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id="toc-Primary_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Primary production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecosystem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekostelsel" title="Ekostelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekostelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نظام بيئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام بيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বাস্তুতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্তুতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-th%C3%A0i-h%C4%93" title="Seng-thài-hē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-thài-hē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экасістэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экасістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экасыстэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экасыстэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="इकोसिस्टम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इकोसिस्टम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Екосистема – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екосистема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoreizhiad" title="Ekoreizhiad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ekoreizhiad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Экотытăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экотытăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosyst%C3%A9m" title="Ekosystém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekosystém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ecosystem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økosystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kos%C3%BCsteem" title="Ökosüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökosüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Οικοσύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοσύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ecosystem" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistemo" title="Ekosistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekosistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="اکوسیستم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکوسیستم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cosyst%C3%A8me" title="Écosystème – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écosystème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosysteem" title="Ekosysteem – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ekosysteem" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89iceach%C3%B3ras" title="Éiceachóras – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éiceachóras" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="નિવસન તંત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિવસન તંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EA%B3%84" title="생태계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Էկոհամակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոհամակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पारितंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारितंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosustav" title="Ekosustav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekosustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistemo" title="Ekosistemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekosistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistkerfi" title="Vistkerfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vistkerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מערכת אקולוגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת אקולוגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kosistem" title="Ékosistem – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékosistem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ეკოსისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკოსისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Экологиялық жүйе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экологиялық жүйе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosist%C3%A8m" title="Ekosistèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekosistèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kosyst%C3%A8m" title="Ékosystèm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékosystèm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecosystema" title="Oecosystema – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oecosystema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosist%C4%93ma" title="Ekosistēma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekosistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ekosystem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecost%C3%A8lsel" title="Ecostèlsel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ecostèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosziszt%C3%A9ma" title="Ökoszisztéma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökoszisztéma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Екосистем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Екосистем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi-tontolo_iainana" title="Rafi-tontolo iainana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rafi-tontolo iainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ეკოსისტემა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკოსისტემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Экосистем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Экосистем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂေဟစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေဟစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecosysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="生態系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生態系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Økosystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Økosystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosist%C3%A8ma" title="Ecosistèma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ecosistèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirnakkoo" title="Sirnakkoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sirnakkoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekotizim" title="Ekotizim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekotizim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂေဟစနိစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂေဟစနိစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystema_Natural" title="Ekosystema Natural – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ekosystema Natural" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ایکوسیستم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایکوسیستم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikosistim" title="Ikosistim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ikosistim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="និវេសនប្រព័ន្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="និវេសនប្រព័ន្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-sistema" title="Eco-sistema – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eco-sistema" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekosystem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecossistema" title="Ecossistema – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecossistema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistem" title="Ecosistem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecosistem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_llika" title="Pacha llika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pacha llika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="पर्यावरणव्यवस्था – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पर्यावरणव्यवस्था" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoseestem" title="Ecoseestem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ecoseestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistemi" title="Ekosistemi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekosistemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="පරිසර පද්ධති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිසර පද්ධති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%85" title="ايڪو سسٽم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڪو سسٽم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosyst%C3%A9m" title="Ekosystém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekosystém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Екосистем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екосистем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kosistem" title="Ékosistem – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékosistem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosysteemi" title="Ekosysteemi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekosysteemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekosystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சூழல் மண்டலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழல் மண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5" title="పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8" title="ระบบนิเวศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบนิเวศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Екосистема – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екосистема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1i" title="Hệ sinh thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ sinh thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekostelsl" title="Ekostelsl – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ekostelsl" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生态系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生態系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生態系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/220px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/330px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/440px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> are a highly productive marine ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/220px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/330px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif/440px-River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainforest" class="mw-disambig" title="Rainforest">Rainforest</a> ecosystems are rich in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. This is the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ecosystem</b> (or ecological system) is a large community of living <a href="/wiki/Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">organisms</a> (plants, animals and <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a>) in a particular area.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living and physical components are linked together through <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> cycles and energy flows.<sup id="cite_ref-Odum1971_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odum1971-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecosystems are of any size, but usually they are in specific places. </p><p>Each ecosystem has its own community. An <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> community, for example, can have small fish and other organisms. A desert community may have cacti, small snakes, and scorpions. A pond community can have frogs, insects, snakes, and plants, and a forest community may have rabbits, foxes and pine trees. The species in a community are divided into <a href="/wiki/Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Populations">populations</a> according to the particular <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a>s in the ecosystem. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecosystem_Componants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An ecosystem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ecosystem_Componants.jpg/220px-Ecosystem_Componants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ecosystem_Componants.jpg/330px-Ecosystem_Componants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ecosystem_Componants.jpg/440px-Ecosystem_Componants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>An example of an ecosystem</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy">Energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Energy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Energy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecosystems are <a href="/wiki/Stability" title="Stability">stable</a>, but changeable. They react to major changes in the environment, especially <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate changes</a>. For example, the major <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" class="mw-disambig" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> have lasted for a long time (perhaps 50 million years or more in some cases). As the rainfall and temperature changes, they change. We know that the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> shrank in size during <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>, and expanded in the warmer periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_production">Primary production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Primary production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Primary production"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What drives all ecosystems is the <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>. Primary production is the production of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> from <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-disambig" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> sources. This happens through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. It drives the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, which influences global <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>. </p><p>Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to combine <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP).<sup id="cite_ref-Chapin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 48–60% of the GPP is consumed in plant <a href="/wiki/Respiration" title="Respiration">respiration</a>. The rest is known as the net primary production (NPP).<sup id="cite_ref-Chapin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants limits photosynthesis), the supply of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water, and suitable temperatures for carrying out <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Types" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Types"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the major types of ecosystem: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic" title="Aquatic">Aquatic</a> ecosystem <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine</a> ecosystem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">Freshwater</a> ecosystem <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a> ecosystem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a> ecosystem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial" class="mw-disambig" title="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</a> ecosystem <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rain_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rain Forest (not yet started)">Rain Forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yellowstone_Ecosystem" title="Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">Riparian</a> zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Panorama_presa_las_ni%C3%B1as_mogan_gran_canaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption><center>A <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> ecosystem in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, an island of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>.</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere Reserve">Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_valuation" title="Ecosystem valuation">Ecosystem valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHatcher1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hatcher, Bruce Gordon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1990_5_5/page/149">"Coral reef primary productivity: a hierarchy of pattern and process"</a>. <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 149–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2890%2990221-X">10.1016/0169-5347(90)90221-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21232343">21232343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Coral+reef+primary+productivity%3A+a+hierarchy+of+pattern+and+process&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=149-155&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5347%2890%2990221-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21232343&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1990_5_5%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AEcosystem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molles, Manuel C. 1999. <i>Ecology: concepts and applications</i>. Boston: WCB/McGraw-HIll. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-042716-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-042716-X">0-07-042716-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odum1971-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Odum1971_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Odum E.P. 1971. <i>Fundamentals of ecology</i>. 3rd ed, New York: Saunders. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534420664" title="Special:BookSources/0534420664">0534420664</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chapin_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chapin_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chapin_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapin F.S; Matson P.A. & Mooney H.A. 2002. <i>Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology.</i> New York: Springer, 97–104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95443-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95443-0">0-387-95443-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&oldid=9771298">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem&oldid=9771298</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecosystems" title="Category:Ecosystems">Ecosystems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 15 September 2024, at 18:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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