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</a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powerplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powerplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Powerplant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Powerplant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Powerplant subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Powerplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spring-piston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring-piston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spring-piston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring-piston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gas spring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pneumatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pneumatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pump_pneumatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pump_pneumatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Pump pneumatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pump_pneumatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-charged_pneumatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-charged_pneumatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Pre-charged pneumatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-charged_pneumatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressed_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressed_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Compressed gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressed_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CO2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-pressure_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-pressure_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>High-pressure air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-pressure_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_cartridge_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_cartridge_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Air cartridge system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_cartridge_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ammunition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ammunition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ammunition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pellet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pellet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pellet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pellet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Slug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>BB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darts_and_arrows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darts_and_arrows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Darts and arrows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darts_and_arrows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser_beam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_beam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Laser beam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_beam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airsoft_pellets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airsoft_pellets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Airsoft pellets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airsoft_pellets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Calibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_misuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_misuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety and misuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_misuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Air gun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بندقية ضغط الهواء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بندقية ضغط الهواء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%8C" title="এয়ার গান‌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এয়ার গান‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Въздушна пушка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въздушна пушка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_d%27aire-gas" title="Arma d'aire-gas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arma d'aire-gas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Пневматика артиллерийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пневматика артиллерийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzduchov%C3%A1_pistole" title="Vzduchová pistole – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzduchová pistole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwn_aer" title="Gwn aer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwn aer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftriffel" title="Luftriffel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftriffel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftgewehr" title="Luftgewehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftgewehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تفنگ بادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفنگ بادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%B4%9D" title="공기총 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공기총" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B6%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Պնևմատիկ զենք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պնևմատիկ զենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="हवाई बन्दूक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हवाई बन्दूक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zra%C4%8Dna_pu%C5%A1ka" title="Zračna puška – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zračna puška" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senapan_angin" title="Senapan angin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senapan angin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftbyssa" title="Loftbyssa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loftbyssa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="רובה אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רובה אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Пневматикалық мылтық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пневматикалық мылтық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gpuska" title="Légpuska – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légpuska" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Воздушен пиштол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воздушен пиштол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BA" title="എയർ ഗൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എയർ ഗൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtgeweer" title="Luchtgeweer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtgeweer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%97%E9%8A%83" title="空気銃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空気銃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftv%C3%A5pen" title="Luftvåpen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftvåpen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiatr%C3%B3wka" title="Wiatrówka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiatrówka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_de_press%C3%A3o" title="Arma de pressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arma de pressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air gun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzduchov%C3%A1_zbra%C5%88" title="Vzduchová zbraň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzduchová zbraň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zra%C4%8Dna_pu%C5%A1ka" title="Zračna puška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zračna puška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_rifle&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Air rifle">Air rifle</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gun that uses compressed air to launch projectiles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Air_gun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Air gun (disambiguation)">Air gun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg/220px-2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg/330px-2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg/440px-2014_Wound_Warrior_Team_Navy_Trials_140604-N-ZO696-018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">para-athlete</a> competing with a <a href="/wiki/ISSF_10_meter_air_rifle" title="ISSF 10 meter air rifle">match air rifle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg/220px-Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg/330px-Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg/440px-Under_Lever_Spring_Piston_Air_Rifles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>A collection of <a href="/wiki/Lever-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Lever-action">lever-action</a>, spring-piston