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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shulba_Sutras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shulba Sutras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shulba_Sutras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gṛhyasūtras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gṛhyasūtras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gṛhyasūtras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gṛhyasūtras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmasūtras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmasūtras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dharmasūtras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmasūtras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97)" title="কল্প (বেদাঙ্গ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কল্প (বেদাঙ্গ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kalpa (Vedanga)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalpa (Vedanga)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(V%C3%A9da)" title="Kalpa (Véda) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kalpa (Véda)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA" title="કલ્પ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કલ્પ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="कल्प (वेदांग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कल्प (वेदांग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Wedangga)" title="Kalpa (Wedangga) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalpa (Wedangga)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ಪಸೂತ್ರಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ಪಸೂತ್ರಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Калпа (веданга) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калпа (веданга)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82)" title="കല്പം (വേദാംഗം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കല്പം (വേദാംഗം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97)" title="ਕਲਪ (ਵੇਦਾਂਗ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਪ (ਵੇਦਾਂਗ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%BE_(%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="کلپ (ویدانگ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلپ (ویدانگ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpasutra" title="Kalpasutra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalpasutra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kalpa (Vedanga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Кальпа (веданга) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кальпа (веданга)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="कल्पः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कल्पः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="கல்பம் (வேதாங்கம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்பம் (வேதாங்கம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82)" title="కల్పము (వేదాంగం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కల్పము (వేదాంగం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Калп (веданга) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калп (веданга)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AA%E8%BD%A8%E7%BB%8F" title="仪轨经 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of Vedic ritual practices</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a discipline of Vedic literature. For the reckoning of time, see <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa (aeon)</a>. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kalpa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कल्प</span>) means "proper, fit" and is one of the six disciplines of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedānga</a>, or ancillary science connected with the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> – the scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca339_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldsca339-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This field of study is focused on the procedures and ceremonies associated with Vedic <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker2009313_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker2009313-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca339_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldsca339-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major texts of Kalpa Vedanga are called <i><b>Kalpa Sutras</b></i> in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963252_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963252-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of these texts includes Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as personal conduct and proper duties in the life of an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Kalpasutras texts have experienced interpolation, changes and consequent corruption over their history, and Apasthamba Kalpasutra ancillary to the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> may be the best preserved text in this genre.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalpa Sutras are also found in other Indian traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalpa is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word that means "proper, fit, competent, sacred precept", and also refers to one of the six <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a> fields of study.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamskalpa_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamskalpa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vedanga context, the German Indologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> translates it as "the Ceremonial".<sup id="cite_ref-Müller1860p169_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller1860p169-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is widely used in other contexts, such as "cosmic time" (one day for Brahma, 4.32 billion human years),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as "formal procedures" in medicine or other secular contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamskalpa_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamskalpa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kalpa field of study traces its roots to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> layer of texts in the Vedas,<sup id="cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however its texts are more focussed, clear, short and practical for ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller1860p169_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller1860p169-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith1998p121_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1998p121-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalpa Sutras are related to the <i>Karma kanda,</i> or ritual parts of the Veda, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> which are the <i>Jnana kanda,</i> or the knowledge part.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege2012p71_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege2012p71-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This field of study emerged to serve the needs of priests as they officiated over domestic ceremonies such as weddings and baby naming rites of passage, so that the rituals were efficient, standardized and appeared consistent across different events.