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Carbanión - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visitar a páxina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_da_comunidade" title="Información acerca do proxecto, do que pode facer e dos lugares onde atopar as cousas"><span>Portal da comunidade</span></a></li><li id="n-A-Taberna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_Taberna"><span>A Taberna</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Actualidade" title="Información acerca de acontecementos de actualidade"><span>Actualidade</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_recentes" title="A lista de modificacións recentes no wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Cambios recentes</span></a></li><li id="n-Artigos-de-calidade" class="mw-list-item"><a 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name="search" placeholder="Procurar en Wikipedia" aria-label="Procurar en Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Procurar neste wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Procurar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Procurar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Ferramentas persoais"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Cambia a aparencia do tamaño da fonte, o ancho e a cor da páxina" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparencia" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparencia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=gl" class=""><span>Doazóns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&amp;returnto=Carbani%C3%B3n" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&amp;returnto=Carbani%C3%B3n" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Máis opcións" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas persoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas persoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=gl"><span>Doazóns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&amp;returnto=Carbani%C3%B3n" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear unha conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&amp;returnto=Carbani%C3%B3n" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Máis información sobre a edición"><span>máis información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:As_mi%C3%B1as_contribuci%C3%B3ns" title="Unha lista das modificacións feitas desde este enderezo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucións</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:A_mi%C3%B1a_conversa" title="Conversa acerca de edicións feitas desde este enderezo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Estabilidade_e_reactividade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estabilidade_e_reactividade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Estabilidade e reactividade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estabilidade_e_reactividade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ácidos_de_carbono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ácidos_de_carbono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ácidos de carbono</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ácidos_de_carbono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbanións_quirais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbanións_quirais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carbanións quirais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbanións_quirais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Véxase tamén&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbanión</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 33 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أنيون كربوني – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنيون كربوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Карбаніён – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карбаніён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbani%C3%B3" title="Carbanió – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbanió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboanion" title="Karboanion – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karboanion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carbanion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Καρβανιόν – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρβανιόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbanion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbani%C3%B3n" title="Carbanión – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbanión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanioon" title="Karbanioon – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karbanioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanioi" title="Karbanioi – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbanioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="کربانیون – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربانیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanioni" title="Karbanioni – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karbanioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbanion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קרבאניון – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרבאניון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարբանիոններ – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարբանիոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanion" title="Karbanion – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbanion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanione" title="Carbanione – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbanione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="カルバニオン – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルバニオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="탄소 음이온 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소 음이온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбанјон – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карбанјон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carbanion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboanion" title="Karboanion – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karboanion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%A2nion" title="Carbânion – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbânion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbanion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбанион – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карбанион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanjon" title="Karbanjon – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karbanjon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanjon" title="Karbanjon – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karbanjon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanjon" title="Karbanjon – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karbanjon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanyon" title="Karbanyon – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbanyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбаніон – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карбаніон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbanion" title="Karbanion – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karbanion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbanion" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B4%9F%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="碳负离子 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳负离子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q898552#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carbani%C3%B3n" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conversa:Carbani%C3%B3n" rel="discussion" title="Conversa acerca do contido desta páxina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Carbani%C3%B3n"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=history" title="Versións anteriores desta páxina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver o historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg/320px-Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg/480px-Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg/640px-Carbanion_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Carbanión.