air rifles</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>air gun</b> or <b>airgun</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">gun</a> that uses energy from <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> that are mechanically pressurized and then released to propel and accelerate <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a>, similar to the principle of the primitive <a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">blowgun</a>. This is in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shoots</a> projectiles using energy generated via <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>) of chemical <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>, most often <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a>. </p><p>Air guns come in both <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a> (<b>air rifle</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a> (<b>air pistol</b>) forms. Both types typically propel metallic projectiles that are either <a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">diabolo</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Pellet_(air_gun)" title="Pellet (air gun)">pellets</a> or spherical <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">shots</a> called <a href="/wiki/BB_(ammunition)" class="mw-redirect" title="BB (ammunition)">BBs</a>, although in recent years <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié ball</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cylindro-conoidal_bullet" title="Cylindro-conoidal bullet">cylindro-conoidal projectiles</a> called <a href="/wiki/Slug_(projectile)" title="Slug (projectile)">slugs</a> are gaining more popularity. Certain types of air guns (usually air rifles) may also launch <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a>-stabilized projectile such as <a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">darts</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer gun">tranquilizer guns</a>) or hollow-shaft <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a> (so-called "airbows"). </p><p>The first air guns were developed as early as the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, and have since been used in <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">shooting sport</a> and even in <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a>. There are three different power sources for modern air guns, depending on the design: <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piston_pump" title="Piston pump">piston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pneumatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">bottled compressed gas</a> (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and recently <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunitomoAirGun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KunitomoAirGun.jpg/220px-KunitomoAirGun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KunitomoAirGun.jpg/330px-KunitomoAirGun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KunitomoAirGun.jpg/440px-KunitomoAirGun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kunitomo_air_gun" title="Kunitomo air gun">Kunitomo air gun</a> developed by the Japanese inventor <a href="/wiki/Kunitomo_Ikkansai" title="Kunitomo Ikkansai">Kunitomo Ikkansai</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820–1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Air guns represent the oldest <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> technology. The oldest existing mechanical air gun dates back to about 1580, and is in the <a href="/wiki/Livrustkammaren" title="Livrustkammaren">Livrustkammaren</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. This is approximately what most historians recognize as the beginning of the modern air gun. </p><p>Throughout 17th to 19th century, air guns in .30 to .51 <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">calibers</a> were used to <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">hunt big game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and wild <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a>. These air rifles were charged using a pump to fill an air reservoir and gave velocities from 650 to 1,000 ft/s (200 to 300 m/s). They were also used in warfare, the most recognized example being the <a href="/wiki/Girandoni_air_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Girandoni air rifle">Girandoni air rifle</a>. </p><p>At that time, they had compelling advantages over the primitive firearms of the day. For example, air guns could be discharged in wet weather and rain (unlike both <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>), and discharged much faster than <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzle-loading guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, they were quieter than a firearm of a similar caliber, had no muzzle flash, and were smokeless. Thus, they did not disclose the shooter's position or obscure the shooter's view, unlike the black powder muskets of the 18th and 19th centuries. </p><p>In the hands of skilled soldiers, they gave the military a distinct advantage. France, Austria and other nations had special <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> detachments using air rifles. The Austrian 1770 model was named <i>Windbüchse</i> (literally "wind rifle" in German). The gun was developed in 1768 or 1769<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Tyrol" title="German Tyrol">Tyrolean</a> watchmaker, mechanic and gunsmith Bartholomäus Girandoni (1744–1799) and is sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Girandoni_air_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Girandoni air rifle">Girandoni air rifle</a> or Girandoni air gun in literature (the name is also spelled "Girandony", "Giradoni"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Girardoni".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The <i>Windbüchse</i> was about 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed 10 pounds (4.5 kg), about the same size and mass as a conventional <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a>. The air reservoir was a removable, club-shaped, <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock (firearm)">butt</a>. The <i>Windbüchse</i> carried twenty-two .51 <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> (13 mm) lead balls in a tubular <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a>. A skilled shooter could fire off one magazine in about thirty seconds. A shot from this air gun could penetrate a one-inch-thick (2.5 cm) wooden board at a hundred paces, an effect roughly equal to that of a modern <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm" class="mw-redirect" title="9×19mm">9×19mm</a> or <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a> caliber pistol. </p><p>Circa 1820, the Japanese inventor <a href="/wiki/Kunitomo_Ikkansai" title="Kunitomo Ikkansai">Kunitomo Ikkansai</a> developed various manufacturing methods for guns, and also created an air gun based on the study of Western knowledge ("<a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">rangaku</a>") acquired from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg/220px-KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg/330px-KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg/440px-KunitomoAirGunMechanism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Kunitomo air gun trigger mechanism</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> (1804) carried a reservoir air gun. It held 22 .46 caliber round balls in a tubular magazine mounted on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a>. The butt served as the air reservoir and had a working pressure of 800 psi (55 bar). The rifle was said to be capable of 22 aimed shots per minute and had a rifled bore of 0.452 in (11.5 mm) and a groove diameter 0.462 in (11.7 mm). </p><p>One of the first commercially successful and mass-produced air guns was manufactured by the William F. Markham's Markham Air Rifle Company in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Michigan" title="Plymouth, Michigan">Plymouth, Michigan</a>, US. Their first model air gun was the wooden <i>Challenger</i>, marketed in 1886. In response, Clarence Hamilton from the neighboring Plymouth Air Rifle Company (later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Outdoor_Products" title="Daisy Outdoor Products">Daisy Manufacturing Company</a> in 1895) marketed their all-metal Daisy BB Gun in early 1888, which prompted Markham to respond with their <i>Chicago</i> model in 1888 followed by the <i>King</i> model in 1890. The <i>Chicago</i> model was sold by <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck">Sears, Roebuck</a> for 73 cents in its catalog. In 1928, the name of the Markham company was changed to King Air Rifle Company after the company was purchased by Daisy in 1916 after decades of intense competition,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued to manufacture the "King" model air rifle until 1935 before ceasing operation altogether in the 1940s. </p><p>From the 1890s onwards, air rifles were used in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham, England">Birmingham, England</a> for competitive <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">target shooting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spittle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spittle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matches were held in <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public houses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_men%27s_club" title="Working men's club">working men's clubs</a>, which sponsored shooting teams. This often took the form of Bell Target shooting, where the competitor aims to ring a bell by shooting through a small hole in a steel plate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prizes, such as a leg of <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton</a> for the winning team, were paid for by the losing team. During this time, over 4,000 air rifle clubs and associations existed across <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, with as many as 1,600 in Birmingham alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Spittle_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spittle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the air gun was associated with <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> because it could deliver a shot without a significant <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle blast">muzzle report</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air guns are used for <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">hunting</a> (small to medium game), <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, recreational <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a> (commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Plinking" title="Plinking">plinking</a>) and competitive sports such as the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Shooting at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/ISSF_10_meter_air_rifle" title="ISSF 10 meter air rifle">10 m air rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISSF_10_meter_air_pistol" title="ISSF 10 meter air pistol">10 m air pistol</a> events. <a href="/wiki/Field_target" title="Field target">Field target</a> (FT) is a competitive form of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_silhouette_shooting" title="Metallic silhouette shooting">metallic silhouette shooting</a> in which the targets are animal-shaped steel <a href="/wiki/Shooting_target" title="Shooting target">targets</a> with a "kill zone" cut-out. <a href="/wiki/Hunter_field_target" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter field target">Hunter field target</a> (HFT) is a variation, using identical equipment, but with differing rules. The distances FT and HFT competitions are shot at range between 7.3 and 41.1 metres (24 and 135 ft) for HFT & 7.3 and 50.29 metres (24.0 and 165.0 ft) for FT, with varying sizes of "reducers" being used to increase or decrease the size of the kill zone. In the UK, competition power limits are set at the legal maximum for an unlicensed air rifle, i.e. 12 <a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">ft⋅lbf</a> (16 J). Air rifle benchrest is an international shooting sport where the objective is to hit a (small) bulls eye target at 25 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> (27.34 yd) shooting distance. There are two divisions ARLV 12 <a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">ft⋅lbf</a> (16.27 J) and ARHV 20 <a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">ft⋅lbf</a> (27.12 J).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing affordability of higher-power pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) rifles has allowed large projectiles and further target distance for competition purposes. For instance, the Extreme Benchrest competition held annually in <a href="/wiki/Green_Valley,_Arizona" title="Green Valley, Arizona">Green Valley, Arizona</a> allows calibers up to .30 inches (7.6 mm) at 75 yd (68.58 m) while the Big Bore Benchrest arm of the same competition at other localities engages targets at 35 to 300 yards (32 to 274 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powerplant">Powerplant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Powerplant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The component of an airgun that provides the gas pressure needed to propel projectiles is called its <i>powerplant</i>, which uses internally stored pressurized gas; and <i>compressed gas</i> (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>), which uses external sources of pressurized gas.<sup id="cite_ref-airguntypes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airguntypes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring-piston">Spring-piston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spring-piston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg/220px-Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg/330px-Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg/440px-Air_rifle_collection_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Variety of different types & models of spring piston & gas ram air guns</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>spring-piston air gun</b> (also known as a <b>spring gun</b> or simply a "<b>springer</b>") operates by means of a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>-loaded <a href="/wiki/Piston_pump" title="Piston pump">piston pump</a> assembly contained within a compression chamber separate from the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a>. Traditionally, a <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">grease</a>-lubricated steel <a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">coil spring</a> is used as the powerplant main spring. Before shooting, the user needs to manually cock the gun by flexing a lever connected to the pump assembly, which pulls the pump piston rearwards and compresses the main spring until the rear of the <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> engages the <a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">sear</a>. When shooting, the <a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">trigger</a> is pulled and disengages the sear, allowing the main spring to decompress and release its stored <a href="/wiki/Elastic_potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic potential energy">elastic potential energy</a>, pushing the piston forward, thereby compressing the air in the pump cylinder. Because the pump outlet (located to the front of the pump) is directly behind the pellet seated in the barrel <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a>, once the air pressure has risen enough to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Static_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Static friction">static friction</a> and/or barrel restriction holding back the pellet, the pellet is propelled forward by an expanding column of pressurized air. All this takes place in a fraction of a second, during which the air undergoes <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process#Adiabatic_heating_and_cooling" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic heating</a> to several hundred degrees and then cools as the air expands. This can also cause a phenomenon referred as "dieseling", where flammable substances in the compression chamber (e.g., petroleum-based lubricant) can be <a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">ignited by the compression heat</a> like in a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, and lead to an <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a> effect with (often unpredictable) additional thrusts. This often results in combustion smoke coming out of the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearm)">muzzle</a> and potential pressure damage to the rubber <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">seals</a> inside the gun. Dieseling can be made to occur <i>intentionally</i> to increase power, by coating the pellet with lubricant or <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">petroleum jelly</a>, although this may result in damage to the breech seal. </p><p>Most spring-piston guns are <a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">single-shot</a> <a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">breechloaders</a> by nature, but multiple-shot <a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">repeaters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a> feeders have been introduced in recent years by manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Gamo_(airgun_manufacturer)" title="Gamo (airgun manufacturer)">Gamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umarex" title="Umarex">Umarex</a> and