<sup id="cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also helped the audience and the individuals integrate within customs and cultural practices, state Winternitz and Sarma, from "the moment when he is received in his mother's womb to the hour of his death", and beyond during his cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Kalpa sutras known<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px" style="background: #ffad66;">Veda </td> <td width="300px">Sutras </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> </td> <td width="300px">Asvalayana-sutra (§), Sankhayana-sutra (§), Saunaka-sutra (¶) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> </td> <td width="300px">Latyayana-sutra (§), Drahyayana-sutra (§), Nidana-sutra (§), Pushpa-sutra (§), Anustotra-sutra (§)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> </td> <td width="320px">Manava-sutra (§), Bharadvaja-sutra (¶), Vadhuna-sutra (¶), Vaikhanasa-sutra (¶), Laugakshi-sutra (¶), Maitra-sutra (¶), Katha-sutra (¶), Varaha-sutra (¶), Apastamba-sutra (§), Baudhayana-sutra (§) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> </td> <td width="320px">Kusika-sutra (§) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="2">¶: only quotes survive; §: text survives </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The rituals related ancient texts are of two kinds: (1) the <i>Śrautasūtras</i>, which are based on the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">śruti</a></i>, and (2) the <i>Smārtasūtras</i>, or rules based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">smriti</a></i> or tradition. The first versions of the Kalpa Sutras text were probably composed by the 6th-century BCE, and they were attributed to famous Vedic sages out of respect for them in the Hindu traditions or to gain authority.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca339_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldsca339-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These texts are written aphoristic <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> style, and therefore are taxonomies or terse guidebooks rather than detailed manuals or handbooks for any ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1998p121_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1998p121-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars such as Monier-Williams classified only <i>Shrautasutras</i> as part of Kalpa Vedanga, stating that the <i>Smartasutras</i> did not relate to Srauta or Vedic ceremonies, but instead focused on domestic events such as rites of passage when a baby is born and to <i>Samayachara</i> or "conventional everyday practices" that are part of every human being's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams1876p195_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams1876p195-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars include both.<sup id="cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege2012p71_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege2012p71-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Srauta_Sutras">Srauta Sutras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Srauta Sutras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagorean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/260px-Pythagorean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/390px-Pythagorean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/520px-Pythagorean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>The verses 1-2 of <i>Baudhayana Shulba Sutra</i> state that the squares of any rectangle's width and length add up to the square of its diagonal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200918_with_note_13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200918_with_note_13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the earliest descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a>, appearing many centuries before <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Śrautasūtras</b> (Shrauta-sutra) form a part of the corpus of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sūtra</a> literature. Their topics include instructions relating to the use of the śruti corpus in ritual ('kalpa') and the correct performance of these rituals. Some early Śrautasūtras were composed in the late Brahmana period (such as the Baudhyanana and Vadhula Sūtras), but the bulk of the Śrautasūtras are roughly contemporary to the Gṛhya corpus of domestic sūtras, their language being late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, dating to the middle of the first millennium BCE (generally predating <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>). Not verified though </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shulba_Sutras">Shulba Sutras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shulba Sutras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śulbasûtra</i></span></a> (or <i>Shulva-sutras</i>) deal with the mathematical methodology to construct <a href="/wiki/Vedi_(altar)" title="Vedi (altar)">altar</a> geometries for the Vedic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sanskrit word "Shulba" means cord, and these texts are "rules of the cord".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They provide, states <a href="/wiki/Kim_Plofker" title="Kim Plofker">Kim Plofker</a>, what in modern mathematical terminology would be called "area preserving transformations of plane figures", tersely describing geometric formulae and constants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five <i>Shulba Sutras</i> texts have survived through history, of which the oldest surviving is likely the Baudhayana Shulba Sutra (800-500 BCE), while the one by Katyayana may be chronologically the youngest (~300 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917–18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917–18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gṛhyasūtras"><span id="G.E1.B9.9Bhyas.C5.ABtras"></span>Gṛhyasūtras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gṛhyasūtras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Gṛhyasūtras</b> "domestic sūtras" are a category of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts prescribing Vedic rituals, mainly relating to <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">rites of passage</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">rituals of wedding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a> celebration, <a href="/wiki/Namegiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Namegiving">namegiving</a> and coming of age (puberty).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their language is late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, and they date to around roughly 500 BCE, contemporary with the Śrautasūtras. They are named after Vedic <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakhas</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Vedic sacrifice rituals at a wedding</b><br />West of the (sacred) fire, a stone (for grinding corn and condiments) is placed and northeast a water jar. The bridegroom offers an oblation, standing, looking towards the west, and taking hold of the bride's hands while she sits and looks towards the east. If he wishes only for sons, he clasps her thumbs and says, "I clasp thy hands for the sake of good fortune"; the fingers alone, if he wishes only for daughters; the hairy side of the hand along with the thumbs if wishes for both (sons and daughters). Then, whilst he leads her towards the right three times around the fire, and round the water jar, he says in a low tone,<br />"I am he, thou are she; thou art she, I am he,<br />I am the heaven, thou art the earth; I am the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Saman</a>, thou art the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a>.<br />Come let us marry, let us possess offspring,<br />united in affection, well disposed to each other,<br />let us live for a hundred years".<br /> — Āśvalāyana Kalpa sutra, Book 1.7, Translated by Monier Monier-Williams<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmasūtras"><span id="Dharmas.C5.ABtras"></span>Dharmasūtras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dharmasūtras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Dharmasūtras</b> are texts dealing with custom, rituals, duties and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">dharmaśāstras</a>, the dharmasūtras are composed in prose. The oldest dharmasūtra is generally believed to have been that of <a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba</a>, followed by the dharmasūtras of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Dharmasutra" title="Gautama Dharmasutra">Gautama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_sutras" title="Baudhayana sutras">Baudhayana</a>, and an early version of <a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a>. It is difficult to determine exact dates for these texts, but the dates between 500 and 300 BCE have been suggested for the oldest dharmasūtras.