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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-新聞製作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新聞製作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>新聞製作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新聞製作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-報導" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#報導"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>報導</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-報導-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新聞的形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新聞的形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>新聞的形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新聞的形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律地位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律地位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>法律地位</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-法律地位-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关法律地位子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-法律地位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-來源的保密權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#來源的保密權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>來源的保密權</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-來源的保密權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新闻学的分科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新闻学的分科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>新闻学的分科</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新闻学的分科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">新闻学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。127种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joernalistiek" title="Joernalistiek – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joernalistiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo" title="Periodismo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Periodismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="صحافة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাংবাদিকতা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismu" title="Periodismu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistika" title="Jurnalistika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قزئته‌چیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قزئته‌چیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDornal%C4%97st%C4%97ka" title="Žornalėstėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žornalėstėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістыка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Журналістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Журналістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepemberitaan" title="Kepemberitaan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kepemberitaan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাংবাদিকতা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="གསར་འགོད། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསར་འགོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetennerezh" title="Kazetennerezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazetennerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisme" title="Periodisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Periodisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕۆژنامەوانی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژنامەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistika" title="Jurnalistika – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistika" title="Žurnalistika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newyddiaduraeth" title="Newyddiaduraeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Newyddiaduraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistik" title="Journalistik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Journalistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ނޫސްވެރިން – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނޫސްވެރިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δημοσιογραφία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοσιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4urnalismo" title="Ĵurnalismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵurnalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo" title="Periodismo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajakirjandus" title="Ajakirjandus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajakirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetaritza" title="Kazetaritza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazetaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediorismu" title="Pediorismu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pediorismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روزنامه‌نگاری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismi" title="Journalismi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Journalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aokir%C3%A4nd%C3%BCs" title="Aokirändüs – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aokirändüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisme" title="Journalisme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriseoireacht" title="Iriseoireacht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iriseoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xornalismo" title="Xornalismo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xornalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marandu%27as%C3%A3i" title="Marandu'asãi – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marandu'asãi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="પત્રકારત્વ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પત્રકારત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עיתונאות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיתונאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrkarita" title="Patrkarita – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Patrkarita" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajs%C3%A1g%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Újságírás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újságírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ժուռնալիստիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժուռնալիստիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalismo" title="Jornalismo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jornalismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewartawanan" title="Kewartawanan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kewartawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C3%B0amennska" title="Blaðamennska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blaðamennska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalismo" title="Giornalismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giornalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93" title="報道 