Hatsan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Pistol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Air_Pistol.jpg/220px-Air_Pistol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Air_Pistol.jpg/330px-Air_Pistol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Air_Pistol.jpg/440px-Air_Pistol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Spring Piston Air Pistols</figcaption></figure> <p>Spring-piston guns, especially the high-powered "magnum" guns, are able to achieve muzzle velocities exceeding the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>. The effort required for the cocking stroke is proportional to the designed power of the gun, with higher muzzle velocities requiring a stiffer spring and hence a greater cocking effort. Spring-piston guns have a practical upper limit of 1,250 ft/s (380 m/s) for <a href="/wiki/.177_caliber" title=".177 caliber">.177 cal</a> (4.5 mm) pellets, as higher velocities cause unstable pellet flight and loss of accuracy. This is due to the extreme <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity#Buffeting" title="Aeroelasticity">buffeting</a> caused when the pellet reaches and surpasses <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> speed, then slows back down and goes through <a href="/wiki/Sound_barrier" title="Sound barrier">sound barrier</a> again, which is more than enough to destabilize the pellet's flight. Shortly after leaving the barrel, the supersonic pellet falls back below the speed of sound and the shock wave overtakes the pellet, causing its flight stability to be disrupted. Drag increases disproportionately as pellet velocity increases, so it is generally better to increase pellet weight to keep velocities subsonic in high-powered guns. Many shooters find that velocities in the 800–900 ft/s (240–270 m/s) range offer an ideal balance between power and accuracy. </p><p>Spring guns are typically cocked by one of the following mechanisms: </p> <ul><li>Break-barrel — like a <a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">break action</a> firearm, the barrel is hinged at the junction with the <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">receiver</a> and is flexed downwards to expose the <a href="/wiki/Breech_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech (firearms)">breech</a> and serves as the cocking lever</li> <li>Fixed-barrel – the barrel is fixed to the receiver, and the cocking is done with a separate cocking lever <ul><li>Underlever – the cocking lever is located underneath the barrel or the receiver and is flexed downwards during cocking</li> <li>Sidelever – the cocking lever is located to the side (usually the right side) of the receiver and is flexed sideways during cocking</li> <li>Overlever – the cocking lever is located above the barrel and is flexed upwards during cocking, seen in some air pistols</li></ul></li> <li>Motorized cocking powered by a rechargeable battery (rare)</li></ul> <p>Spring-piston guns, especially high-powered ("magnum") models, do still <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> as a result of the mainspring pushing the piston forward. Although the recoil is less than that of some <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge</a> firearms, it can make the gun difficult to shoot accurately as the spring recoil is in effect while the pellet is still within the barrel. Spring gun recoil also has a sharp forward component, caused by the piston hitting the front end of the pump chamber when the spring has fully decompressed. These rapid double-jerking movements are known to damage <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">scopes</a> not rated for spring gun usage. In addition, the spring often has unpredictable collateral transverse vibrations as well as <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torquing</a>, both of which can cause accuracy to suffer. These vibrations can be controlled by adding features like close-fitting spring guides or by aftermarket tuning done by gunsmiths who specialize in air gun modifications, a common one being the addition of high viscosity tenacious grease to the spring, which lubricates and serves to dampen vibration. </p><p>The better quality spring guns can have very long service lives, being simple to maintain and repair. Because they deliver the same mechanical energy output on each shot, external ballistics are quite consistent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/ISSF_shooting_events" title="ISSF shooting events">air gun competitions</a> through the 1970s and into the 1980s were shot with spring-piston guns, often of the opposing-piston recoil-eliminating type. Beginning in the 1980s, guns powered by compressed/liquefied <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> began to dominate the competition. Today, the guns used at the highest levels of competition are powered by <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas_spring">Gas spring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gas spring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some newer generation air guns incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Gas_spring" title="Gas spring">gas spring</a> (commonly referred to as a <i>gas piston</i>, <i>gas ram</i>, <i>gas strut</i> or <i>nitro piston</i>) instead of a mechanical spring. The spring itself is essentially a stand-alone enclosed <a href="/wiki/Piston_pump" title="Piston pump">piston pump</a> without outlets and with pressurized air or <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>) held tightly sealed within the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinder</a>. When the gun is cocked, the gas inside the cylinder gets further compressed by the piston, stores <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> and acts as a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(energy)" title="Accumulator (energy)">accumulator</a>. Gas spring units require higher precision to manufacture since they require a low-friction sliding seal that can withstand the high pressures within when cocked. The advantages of the gas spring include the ability to keep the gun cocked and ready to fire for extended periods of time without long-term spring <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a>, no twisting <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> (caused by coil spring expanding) exerted onto the gun, smoother recoil pattern and faster "lock time" (the time between pulling the trigger and the pellet being discharged), which all result in more consistent accuracy. Gas springs perform more reliably in cold climates than coil springs, because metallic coil springs need to be coated with <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">lubricating grease</a> which often thickens in low temperatures causing the gun to "freeze up". Gas springs also have less lateral and longitudinal vibrations than coil springs, hence are usually less "hold-sensitive", making it easier to achieve consistent <a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">shot groupings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pneumatic">Pneumatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Benelli_Kite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/New_Benelli_Kite.jpg/220px-New_Benelli_Kite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/New_Benelli_Kite.jpg/330px-New_Benelli_Kite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/New_Benelli_Kite.jpg/440px-New_Benelli_Kite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Benelli_Kite" title="Benelli Kite">Benelli Kite</a> pre-charged pneumatic air pistol, as used in <a href="/wiki/10_m_Air_Pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="10 m Air Pistol">10 metre air pistol</a> <a href="/wiki/ISSF_shooting_events" title="ISSF shooting events">ISSF shooting events</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pneumatic airguns propel the projectiles by utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed air energy storage">pneumatic potential energy</a> within <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>, which is pressurized beforehand and stored inside the gun, and then released through valves during shooting. Single-stroke and multi-stroke pump guns utilize an on-board <a href="/wiki/Hand_pump" title="Hand pump">hand pump</a> to pressurize air in an internal <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">reservoir tank</a>, while pre-charged pneumatic guns' reservoirs are filled from an external source using either a high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pump#Stand_pump" title="Bicycle pump">stand pump</a> or by decanting air from a larger <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinder</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pump_pneumatic">Pump pneumatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pump pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Pump pneumatic air gun</b>s, or <b>pump gun</b>s, use a lever-operated onboard air pump to pressurize an internal reservoir, and then discharge the stored compressed air during shooting. Depending on the design, pump guns can be either single-stroke or multi-stroke. </p> <ul><li>In <i>single-stroke</i> pneumatic air guns (also known as "single pump") a single motion of the cocking lever is all that is required to mechanically compress the air. The single-pump system has always dominated the casual plinking market, and is usually found in target rifles and pistols, where the higher muzzle energy of a multi-stroke pumping system is not required. Single-stroke pneumatic rifles dominated the national and international <a href="/wiki/International_Shooting_Sport_Federation" title="International Shooting Sport Federation">ISSF</a> <a href="/wiki/ISSF_shooting_events" title="ISSF shooting events">10 metre air rifle shooting events</a> from the 1970s to the 1990s, until being outperformed by the introduction of pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) guns (discussed <a href="#Pre-charged_pneumatic">below</a>).