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Kristalstructuur - Wikipedia

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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&amp;returnto=Kristalstructuur" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&amp;returnto=Kristalstructuur" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kristaloriëntatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristaloriëntatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kristaloriëntatie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kristaloriëntatie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Kristaloriëntatie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kristaloriëntatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kristalvlakken_met_hoge_dichtheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalvlakken_met_hoge_dichtheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kristalvlakken met hoge dichtheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristalvlakken_met_hoge_dichtheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristalsymmetrie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalsymmetrie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kristalsymmetrie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kristalsymmetrie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Kristalsymmetrie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kristalsymmetrie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translatiesymmetrie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translatiesymmetrie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Translatiesymmetrie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translatiesymmetrie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interne_symmetrie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interne_symmetrie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interne symmetrie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interne_symmetrie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificatie_van_roosters_en_stelsels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificatie_van_roosters_en_stelsels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classificatie van roosters en stelsels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificatie_van_roosters_en_stelsels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kristalstructuur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 61 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kristalstruktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristalina" title="Estructura cristalina – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estructura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بنية بلورية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنية بلورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristalina" title="Estructura cristalina – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estructura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کریستال قورولوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستال قورولوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристална структура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristalna struktura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristal%C2%B7lina" title="Estructura cristal·lina – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estructura cristal·lina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پەیکەری بلووری – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیکەری بلووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalick%C3%A1_struktura" title="Krystalická struktura – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krystalická struktura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Кристалла тытăм – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кристалла тытăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strwythur_crisial" title="Strwythur crisial – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Strwythur crisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalstruktur" title="Krystalstruktur – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krystalstruktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Crystal structure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristala_strukturo" title="Kristala strukturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristala strukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_cristalina" title="Estructura cristalina – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estructura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallistruktuur" title="Kristallistruktuur – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristallistruktuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristal-egitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ساختار بلوری – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختار بلوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiderakenne" title="Kiderakenne – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiderakenne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_cristalline" title="Structure cristalline – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structure cristalline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criostalstrucht%C3%BAr" title="Criostalstruchtúr – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Criostalstruchtúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura_cristalina" title="Estrutura cristalina – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrutura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="מבנה גבישי – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבנה גבישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_re%C5%A1etka" title="Kristalna rešetka – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristalna rešetka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrikti_kristalen" title="Estrikti kristalen – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estrikti kristalen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%A1lyszerkezet" title="Kristályszerkezet – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristályszerkezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Բյուրեղային կառուցվածք – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրեղային կառուցվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Struktur kristal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="結晶構造 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="結晶構造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/krilysu%27a" title="krilysu&#039;a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="krilysu&#039;a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="결정 구조 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="결정 구조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra" title="Kristāliskā struktūra – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristāliskā struktūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристална структура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൽ ഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൽ ഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Болрын бүтэц – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Болрын бүтэц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_hablur" title="Struktur hablur – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Struktur hablur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krystallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krystallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲੈਟਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਟਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_krystaliczna" title="Sieć krystaliczna – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieć krystaliczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura_cristalina" title="Estrutura cristalina – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrutura cristalina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Structură cristalină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристаллическая структура – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристаллическая структура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creestal_structur" title="Creestal structur – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Creestal structur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristalna struktura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crystal structure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristalna struktura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura_e_kristaleve_reale" title="Struktura e kristaleve reale – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Struktura e kristaleve reale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристална структура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristallstruktur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="படிக அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிக அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="โครงสร้างผลึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงสร้างผลึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_yap%C4%B1" title="Kristal yapı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristal yapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристалічна структура – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кристалічна структура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="قلمی ساخت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلمی ساخت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall_panjara" title="Kristall panjara – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kristall panjara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Cấu trúc tinh thể – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấu trúc tinh thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="晶体结构" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NaCl_model_s.jpg/390px-NaCl_model_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/NaCl_model_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kubisch_vlakgecentreerd" title="Kubisch vlakgecentreerd">Kubisch vlakgecentreerde</a> kristalstructuur van <a href="/wiki/Keukenzout" title="Keukenzout">keukenzout</a> NaCl. Als het rooster zoals hier uit <a href="/wiki/Ion_(deeltje)" title="Ion (deeltje)">ionen</a> bestaat, spreekt men van een ionrooster.</figcaption></figure> <p>Veel <a href="/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof">vaste stoffen</a> hebben een <b>kristalstructuur</b> of <b>kristalrooster</b>. Dergelijke stoffen bestaan uit een regelmatig patroon van deeltjes: <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">moleculen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atoom_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoom (hoofdbetekenis)">atomen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ion_(deeltje)" title="Ion (deeltje)">ionen</a>. De structuur van een <a href="/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)">kristal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristallisatie" title="Kristallisatie">kristalgroei</a> en andere <a href="/wiki/Macroscopische_schaal" title="Macroscopische schaal">macroscopische</a> eigenschappen zijn het onderwerp van de <a href="/wiki/Kristallografie" title="Kristallografie">kristallografie</a>. </p><p>Vanwege hun regelmatige opbouw ligt het voor de hand de plaats van de roostervormende deeltjes in een <a href="/wiki/Assenstelsel_(kristallografie)" title="Assenstelsel (kristallografie)">assenstelsel</a> aan te duiden. Dit kan een <a href="/wiki/Cartesisch_co%C3%B6rdinatenstelsel" title="Cartesisch coördinatenstelsel">rechthoekig stelsel</a> zijn, maar ook een <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6rdinatenstelsel#Andere_coördinatenstelsels" title="Coördinatenstelsel">scheef stelsel</a> is mogelijk, al naargelang de ligging van de deeltjes. Er zijn in totaal zeven mogelijke <a href="/wiki/Kristalstelsel" title="Kristalstelsel">kristalstelsels</a>. De gestapelde eenheden in een kristalstructuur worden <a href="/wiki/Eenheidscel" title="Eenheidscel">eenheidscellen</a> genoemd. </p><p>De regelmatige stapeling van eenheidscellen wordt translatiesymmetrie genoemd. Daarnaast is er ook de interne symmetrie binnen de eenheidcellen. Het geheel van