CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91340ca3befcfd6d',cH: 'D2KssXZql0PnGLJePj7tn4VmyVG2pJDLDCtOEhb7y2g-1739777188-1.2.1.1-FB3EoDnBzt7_1EYwre05PzsbNhXjFomShUCJNhnO8R85Xgy_dt1aHgCv4MBABGCu',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/materials-and-metallurgical-engineering?__cf_chl_tk=pyUK6ZxIi_2dktSux0nquY2rsY0tl0TEMKlXVU_AhS8-1739777188-1.0.1.1-i_eHHx5.WrYS_pq_4uu9_ngdN2sUqXXP9TD22jjW2WI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777188',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/materials-and-metallurgical-engineering?__cf_chl_f_tk=pyUK6ZxIi_2dktSux0nquY2rsY0tl0TEMKlXVU_AhS8-1739777188-1.0.1.1-i_eHHx5.WrYS_pq_4uu9_ngdN2sUqXXP9TD22jjW2WI",md: "inL4aHhWFxxrQF5hzUpbm3eeUXqs5dtSU1dOp4y4SQ0-1739777188-1.2.1.1-7B1BOvSNirjezeaeCrhxDDQ.ezX4crVgekxZ8oB8zBMdJ51bAS5_d5O0CZLyYdXb8Trj5SDFllrOZvkEn1NntRLovWZD7393ueHdu7VljGMRzu9eq_59orssGWur_5_7ez1ExZEBrge2p1tbbM4aeW0c3gS9c68P9Ds2_GKTnpGe0LDHGUO2IWOJISXdrU0dwLKYSoQK69WiZm8B9vHtfzI61OZfEWsh0cZ8aoofeTaYjDJRQM3tBfzsOmdGDliptuNLS0sBSWCjpaPbmfmiBf_J5iSu.ACS_4oXinarLim9W844LeIcq8Zl8mBFiPsOvLb8yNTsPGuOTBXUtnlkb3FA__zmqcYL5xXcvHJ9bY0Olby3B9PCyH3XiEDSDWcsAJi_yZKC33ABjrqwvYgAxbD7YNL7ndKIxYZaRcJvIAbRxaBAuSRqYOAS62SJbuq_Ajl39geI5gITA4R1tK998tzjl4Iqy8R.hVUZZlurorL2p0Gcom0C96AiPrVsLx3I0bglXWbvTdVicIWDCEUZBMU1S7N40TrZdecmiyKQynsQJ3tq1pKe8nT71Z7F0aSW.8n6RkkRKfcknOmBFfBcvql_Cv2z7PW2wbuXA5K1l5yR5Cf6zcc5iDeRaaVoFAzBOZ_lpv9ZxdaA6O3gnIPGTAGISsbBrr3ah7M5kWweE6ClHnfelAv1YbHsculPDDn8QNSBu7FfO6vK6TgxZX5vxOuDdrT6gHJAFtylKa7nDoSzU8qnFGVlQIzQHlqetSGwj5Yg02tsYbjOT.0ka8LPZdWSG3L5B1jL9.5w_ifx0kWUvx9AsA3ch6YtDsjG8.IIjfwqe8UXaYHw0VETyyAA4x32IjNN5HPWWNDV2S1oB0ks5PLFSLVjUK4SX2SugMWOs.p3SZumaZ8n0cswRnGIC.c8.FsX2TZyvEJKDwAlRLPefw8gGRP4Z9deDZe0BfYO3Q9gzZlqQ9fuIpxjQGZOb7M82oTzajfu3OkLVGeHABBco8tZFukTXVaZfkd40CdiKb95Uu.Qc9tsf4.Syasb6y3c.9hgfif888Bc4PVYzqLmoDPOTpxUdCuijTQAs6eT.N8A0onlchQdKQGPDneiQGegDQQvGadnQXIFzcovBB03sy0GrTpb4BS3BrQLX8xRhOjRD7TRPR9M0BZeCdj0ns3Of_T4vqmpVntkDkH4uKlj35q6Jab5Wm4yQc8YIsUwmcRPOCU9X9E5LD87oGMJiU4kxyjRG9YfF.LF.kwtTGvfwg7tYDlBFi_Y5Yjaifz384hLj8giwPYvRIX4rhCuBNZMq.E5RirOxi_dsmTuI10yYurJ9xjwgOwBZexg1w8QzLyjmZrb9ttDg_Xd3NHVwbVwrZv_2jdbt.jE4BtXi9zc.NjpN6BR0T9puE99OXoQSqZsjc__pz_D84S4SxxkSC3hzQKh__XvOzPfhLHS7uvJQFl1dwMfP4Zn4aWWrQfa_cH__z0USRBbdrEZ24zNV8tv.xL8la9yzI.gwYZafaDXF8VDNykZ3YE1_CO0.l9TYuvqA6XmfVIziY5XZb_px2.wbUdnGsd3RBvCIvnYka4VcFEVF9jLKMIrzaC46uS986h806N2ksmmvivzYpEGaZT4o55IAfojl5GQN9wW0szVMyGE7UAI3ZdlZfEh8Aj3MyWhNaxlnH0IEkcP1HBaZ0IxGfqUQxASa8K8U9iXk4ETC2nZL4PTk5anI.mH6TZnCON17.oLWWY8Yp01g3Plp7VDuVSLw7F07iAcr.ETWSd3GUa5byRzP1vNgc6w1Npvg6BjD_ZU8WmpM.9UyoU2bjhJ9_mJIX6.2dGyjJTwyk36LvrfZQpbhcRxtJtVZur6sayYxnmrRr55SISl3e4sSedJe475iLaaaqkMoGoxmTimgifYaKSwHAHuojGUf8adtpZSsA.QunMUjOM5mg838PlVkofSWkq5nNUUoC94k34Gg7_IM041YRISdVb0E56sPiNDJINGEsQ1DEdCDTyVHA",mdrd: "49EM6LHix_Aq9QDXEySEwctF.QI_UsYxuRIQsHqsLhY-1739777188-1.2.1.1-vi2azhtXNKQmK6P1ZI4NeBV3bTGTp9_OSJzsr8piIOtgUiYI2n0YkBhCKJRr9JO4uqD1tcwGupx5sMkzhwkjACQmSz.G3z0y6sZIY7dCBXpVAq01W.tQ1pJDSkKxswAv3P.NWvJtUYgDsDonGthreu8UzQraJ0UOxSoGbhk_OCZh68.c3N7CyQyq72su6oE1Vwn.ORtRYqJ69s72eAmpvmlf1fWuNw_GzAIcTimOEJycQEAawn1jzoGYpG5lXxH.nmHNkJHIsjmbR.R8h.Jn2yAwXTFMwgeh28Zftg7oQMActi4VDNIEB9EPeQrtUUwuanK10l0qHNRiGOjwkIlEGrrIiC1E55njLxZEjjbzMKO.6WePOtc5LY5p6_FxeloR24xHWI92DEyE0QeCka__KIennuU11G25Oh4xjOjSXm4z4_KhIvc0KtPxy_rWoIGNL0g7WHtqzMhx_McMF_X9Tv8DNHV.i9qCoSsS.KOU9gLnHWB1J_coO7WLfqnGXYEDmmPqTY0V2FfZMnKeY40HoeS1EoGnThR5AYKPs0YOIZUdEFdV18B4HHbfTs2SkMNz0HCGJJGE1KpRqJLPo7UI1k3mvNIxQmzq_sSKtyWiAZePiFqUmwxJJsuArDen8EEdiOOZOf5mZVbvZM_Wm5o6T_g2AjmhDMSspxtgC5nt7sh3IDm50eBkGAK9uKwhFD2eciWTJJRvOS_QTGJDS4m3dHPr34Nhcur.S426sZd_VZEiHPCFa5LPJRGRJlgt.8jsxzCuf0zfI3jd6Qu0ypelri_c9YY3ta9czqskFynHUpx1CXDvWVLj1ImwdbY1ATBfz.Ae8fKpjDjHhHMpE8hpB6UpFtnmIbJcco_1Lyz_1UB.xUX_hM7O3FzGA2BvMt6TE87gr9Y4NG3C7nVbhjR_9HbhFU1JoW0W2.NxS6AX0zGP2nhY4w1rHPZbzHDCi4RYvHeHg_mD6IeWu3q21oHDhEi_atNf6dGwM0Qm5PyrEDuwcI1ylTJciE5mfhVFzt3s9ckFwe3fqijX.fHNVaBik5Y9_t4oP2kTH5Ehg_Y4HLdLNpG9Bq2p.RYrV3mpxIoc8lwaSqVnQ7kaEliG.cJHB.oOIxQ_lg.eYNdzplkXwra4zwTCd5xgQCIgpitdvtDT2njLxgexmfaNtJG0rTUA_qw.Z__Uw9UL0s1b_mJRhh_urNpGdvE3fYK82uQrOTc_IVQA6nrLMUcQrjJwsDN9cE3pK9Z.tbY0EOVDzwBmbCW0lqcSm3VDHMvml2F0e.lqAQfoyBISB9AkbK4k.RyfMlLE.KHumWfCKdpVImG1BKPEy7Ce3JVEd3jkEUW4e44xLW1qdagJd8VcUwreHgEzeiNSQKOQfGuB7jXw8h77Ec51fpj2xKJNfZQzVOZqlB2KbT7aikHKCpTWOiaXdW0ob04AYkch9Pr9h6ymBCcpvhYMUOdi.iYsNRdtijcMatVG9keWqAW.3UYYQ0lrJJl2I.pbK9owGt4HaoPuXbRWU.wdIR7uJ8OcINhcFTHG5PL3f_YWjL588Q9hixd5EebTqDHQWA56d5qnR2HonL_sGTDA8vbKvQyRenguJZr.SF_wt3ZWr0w5Jrs2aH2N5qx89l28XkhL_Z6Yjb6Py9Jaw1JyAXaQrcrxs.flYRYTCZ2SEaB7TVPufFdvc1IyVX2AMISXPz9oIFcYSmACrzMKICZKYkFF5n.pIeLkhRSEm4TQuJ1J4DGyhWDWUXFaUHOjMlCadUxdRcerR.KcREuAcayBGbhsdZYprFg0e1KyRMkUUZLqZ_w07D7vlUwQJvs_rjcX2k46a1tHrUnmB88vmBwL_r3DrnXdboj29YuHXj968HBKU3WC1QgIokkJUzQsSo5fwJBUZPRb.QBlpTRRWWlqPoa.ax84nS0NdFyqPiLJJmeWK2tMc3GwN33YHlG.3jcXmYR.06pZ5J4.Pl8Pr0GjxgOEL_qgh6Ik9N0s_6Bu"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91340ca3befcfd6d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/materials-and-metallurgical-engineering?__cf_chl_rt_tk=pyUK6ZxIi_2dktSux0nquY2rsY0tl0TEMKlXVU_AhS8-1739777188-1.0.1.1-i_eHHx5.WrYS_pq_4uu9_ngdN2sUqXXP9TD22jjW2WI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>