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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">商業模式圖</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。17种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_de_negoci_Canvas" title="Model de negoci Canvas – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model de negoci Canvas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_canvas" title="Lean canvas – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lean canvas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_de_modelo_de_negocio" title="Lienzo de modelo de negocio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lienzo de modelo de negocio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بوم مدل کسب‌وکار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم مدل کسب‌وکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrice_d%27affaires" title="Matrice d'affaires – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matrice d'affaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="व्यवसाय मॉडल कैनवास – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यवसाय मॉडल कैनवास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skipta%C3%A1%C3%A6tlanaplaggi%C3%B0" title="Viðskiptaáætlanaplaggið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskiptaáætlanaplaggið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8_%EC%BA%94%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4" title="비즈니스 모델 캔버스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비즈니스 모델 캔버스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" title="Business Model Canvas – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Business Model Canvas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadro_de_modelo_de_neg%C3%B3cios" title="Quadro de modelo de negócios – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quadro de modelo de negócios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Канва бизнес-модели – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канва бизнес-модели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1393677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Business_Model_Canvas%27s_chinese_translation.png/495px-Business_Model_Canvas%27s_chinese_translation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Business_Model_Canvas%27s_chinese_translation.png/660px-Business_Model_Canvas%27s_chinese_translation.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>商業模式圖：9大商業模式構建模式的中文翻譯<sup id="cite_ref-Osterwalder2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osterwalder2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5" title="战略">战略</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategy_Concept.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strategy topics"><img alt="Strategy topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/80px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/120px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/160px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;">主要面向</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5" title="战略">战略</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="战略管理">战略管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5" title="軍事戰略">軍事戰略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="战略计划">战略计划</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="策略研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Strategic studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="策略研究（页面不存在）">策略研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Strategic studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Strategic studies</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="戰略思維">战略思維</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;">概念</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="商业模式">商业模式</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF" title="竞争优势">竞争优势</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E9%8F%88" title="價值鏈">價值鏈</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性能影響" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Performance effects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性能影響（页面不存在）">性能影響</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_effects" class="extiw" title="en:Performance effects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Performance effects</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E5%8A%9B" title="核心竞争力">核心竞争力</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="竞争策略">竞争策略</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;">框架和工具</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BC%B1%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="強弱危機分析">SWOT分析</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="五力分析">五力分析</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E5%8D%A1" title="平衡计分卡">平衡计分卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="安索夫矩陣">安索夫矩陣</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%A0%81%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E8%A1%A8" title="一頁計畫表">OGSM</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%96%B9%E6%A0%BC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="管理方格理論">管理方格理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E2%80%94%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="路徑—目標理論">路徑—目標理論</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/PEST%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="PEST分析">PEST分析</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/BCG%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="BCG矩陣">BCG矩陣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STP%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="STP分析">STP分析</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/MECE%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="MECE原则">MECE原则</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">商業模式圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="卡拉傑克矩陣">卡拉傑克矩陣</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E6%96%B9%E6%A0%BC%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="策略方格模型">策略方格模型</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="策略地圖">策略地圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRIO" title="VRIO">VRIO</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/SECI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="SECI模型">SECI模型</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E9%90%98%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="策略鐘模型">策略鐘模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIPP%E8%A9%95%E9%91%91%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="CIPP評鑑模式">CIPP評鑑模式</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%82%AF%E9%8C%AB7S%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6" title="麥肯錫7S框架">麦肯锡7S框架</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="Template:策略"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="Template talk:策略"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:策略"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>商業模式圖</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Business Model Canvas</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB" title="縮寫">縮寫</a>：<b>BMC</b>），或稱<b>商業模式九宮格</b>，是用於描述企業組織開發新<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="商业模式">商業模式</a>以及記錄現有商業模式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="战略管理">战略管理</a>範本圖<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它提供了一個視覺圖表，其中包含描述公司或產品的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="價值主張" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Value proposition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%BB%E5%BC%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="價值主張（页面不存在）">價值主張</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_proposition" class="extiw" title="en:Value proposition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Value proposition</span></a></span>）</span></span>元素、基礎設施、客戶及財務<sup id="cite_ref-Osterwalder2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osterwalder2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，通過說明潛在的權衡，幫助企業調整其活動。