</li> <li><i>Multi-stroke</i> pneumatic air guns (also known as "multi-pump") use multiple pumpings to achieve variable power levels in order to adapt for both long or short-range shooting. These air guns are usually single-shot, where each shot requires approximately 5 strokes. However, up to five shots are possible, usually requiring approximately 10 to 20 strokes, as long as the air reservoir is capable of storing higher pressure. For safety reasons, most multi-stroke guns are usually designed to have their pump lever jam when the reservoir has reached its maximum pressure limit, so the user can no longer pump the gun until it's discharged. The maximum pressure limit for the reservoir is approximately 20 to 30 strokes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-charged_pneumatic">Pre-charged pneumatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-charged pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20ozCO2Condor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/20ozCO2Condor.JPG/220px-20ozCO2Condor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/20ozCO2Condor.JPG/330px-20ozCO2Condor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/20ozCO2Condor.JPG/440px-20ozCO2Condor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Airforce Condor, one of the most powerful PCP air rifles on the market</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pre-charged pneumatic air guns</b> or <b>PCP</b> have their internal reservoir pre-filled from an external air source (such as a <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">air compressor</a>, or by manual charging with a high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pump#Stand_pump" title="Bicycle pump">stand pump</a>), and remain pressurized until depleted after repeated shooting. During shooting, the hammer strikes the reservoir's release valve, allowing a set volume of the pressurized air to be discharged into the chamber and propel the projectile. Depending on the release valve design, PCP air guns can be categorized into two types – <i>unregulated</i> and <i>regulated</i> (which has either a mechanical or electronic <a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">regulator</a> valve). In addition to <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>, custom PCP models using compressed pure <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and even compressed <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> have also been recently developed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg/220px-Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg/330px-Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg/440px-Walther_LG400_FT_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Field_Target" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Target">Field Target</a> variant of a <a href="/wiki/Walther_LG400" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther LG400">Walther LG400</a> PCP Air Rifle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the need for cylinders or charging systems, PCP guns have higher initial costs but much lower operating costs when compared to CO<sub>2</sub> rifles, and have superior performance over ordinary pump guns. Having no significant movement of heavy mechanical parts during the discharge cycle, PCP airgun designs produce lower <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>, and can shoot as many as 100 shots per charge depending on the tank/reservoir size. The ready supply of air has allowed the development of semi- and fully automatic air guns.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PCP guns are very popular in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> because of their accuracy and ease of use. They are widely utilized in <a href="/wiki/ISSF_shooting_events" title="ISSF shooting events">ISSF 10 meter air pistol and rifle shooting events</a> and the sport of <a href="/wiki/Field_Target" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Target">Field Target</a> shooting,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually fitted with <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sights</a>. </p><p>Early stand pump designs encountered problems of fatigue (both human and mechanical), temperature warping, and condensation – none of which are beneficial to accurate shooting or the airguns' longevity. Modern stand pumps have multi-stage chambers and built-in air filtration systems and have overcome many of these problems. Using <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a>-quality air decanted from a diving cylinder provides consistently clean, dry, high-pressure air. </p><p>During the typical PCP's discharge cycle, the hammer of the rifle is released by the sear to strike the <a href="/wiki/Bash_valve" title="Bash valve">bash valve</a>. The hammer may move rearwards or forwards, unlike firearms where the hammer almost always moves forward. The valve is held closed by a spring and the pressure of the air in the reservoir. The pressure of the spring is constant, and the pressure of the air released (which is also known as the <i>working pressure</i>) decreases with each successive shot. As a result, when the reservoir pressure is high, the valve opens less fully and closes faster than when the reservoir pressure is lower, resulting in a similar total volume of air flowing past the valve with each shot. This results in a degree of partial self-regulation that gives a greater consistency of velocity from shot to shot, which corresponds to the middle "plateau" phase of the gun's shot-to-shot <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> profile (also known as the <i>power curve</i> ). Well-designed PCP will display good shot-to-shot consistency over a long period, as the air reservoir is being depleted. </p><p>Other PCP rifles and pistols are regulated, i.e. the firing valve operates within a secondary chamber separated from the main air reservoir by the regulator body. The regulator maintains the pressure within this secondary chamber at a set pressure (lower than the main reservoir's) until the main reservoir's pressure drops to the point where it can no longer do so. As a result, shot-to-shot consistency is maintained for longer than in an unregulated rifle, and the gun can also output more shots due to reduced waste of reservoir pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressed_gas">Compressed gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compressed gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg/200px-BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg/300px-BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg/400px-BB_gun_with_CO2_and_BBs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>CO<sub>2</sub> pistol and disposable <a href="/wiki/Powerlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerlet">Powerlet</a> cylinders</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Nitrogen_tank.jpg/250px-Nitrogen_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Nitrogen_tank.jpg/375px-Nitrogen_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Nitrogen_tank.jpg/500px-Nitrogen_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>A Pure Energy N<sub>2</sub> tank with a remote line attached</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Compressed gas guns</b>, also known as <i>CG guns,</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are essentially pneumatic airguns utilizing detachable <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure reservoirs</a> in the form of prefilled external <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinders</a> (often with built-in <a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">regulator valves</a>), and are commonly referred to as <i>CO<sub>2</sub> guns</i> due to the ubiquitous commercial use of <a href="/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">bottled</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_carbon_dioxide" title="Liquid carbon dioxide">liquid carbon dioxide</a>. However, more recent high-end models sometimes use larger <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (known as HPA or "N<sub>2</sub>") cylinders, which have higher operating pressures and better thermal stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CO2">CO<sub>2</sub></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: CO2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg/220px-Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg/330px-Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg/440px-Walther_CP88_Schall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walther_CP_88" title="Walther CP 88">Walther CP 88</a> CO<sub>2</sub> pistol with adapted silencer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossman-2240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crossman-2240.jpg/220px-Crossman-2240.