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda</th> <th>Srautasutra<sup id="cite_ref-kochar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kochar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Sulbasutra<sup id="cite_ref-kochar_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kochar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Grihyasutra<sup id="cite_ref-kochar_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kochar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Dharmasutra<sup id="cite_ref-kochar_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kochar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṛgveda</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Āśvalāyana Śrautasūtra</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Gargya_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gargya-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāṅkhāyana Śrautasūtra</i></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Âśvalāyana-Gṛhyasūtra</i></span> <sup id="cite_ref-Gargya_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gargya-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Kausîtaki-Gṛhyasūtra<br /> (Bāṣkala śakha)<br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śāṅkhāyana-Gr̥hyasūtra</i></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/rv/gs/sankhgs/sankh001.htm">[1]</a></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vasishtha Dharmasūtra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāmaveda</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Lātyāyana Śrautasūtra<br />Drāhyāyana Śrautasūtra<br />Jaiminiya Śrautasūtra</i></span></td> <td></td> <td>Gobhila-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Khādira-Gṛhyasūtra<br />(Drāhyāyana-Gṛhyasūtra)<br />Jaiminiya-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Kauthuma-Gṛhyasūtra</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gautama Dharmasūtra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kṛsna Yajurveda</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra</i></span><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vādhūla Śrautasūtra</i></span> <br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mānava Śrautasūtra</i></span><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bharadvāja Śrautasūtra</i></span><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Āpastamba Śrautasūtra</i></span><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Hiraṅyakeśi Śrautasūtra</i></span><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vārāha Śrautasūtra</i></span><br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaikhānasa Śrautasūtra</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra<br />Mānava Śulbasûtra <br />Āpastamba Śulbasûtra</i></span></td> <td>Baudhāyana-Gṛhyasūtra<br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Hiraṇyakeśi-Gṛhyasūtra</i></span><br />(Satyāsādha-Gṛhyasūtra) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/hirgs/hirgs.htm">[2]</a><br />Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Bhāradvāja-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Āpastamba-Gṛhyasūtra<br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Āgniveśya-Gṛhyasūtra</i></span><br />Vaikhānasa-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Kāthaka-Gṛhyasūtra<br />(Laugāksi-Gṛhyasūtra)<br />Vārāha-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Vādhûla-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Kapisthala-Katha Gṛhyasūtra (unpublished)</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra<br /></i></span> <p><i>Āpastamba Dharmasūtra</i> </p><p><i>Hārīta Dharmasūtra</i> </p><p><i>Hiraṇyakeśi Dharmasūtra</i> </p><p><i>Vaikhānasa Dharmasūtra</i> </p><p><i>Viṣṇu Dharmasūtra</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śukla Yajurveda</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kātyāyana Śrautasūtra</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kātyāyana Śulbasūtra</i></span></td> <td><br />Pāraskara-Gṛhyasūtra<br />Katyayana-Gṛhyasūtra</td> <td><i>Śaṅkha-Likhita Dharmasūtra</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atharvaveda</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaitāna Śrautasũtra</i></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kauśika Gṛhyasūtra</i></span></td> <td><i>Auśanasa Dharmasūtra</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>, scriptures of Jainism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jameslochtefeldsca339-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca339_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca339_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca339_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Kalpa" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker2009313-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker2009313_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlofker2009">Plofker 2009</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963252-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963252_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/629">629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=629&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0YTQ9Ty8r4C"><i>The Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. xxv-xxviii with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160604-5"><bdi>978-0-19-160604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dharmasutras%3A+The+Law+Codes+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=xxv-xxviii+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160604-5&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0YTQ9Ty8r4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriz_Winternitz1988" class="citation book cs1">Moriz Winternitz (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC"><i>A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint). pp. 412–413, 444–446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0265-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0265-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Buddhist+literature+and+Jaina+literature&rft.pages=412-413%2C+444-446&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprint%29&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0265-0&rft.au=Moriz+Winternitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgz1eMhu0JsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliamskalpa-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamskalpa_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamskalpa_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1923" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 212–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3NWAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller1860p169-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Müller1860p169_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müller1860p169_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Max_Müller1860" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Max Müller (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle"><i>A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</i></a>. Williams and Norgate. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/169">169</a>–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1860&rft.au=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient00mlle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Kalpa" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p252-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p252_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriz_WinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1996" class="citation book cs1">Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C"><i>A History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 252–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=252-262&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0264-3&rft.au=Moriz+Winternitz&rft.au=V.