which Henry VIII had never liked. The committee's membership included both traditionalists and reformers, but the former held the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017279_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017279-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convocation began discussing the revised text in April 1543. The <i>King's Book</i>, or <i>The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christian Man</i> to use its formal title,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was more traditional than the 1537 version and incorporated many of the King's own revisions. It was approved by a <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">special meeting of the nobility</a> on 6 May and differed from the <i>Bishop's Book</i> in having been issued under the King's authority. It was also statutorily enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Advancement_of_True_Religion" title="Act for the Advancement of True Religion">Act for the Advancement of True Religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160–161_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160–161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its royal authorisation, the <i>King's Book</i> officially replaced the Ten Articles as the official doctrinal statement of the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie201318_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie201318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significantly, the doctrine of justification by faith <i>alone</i> was totally rejected. Cranmer tried to save the doctrine by arguing that while true faith was accompanied by good works (in other words, faith was not <i>alone</i>) it was only faith that justified. However, Henry would not be persuaded, and the text was amended to read that faith justified "neither only nor alone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also stated that each person had free will to be "a worker ... in the attaining of his own justification".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>King's Book</i> also endorsed traditional views of the mass, transubstantiation, confession, and Church ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional seven sacraments were all included without any distinction in importance made between them. It was taught that the second commandment did not forbid images but only "godly honour" being given to them. Looking at images of Christ and the saints "provoked, kindled and stirred to yield thanks to Our Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288–289_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288–289-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The one area in which the <i>King's Book</i> moved away from traditional teaching was on prayer for the dead and purgatory. It taught that no one could know whether prayers or masses for the dead benefited an individual soul, and it was better to offer prayers for "the universal congregation of Christian people, quick and dead". People were encouraged to "abstain from the name of purgatory, and no more dispute or reason thereof".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably, the hostility towards purgatory derived from its connection to papal authority. The King's own behavior sent mixed signals. In 1540, he allowed offerings for the souls of deceased <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of the Garter">Knights of the Garter</a> to be spent on works of charity instead of masses. At the same time, however, he required the new cathedral foundations to pray for the soul of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Queen Jane</a>. Perhaps because of the uncertainty surrounding this doctrine, bequests in wills for <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obiit" title="Obiit">obits</a> and masses fell by half what they had been in the 1520s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forty-two_Articles_(1553)"><span id="Forty-two_Articles_.281553.29"></span>Forty-two Articles (1553)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forty-two Articles (1553)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a></div> <p>Henry VIII was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, in 1547. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a stronger Protestant identity. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> of 1549</a> authorised a reformed liturgy, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a> was even more explicitly Protestant. To make the English Church fully Protestant, Cranmer also envisioned a <a href="/wiki/Reformatio_legum_ecclesiasticarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum">reform of canon law</a> and the creation of a concise doctrinal statement, which would become the Forty-two Articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996500_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996500-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on a doctrinal statement was delayed by Cranmer's efforts to forge a doctrinal consensus among the various Protestant churches to counter the work of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>. When this proved impossible, Cranmer turned his attention to defining what the Church of England believed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeal2003310_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeal2003310-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1552 the first edition of the confession was produced in the form of the Forty-Five Articles that Cranmer submitted for comment and revision, and which were approved by Parliament in June of 1553 by which time their number had been reduced to the <a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a> which were drafted by Cranmer and a small group of fellow Protestants. The title page claimed that the articles were approved by Convocation when in reality they were never discussed or adopted by the clerical body. They were also never approved by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017353_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017353-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles were issued by Royal Mandate on 19 June 1553. All clergy, schoolmasters and members of the universities were required to subscribe to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theology of the articles has been described by some as a "restrained" <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray2004284_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray2004284-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others point to a much stronger Lutheran influence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward died in 1553. With the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> and the reunion of the Church of England with the Catholic Church, the articles were never enforced. However, after Mary's death, they became the basis of the Thirty-nine Articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1563, Convocation met under <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Archbishop Parker</a> to revise the articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convocation passed only 39 of the 42, and Elizabeth reduced the number to 38 by throwing out Article 29 to avoid offending her subjects with Catholic leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1571, despite the opposition of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gheast" title="Edmund Gheast">Edmund Gheast</a>, Article 29 was re-inserted, declaring that the wicked do not eat the Body of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done following the queen's <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> in 1570. That act destroyed any hope of reconciliation with Rome and it was no longer necessary to fear that Article 29 would offend Catholic sensibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Articles, increased to Thirty-nine, were ratified by the Queen, and the bishops and clergy were required to assent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth1England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Elizabeth1England.jpg/260px-Elizabeth1England.