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crossman-2240.jpg/330px-Crossman-2240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crossman-2240.jpg/440px-Crossman-2240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Crosman 2240 CO<sub>2</sub> one shot pistol, (.22 pellet caliber)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>CO<sub>2</sub> guns</b>, like other pneumatic guns using compressed air, offer power for repeated shots in a compact package without the need for complex pumping or filling mechanisms. The ability to store power for repeated shots also means that repeating arms are possible. There are many replica revolvers and semi-automatic pistols on the market that use CO<sub>2</sub> power. Most CO<sub>2</sub> guns use a disposable cylinder called a "<a href="/wiki/Powerlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerlet">Powerlet</a>" cartridge, that is often purchased with 12 grams (0.42 oz) of pressurized CO<sub>2</sub> gas, although some, usually more expensive models, use larger refillable CO<sub>2</sub> reservoirs like those typically used with <a href="/wiki/Paintball_marker" title="Paintball marker">paintball markers</a>. </p><p>CO<sub>2</sub> guns are popular for training, as the guns and ammunition are inexpensive, relatively safe to use, and no specialized facilities are needed for safety. In addition, they can be purchased and owned in areas where firearms possession is either strictly controlled or banned outright. Most CO<sub>2</sub> powered guns are relatively inexpensive, and there are a few precision target guns available that use CO<sub>2</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-pressure_air">High-pressure air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: High-pressure air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_air" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure air">High-pressure air</a> (HPA) system, or <i>N<sub>2</sub></i>, was originally developed for <a href="/wiki/Paintball_markers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintball markers">paintball markers</a> as a replacement for CO<sub>2</sub> cartridges, and uses Powerlet interface-compatible <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinders</a> filled with either pure <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> (which is 78% nitrogen). Because nitrogen is more <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a> than CO<sub>2</sub>, it remains in the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> state longer when compressed; when it expands, it cools due to the <a href="/wiki/Joule-Thomson_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule-Thomson effect">Joule-Thomson effect</a> but at a far lower rate than <a href="/wiki/Liquid_carbon_dioxide" title="Liquid carbon dioxide">liquid CO<sub>2</sub></a> because there is no change in <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">from liquid to gas</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">thermostability</a> reduces the variation in output pressure associated with rapid successions of firing cycles, improving accuracy and reliability in extreme climates. However, because compressed air is stored at higher pressures (up to 34 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a> or 4,900 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>) than liquid CO<sub>2</sub> (stored at around 8 MPa or 1,200 psi), HPA cylinders are more expensive. Cylinders smaller than 1.1 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a> (67 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">cu in</a>) may not even last as long as a standard CO<sub>2</sub> cartridge when subjected to frequent uses. </p><p>It is also possible to power an HPA-compatible gun directly from a plug-in <a href="/wiki/Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">air compressor</a> without using a gas cylinder, though this type of setup is rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_cartridge_system">Air cartridge system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Air cartridge system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First developed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> during the 1980s as the Saxby-Palmer Ensign,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then by Brocock as the "Brocock Air Cartridge System" (BACS) and later into the "Tandem Air Cartridge" (TAC),<sup id="cite_ref-BACS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BACS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this variation of the pre-charged pneumatic design have no pressure reservoir built into the gun, but instead use removable and reusable metallic <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinders</a> often known as "Brocock cartridges" after its British manufacturer. Each air cartridge is essentially a self-contained gas reservoir housed inside a <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartridge case">cartridge case</a> (usually in the size of a <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a>), with an internal <a href="/wiki/Bash_valve" title="Bash valve">bash valve</a> designed to release the content when the base of the cartridge is struck. Prior to shooting, each cartridge is pre-filled with sufficient <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> for one shot (typically via a multi-stroke <a href="/wiki/Hand_pump" title="Hand pump">hand pump</a>) and has a <a href="/wiki/.177_caliber" title=".177 caliber">.177</a>/<a href="/wiki/.22_caliber" title=".22 caliber">.22 caliber</a> pellet pre-seated to its front slot, and the entire cartridge is then inserted into a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a>. When shooting, the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">hammer</a> hits the rear of the air cartridge, mimicking the function of a <a href="/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition" title="Centerfire ammunition">centerfire ammunition</a>. This allows the airgun to be constructed and operated in similar fashions to genuine firearms. It also allows for higher shot consistency because each cartridge can be easily filled to an identical air charge, essentially removing the "power curve" of conventional PCP guns and bypassing any need for <a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">regulators</a>. It also simplifies the magazine feed design and eliminates the risk of deforming the projectiles when the <a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">action</a> seats each pellet, as the soft lead pellet is protected from contact with the action probe by the harder cartridge casing. </p><p>The air cartridge system, both in the <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a> forms, was at the peak of its popularity throughout the 1990s. The popularity of the Brocock range was such that, by 2002, estimates put the number of air cartridge guns in circulation around 70,000-80,000.<sup id="cite_ref-BACS_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BACS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a small number of incidents relating to the alleged illegal conversion of (mainly) Brococks to <a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised firearms">allow them to discharge live ammunition</a> sparked a <a href="/wiki/Media_frenzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media frenzy">media frenzy</a>. In early 2002, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that figures from the <a href="/wiki/National_Criminal_Intelligence_Service" title="National Criminal Intelligence Service">National Criminal Intelligence Service</a> showed converted Brococks accounted for 35 per cent of all guns recovered by the police,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and David McCrone, firearms adviser to the Association of Chief Police Officers and Deputy Chief Constable of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a>, told the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a></i> "there is evidence which would justify banning them". After the <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a> implemented the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Social_Behaviour_Act_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003">Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003</a> in