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="報道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joernalizim" title="Joernalizim – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joernalizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistik" title="Jurnalistik – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jurnalistik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3amsa" title="Taɣamsa – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣamsa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%88%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិជ្ជាជីវៈខាងសារព័ត៌មាន – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិជ្ជាជីវៈខាងសារព័ត៌មាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE" title="ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="저널리즘 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저널리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojnameger%C3%AE" title="Rojnamegerî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rojnamegerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalieth" title="Jornalieth – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jornalieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnariorum_ars" title="Diurnariorum ars – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diurnariorum ars" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalism" title="Giornalism – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giornalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistika" title="Žurnalistika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurn%C4%81listika" title="Žurnālistika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žurnālistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Новинарство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Новинарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പത്രപ്രവർത്തനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പത്രപ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Сэтгүүл зүй – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэтгүүл зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वृत्तपत्रविद्या – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वृत्तपत्रविद्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewartawanan" title="Kewartawanan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kewartawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သတင်းစာပညာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတင်းစာပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistiek" title="Journalistiek – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Journalistiek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistiek" title="Journalistiek – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Journalistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistikk" title="Journalistikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Journalistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistikk" title="Journalistikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Journalistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalisme" title="Jornalisme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jornalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziennikarstwo" title="Dziennikarstwo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziennikarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="صحافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="خبريالي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خبريالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalismo" title="Jornalismo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jornalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willay_kamayuy" title="Willay kamayuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Willay kamayuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalism" title="Jurnalism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurnalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Журналістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalismu" title="Jurnalismu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jurnalismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="صحافت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صحافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පුවත්පත් කලාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුවත්පත් කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistika" title="Žurnalistika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbaahin" title="Warbaahin – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Warbaahin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetaria" title="Gazetaria – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazetaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Новинарство – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новинарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistik" title="Journalistik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Journalistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uandishi_wa_habari" title="Uandishi wa habari – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uandishi wa habari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊடகவியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊடகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="విలేఖరి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విలేఖరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Рӯзноманигорӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рӯзноманигорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วารสารศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วารสารศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamamahayag" title="Pamamahayag – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamamahayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetecilik" title="Gazetecilik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazetecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="ئاخباراتچىلىق – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاخباراتچىلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Журналістика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="صحافت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistika" title="Jurnalistika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistik" title="Žurnalistik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Žurnalistik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1o_ch%C3%AD" title="Báo chí – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Báo chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryodismo" title="Peryodismo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Peryodismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="新闻学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新闻学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="זשורנאליזם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשורנאליזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2-t%C5%8D" 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title="新聞">新聞</a>的學科。