被稱為商業模式圖的商業模式設計範本的9個構面最初是由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大·奧斯特瓦德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander Osterwalder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·奧斯特瓦德（页面不存在）">亞歷山大·奧斯特瓦德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander Osterwalder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander Osterwalder</span></a></span>）</span></span>在2005年提出的<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，基於在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊夫·皮尼厄" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yves Pigneur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%8E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊夫·皮尼厄（页面不存在）">伊夫·皮尼厄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Pigneur" class="extiw" title="en:Yves Pigneur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yves Pigneur</span></a></span>）</span></span>之商業模式<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93_(%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体 (信息科学)">本體</a>指導下工作<sup id="cite_ref-Osterwalder2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osterwalder2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自2008年左右奧斯特瓦德發佈的作品以來<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，他開發了一些相關工具，如價值主張圖和文化地圖<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且還出現了針對特定領域市場的新畫圖。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="導向和構面"><span id=".E5.B0.8E.E5.90.91.E5.92.8C.E6.A7.8B.E9.9D.A2"></span>導向和構面</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：導向和構面"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在商業模式圖設計範本的9個構面中，又區分成4大導向<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>導向</th> <th>構面</th> <th>說明<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">供給或資源導向</td> <td>關鍵合作夥伴</td> <td>讓商業模式運作的重要外部供應商、夥伴網絡，可分為無競爭關係的策略聯盟、競合關係夥伴、合資對象、以及上下游的供應商與客戶。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>關鍵活動</td> <td>讓商業模式能運作的重要活動，能為客戶創造價值的重要活動，分為生產型活動、解決問題型活動，平台或網絡活動等，企業必須有關鍵活動才能創造並傳遞價值主張、進入市場、維繫顧客關係，並獲取利潤。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>關鍵資源</td> <td>讓商業模式運作的重要資源，關鍵資源讓企業得以創造並提供價值主張、接觸市場與目標客層維繫關係，然後賺得收益，包含實體資源、智慧資產、人力與財務資源等。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>價值導向</td> <td>價值主張</td> <td>能解決與滿足顧客的需要，可能是產品、服務或兩者組合，簡單來說就是顧客為什麼找上這家企業而不找別人的最主要原因，也是企業存在市場的最主要根本價值。 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">需求導向</td> <td>顧客關係</td> <td>企業希望與目標客群建立的關係型態與方式，也是維繫目標客群的一種方式，關係可為個人、社群或自動化，而針對不同客群可建立不同的顧客關係。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>通路</td> <td>企業傳達價值主張給目標客群的管道，讓顧客能了解與購買商品或服務，並提供售後服務，通路包含自有與合夥、直接與間接通路等。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>目標客群</td> <td>一個企業或組織所要服務的一個或數個客戶群，針對特定客戶群提供專屬的解決方案，並帶來獲利，若無可帶來利潤的客群，則企業無法穩定經營。 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">財務導向</td> <td>成本結構</td> <td>運作商業模式所產生的成本，分為固定成本與變動成本兩種類型，以成本驅動之商業模式聚焦於規模經濟、外包或自動化，以價值驅動之商業模式則強調價值創造與客製化服務。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>收入來源/營收來源/收益流</td> <td>企業來自目標客群產生的現金，營收的類型可以分為資產銷售、服務收入、會員收入、授權金、仲介費與廣告費等。設計時應考慮到目標客群可以接受的價格是多少、付費的方式以及所有收入來源對整體營收與獲利的貢獻度。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>商業模式圖可以在大表面上列印出來，以便一群人可以共同開始草圖和討論帶有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E5%88%A9%E8%B2%BC" title="便利貼">便利貼</a>或電路板標記討論商業模式元素。它是根據Strategyzer AG的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="知识共享许可协议">知识共享许可协议</a>授權條款分發，可以不受任何限制地用於建造模式業務<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="替代形式"><span id=".E6.9B.BF.E4.BB.A3.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>替代形式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：替代形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>商業模式圖已被使用和調整，以適應特定的業務場景和應用程式<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉例包括：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="產品市場媒合度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Product/market fit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AA%92%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產品市場媒合度（页面不存在）">產品市場媒合度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit" class="extiw" title="en:Product/market fit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Product/market fit</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E9%93%BE" title="供应链">供应链</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E9%87%91%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F" title="现金流量">现金流量</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內部溝通" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internal communications"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內部溝通（页面不存在）">內部溝通</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_communications" class="extiw" title="en:Internal communications"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internal communications</span></a></span>）</span></span>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="批評"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>批評</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>商業模式圖的特點是靜態的，因為它沒有即時捕捉策略的變化或模型的演變<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、沒有關於元件之間的交互以及如何使這個模式工作的詳細信息<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。