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Elizabeth1England.jpg/390px-Elizabeth1England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Elizabeth1England.jpg/520px-Elizabeth1England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, in whose reign the Thirty-nine Articles were passed</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thirty-nine Articles were intended to establish, in basic terms, the faith and practice of the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie20135,_8_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie20135,_8-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not designed to be a creed or complete statement of the Christian faith, the articles explain the doctrinal position of the Church of England in relation to Catholicism, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Thirty-nine Articles </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>1. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity.<br /> 2. Of Christ the Son of God.<br /> 3. Of his going down into Hell.<br /> 4. Of his Resurrection.<br /> 5. Of the Holy Ghost.<br /> 6. Of the Sufficiency of the Scripture.<br /> 7. Of the Old Testament.<br /> 8. Of the Three Creeds.<br /> 9. Of Original or Birth-sin.<br /> 10. Of Free-Will.<br /> 11. Of Justification.<br /> 12. Of Good Works.<br /> 13. Of Works before Justification.<br /> 14. Of Works of Supererogation.<br /> 15. Of Christ alone without Sin.<br /> 16. Of Sin after Baptism.<br /> 17. Of Predestination and Election.<br /> 18. Of obtaining Salvation by Christ.<br /> 19. Of the Church.<br /> 20. Of the Authority of the Church. </p> </td> <td> <p>21. Of the Authority of General Councils.<br /> 22. Of Purgatory.<br /> 23. Of Ministering in the Congregation.<br /> 24. Of speaking in the Congregation.<br /> 25. Of the Sacraments.<br /> 26. Of the Unworthiness of Ministers.<br /> 27. Of Baptism.<br /> 28. Of the Lord's Supper.<br /> 29. Of the Wicked which eat not the Body of Christ.<br /> 30. Of both kinds.<br /> 31. Of Christ's one Oblation.<br /> 32. Of the Marriage of Priests.<br /> 33. Of Excommunicate Persons.<br /> 34. Of the Traditions of the Church.<br /> 35. Of the Homilies.<br /> 36. Of Consecrating of Ministers.<br /> 37. Of Civil Magistrates.<br /> 38. Of Christian men's Goods.<br /> 39. Of a Christian man's Oath. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Thirty-nine Articles can be divided into eight sections based on their content:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie201388_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie201388-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 1–5: The Doctrine of God</b>: The first five articles articulate the doctrine of God, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of Jesus Christ. This is a departure from other doctrinal statements of the 16th and 17th centuries such as the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>, which begin with the doctrine of revelation and <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Holy Scripture</a> as the source of knowledge about God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan201111–12_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan201111–12-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 6–8: Scripture and the Creeds</b>: These articles state that Holy Scripture contains everything necessary for <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>, so that no one can be required to believe any doctrine that cannot be proved on the basis of biblical teaching. The articles acknowledge the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> because they express Scriptural teaching. It states that the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> is not part of Scripture. While not a basis of doctrine, the Apocrypha continues to be read by the church for moral instruction and examples for holy living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013230–232_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013230–232-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 9–18: Sin and Salvation</b>: These articles discuss the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a> (salvation is a gift received through <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in Christ). They reject the medieval Catholic teachings on works of <a href="/wiki/Supererogation" title="Supererogation">supererogation</a> and that performing <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a> can make a person worthy to receive justification (congruous <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">merit</a>). They also reject the radical Protestant teaching that a person could be free from sin in this life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013294_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013294-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles address the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>—that "Predestination to life is the everlasting purpose of God". <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">Double predestination</a>, the belief that God has also predestined some people to <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">reprobation</a>, is not endorsed by the articles <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan201184_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan201184-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">Apostacy</a> is affirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013370-372_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013370-372-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 19–21: The Church and its Authority</b>: These articles explain the nature and authority of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible church">visible church</a>. They state that the church, under Scripture, has authority over matters of faith and order. General councils of the church can only be called with the permission of the civil authority. It is possible for church councils to reach the wrong decisions, so they should only be followed if their actions align with Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013393_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013393-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 22–24: Errors to be avoided in the Church</b>: These articles condemn the Catholic teachings on <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>, the use of religious images and the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">invocation of saints</a>. In addition, the Catholic practice of using Latin as a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> is disapproved of in favour of the vernacular. The articles state that no person should preach publicly or administer the sacraments unless they are called and authorised by legitimate church authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013424_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013424-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was meant to counter the radical Protestant belief that a Christian could preach and act as a minister on his own initiative in defiance of church authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013441_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013441-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 25–31: The Sacraments</b>: These articles explain the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">sacramental theology</a>. According to the articles, <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> are signs of divine grace which God works invisibly but effectively in people's lives. Through sacraments, God creates and strengthens the faith of believers. The radical Protestant belief that sacraments are only outward signs of a person's faith is denied by the articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013464–466_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013464–466-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Catholic Church claimed <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">seven sacraments</a>, the articles recognise only two: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five rites called sacraments by Catholics are identified in the articles as either corrupted imitations of the Apostles (confirmation, penance and extreme unction) or as "states of life allowed in the Scriptures" (holy orders and marriage). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">Regeneration</a> (or the gift of new life), membership in the church, forgiveness of sins and <a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">adoption as children of God</a> are all received through baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013485–486_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013485–486-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles state that <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> is "most agreeable with the institution of Christ" and should continue to be practised in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013489_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013489-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Lord's Supper, participants become partakers of the body and blood of Christ and receive the spiritual benefits of Christ's death on the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013499_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013499-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the articles, this partaking should not be understood in terms of the Catholic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, which is condemned as "repugnant to the plain words of Scripture". Instead, the articles declare that there is no change in the substance of the bread and wine. Rather, participants are fed the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit and through faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013500–503_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013500–503-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles declare that "The offering of Christ once made is the perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world". This was meant as a repudiation of the idea that the Mass was a sacrifice in which Christ was offered for the forgiveness of sins for the living and the dead in purgatory, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013526,_529_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013526,_529-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a> is affirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013534_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013534-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 32–36: The Discipline of the Church</b>: The articles defend the practice of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">clerical marriage</a> and the church's power of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>. It states that traditions and ceremonies in the church may vary by time and place; national churches can alter or abolish traditions created by human authority. The <i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Homilies">First and Second Book of Homilies</a></i> are said to contain correct doctrine and should be read in church. The articles also defend the ordination rites contained in the <a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">1549 and 1552 Ordinals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013535_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013535-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Articles 37–39: Christians and Civil Society</b>: The articles affirm the role of the monarch as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. It rejects all claims to the Pope's jurisdiction in England. It defends the state's right to use <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> and declares that Christians may serve in the military. It rejects the Anabaptist teaching that the property of Christians should be held in common, but it does explain that Christians should give <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> to the poor and needy. It also defends the morality of oath-taking for civic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013590_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013590-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg/130px-Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg/195px-Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg/260px-Book_of_Common_Prayer_1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption>The 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> has long been printed with the Thirty-nine Articles.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of Elizabeth I, a "Calvinist consensus" developed within the church regarding the doctrines of salvation. Article 17 only endorsed <a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">election</a> to salvation and was silent on whether God predestined people for <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">reprobation</a>; however, most of the bishops and leading churchmen believed in <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination_(Hyper-Calvinist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination (Hyper-Calvinist)">double predestination</a>. When an <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminian</a> minority emerged to challenge this consensus, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Whitgift" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Whitgift">Archbishop Whitgift</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Articles" title="Lambeth Articles">Lambeth Articles</a> in 1595. These did not replace the Thirty-nine Articles but were meant to officially align Article 17 to Calvinist theology. The Queen was unwilling to alter her religious settlement and refused to assent to these new articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017b56_&_60_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017b56_&_60-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thirty-nine Articles are printed in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a> and other Anglican prayer books. The <a href="/wiki/Test_Act_1672" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act 1672">Test Act 1672</a> made adherence to the Articles a requirement for holding civil office in England until its repeal in 1828.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Students at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> were still expected to sign up to them until the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Act_1854" title="Oxford University Act 1854">Oxford University Act 1854</a>. </p><p>In the Church of England, only clergy (and until the 19th century members of Oxford and Cambridge Universities) are required to subscribe to the Articles. Starting in 1865, clergy affirmed that the doctrine contained in the Articles and the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> was agreeable to Scripture and that they would not preach in contradiction to it. Since 1975, clergy are required to acknowledge the Articles as one of the historic formularies of the Church of England that bear witness to the faith revealed in Scripture and contained in the creeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> has a similar declaration for its clergy, while some other churches of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> make no such requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">US Episcopal Church</a> never required subscription to the Articles.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the Articles on Anglican thought, doctrine and practice has been profound. Although Article VIII itself states that the three Catholic creeds are a sufficient statement of faith, the Articles have often been perceived as the nearest thing to a supplementary confession of faith possessed by the Anglican tradition. In Anglican discourse, the Articles are regularly cited and interpreted to clarify doctrine and practice. Sometimes they are used to prescribe support of Anglican comprehensiveness. An important concrete manifestation of this is the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a>, which incorporates Articles VI, VIII, XXV, and XXXVI in its broad articulation of fundamental Anglican identity. In other circumstances they delineate the parameters of acceptable belief and practice in proscriptive fashion. The Articles continue to be invoked today in the Anglican Church. For example, in the ongoing debate over homosexual activity and the concomitant controversies over episcopal authority, Articles VI, XX, XXIII, XXVI, and XXXIV are regularly cited by those of various opinions. </p><p>Each of the 44 member churches in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> is, however, free to adopt and authorise its own official documents, and the Articles are not officially normative in all Anglican Churches (neither is the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>). The only doctrinal documents agreed upon in the Anglican Communion are the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed of AD 325, and the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral. Beside these documents, authorised liturgical formularies, such as Prayer Book and Ordinal, are normative. The several provincial editions of Prayer Books (and authorised alternative liturgies) are, however, not identical, although they share a greater or smaller amount of family resemblance. No specific edition of the Prayer Book is therefore binding for the entire Communion. </p><p>A revised version was adopted in 1801 by the <a href="/wiki/US_Episcopal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="US