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>carbanión</b> é un <a href="/wiki/Ani%C3%B3n" title="Anión">anión</a> no cal o <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a> ten un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par_solitario&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Par solitario (a páxina aínda non existe)">par de electróns non compartidos</a> e ten carga negativa, xeralmente con tres <a href="/wiki/Substitu%C3%ADnte" title="Substituínte">substituíntes</a> dun total de oito <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electr%C3%B3n_de_valencia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrón de valencia (a páxina aínda non existe)">electróns de valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> O carbanión ten unha xeometría piramidal trigonal. Formalmente, un carbanión é a <a href="/wiki/Base_conxugada" class="mw-redirect" title="Base conxugada">base conxugada</a> dun <b>ácido de carbono</b> (<i>carbon acid</i>). </p> <dl><dd>R<sub>3</sub>C-H + B<sup>−</sup> → <b>R<sub>3</sub>C<sup>−</sup></b> + H-B</dd></dl> <p>onde B é a base. Un carbanión é un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediario_reactivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intermediario reactivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">intermediario reactivo</a> en <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_org%C3%A1nica" title="Química orgánica">química orgánica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estabilidade_e_reactividade">Estabilidade e reactividade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Estabilidade e reactividade»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Estabilidade e reactividade"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un carbanión é un <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3filo" title="Nucleófilo">nucleófilo</a>. A estabilidade e reactividade dun carbanión está determinada por varios factores, entre os que están os seguintes: </p> <ol><li>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efecto_indutivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Efecto indutivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">efecto indutivo</a>. Os átomos electronegativos adxacentes á carga estabilizan a carga.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibridaci%C3%B3n_de_orbitais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibridación de orbitais (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hibridación</a> do átomo que leva a carga. Canto maior é o carácter s do átomo que leva a carga, máis estable é o anión.</li> <li>A extensión da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_conxugado&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema conxugado (a páxina aínda non existe)">conxugación</a> do anión. Os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonancia_(qu%C3%ADmic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Resonancia (químic) (a páxina aínda non existe)">efectos de resonancia</a> poden estabilizar o anión. Isto é especialmente certo cando o anión está estabilizado como resutado de <a href="/wiki/Aromaticidade" title="Aromaticidade">aromaticidade</a>.</li></ol> <p>Un carbanión é un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediario_reactivo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intermediario reactivo (a páxina aínda non existe)">intermediario reactivo</a> e intervén en reaccións de <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_org%C3%A1nica" title="Química orgánica">química orgánica</a>, por exemplo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reacci%C3%B3n_de_eliminaci%C3%B3n_E1cB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reacción de eliminación E1cB (a páxina aínda non existe)">reacción de eliminación E1cB</a>, e en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%ADmica_organomet%C3%A1lica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Química organometálica (a páxina aínda non existe)">química organometálica</a>, por exemplo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reacci%C3%B3n_de_Grignard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reacción de Grignard (a páxina aínda non existe)">reacción de Grignard</a>, ou na química de alquil litio. Existen tamén os carbanións estables. En 1984 Olmstead presentou o <a href="/wiki/Sal_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Sal (química)">sal</a> de litio <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ter_coroa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Éter coroa (a páxina aínda non existe)">éter coroa</a> do trifenilmetil carbanión a partir do trifenilmetano, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-butilitio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="N-butilitio (a páxina aínda non existe)">n-butilitio</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ter_coroa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Éter coroa (a páxina aínda non existe)">12-coroa-4</a> a baixas temperaturas:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:TriphenylmethaneAnion.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Formación do anión trifenilmetano."><img alt="Formación do anión trifenilmetano." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TriphenylmethaneAnion.png/500px-TriphenylmethaneAnion.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TriphenylmethaneAnion.png/750px-TriphenylmethaneAnion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TriphenylmethaneAnion.png/1000px-TriphenylmethaneAnion.png 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Formación do anión trifenilmetano.</figcaption></figure> <p>Engadindo <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-butilitio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="N-butilitio (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>n</i>-butilitio</a> ao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifenilmetano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifenilmetano (a páxina aínda non existe)">trifenilmetano</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahidrofurano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahidrofurano (a páxina aínda non existe)">THF</a> a baixas temperaturas seguido do <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ter_coroa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Éter coroa (a páxina aínda non existe)">12-coroa-4</a> prodúcese como resultado unha solución vermella e o complexo do sal precipita a −20&#160;°C. As lonxitudes de enlace do C-C central son 145 pm co anel fenilo nun ángulo de como media 31,2°. Esta forma é menos pronunciada cun contraión tetrametilamonio.