January 2004, it became illegal to possess such airguns without a <a href="/wiki/Firearm_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm certificate">firearm certificate</a> in the United Kingdom. Brocock subsequently ceased production of all air cartridge systems and turned to focus primarily on PCP airguns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ammunition">Ammunition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pellet">Pellet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pellet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pellet_(air_gun)" title="Pellet (air gun)">Pellet (air gun)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diabolo_prof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diabolo_prof.jpg/220px-Diabolo_prof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diabolo_prof.jpg/330px-Diabolo_prof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diabolo_prof.jpg/440px-Diabolo_prof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>Wadcutter or Flathead pellets</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular ammunition used in rifled air guns is made of lead, a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metal</a>. Lead is <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">highly poisonous</a> (whether inhaled or swallowed), affecting almost every organ and system in the human body. For this reason, lead-free pellets are becoming increasingly popular, and are available in all major shapes and styles, just like traditional lead pellets. </p><p>By far the most popular shape is the <a href="/wiki/Wasp-waist" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasp-waist">wasp-waisted</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">diabolo</a> pellet</b>, which has two sections – a solid front portion called the "head", which contains the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> and is available in a variety of shapes and styles such as flat (<a href="/wiki/Wadcutter" title="Wadcutter">wadcutter</a>), round (domed), cone-shaped (pointed) and pitted (<a href="/wiki/Hollow_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollow point">hollow point</a>); and a hollowed, thin-walled <a href="/wiki/Conical" class="mw-redirect" title="Conical">conical</a> rear portion called the "skirt", which expands and fully engages the bore to provide a good <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">seal</a> and thus allows maximal efficiency in pellet propulsion during shooting. In flight, the skirt has greater <a href="/wiki/Air_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drag">drag</a>-to-weight ratio than the head and exerts a rearward pull behind the center of mass, similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Shuttlecock" title="Shuttlecock">shuttlecock</a>. This produces a phenomenon known as <i>drag stabilization</i>, which helps to counteract <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yawing</a> and maintain a consistent <a href="/wiki/Flight_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight path">flight path</a>. However, the diabolo shape also means that the overall pellet will have poor <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">ballistic coefficient</a> and tends to lose energy quickly and be more unstable especially in the <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics#Transonic_problem" title="External ballistics">transonic region</a> (272–408 m/s ~ 893–1340 ft/s). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:177cal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/177cal.jpg/250px-177cal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/177cal.jpg/375px-177cal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/177cal.jpg/500px-177cal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A .177 (4.5mm) caliber "Wadcutter" pellet next to a stick of chewing gum</figcaption></figure> <p>Diabolo pellets are conventionally made from <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, but are widely available in non-lead alternatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, or a combination of materials such as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> alloys with <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> tips. A variety of lead-free pellets are offered by all major pellet manufacturers, including H&N Sport, RWS, JSB, Gamo, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since lead is very dense, it has a higher ballistic coefficient than lightweight alternatives such as tin, copper, or plastic. At the present time, the airgun industry does not mass-produce dense alternatives to lead with a high ballistic coefficient for long-range shooting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slug">Slug</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some manufacturers also have recently introduced the more <a href="/wiki/Cylindro-conoidal_bullet" title="Cylindro-conoidal bullet">cylindro-conoidal</a>-shaped "<a href="/wiki/Slug_(projectile)" title="Slug (projectile)">slug</a>" pellets for the more powerful modern PCP air rifles. Compared to the commonly used diabolo pellets, these slug pellets resemble <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié balls</a> and have more contact surface with the bore and hence need greater propelling force to overcome friction, but have better <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">ballistic coefficient</a>, and longer effective ranges due to the more similar shape to firearm <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a>, however they also require a fully <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> barrel for spin stabilization in flight. They are also made of lead, and precautions should be taken when handling them, or preparing animals for food, as lead fragments can be easily missed inside the meat. Lead-free slugs in airgun calibers are gradually being developed and becoming available for purchase from manufacturers such as Zan Projectiles, due in part to regulations on hunting with lead projectiles in many areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BB">BB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: BB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg/200px-BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg/300px-BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg/400px-BB_copper_and_nickel_plated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>Steel BBs coated with copper and nickel</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">BB gun</a></div> <p>The BB <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">shot</a> was once the most common airgun ammunition in the US, thanks to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Outdoor_Products" title="Daisy Outdoor Products">Daisy</a>’s line of BB airguns. A BB is a small metallic ball in 4.5 mm/<a href="/wiki/.177_caliber" title=".177 caliber">.177" diameter</a>, typically made of steel (with a copper or zinc coating) or lead. Originally called the "<a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">round shot</a>", the contemporary name came from the <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)#Lead_shot_comparison_chart" title="Shot (pellet)">"BB"- size</a> lead <a href="/wiki/Birdshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdshot">birdshot</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">shotgun shells</a>, which the first BB gun invented in 1886 was designed to shoot. Steel BBs can be acceptably accurate at short distances when fired from properly designed <a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">BB guns</a> with <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> barrels. Lead #3 buckshot pellets can be used in .25" caliber airguns as if they were large BBs. </p><p>Due to the hardness of the steel, steel BBs cannot "take" to rifled barrels, which is why they are undersized (4.4 mm ball against 4.5 mm bore) to allow them to be used in .177" rifled barrels, which when used in this configuration can in effect be considered <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a>, but with a poorer gas-seal, and if 4.5 mm diameter BBs are used, they would jam in the bore. Therefore, steel BBs lack the spin stabilization required for long-range accuracy, and usage in any but the cheapest rifled guns is discouraged. The softer lead BBs however can be used in rifled barrels. </p><p>Typically BBs are used for indoor practice, casual outdoor plinking, training children, or to save money, as they are significantly cheaper than pellets. Replica CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> pistols allow people to train with a BB gun, saving a lot of money to centerfire firearm cartridges. Care should be exercised to avoid <a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">ricochet</a>, and safety glasses are recommended. Recently, manufacturers have created <a href="/wiki/Frangibility" title="Frangibility">frangible</a> BBs,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which break apart and do not ricochet, reducing the hazards associated with BB guns. </p><p>Some shotgunners use sightless BB rifles to train in <a href="/wiki/Instinctive_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Instinctive shooting">instinctive shooting</a>. Similar guns were also used briefly by the United States Army in a Vietnam-era instinctive shooting program called "<a href="/wiki/Point_shooting#Rifle_Quick_Kill" title="Point shooting">Quick Kill</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darts_and_arrows">Darts and arrows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Darts and arrows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LG_Bolzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LG_Bolzen.jpg/220px-LG_Bolzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LG_Bolzen.jpg/330px-LG_Bolzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LG_Bolzen.jpg/440px-LG_Bolzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>Darts for an air gun</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th and 19th centuries, air gun darts were popular, largely because they could be reused. Although less popular now, several different types of darts are made to be used in air guns, but it is not recommended that darts be used in air guns with <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> bores or in spring-powered air guns.