Episcopal Church">US Episcopal Church</a> which deleted the Athanasian Creed. Earlier, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, adapted the Thirty-nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> remain an official doctrinal statement of the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to theologian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Henry Chadwick</a>, the articles are a revealing window into the ethos and character of Anglicanism, in particular in the way the document works to navigate a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> (Latin: middle path or middle way) between the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church on the one hand, and those of the Lutheran and Reformed churches on the other hand, thus giving the Church of England a unique middle-of-the-road position. The <i>via media</i> was expressed so adroitly in the Articles that some Anglican scholars have labelled their content as an early example of the idea that the doctrine of Anglicanism is one of "Reformed Catholicism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1988_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1988-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1628 <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> prefixed a royal declaration to the articles, which demands a literal interpretation of them, threatening discipline for academics or churchmen teaching any personal interpretations or encouraging debate about them. It states: "no man hereafter shall either print or preach, to draw the Article aside any way, but shall submit to it in the plain and Full meaning thereof: and shall not put his own sense or comment to be the meaning of the Article, but shall take it in the literal and grammatical sense."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, what the Articles truly mean has been a matter of debate in the Church since before they were issued. The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">evangelical wing</a> of the Church has claimed to take the Articles at face value, and to regard them as of utmost importance. In 2003, evangelical Anglican clergyman Chris Pierce wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Thirty-Nine Articles define the biblically derived summations of precise Christian doctrine. The Thirty-Nine Articles are more than minimally assented to; they are believed wholeheartedly. In earlier times English and Irish evangelicals would have read Cranmer, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Ridley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Latimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">Ussher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._C._Ryle" title="J. C. Ryle">Ryle</a> and would unreservedly agree with Dean Litton's assessment that (quoted by Dean Paul Zahl, in his work 'The Protestant Face of Anglicanism'), 'The Anglican Church, if she is to be judged by the statements of the Articles, must be ranked among the Protestant Churches of Europe.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce2003_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>This view has never been held by the whole church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1643, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)">Archbishop of Armagh</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bramhall" title="John Bramhall">John Bramhall</a> laid out a broader view of the Articles: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some of them are the very same that are contained in the Creed; some others of them are practical truths, which come not within the proper list of points or articles to be believed; lastly, some of them are pious opinions or inferior truths, which are proposed by the Church of England to all her sons, as not to be opposed; not as essentials of Faith necessary to be believed by all Christians <i>necessitate medii,</i> under pain of damnation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBramhall1842355_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramhall1842355-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>This divergence of opinion became overt during the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> of the 19th century. The stipulations of Articles XXV and XXVIII were regularly invoked by evangelicals to oppose the reintroduction of certain beliefs, customs, and acts of piety with respect to the sacraments. In response, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tract_90" title="Tract 90">Tract 90</a> attempted to show that the 39 Articles could be read according to an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1841_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1841-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone19971611_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone1997">Cross & Livingstone 1997</a>, p. 1611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2006_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2006_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman2006">Chapman 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1999_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1999">MacCulloch 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993128-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993128_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017239_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996161_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Wittenberg_Articles"-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Wittenberg_Articles"_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Wittenberg_Articles"">"Wittenberg Articles"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017240-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017240_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238–239-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238–239_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformationhenryviii.com/1536-ten-articles.html">"Ten Articles 1536"</a>. <i>reformationhenryviii.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803183730/http://www.reformationhenryviii.com/1536-ten-articles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reformationhenryviii.com&rft.atitle=Ten+Articles+1536&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformationhenryviii.com%2F1536-ten-articles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996185–186-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996185–186_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878444-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878444_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlunt1878">Blunt 1878</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017255-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017255_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Institution of A Christen Man</i> (Thomas Berthelet, cum privilegio, London 1537), full page views at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/institutionofchr00chur/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996187–188-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996187–188_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017254-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017254_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996189-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996189_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878446-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878446_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlunt1878">Blunt 1878</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017256_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996192-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996192_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878445-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlunt1878445_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlunt1878">Blunt 1878</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 257–258: "Most notoriously, [Henry VIII] took it upon himself to improve the wording of both the Ten Commandments and the Lord’s Prayer. He wanted the final petition of the latter to read 'and suffer us not to be led into temptation' (rather than 'lead us not into temptation'). And he amended the First Commandment ('Thou shalt have none other gods but me') to read 'Thou shalt not have nor repute any other God, or gods, but me Jesu Christ.