alle symmetrie heet kristalstructuursymmetrie. De symmetrie heeft onder meer als gevolg dat de gehele structuur van het kristal kan worden beschreven als de inhoud van één eenheidscel of zelfs een gedeelte daarvan, soms aangevuld met een beschrijving van de verschillen, die meestal maar klein zijn, tussen eenheidscellen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenkristallografie" title="Röntgenkristallografie">Röntgenkristallografie</a> of röntgendiffractie is een techniek om de kristalstructuur van een vaste stof te bepalen. Kristalstructuren van bijna 1.000.000 <a href="/wiki/Organische_verbinding" title="Organische verbinding">organische verbindingen</a> zijn reeds bepaald en in de <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Structural_Database" title="Cambridge Structural Database">Cambridge Structural Database</a> opgeslagen. </p><p>Een vaste stof waarin zich geen kristallen hebben gevormd, is een <a href="/wiki/Amorf_(materie)" title="Amorf (materie)">amorfe</a> vaste stof: <a href="/wiki/Glas_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glas (hoofdbetekenis)">glas</a> is daarvan een voorbeeld. In een <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD-scherm</a> komen kristallen in vloeibare vorm voor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristaloriëntatie"><span id="Kristalori.C3.ABntatie"></span>Kristaloriëntatie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kristaloriëntatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kristaloriëntatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cristal_densite_surface.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cristal_densite_surface.svg/260px-Cristal_densite_surface.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cristal_densite_surface.svg/390px-Cristal_densite_surface.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cristal_densite_surface.svg/520px-Cristal_densite_surface.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Kristalvlakken met hoge dichtheid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Zoutkristallen_1_eurocent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zoutkristallen_1_eurocent.jpg/260px-Zoutkristallen_1_eurocent.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zoutkristallen_1_eurocent.jpg/390px-Zoutkristallen_1_eurocent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Zoutkristallen_1_eurocent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Kleine kubische keukenzoutkristallen naast een muntstuk van 1 <a href="/wiki/Eurocent" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocent">eurocent</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De kristallografische richtingen zijn geometrische lijnen die <a href="/wiki/Rooster_(wiskunde)#Bepaling_van_roosterpunten" title="Rooster (wiskunde)">roosterpunten</a>, met atomen, ionen of moleculen, van een <a href="/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)">kristal</a> met elkaar verbinden. Vergelijkbaar zijn de kristallografische vlakken geometrische vlakken die roosterpunten verbinden. De kristalrichtingen en -vlakken van de kleine <a href="/wiki/Kristalliet" title="Kristalliet">kristallieten</a>, dat zijn korrels, bepalen in een <a href="/wiki/Kristalliniteit" title="Kristalliniteit">polykristallijn</a> de kristaloriëntatie ten opzichte van elkaar. De mate van kristaloriëntatie wordt beschreven als de textuur. De algemene notatie die voor de richting en de vlakken worden gebruikt is de <a href="/wiki/Miller-index" title="Miller-index">miller-index</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristalvlakken_met_hoge_dichtheid">Kristalvlakken met hoge dichtheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kristalvlakken met hoge dichtheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kristalvlakken met hoge dichtheid"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sommige richtingen en vlakken hebben een hogere dichtheid van roosterpunten. Deze vlakken met hoge dichtheid hebben als volgt invloed op het gedrag van het kristal:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optische_eigenschappen" title="Optische eigenschappen">optische eigenschappen</a>: de <a href="/wiki/Brekingsindex" title="Brekingsindex">brekingsindex</a> is direct afhankelijk van de dichtheid, of periodische dichtheidsfluctuaties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsorptie" title="Adsorptie">adsorptie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reactiviteit_(scheikunde)" title="Reactiviteit (scheikunde)">reactiviteit</a>: fysische adsorptie en chemische reacties vinden plaats op of nabij oppervlakte-atomen of moleculen. Deze verschijnselen zijn dus gevoelig voor de dichtheid van roosterpunten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppervlaktespanning" title="Oppervlaktespanning">oppervlaktespanning</a>: de condensatie van een materiaal betekent dat de atomen, ionen of moleculen stabieler zijn als ze worden omringd door andere vergelijkbare materialen. De oppervlaktespanning van een <a href="/wiki/Oppervlaktechemie" title="Oppervlaktechemie">grensvlak</a> varieert dus afhankelijk van de dichtheid op het oppervlak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosterdefect" title="Roosterdefect">roosterdefecten</a>: <a href="/wiki/Porie" title="Porie">poriën</a> en korrels hebben de neiging om rechte <a href="/wiki/Korrelgrens" title="Korrelgrens">korrelgrenzen</a> te vormen, die langs kristalvlakken met een hogere dichtheid lopen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splijting_(kristal)" title="Splijting (kristal)">splijting</a> en splijtbreuk: dit gebeurt typisch bij voorkeur parallel aan vlakken met een hogere dichtheid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticiteit_(materiaalkunde)" title="Plasticiteit (materiaalkunde)">plastische</a> deformatie: <a href="/wiki/Afschuiving_(materiaalkunde)" title="Afschuiving (materiaalkunde)">afschuiving</a> van <a href="/wiki/Dislocatie" title="Dislocatie">dislocaties</a> vindt bij voorkeur parallel aan vlakken met een hogere dichtheid plaats. De verstoring die wordt gedragen door de dislocatie, gegeven door de <a href="/wiki/Burgersvector" title="Burgersvector">burgersvector</a>, is langs een dichte richting. De verschuiving van een roosterpunt in een richting met hogere dichtheid vereist een kleinere vervorming van het kristalrooster.