在廣義上，它亦包含了編輯和演示新聞專題的過程。新聞學在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙">報業</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="電台">電台</a>以及网络新媒体等各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E5%AA%92%E4%BB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="傳播媒介">傳播媒介</a>上均起著重要的作用。多數的傳媒機構皆希望「先發制人」，爭先發佈資訊，而處於這種壓力下，傳媒機構通常會先對新聞進行編輯和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" title="校對">校對</a>，以使其內容符合該機構在準確性、素質和式樣等方面的標準。有很多傳媒機構均聲稱他們是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>機關和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="官員">官員</a>的監察者，由此監督政府對人民負責，並為這傳統感到自豪。但同時，批評者則對傳媒本身能否向大眾負責而提出質疑。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>二十世纪初，傳統新聞工作者都是受僱的畢業於相關學士學位的專業人士。可是到了九十年代，隨著新聞製作數碼化及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>的普及程度日益上升，傳統、專業的新聞文化正在受到挑戰。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85" title="民間記者">民間記者</a>的概念應運而生，網絡上的記者可以透過不同渠道來把自己製作的新聞發放，而不只限於透過專業的媒體渠道。 </p><p>前<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%83%B5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="華盛頓郵報">華盛頓郵報</a>編輯<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲尔·格雷厄姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phil Graham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲尔·格雷厄姆（页面不存在）">菲尔·格雷厄姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Graham" class="extiw" title="en:Phil Graham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phil Graham</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>形容以消息導向的新聞寫作是「歷史初稿」<sup id="cite_ref-shafer2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shafer2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因為每當重大歷史事件發生時，新聞工作者都把它們記錄下來，接著把該些專題報道在短時間內製成，而這與寫作歷史的初稿無異。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="新聞製作"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E8.81.9E.E8.A3.BD.E4.BD.9C"></span>新聞製作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：新聞製作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在美國，新聞是由媒體組織或是個人所製作。部落客多半也都是記者（不過也有例外）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="聯邦貿易委員會">聯邦貿易委員會</a>要求部落客若在著文介紹產品前，已有收到免費推廣用的產品，需要告知讀者其產品是廠商免費贈送的，目的是為了避免利益衝突及保護消費者<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="假新聞">假新聞</a>是已知不真實，但又特定散發給大眾的消息，或是由不可靠的組織所製作的消息。假新聞很容易在社交媒體上傳播（例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="假新聞網站" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="fake news website"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假新聞網站（页面不存在）">假新聞網站</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fake_news_website" class="extiw" title="en:fake news website"><span lang="en" dir="auto">fake news website</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）。讀者可以根據新聞是否由可靠的新聞機構發布來評估是否是假新聞。美國的可靠新聞機構會有編輯委員會，而且其編輯部門和廣告部門會有清楚的劃分。可靠的新聞機構或是其員工會屬於一個或多個專業組織，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國新聞編輯協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Society of News Editors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國新聞編輯協會（页面不存在）">美國新聞編輯協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_News_Editors" class="extiw" title="en:American Society of News Editors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Society of News Editors</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="專業記者協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Society of Professional Journalists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="專業記者協會（页面不存在）">專業記者協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists" class="extiw" title="en:Society of Professional Journalists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Society of Professional Journalists</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="調查記者和編輯協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Investigative Reporters & Editors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E5%92%8C%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="調查記者和編輯協會（页面不存在）">調查記者和編輯協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_Reporters_%26_Editors" class="extiw" title="en:Investigative Reporters & Editors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Investigative Reporters & Editors</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>或是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="在線新聞協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Online News Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E7%B7%9A%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在線新聞協會（页面不存在）">在線新聞協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_News_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Online News Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Online News Association</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。這些協會都有其成員必需遵守的職業道德準則。許多新聞機構也有其職業道德準則，規範記者的專業行為。一認認為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>的標準和道德規範<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是相當嚴謹的。 </p><p>在記者寫作的時候，就會出現有關客觀及偏見的問題。有些報導是特意要表示作者自身的觀點，有些報導則是刻意比較中立及客觀的。在印刷版的報紙中，報導有其各自的版面，可以根據版面判斷報導是作者自身觀點或是較中立的描述。若在網路版的報紙中，上述版面的分界就不一定存在。讀者需要仔細根據其標題或是其設計元素，來瞭解作者意圖傳達個人觀點，或是要傳達中立的觀點。作者個人觀點一般會是由專欄作者寫作，或是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E8%AE%BA%E5%AF%B9%E9%A1%B5%E7%89%88" title="社论对页版">社论对页版</a>的章節中。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新聞特寫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feature stories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新聞特寫（页面不存在）">新聞特寫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_stories" class="extiw" title="en:Feature stories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feature stories</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、封面新聞及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF%E5%A8%B1%E4%B9%90" title="资讯娱乐">资讯娱乐</a>新聞一般不會是作者自身觀點。 </p><p>根據<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·W·麥切斯尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert W. McChesney"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·W·麥切斯尼（页面不存在）">羅伯特·W·麥切斯尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._McChesney" class="extiw" title="en:Robert W. McChesney"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert W. McChesney</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>所述，民主國家健康的新闻需要提供當權者的意見，也需要提供想要執政者的意見，需要有各方面的意見，考慮所有人資訊的需求<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>許多爭議的焦點是在記者是否應該是「客觀」或是「中立」的。記者是在一特定社會背景下產生新聞的人，自身也是其社會背景的一部份。記者遵守其職業道德守則，盡力呈現所有合法的觀點。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·卡羅勒斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Johann Carolus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%85%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·卡羅勒斯（页面不存在）">約翰·卡羅勒斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Carolus" class="extiw" title="en:Johann Carolus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Johann Carolus</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="所有值得尊敬和值得紀念的新聞集" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%80%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%B0%8A%E6%95%AC%E5%92%8C%E5%80%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="所有值得尊敬和值得紀念的新聞集（页面不存在）">所有值得尊敬和值得紀念的新聞集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_aller_F%C3%BCrnemmen_und_gedenckw%C3%BCrdigen_Historien" class="extiw" title="de:Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》於1605年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="斯特拉斯堡">斯特拉斯堡</a>出版。這被認為是第一份<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙">報紙</a>。第一份成功的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>報紙，於1702至1735年出版。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>20世紀50年代報紙《政府卡里奧卡》（Diário Carioca）的改革通常稱為巴西現代新聞業的誕生。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="角色"><span id=".E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>角色</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/170px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/255px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/340px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC" title="沃尔特·李普曼">沃尔特·李普曼</a>，拍攝於1914年</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="新闻自由">新闻自由</a></div> <p>1920年代時，現代的新聞才開始起步<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，作家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC" title="沃尔特·李普曼">沃尔特·李普曼</a>和美國哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a>曾針對在民主社會中新聞扮演的角色提出了不同的想法，其不同的哲學仍影響著在社會及國家當中，新聞所扮演的角色。 </p><p>李普曼認為新聞記者扮演了大眾和政策訂定者之間的媒介（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>）。李普曼認為大眾無法評估現代社會中日益複雜的事務，因此需要中間人來過濾消息，新聞記者就是這個中間人，記錄政策訂定者之間傳遞的消息，萃取精華再提供給社會大眾。大眾可以透過選舉影響政府，政府會讓政府的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="權力">權力</a>繼續運作。李普曼的哲學是將社會大眾放在權力鏈的最下方，繼承從上層統治者提供的資訊 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg/170px-Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg/255px-Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg/340px-Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a></figcaption></figure> <p>杜威的想法不同，杜威認為大眾不只可以瞭解政策訂定者提供的資訊，或是回應的訊息，並且政策需要以公眾討論的方式進行討論後才能進行決策。當問題徹底討論後，最佳的決策自然會浮現。杜威認為記者不能只是傳遞資訊，也需要權衡各政策施行後的結果，告知政策訂定者及社會大眾的。杜威的想法已或多或少的有實施，也就是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="community journalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="community journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_journalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community journalism（页面不存在）">community journalism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/community_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:community journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">community journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。 </p><p>李普曼對新聞記者的概念較接近政府的立場。而杜威的論點較類似現代記者對其自身角色的認定，多少也是社會上期待新聞記者可以扮演的腳色。例如美國人會批評記者一些過度的行為，但仍期待記者可以作為公眾監督政府、企業及有力人士的守門人，告知大眾相關的資訊，以便進行決策。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Bill Kovach" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bill Kovach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Kovach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Kovach（页面不存在）">Bill Kovach</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kovach" class="extiw" title="en:Bill Kovach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bill Kovach</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>及Tom Rosenstiel propose曾在其著作《The Elements of Journalism》列出了一些新聞記者的行為守則<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為新聞記者首要是要對大眾忠誠，因此新聞記者需要對社會大眾說實話，並且獨立的監督有權力的個人以及組織。新聞記者最重要的是基於查證的原則，提供社會大眾可靠的資訊。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="報導"><span id=".E5.A0.B1.E5.B0.8E"></span>報導</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：報導"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>新聞寫作的過程採用<a href="/wiki/5W1H%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="5W1H分析法">5W1H分析法</a>，即介定何時（when）、何地（where）、何人（who）、何事（what）、為什麼（why）和如何（how），以及介定該事件或趨勢的顯著性和效應。報章、電視、電台和雜誌，還有最近<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%AD%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="萬維網">萬維網</a>等媒體均涉及新聞寫作。記者寫作並報道廣泛且多樣的題材，包括： </p> <ul><li>國際、國家、省／州分乃至地方層面上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E8%AD%B0%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商業議題（页面不存在）">商業議題</a>；<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-disambig" title="醫療">醫療</a>與保健；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="体育运动">體育</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82" title="娛樂">娛樂</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%88%E8%B6%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="興趣">興趣</a>；</li> <li>生活方式；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E8%A3%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="服裝">服裝</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="飲食">飲食</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="新聞的形式"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E8.81.9E.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>新聞的形式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：新聞的形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>新聞有許多不同的形式，對應不同的受眾。新聞是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="第四階級">第四權</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%8B%E9%96%80%E7%8B%97%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="看門狗新聞學">看門狗</a>，監督政府的施政。一份報紙中可能包括多不同形式的新聞。