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unha ferramenta para a detección de carbanións en solución é a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonancia_magn%C3%A9tica_nuclear_de_prot%C3%B3ns&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Resonancia magnética nuclear de protóns (a páxina aínda non existe)">resonancia magnética nuclear de protóns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Un espectro do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclopentadieno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclopentadieno (a páxina aínda non existe)">ciclopentadieno</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dimetilsulf%C3%B3xido" title="Dimetilsulfóxido">DMSO</a> mostra catro protóns vinílicos a 6,5 ppm e dous protóns <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontes_de_metileno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontes de metileno (a páxina aínda non existe)">pontes de metileno</a> a 3 ppm, mentres que o anión <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclopentadienil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclopentadienil (a páxina aínda non existe)">ciclopentadienil</a> ten unha soa resonancia a 5.50 ppm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ácidos_de_carbono"><span id=".C3.81cidos_de_carbono"></span>Ácidos de carbono</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Ácidos de carbono»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ácidos de carbono"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calquera molécula que conteña un C-H pode perder un protón formando un carbanión. Por tanto, calquera <a href="/wiki/Hidrocarburo" title="Hidrocarburo">hidrocarburo</a> que conteña enlaces C-H pode considerarse un ácido cun valor correspondente de <a href="/w/index.php?title=PKa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PKa (a páxina aínda non existe)">pKa</a>. O <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> non é desde logo un ácido no seu significado clásico, aínda que o seu pKa estimado é 56. Pode compararse este valor co do <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_ac%C3%A9tico" title="Ácido acético">ácido acético</a>, cuxo pKa é 4,76. Os mesmos factores que determinan a estabilidade do carbanión tamén determinan a orde nos pKa de ácidos de carbono. Estes valores determínanse para os compostos ou ben en auga para comparalos cos ácidos ordinarios, ou ben en <a href="/wiki/Dimetil_sulf%C3%B3xido" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimetil sulfóxido">dimetil sulfóxido</a> (DMSO), no cal a maioría dos ácidos de carbono e os seus anións son solubles ou están na fase de gas. Con DMSO a fiestra de acidez para os solutos está limitada ao seu propio pKa de 35,5. </p> <table align="center" class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>nome </th> <th>fórmula </th> <th>fórmula estrutural </th> <th>pKa </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">Metano</a></b> </td> <td><b>CH<sub>4</sub></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Methane-2D-dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Methane-2D-dimensions.svg/90px-Methane-2D-dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Methane-2D-dimensions.svg/135px-Methane-2D-dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Methane-2D-dimensions.svg/180px-Methane-2D-dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>~ 56</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etano" title="Etano">Etano</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png/90px-Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png/135px-Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png/180px-Ethane-staggered-CRC-MW-dimensions-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> </td> <td>~ 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anisol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anisol (a páxina aínda non existe)">Anisol</a> </td> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Anisol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Anisol.svg/50px-Anisol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Anisol.svg/75px-Anisol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Anisol.svg/100px-Anisol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="148" /></a></span> </td> <td>~ 49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciclopentano" title="Ciclopentano">Ciclopentano</a> </td> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cyclopentane_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cyclopentane_v2.svg/40px-Cyclopentane_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cyclopentane_v2.svg/60px-Cyclopentane_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cyclopentane_v2.svg/80px-Cyclopentane_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="130" /></a></span> </td> <td>~ 45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Propeno" title="Propeno">Propeno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Propylene_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Propylene_skeletal.svg/75px-Propylene_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Propylene_skeletal.svg/113px-Propylene_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Propylene_skeletal.svg/150px-Propylene_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td>~ 44 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benceno" title="Benceno">Benceno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Benzol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Benzol.svg/40px-Benzol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Benzol.svg/60px-Benzol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Benzol.svg/80px-Benzol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> </td> <td>~ 43 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolueno" title="Tolueno">Tolueno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Toluol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Toluol.svg/40px-Toluol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Toluol.svg/60px-Toluol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Toluol.svg/80px-Toluol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td>~ 43 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimetil_sulf%C3%B3xido" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimetil sulfóxido">Dimetil sulfóxido</a> </td> <td>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:DMSO-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DMSO-2D-dimensions.png/90px-DMSO-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DMSO-2D-dimensions.png/135px-DMSO-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DMSO-2D-dimensions.png/180px-DMSO-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="888" /></a></span> </td> <td>35,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difenilmetano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Difenilmetano (a páxina aínda non existe)">Difenilmetano</a> </td> <td>C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>12</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Diphenylmethane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diphenylmethane.png/130px-Diphenylmethane.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diphenylmethane.png/195px-Diphenylmethane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diphenylmethane.png/260px-Diphenylmethane.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="457" /></a></span> </td> <td>32,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anilina (a páxina aínda non existe)">Anilina</a></b> </td> <td><b>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Aniline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Aniline.svg/50px-Aniline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Aniline.svg/75px-Aniline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Aniline.svg/100px-Aniline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="569" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>30,6</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifenilmetano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifenilmetano (a páxina aínda non existe)">Trifenilmetano</a> </td> <td>C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>16</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Triphenylmethane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Triphenylmethane.png/100px-Triphenylmethane.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Triphenylmethane.png/150px-Triphenylmethane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Triphenylmethane.png/200px-Triphenylmethane.