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristalsymmetrie">Kristalsymmetrie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kristalsymmetrie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kristalsymmetrie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cristal_reseau_motif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cristal_reseau_motif.svg/langnl-260px-Cristal_reseau_motif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cristal_reseau_motif.svg/langnl-390px-Cristal_reseau_motif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cristal_reseau_motif.svg/langnl-520px-Cristal_reseau_motif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Een kristalrooster kan worden beschreven als een patroon dat wordt gerepliceerd op de roosterpunten van een rooster.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cristal_reseau_maille.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cristal_reseau_maille.svg/260px-Cristal_reseau_maille.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cristal_reseau_maille.svg/390px-Cristal_reseau_maille.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cristal_reseau_maille.svg/520px-Cristal_reseau_maille.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>In een kristalrooster kunnen we een groep roosterpunten vinden die dezelfde symmetrieën heeft als het hele rooster: een eenheidscel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristalstructuren worden gekenmerkt door hun <a href="/wiki/Symmetrie" title="Symmetrie">symmetrie</a>. Er zijn twee vormen van symmetrie: </p> <ul><li>translatiesymmetrie tussen de eenheidscellen</li> <li>interne symmetrie tussen verschillende delen van de eenheidscel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translatiesymmetrie">Translatiesymmetrie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Translatiesymmetrie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Translatiesymmetrie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translatiesymmetrie houdt in dat men dezelfde structuureenheid telkens opnieuw tegenkomt wanneer men in het kristal een stukje verder kijkt of <i>transleert</i>. Deze translatiesymmetrie wordt het best beschreven met een <a href="/wiki/Eenheidsvector" title="Eenheidsvector">eenheidsvector</a> of <i>celribbe</i>. Omdat het kristal driedimensionaal is zijn er voor een volledige beschrijving van de translatiesymmetrie drie eenheidsvectoren nodig. Kristallen of mineralen die dezelfde patronen in hun structuur vertonen, behoren tot hetzelfde <a href="/wiki/Kristalstelsel" title="Kristalstelsel">kristalstelsel</a>. </p><p>Gezamenlijk vormen deze vectoren een <a href="/wiki/Parallellepipedum" title="Parallellepipedum">parallellepipedum</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Balk_(meetkunde)" title="Balk (meetkunde)">balk</a> of een <a href="/wiki/Kubus_(ruimtelijke_figuur)" title="Kubus (ruimtelijke figuur)">kubus</a>, die de <a href="/wiki/Eenheidscel" title="Eenheidscel">eenheidscel</a> wordt genoemd. De drie eenheidsvectoren (a, b, c) worden de celribben of celconstanten genoemd. Afhankelijk van de aan- of afwezigheid van <a href="/wiki/Rotatiesymmetrie" title="Rotatiesymmetrie">rotatiesymmetrie</a> kunnen de ribben willekeurige hoeken (α, β, γ) met elkaar vormen of staan ze <a href="/wiki/Loodrecht_(meetkunde)" title="Loodrecht (meetkunde)">loodrecht</a> op elkaar. Ook aan hun relatieve lengte zijn, afhankelijk van de totale symmetrie, beperkingen opgelegd. De ribben en hoeken kunnen in een <a href="/wiki/Assenstelsel_(kristallografie)" title="Assenstelsel (kristallografie)">kristallografisch assenstelsel</a> worden uitgezet. De volgende kristalstelsels zijn mogelijk:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triklien_kristalstelsel" title="Triklien kristalstelsel">triklien</a> (a, b, c, α, β, γ willekeurig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoklien_kristalstelsel" title="Monoklien kristalstelsel">monoklien</a> (a, b, c, β willekeurig, α = γ = 90°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthorombisch_kristalstelsel" title="Orthorombisch kristalstelsel">orthorombisch</a> (a, b, c willekeurig, α = β = γ = 90°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Tetragonaal kristalstelsel">tetragonaal</a> (a = b, c willekeurig, α = β = γ = 90°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Trigonaal kristalstelsel">trigonaal</a> (a = b = c, α = β = γ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Hexagonaal kristalstelsel">hexagonaal</a> (a = b, c willekeurig, α = β = 90° γ = 120°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubisch_kristalstelsel" title="Kubisch kristalstelsel">kubisch</a> (a = b = c, α = β = γ = 90°)</li></ul> <p>De kristallografie streeft ernaar de hoogst mogelijke symmetrie te gebruiken voor de beschrijving van een gegeven kristalrooster. Waar mogelijk, worden de kortste assen a, b en c gebruikt die het rooster correct beschrijven. </p><p>Soms kan een gegeven kristalstructuur worden beschreven met een hogere symmetrie, door het volume van de eenheidscel te vermenigvuldigen met 2, 3 of 4, met een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrering&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrering (de pagina bestaat niet)">centrering</a>. Dit resulteert dan in een zogenaamd <i>niet-primitief</i> rooster. Er zijn 14 combinaties van roosters met centreringen, de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Bravaistralie" title="Bravaistralie">Bravaisroosters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interne_symmetrie">Interne symmetrie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Interne symmetrie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Interne symmetrie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De interne symmetrie tussen verschillende delen van de eenheidscel kan de vorm aannemen van respectievelijk een <i>inversie</i>: het omkeren van alle drie de ruimtecoördinaten; een <i>spiegeling</i>: het omkeren van een ruimtecoördinaat loodrecht op een denkbeeldig vlak; en een <i>rotatie</i>: het draaien van de ruimte om een denkbeeldige lijn. Omdat een kristalstructuur altijd ook translatiesymmetrie heeft, komen alleen 2-, 3-, 4- en 6-tallige rotatiesymmetrie voor. </p><p>Spiegeling en rotatie kunnen ook gelijktijdig optreden. </p><p>Kristalstructuren kunnen verschillende symmetrie-elementen hebben: </p> <ul><li>Een trikliene kristalstructuur vertoont alleen inversiesymmetrie</li> <li>Een monokliene kristalstructuur heeft een 2-tallige rotatie of een spiegeling of een combinatie van de twee</li> <li>Een orthorombische structuur heeft drie 2-tallige rotaties of twee 2-tallige rotaties en een spiegeling, of drie spiegelingen</li> <li>Een tetragonale structuur heeft ten minste een 4-tallige rotatie</li> <li>Een romboëdrische of een hexagonale structuur heeft ten minste een 3-tallige rotatie</li> <li>Een kubische structuur heeft ten minste een 3-tallige rotatie (langs de <a href="/wiki/Lichaamsdiagonaal" title="Lichaamsdiagonaal">lichaamsdiagonaal</a> van de kubus) en drie 2- of 4-tallige rotaties langs de drie assen en/of drie spiegelvlakken loodrecht op de assen.</li></ul> <p>Alle mogelijke combinaties van roostertypen, samen met alle combinaties van interne symmetrie die daarin voor kunnen komen, vormen in totaal precies 230 <a href="/wiki/Ruimtegroep" title="Ruimtegroep">ruimtegroepen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificatie_van_roosters_en_stelsels">Classificatie van roosters en stelsels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Classificatie van roosters en stelsels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Classificatie van roosters en stelsels"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er zijn in totaal zeven verschillende kristalstelsels, die in 14 <a href="/wiki/Bravaistralie" title="Bravaistralie">Bravaistralies</a> worden verdeeld. Deze roosters en stelsels staan in onderstaande tabel weergegeven.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De verschillende Bravaistralies worden door hun Pearson-symbool aangegeven, de dikgedrukte letters onder kristal. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="left" border="1" style="margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Kristalstelsel" title="Kristalstelsel">Kristalstelsel</a></b> </td> <td><b>Primitief</b> </td> <td><b>Ruimtelijk gecentreerd</b> </td> <td><b>Grondvlak gecentreerd</b> </td> <td><b>Vlakken gecentreerd</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Triklien_kristalstelsel" title="Triklien kristalstelsel">triklien</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Triclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triklien"><img alt="Triklien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Triclinic.svg/80px-Triclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Triclinic.svg/120px-Triclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Triclinic.svg/160px-Triclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="149" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>aP</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monoklien_kristalstelsel" title="Monoklien kristalstelsel">monoklien</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Monoclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monoklien, primitief"><img alt="Monoklien, primitief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/80px-Monoclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/120px-Monoclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/160px-Monoclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="143" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Base-centered_monoclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monoklien, gecentreerd"><img alt="Monoklien, gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/80px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/120px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Base-centered_monoclinic.svg/160px-Base-centered_monoclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="143" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>mP</b> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b>mS</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Orthorombisch_kristalstelsel" title="Orthorombisch kristalstelsel">orthorombisch</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthohombisch, primitief"><img alt="Orthohombisch, primitief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/80px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/120px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/160px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthohombisch, ruimtelijk gecentreerd"><img alt="Orthohombisch, ruimtelijk gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg/80px-Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg/120px-Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg/160px-Body-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthohombisch, grondvlak gecentreerd"><img alt="Orthohombisch, grondvlak gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/80px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/120px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/160px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthohombisch, vlakken gecentreerd"><img alt="Orthohombisch, vlakken gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/80px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/120px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg/160px-Face-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>oP</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>oI</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>oS</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>oF</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hexagonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Hexagonaal kristalstelsel">hexagonaal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hexagonaal"><img alt="Hexagonaal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg/80px-Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg/120px-Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg/160px-Hexagonal_latticeFRONT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="206" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>hP</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trigonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Trigonaal