報紙、雜誌或是網站的各部份也可能是為了不同的受眾<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarcup20094_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarcup20094-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>2013年11月攝影記者拍攝美國總統歐巴馬</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_Kova_and_media,_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/220px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/330px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/440px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>2013年3月時，因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坦尚尼亞">坦尚尼亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="达累斯萨拉姆">达累斯萨拉姆</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2013年達累斯薩拉姆大樓倒毀事件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E5%B9%B4%E9%81%94%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%A8%93%E5%80%92%E6%AF%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013年達累斯薩拉姆大樓倒毀事件（页面不存在）">大樓倒毀事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Dar_es_Salaam_building_collapse" class="extiw" title="en:2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，記者訪問政府官員</figcaption></figure> <p>以下是一些新聞的形式： </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="倡議新聞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Advocacy journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%A1%E8%AD%B0%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倡議新聞（页面不存在）">倡議新聞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Advocacy journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Advocacy journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：新聞目的是為了倡議特定觀點，或是要影響受眾的看法。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廣播新聞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Broadcast journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣播新聞（页面不存在）">廣播新聞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Broadcast journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Broadcast journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：為了廣播或是電視而作的新聞，可能是文字或是語音。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB" title="公民新闻">公民新聞</a>：參與式的新聞</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="資料新聞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Data journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="資料新聞（页面不存在）">資料新聞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Data journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Data journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：在數字及資料中找出故事的新聞，也利用數字及資料來說故事。資料記者會利用資料來支持其報導。這些報導也可能包括資料的使用或是誤用。美國新聞組織<a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>就以資料新聞著名。</li> <li>無人機新聞：利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" title="無人航空載具">無人航空載具</a>來捕捉新聞片段<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="刚左新闻" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gonzo journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9A%E5%B7%A6%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刚左新闻（页面不存在）">刚左新闻</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Gonzo journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gonzo journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：最早由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE" title="亨特·斯托克顿·汤普森">亨特·斯托克顿·汤普森</a>提出，是有高度個人風格的報導方式 <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互動新聞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interactive journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互動新聞（页面不存在）">互動新聞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Interactive journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interactive journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：一種在網站上呈現的網路新聞方式</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%8A%A5%E5%AF%BC" title="调查报导">调查报导</a>：深度報導一些社會問題，一般目的是希望可以解決社會問題。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85" title="攝影記者">攝影記者</a>：透過影像傳達訊息，故事的報導方式。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傳感器新聞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sensor journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傳感器新聞（页面不存在）">傳感器新聞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Sensor journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sensor journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：利用傳感器來作為新聞報導的基礎。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="媚俗小報" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tabloid journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%9A%E4%BF%97%E5%B0%8F%E5%A0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媚俗小報（页面不存在）">媚俗小報</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:Tabloid journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tabloid journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：写作方式是轻松娛樂性的，一般认为比主流新闻合理性更低。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB" title="黄色新闻">黄色新闻</a>（煽情主義）：強調一些聳動的謠言或是聲明。</li></ul> <p>近來社交媒體的興起也引起有關新聞的探討，即重新将新闻报道视为一个过程，而不是将其归類于特定的新闻产品。以這個觀點來看，新闻报道是互動性的，由許多的作者、記者以及社會媒體大眾一起參與<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法律地位"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D"></span>法律地位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：法律地位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Msc_2008-Saturday,_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg/220px-Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg/330px-Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg/440px-Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E6%9C%83" title="記者會">記者會</a>中的記者</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif/220px-10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif/330px-10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif/440px-10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>2002年至2013年之間各國被傷害的記者人數<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>各國政府對於新聞及記者的政策及管理方式不同，相關政策會決定記者可以研究或是撰寫報導的內容範圍，以及哪些媒體機構可以製作新聞。有些政府保證<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞自由">新聞自由</a>，而有些國家嚴格的限制記者可以研究或是或是撰寫報導的內容範圍。 </p><p>在許多國家中，記者有一般大眾沒有的特權，包括比較容易接觸到公眾事件、犯罪現場以及記者會，也可以和政府官員、社會名流以及大眾關注的人進行訪談。 </p><p>以報導<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a>為主的記者（可能是國家和國家的戰爭，或是國內的暴動），常常不會受到政府的保護。在戰爭中被抓获或拘留的记者會視為是平民，送回到所屬國家。由於記者報導的內容有時是政府不希望公開的，因此世界各地的許多政府會給予记者恐吓，骚扰和暴力等干預手段<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="來源的保密權"><span id=".E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90.E7.9A.84.E4.BF.9D.E5.AF.86.E6.AC.8A"></span>來源的保密權</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：來源的保密權"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>記者对消息來源<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AF%86" title="保密">保密</a>的行为受法律保護。