+Srinivasa+Sarma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1998p121-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1998p121_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1998p121_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_K._Smith1998" class="citation book cs1">Brian K. Smith (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkruE6UCz54C"><i>Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 120–137 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1532-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1532-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1532-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Resemblance%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Religion&rft.pages=120-137+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1532-2&rft.au=Brian+K.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkruE6UCz54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKireet_Joshi1991" class="citation book cs1">Kireet Joshi (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C"><i>The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0889-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0889-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0889-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Veda+and+Indian+Culture%3A+An+Introductory+Essay&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0889-8&rft.au=Kireet+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CJlM2nhlt0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holdrege2012p71-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege2012p71_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege2012p71_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._Holdrege2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC"><i>Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0695-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-0695-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veda+and+Torah%3A+Transcending+the+Textuality+of+Scripture&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4&rft.au=Barbara+A.+Holdrege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlvikndgEmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/198/mode/2up">History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 198-199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/210/mode/2up">History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</a>, Oxford University Press, page 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-Williams1876p195-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams1876p195_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1876" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft"><i>Indian Wisdom</i></a>. W. H. Allen & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft/page/195">195</a>–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Wisdom&rft.pages=195-198&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianwisdomwith00moniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200918_with_note_13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200918_with_note_13_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlofker2009">Plofker 2009</a>, p. 18 with note 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradip_Kumar_Sengupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Pradip Kumar Sengupta (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwO-f53m5BQC"><i>History of Science and Philosophy of Science</i></a>. Pearson. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1930-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1930-5"><bdi>978-81-317-1930-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Science+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1930-5&rft.au=Pradip+Kumar+Sengupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwO-f53m5BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlofker2009">Plofker 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917–18-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlofker200917–18_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlofker2009">Plofker 2009</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a> Vol. XXIX, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft">"The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"</a>, part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft">"The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"</a>, part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1876" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft"><i>Indian Wisdom</i></a>. W. H. Allen & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft/page/199">199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Wisdom&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianwisdomwith00moniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubodh_Kapoor2002" class="citation book cs1">Subodh Kapoor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJUlAQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of vedic philosophy</i></a>. Cosmo. pp. 2114–2115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-290-4"><bdi>978-81-7755-290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+vedic+philosophy&rft.pages=2114-2115&rft.pub=Cosmo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7755-290-4&rft.au=Subodh+Kapoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJUlAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kochar-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kochar_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kochar_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kochar_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kochar_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kochar, Rajesh <i>Vedic People:Their History and Geography</i>, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1080-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-1080-7">81-250-1080-7</a>, p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gargya-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gargya_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gargya_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit Books in the British Museum</i> (1876) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cataloguesanskr03manugoog#page/n20/mode/2up">p. 9</a>. Gargya's commentaries (<i>vrtti</i>s) are based on the longer <i>bhashya</i>s by Devasvamin (11th century). B.K. Sastry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/reviewsjul83.htm">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084413/http://yabaluri.org/triveni/cdweb/reviewsjul83.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of K. P. Aithal (ed.), <i>Asvalayana Grihya Sutra Bhashyam of Devasvamin</i>, 1983.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpa_(Vedanga)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlofker2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Plofker" title="Kim Plofker">Plofker, Kim</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_India_(book)" title="Mathematics in India (book)"><i>Mathematics in India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12067-6"><bdi>978-0-691-12067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+in+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12067-6&rft.aulast=Plofker&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Maurice Winternitz</a> (1963). <i>History of Indian Literature, Volume 1</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0056-4&rft.au=Maurice+Winternitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalpa+%28Vedanga%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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