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017259-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017259_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie201317-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie201317_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 215–216: The English delegation included Cranmer, as chairman, and Nicholas Heath for the Protestant side. The conservatives included Bishops Sampson and Stokesley along with <a href="/wiki/George_Day_(bishop)" title="George Day (bishop)">George Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wilson_(parson)" title="Nicholas Wilson (parson)">Nicholas Wilson</a>. Bishop Tunstall was involved in negotiations as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Aubigné1972_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFd'Aubigné1972">d'Aubigné 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996219-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996219_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996221-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996221_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017269–270-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017269–270_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 273: The committee was headed by Cromwell, the vicegerent, and the bishops included Cranmer and his Protestant allies – Latimer, Goodrich, Salcot – and their traditionalist counterparts Lee, Tunstall, Clerk and Robert Aldrich of Carlisle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017275_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2013180-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2013180_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2013">Ridley 2013</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/act_six_articles.htm">"The Act of the Six Articles"</a>. <i>tudorplace.com.ar</i>. 1539. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912225855/http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/act_six_articles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tudorplace.com.ar&rft.atitle=The+Act+of+the+Six+Articles&rft.date=1539&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudorplace.com.ar%2FDocuments%2Fact_six_articles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span>. The article on the Eucharist defines the real presence in these terms: "First, that in the most blessed Sacrament of the Altar, by the strength and efficacy of Christ's mighty word, it being spoken by the priest, is present really, under the form of bread and wine, the natural body and blood of Our Saviour Jesu Christ, conceived of the Virgin Mary, and that after the consecration there remaineth no substance of bread and wine, nor any other substance but the substance of Christ, God and man".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996249-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996249_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996251-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996251_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017312-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017312_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017279-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017279_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christen Man</i> (Thomas Barthelet, King's Printer, London 1543), full page views at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/necessarydoctrin00chur/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160–161-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160–161_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie201318-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie201318_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288–289-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017288–289_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017289_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996500-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996500_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeal2003310-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeal2003310_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeal2003">Heal 2003</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017353-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017353_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1997625_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone1997">Cross & Livingstone 1997</a>, p. 625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray2004284-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray2004284_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray2004">Bray 2004</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1993b" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Basil (1993b). "Cranmer, the Eucharist and the Foreign Divines in the Reign of Edward VI". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). <i>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar</i>. The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9"><bdi>0-85115-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranmer%2C+the+Eucharist+and+the+Foreign+Divines+in+the+Reign+of+Edward+VI&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+Churchman+and+Scholar&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85115-549-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyes1913_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoyes1913">Moyes 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilsonTempleton1962">Wilson & Templeton 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie20135,_8-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie20135,_8_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, pp. 5, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie201388-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie201388_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan201111–12-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013370-372_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 370-372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013393-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013393_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013424-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013424_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013441-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013441_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013464–466-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013464–466_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, pp. 464–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013468–470_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, pp. 468–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013485–486-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013485–486_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013489-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013489_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013499-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013499_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013500–503-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013500–503_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 500–503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013526,_529-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013526,_529_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, pp. 526, 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013534-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013534_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013535-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013535_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavie2013590-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavie2013590_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavie2013">Davie 2013</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017b56_&_60-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017b56_&_60_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017b">Marshall 2017b</a>, pp. 56 & 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ireland.anglican.org/cmsfiles/files/worship/pdf/InstitutionHC.pdf">"Institution of an Incumbent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. 2004. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.atitle=Institution+of+an+Incumbent&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ireland.anglican.org%2Fcmsfiles%2Ffiles%2Fworship%2Fpdf%2FInstitutionHC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/thirty-nine-articles-or-articles-of-religion/">"Thirty-Nine Articles, or Articles of Religion"</a>. <i>The Episcopal Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Thirty-Nine+Articles%2C+or+Articles+of+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fglossary%2Fthirty-nine-articles-or-articles-of-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1988-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1988_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1988">Chadwick 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er91.html">"The King's Declaration Prefixed to the Articles of Religion (Nov. 1628)"</a>. <i>history.hanover.