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air guns that shoot darts are sometimes called <i>dart guns</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer gun">tranquilizer guns</a></i> if the darts used are loaded with <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer">tranquilizer</a>) compounds. </p><p>Some modern air guns are designed to discharge arrows and are called <i>arrow guns</i> or sometimes <i>airbows</i>. These arrows are designed with a hollow shaft that is open in the rear where the <a href="/wiki/Nock_(arrow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nock (arrow)">nock</a> would normally be. When loaded, the hollow arrow shaft is slid rearwards over a barrel whose external diameter is only fractionally smaller than the shaft's interior diameter, providing a close-enough fitting that minimizes rattling and gives a reasonable enveloping <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">seal</a> without causing too much <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>. During shooting, the trigger releases high-pressure air from the barrel to the front portion of the hollow arrow shaft, pushing the arrow forward. Such air guns can shoot arrows at launch velocities rivalling or even exceeding high-end <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a>, while retaining consistency of precision unaffected by <a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">archer's paradox</a>, but they are also more expensive to set up and maintain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_beam">Laser beam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Laser beam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">modern pentathlon</a> has since 2009 included a <a href="/wiki/Laser-run" title="Laser-run">laser-run</a> event that replaced the traditional cross country run of 3,200 metres and timed air-pistol shoot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competitors run 4 laps of 800 m combined with 4 rounds of firing. The pistols used are modified air pistols that fire an eye-safe laser beam towards a target at the same time as a discharge of air. This has made the organisation of the events easier from a safety point of view and allows competitors to travel more easily with their weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airsoft_pellets">Airsoft pellets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Airsoft pellets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airsoft pellets are plastic BBs shot from airsoft guns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calibers">Calibers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Calibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common air gun <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">calibers</a> are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.177_caliber" title=".177 caliber">.177</a> (4.5 mm): the most common caliber. Mandated by the ISSF for use in international target shooting competition at 10m, up to Olympic level in both rifle and pistol events. It has also been adopted by most National Governing Bodies for domestic use in similar target shooting events. It has the flattest trajectory of all the calibers for a given energy level. At suitable energy levels it can be used effectively for hunting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.22_caliber" title=".22 caliber">.22</a> (5.5 mm & 5.6 mm): for hunting and general use. In recent years air rifles and pistols in .22" (and some other calibers) have been allowed for use in both domestic and international target shooting in events not controlled by the ISSF. Most notably in FT/HFT and Smallbore Benchrest competitions. These events often allow the use of any caliber air gun, up to a maximum which is often .22", rather than a fixed caliber.</li></ul> <p>Other less common traditional calibers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_mm_caliber" title="5 mm caliber">.20</a> (5 mm): initially proprietary to the Sheridan multi-pump pneumatic air rifle, later more widely used.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.25_caliber" title=".25 caliber">.25</a> (6.35 mm): the largest commonly available caliber for most of the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.30_caliber" class="mw-redirect" title=".30 caliber">.30</a> (7.62 mm): the current largest available for non-PCP powered airguns</li></ul> <p>Larger caliber air rifles suitable for hunting large animals are offered by major manufacturers. These are usually PCP guns. The major calibers available are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_mm_caliber" title="9 mm caliber">.357</a> (9mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.45_caliber" class="mw-redirect" title=".45 caliber">.45</a> (11.43 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.50_caliber" class="mw-redirect" title=".50 caliber">.50</a> (12.7 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.58_caliber" class="mw-redirect" title=".58 caliber">.58</a> (14.5 mm)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=.72_caliber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".72 caliber (page does not exist)">.72</a> (18.28 mm)</li></ul> <p>Custom air guns are available in even larger calibers such as <a href="/wiki/20_mm_caliber" title="20 mm caliber">20 mm</a> (0.79") or .87 (22.1 mm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_gun_laws" title="Air gun laws">Air gun laws</a></div> <p>While in some countries air guns are not subject to any specific regulation, in most, there are laws which differ widely. Each jurisdiction has its definition of an air gun. Regulations may vary for weapons of different bore, <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">muzzle energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">velocity</a>, or ammunition material. Guns designed to fire <a href="/wiki/Pellet_(air_gun)" title="Pellet (air gun)">metal pellets</a> are often more tightly controlled than <a href="/wiki/Airsoft" title="Airsoft">airsoft</a> weapons. There may be a minimum age for possession, and sales of both air guns and ammunition may be restricted. Some areas require permits and background checks similar to those required for propellant type firearms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_misuse">Safety and misuse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Safety and misuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While historical air guns have been made specifically for warfare, modern air guns can also be deadly.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_3916775_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_3916775-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medical literature, modern air guns have been noted as a cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been the case for guns of caliber .177 and .22 that are within the legal muzzle energy of air guns in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For reason of safety and security a rule of use of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety#Safety_flag" title="Gun safety">safety flag</a> has been strictly mentioned by ISSF for the 10m air pistol and rifle shooting sports events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship">Marksmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsoft" title="Airsoft">Airsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">Paintball</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_gun&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Philip_2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_2006_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife 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