kristalstelsel">trigonaal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romboëdrisch"><img alt="Romboëdrisch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/80px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/120px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/160px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>hR</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tetragonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Tetragonaal kristalstelsel">tetragonaal</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Tetragonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetragonaal, primitief"><img alt="Tetragonaal, primitief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tetragonal.svg/80px-Tetragonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tetragonal.svg/120px-Tetragonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tetragonal.svg/160px-Tetragonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Body-centered_tetragonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetragonaal, ruimtelijk gecentreerd"><img alt="Tetragonaal, ruimtelijk gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/80px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/120px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Body-centered_tetragonal.svg/160px-Body-centered_tetragonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>tP</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>tI</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kubisch_kristalstelsel" title="Kubisch kristalstelsel">kubisch</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kubisch, primitief"><img alt="Kubisch, primitief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/80px-Cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/120px-Cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/160px-Cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kubisch, ruimtelijk gecentreerd"><img alt="Kubisch, ruimtelijk gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/80px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/120px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/160px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kubisch, vlakken gecentreerd"><img alt="Kubisch, vlakken gecentreerd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/80px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/120px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/160px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Primitief_kubisch" title="Primitief kubisch">primitief kubisch</a> <b>cP</b> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kubisch_ruimtelijk_gecentreerd" title="Kubisch ruimtelijk gecentreerd">kubisch ruimtelijk gecentreerd</a> <b>cI</b> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kubisch_vlakgecentreerd" title="Kubisch vlakgecentreerd">kubisch vlakgecentreerd</a> <b>cF</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Websites">Websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalstructuur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Websites"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">F Hoffmann</span> en <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M Sartor</span> op <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCts9FTFNInqTMvcFpdyap7w">The Fascination of Crystals and Symmetry</a>. 7 hoofdstukken.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Voetnoten</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2020"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">William D., Jr. Callister</span>,&#32;<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">David G. Rethwisch</span>&#32;(2020).&#32;<cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1154204458">Materials science and engineering&#160;: an introduction</a></i></cite>, Hoboken, NJ.&#32;<span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-119-45391-8" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-119-45391-8">ISBN 978-1-119-45391-8</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2019"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. F. Ashby</span>,&#32;<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hugh Shercliff, David Cebon</span>&#32;(2019).&#32;<cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1097951622">Materials&#160;: engineering, science, processing and design</a></i></cite>, Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom.&#32;<span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-08-102376-1" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-08-102376-1">ISBN 978-0-08-102376-1</a></span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kristalstructuur#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kristalstructuur">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structures#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crystal structures">Kristalstructuren</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7769799cfb‐5kc85 Cached time: 20241113124002 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.124 seconds Real time usage: 0.185 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1204/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5122/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1331/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3018/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.016/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 958377/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 108.750 1 -total 49.86% 54.222 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 47.83% 52.020 1 Sjabloon:References 34.96% 38.016 1 Sjabloon:Commonscat 30.65% 33.334 1 Sjabloon:Zusterproject_box 28.12% 30.582 2 Sjabloon:Citeer_boek 25.70% 27.949 2 Sjabloon:First_non_empty 10.69% 11.626 1 Sjabloon:En 7.34% 7.981 1 Sjabloon:Taalaanduiding 4.84% 5.258 2 Sjabloon:Sfnref --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:9296-0!dateformat=default and timestamp 20241113124002 and revision id 66462644. 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