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428232645/https://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er91.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.hanover.edu&rft.atitle=The+King%27s+Declaration+Prefixed+to+the+Articles+of+Religion+%28Nov.+1628%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Ftexts%2Fengref%2Fer91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2003-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce2003_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierce2003">Pierce 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramhall1842355-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBramhall1842355_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBramhall1842">Bramhall 1842</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1841-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1841_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman1841">Newman 1841</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyrisSelwyn1993" class="citation book cs1">Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David, eds. (1993). <i>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9"><bdi>0-85115-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+Churchman+and+Scholar&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85115-549-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blunt, John Henry (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9UwAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Reformation of the Church of England: Its History, Principles and Results</i></a>. Vol. Part 1 AD 1514–1547 (4th ed.). London, Oxford, and Cambridge: Rivingtons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+of+the+Church+of+England%3A+Its+History%2C+Principles+and+Results&rft.place=London%2C+Oxford%2C+and+Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9UwAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramhall1842" class="citation book cs1">Bramhall, John (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O10PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA355">"Schism Guarded"</a>. <i>The Works of Archbishop Bramhall</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford: J.H. Parker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schism+Guarded&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Archbishop+Bramhall&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=J.H.+Parker&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Bramhall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO10PAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2004" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Gerald Lewis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGi6WWtzkJYC&pg=PA284"><i>Documents of the English Reformation 1526-1701</i></a>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17239-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17239-1"><bdi>978-0-227-17239-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+English+Reformation+1526-1701&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17239-1&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGi6WWtzkJYC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stephen F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lplJPBYWefcC&pg=PA77"><i>Protestantism</i></a>. New York: Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-112-3"><bdi>978-1-60413-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-112-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlplJPBYWefcC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1988). "Tradition, Fathers, and Councils". In Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XUtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Study of Anglicanism</i></a>. London: SPCK/Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2087-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-2087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradition%2C+Fathers%2C+and+Councils&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Anglicanism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK%2FFortress+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2087-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XUtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2006" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLEL9Xxy9E8C"><i>Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157819-9"><bdi>978-0-19-157819-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglicanism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157819-9&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLEL9Xxy9E8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211655-0"><bdi>978-0-19-211655-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211655-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00late&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Aubigné1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Merle_d%27Aubign%C3%A9" title="Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné">d'Aubigné, J. H. Merle</a> (1972). <i>The Reformation in England</i>. Vol. 2 Book 3. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-487-1"><bdi>978-0-85151-487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+England&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth+Trust&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85151-487-1&rft.aulast=d%27Aubign%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavie2013" class="citation book cs1">Davie, Martin (2013). <i>Our Inheritance of Faith: A Commentary on the Thirty Nine Articles</i>. Gilead Books Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956856074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956856074"><bdi>978-0956856074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Inheritance+of+Faith%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Thirty+Nine+Articles&rft.pub=Gilead+Books+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0956856074&rft.aulast=Davie&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1990" class="citation book cs1">Guy, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JhrQgAACAAJ"><i>Tudor England</i></a>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285213-7"><bdi>978-0-19-285213-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285213-7&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JhrQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1993" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, Christopher (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFmS2ng9z7wC"><i>English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198221622" title="Special:BookSources/0198221622"><bdi>0198221622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Reformations%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+Under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0198221622&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFmS2ng9z7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felicity_Heal" title="Felicity Heal">Heal, Felicity</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5SRANUBTt3AC&pg=PA362"><i>Reformation in Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928015-5"><bdi>978-0-19-928015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928015-5&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SRANUBTt3AC%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc"><i>Thomas Cranmer: A Life</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06688-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06688-0"><bdi>0-300-06688-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-300-06688-0&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascranmerlif0000macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1999" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHRnQgAACAAJ"><i>The Book of Common Prayer: 1662 Version (includes Appendices from the 1549 Version and Other Commemorations)</i></a>. Issue 241 of Everyman's library. David Campbell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85715-241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85715-241-8"><bdi>978-1-85715-241-8</bdi></a> – via Church of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+1662+Version+%28includes+Appendices+from+the+1549+Version+and+Other+Commemorations%29&rft.series=Issue+241+of+Everyman%27s+library&rft.pub=David+Campbell+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85715-241-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHRnQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._D._Mackie" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Mackie">Mackie, J. D.