範本的一些限制是它專注於組織，以及隨之而來的概念與環境的隔離<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這與行業結構或社會和自然環境等利益相關者有關<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="商业计划">商业计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%89%B9%E9%8A%B7%E5%94%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%BC%B5" title="獨特銷售主張">獨特銷售主張</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="業務流程模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Business process modeling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%AD%E5%8B%99%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="業務流程模型（页面不存在）">業務流程模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_modeling" class="extiw" title="en:Business process modeling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Business process modeling</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="業務參考模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Business reference model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%AD%E5%8B%99%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="業務參考模型（页面不存在）">業務參考模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_reference_model" class="extiw" title="en:Business reference model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Business reference model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="產品市場媒合度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Product/market fit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AA%92%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產品市場媒合度（页面不存在）">產品市場媒合度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit" class="extiw" title="en:Product/market fit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Product/market fit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Osterwalder2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osterwalder2010_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osterwalder2010_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessmodelgeneration.com/">Business Model Generation: A Handbook For Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers</a>. Strategyzer series. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780470876411" title="Special:网络书源/9780470876411"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780470876411</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/648031756"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 648031756</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&rft.au=Clark%2C+Tim&rft.au=Pigneur%2C+Yves&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Osterwalder&rft.btitle=Business+Model+Generation%3A+A+Handbook+For+Visionaries%2C+Game+Changers%2C+and+Challengers&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780470876411&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.series=Strategyzer+series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessmodelgeneration.com%2F&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F648031756&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> With contributions from 470 practitioners from 45 countries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barquet, Ana Paula B., et al. "Business model elements for product-service system". <i>Functional Thinking for Value Creation</i>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. 332–337: They stated that "The Canvas business model was applied and tested in many organizations (eg IBM and Ericsson), being successfully used to easily describe and manipulate business models to create new strategic alternatives."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Reuver, Mark, Harry Bouwman, and Timber Haaker. "Business model roadmapping: A practical approach to come from an existing to a desired business model". <i>International Journal of Innovation Management</i> 17.01 (2013): They described the business model canvas as the "Most prominent... popular tool that makes it simple for practitioners to design business models in a creative session."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Osterwalder, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213141941/http://business-model-design.blogspot.com/2005/11/what-is-business-model.html">What is a business model?</a>. business-model-design.blogspot.com. 2005-11-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-06-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business-model-design.blogspot.com/2005/11/what-is-business-model.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006-12-13）. <q>... we could define a business model as a simplified description of how a company does business without having to go into the complex details of all its strategy, processes, units, rules, hierarchies, workflows, and systems. However, now that we know that the business model is a simplified representation of how we do business, we still have to decide which elements to describe. A synthesis of literature shows that there are mainly 9 building blocks to help us describe a business model ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&rft.atitle=What+is+a+business+model%3F&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Osterwalder&rft.date=2005-11-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=business-model-design.blogspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness-model-design.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F11%2Fwhat-is-business-model.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osterwalder2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osterwalder2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Osterwalder, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511080703/http://www.hec.unil.ch/aosterwa/PhD/Osterwalder_PhD_BM_Ontology.pdf">The Business Model Ontology: A Proposition In A Design Science Approach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (学位论文). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/717647749"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 717647749</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hec.unil.ch/aosterwa/PhD/Osterwalder_PhD_BM_Ontology.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Osterwalder&rft.date=2004&rft.inst=University+of+Lausanne&rft.title=The+Business+Model+Ontology%3A+A+Proposition+In+A+Design+Science+Approach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hec.unil.ch%2Faosterwa%2FPhD%2FOsterwalder_PhD_BM_Ontology.pdf&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717647749&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> See also: <cite class="citation journal">Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Tucci, Christopher L. Clarifying business models: origins, present, and future of the concept. 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104035723/https://grasshopperherder.com/business-model-canvas-for-user-experience/">存档</a>于2019-11-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&rft.atitle=Business+Model+Canvas+for+User+Experience&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grasshopperherder.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrasshopperherder.com%2Fbusiness-model-canvas-for-user-experience%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233409/http://practicetrumpstheory.com/2012/02/why-lean-canvas/">Lean Model Canvas vs. Business Model Canvas</a>. practicetrumpstheory.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicetrumpstheory.com/2012/02/why-lean-canvas/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-04-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%96&rft.atitle=Lean+Model+Canvas+vs.+Business+Model+Canvas&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=practicetrumpstheory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticetrumpstheory.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fwhy-lean-canvas%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eee.do/internal-communication-canvas/">Internal Communication Canvas</a>. eee.do. 2016-04-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span 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