即使警察或檢察官要求，<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="情報提供者">情報提供者</a>的身份也是機密的。 </p><p>美国州法院对消息来源提供不同程度的保護，但在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美国联邦法院">美国联邦法院</a>调查时记者无权保護來源。一般而言聯邦法院不会強迫記者透露消息來源，只有法院尋求的信息是高度相關案件，也沒有其他的方式來獲得時才會強迫記者透露消息來源。記者拒絕作證会被以<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%90%E8%A6%96%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E7%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="藐視法庭罪">藐視法庭罪</a>處以罰款或監禁。 </p><p>以記者的角度來說，有需保密的消息來源也有其風險，因為無法確認消息是否屬實，若最後消息不實，可能會因此而破壞記者的信譽。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="新闻学的分科"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E9.97.BB.E5.AD.A6.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E7.A7.91"></span>新闻学的分科</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：新闻学的分科"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理论新闻学（页面不存在）">理论新闻学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="实用新闻学（页面不存在）">实用新闻学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="历史新闻学（页面不存在）">历史新闻学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻法学（页面不存在）">新闻法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="舆论学">舆论学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞倫理與標準">新闻伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻社会学（页面不存在）">新闻社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻心理学（页面不存在）">新闻心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比较新闻学（页面不存在）">比较新闻学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新聞學歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新聞學歷史（页面不存在）">新闻史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:History of journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="新闻思想史">新闻思想史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻业务（页面不存在）">新闻业务</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E9%87%87%E8%AE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻采访（页面不存在）">新闻采访</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻写作（页面不存在）">新闻写作</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻编辑（页面不存在）">新闻编辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻评论（页面不存在）">新闻评论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞攝影">新闻摄影</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻法（页面不存在）">新闻法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%8F%E8%90%A5%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新闻事业经营管理（页面不存在）">新闻事业经营管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="广播">广播</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="电视">电视</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="广播电视史（页面不存在）">广播电视史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="广播电视业务（页面不存在）">广播电视业务</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E6%92%AD%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="广播电视播音（页面不存在）">广播电视播音</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>参看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞">新聞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="傳播學">傳播學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="報紙列表（页面不存在）">報紙列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电视台列表">电视台列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新聞學歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新聞學歷史（页面不存在）">新聞學歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:History of journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of journalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85" title="民間記者">民間記者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C%E8%AE%B0%E8%80%85" title="无国界记者">无国界记者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新新闻主义">新新闻主义</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php">10 Most Censored Countries</a> （<a 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Journalism Practice. 2012-10-01, <b>6</b> (5-6): 614–626. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1751-2786"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1751-2786</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17512786.2012.683273"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/17512786.2012.683273</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Farewell+to+Journalism%3F&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.aulast=McChesney&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1751-2786&rft.issue=5-6&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Practice&rft.pages=614-626&rft.volume=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2012.683273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2012.683273&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">rst Journalism School. 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Journalism.org. 2006-06-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-02-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalism.org/node/72">原始内容</a>存档于2 October 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Journalism%3A+What+Newspeople+Should+Know+and+the+Public+Should+Expect+%E2%80%93+Introduction+%26%23124%3B+Project+for+Excellence+in+Journalism+%28PEJ%29&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Journalism.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalism.org%2Fnode%2F72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/new-money/2016/11/6/13509854/facebook-politics-news-bad">Mark Zuckerberg is in denial about how Facebook is harming our politics</a>. Vox. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201034425/https://www.vox.com/new-money/2016/11/6/13509854/facebook-politics-news-bad">存档</a>于2021-12-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Mark+Zuckerberg+is+in+denial+about+how+Facebook+is+harming+our+politics&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fnew-money%2F2016%2F11%2F6%2F13509854%2Ffacebook-politics-news-bad&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarcup20094-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarcup20094_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarcup2009">Harcup 2009</a>，第4頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHarcup2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Stone, Kaye O’Donnell, K., & Stephen A. 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Committee to Protect Journalists. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-02-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922152251/http://www.cpj.org/">存档</a>于2007-09-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Online&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpj.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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