</a> (1994). <i>The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558</i>. Oxford Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285292-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285292-2"><bdi>0-19-285292-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earlier+Tudors%2C+1485%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-285292-2&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2017" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ"><i>Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300170627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300170627"><bdi>978-0300170627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretics+and+Believers%3A+A+History+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0300170627&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7S_DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2017b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marshall, Peter (2017b). "Settlement Patterns: The Church of England, 1553–1603". In Milton, Anthony (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford History of Anglicanism</i></a>. Vol. 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199639731" title="Special:BookSources/9780199639731"><bdi>9780199639731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settlement+Patterns%3A+The+Church+of+England%2C+1553%E2%80%931603&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Anglicanism&rft.pages=45-62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780199639731&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WfODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyes1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moyes, James (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anglicanism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Anglicanism">"Anglicanism" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglicanism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Moyes&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman, John Henry</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a623832400newmuoft"><i>Remarks on Certain Passages in the Thirty-nine Articles</i></a>. Tract No 90 of Tracts for the Times. J.G.F. & J. Rivington. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a623832400newmuoft/page/n6">1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+Certain+Passages+in+the+Thirty-nine+Articles&rft.series=Tract+No+90+of+Tracts+for+the+Times&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=J.G.F.+%26+J.+Rivington&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa623832400newmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donovan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_O%27Donovan" title="Oliver O'Donovan">O'Donovan, Oliver</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WOmDwAAQBAJ"><i>On the Thirty Nine Articles: A Conversation with Tudor Christianity</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780334047810" title="Special:BookSources/9780334047810"><bdi>9780334047810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Thirty+Nine+Articles%3A+A+Conversation+with+Tudor+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780334047810&rft.aulast=O%27Donovan&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WOmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pierce, Chris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_089_Pierce1.pdf">"A Look across the Pond - A brief analysis of the status of the evangelical Anglicanism in the US and Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cross†way</i> (89).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross%E2%80%A0way&rft.atitle=A+Look+across+the+Pond+-+A+brief+analysis+of+the+status+of+the+evangelical+Anglicanism+in+the+US+and+Canada&rft.issue=89&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.churchsociety.org%2Fcrossway%2Fdocuments%2FCway_089_Pierce1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a> (2013) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WiodIjEXpjwC&q=importance+of+auricular+confession"><i>Thomas Cranmer</i></a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-4128-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-4128-7"><bdi>978-1-4472-4128-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/398369">398369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F398369&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-4128-7&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWiodIjEXpjwC%26q%3Dimportance%2Bof%2Bauricular%2Bconfession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonTempleton1962" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, William Gilbert; Templeton, J. H. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6a9GAAACAAJ"><i>Anglican Teaching: An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles</i></a>. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge" title="Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge">Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Teaching%3A+An+Exposition+of+the+Thirty-nine+Articles&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Association+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+Gilbert&rft.au=Templeton%2C+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6a9GAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Wittenberg_Articles"" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=w&word=WITTENBERGARTICLES">"Wittenberg Articles"</a>. <i>Christian Cyclopedia</i>. Concordia Publishing House. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wittenberg+Articles&rft.btitle=Christian+Cyclopedia&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyclopedia.lcms.org%2Fdisplay.asp%3Ft1%3Dw%26word%3DWITTENBERGARTICLES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicknell1919" class="citation book cs1">Bicknell, Edward John (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GU-gAAAAMAAJ"><i>A theological introduction to the Thirty-nine articles of the Church of England</i></a>. London: Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+theological+introduction+to+the+Thirty-nine+articles+of+the+Church+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Bicknell&rft.aufirst=Edward+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGU-gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoultbee1877" class="citation book cs1">Boultbee, Thomas Pownall (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonth00boulgoog"><i>A Commentary on the Thirty-nine Articles: Forming an Introduction to the Theology of the Church of England</i></a>. Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Thirty-nine+Articles%3A+Forming+an+Introduction+to+the+Theology+of+the+Church+of+England&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Boultbee&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Pownall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facommentaryonth00boulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenison1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Denison_(bishop)" title="Edward Denison (bishop)">Denison, Edward</a> (1835). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Review of the State of the Question respecting the Admission of Dissenters to the Universities"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Review_of_the_State_of_the_Question_respecting_the_Admission_of_Dissenters_to_the_Universities"><i>A Review of the State of the Question respecting the Admission of Dissenters to the Universities</i> </a></span>. London: John Cochran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+the+State+of+the+Question+respecting+the+Admission+of+Dissenters+to+the+Universities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Cochran&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Denison&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Douglas, Brian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jW2uOx2kHrYC&pg=PA234"><i>A Companion to Anglican Eucharistic Theology</i></a>. Vol. 1: The Reformation to the 19th Century. Leiden: Brill. pp. 234–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21930-4"><bdi>978-90-04-21930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Anglican+Eucharistic+Theology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=234-246&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21930-4&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjW2uOx2kHrYC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1908" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Edgar Charles Sumner (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwNKAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England Explained...</i></a> Methuen & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-nine+Articles+of+the+Church+of+England+Explained...&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Charles+Sumner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwNKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kirby, Torrance (2009). "The Articles of Religion of the Church of England (1563/71), commonly called the Thirty-Nine Articles.". In Mühling, Andreas; Opitz, Peter (eds.). <i>Reformierte Bekenntnisschriften</i>. Vol. Band 2/1, 1559–1563. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. pp. 371–410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Articles+of+Religion+of+the+Church+of+England+%281563%2F71%29%2C+commonly+called+the+Thirty-Nine+Articles.&rft.btitle=Reformierte+Bekenntnisschriften&rft.place=Neukirchen-Vluyn&rft.pages=371-410&rft.pub=Neukirchener+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Torrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedworth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Redworth, Glyn (2011). "A Study in the Formulation of Policy: The Genesis and Evolution of the Act of Six Articles". <i>The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 42–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046900031900">10.1017/S0022046900031900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0469">0022-0469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162584862">162584862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=A+Study+in+the+Formulation+of+Policy%3A+The+Genesis+and+Evolution+of+the+Act+of+Six+Articles&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-67&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162584862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0469&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046900031900&rft.aulast=Redworth&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirty-nine+Articles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-nine_Articles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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<div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1863)/Articles_of_Religion" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1863)/Articles_of_Religion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Book of Common Prayer (1863)/Articles of Religion">Thirty-nine Articles of Religion</a></b></i></div><div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(ECUSA)/Historical_Documents_of_the_Church/Articles_of_Religion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Book of Common Prayer (ECUSA)/Historical Documents of the Church/Articles of Religion">Articles of Religion of the Episcopal Church</a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tenarticles.htm">The Ten Articles of 1536</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologian.org.uk/church/39articles.html">Audio version of the 39 Articles in MP3 format</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/articles/articles.html">Articles of Religion</a>, text of the 1571 version</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion">Articles of Religion</a> Church of England website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/england.htm">Anglican Communion resources relating to the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, including the articles of religion</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1662/articles.pdf">Facsimile of a 1762 printing</a> from the above site</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gavvie.tripod.com/39articles/articles.html">Original text in Latin and in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html">Revised 1801 version</a> adopted by the US Episcopal Church</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024070704/http://www.tlogical.net/irish.htm">Irish Articles of 1615</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Reformation+Collection+Volume+2&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">The Ten Articles and The Six Articles</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhar_Confession" title="Belhar Confession">Belhar Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British and<br />American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presbyterian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Confession" title="Negative Confession">Negative Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_1967" title="Confession of 1967">Confession of 1967</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Confessions" title="Book of Confessions">Book of Confessions</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Articles" title="Lambeth Articles">Lambeth Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Articles_of_Religion" title="Irish Articles of Religion">Irish Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Lambeth_Quadrilateral" title="Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baptist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_(1644)" title="Confession of Faith (1644)">1644 Baptist Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keach%27s_Catechism" title="Keach's Catechism">Keach's Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_(1689)" title="Confession of Faith (1689)">1689 Baptist Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Confession_of_Faith" title="New Hampshire Confession of Faith">New Hampshire Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Affirmation_of_Faith_1966" title="Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966">Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congregationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Platform" title="Saybrook Platform">Saybrook Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Statement_of_Faith" title="Kansas City Statement of Faith">Kansas City Statement of Faith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Subordinate_standard" title="Subordinate standard">Subordinate standard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: linear-gradient(to right, gold, #DFFFFF);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" title="Template:Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" title="Template talk:Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Movements predating Luther: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_evangelism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance evangelism (page does not exist)">Renaissance evangelism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme_de_la_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="fr:Évangélisme de la Renaissance">fr</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Preachership" title="Preachership">preachership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Articles (1539)">Six Articles (1539)</a> (Anglican)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg (1541)</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a> (Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France#Conciliation_policy" title="Francis II of France">Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau</a> (1560)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a> (Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Individuals with hidden beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Papist">Crypto-Catholic or Crypto-Papist</a> (pejorative)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestant</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a> (pejorative)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Movements within Catholicism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Present-day</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> 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[\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reformed confessions\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 96,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-multi\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bgqhr","timestamp":"20241122141708","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Thirty-nine Articles","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thirty-nine_Articles","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q937617","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q937617","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-29T01:31:26Z","dateModified":"2024-08-26T11:51:29Z","headline":"doctrinal statement of the Church of England and other Anglican churches"}</script> </body> </html>