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> </td> <td>30,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanteno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanteno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Xanteno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Xanthen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Xanthen.svg/120px-Xanthen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Xanthen.svg/180px-Xanthen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Xanthen.svg/240px-Xanthen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">Etanol</a></b> </td> <td><b>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/75px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/113px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/150px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="397" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>29,8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenilacetileno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenilacetileno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Fenilacetileno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>6</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Phenylacetylene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phenylacetylene.svg/75px-Phenylacetylene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phenylacetylene.svg/113px-Phenylacetylene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phenylacetylene.svg/150px-Phenylacetylene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="212" /></a></span> </td> <td>28,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tioxanteno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tioxanteno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Tioxanteno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>10</sub>S </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Thioxanthene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thioxanthene.png/100px-Thioxanthene.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thioxanthene.png/150px-Thioxanthene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thioxanthene.png/200px-Thioxanthene.png 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="559" /></a></span> </td> <td>28,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetona" title="Acetona">Acetona</a> </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Aceton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Aceton.svg/90px-Aceton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Aceton.svg/135px-Aceton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Aceton.svg/180px-Aceton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="82" /></a></span> </td> <td>26,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetileno" title="Acetileno">Acetileno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg/90px-Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg/135px-Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg/180px-Acetylene-CRC-IR-dimensions-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzoxazol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzoxazol (a páxina aínda non existe)">Benzoxazol</a> </td> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:1,3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1%2C3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg/90px-1%2C3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1%2C3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg/135px-1%2C3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1%2C3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg/180px-1%2C3-benzoxazole_numbering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </td> <td>24,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoreno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoreno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Fluoreno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>10</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Fluorene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fluorene.png/100px-Fluorene.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fluorene.png/150px-Fluorene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fluorene.png/200px-Fluorene.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="116" /></a></span> </td> <td>22,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Indeno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>8</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Indene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indene.png/75px-Indene.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indene.png/113px-Indene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indene.png/150px-Indene.png 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> </td> <td>20,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclopentadieno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclopentadieno (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ciclopentadieno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>6</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cyclopentadiene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cyclopentadiene.png/50px-Cyclopentadiene.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cyclopentadiene.png/75px-Cyclopentadiene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cyclopentadiene.png/100px-Cyclopentadiene.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malononitrilo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malononitrilo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Malononitrilo</a> </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Malononitrile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Malononitrile.png/100px-Malononitrile.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Malononitrile.png/150px-Malononitrile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Malononitrile.png/200px-Malononitrile.png 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span> </td> <td>11,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cianuro_de_hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Cianuro de hidróxeno">Cianuro de hidróxeno</a> </td> <td>HCN </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg/80px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg/120px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg/160px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td>9,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetilacetona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetilacetona (a páxina aínda non existe)">Acetilacetona</a> </td> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:AcacH.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AcacH.svg/180px-AcacH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AcacH.svg/270px-AcacH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AcacH.svg/360px-AcacH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="123" /></a></span> </td> <td>8,95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimedona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimedona (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dimedona</a> </td> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Dimedone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dimedone.png/100px-Dimedone.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dimedone.png/150px-Dimedone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dimedone.png/200px-Dimedone.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="586" /></a></span> </td> <td>5,23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_de_Meldrum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido de Meldrum (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ácido de Meldrum</a> </td> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Meldrum%27s_acid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meldrum%27s_acid.png/80px-Meldrum%27s_acid.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meldrum%27s_acid.png/120px-Meldrum%27s_acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meldrum%27s_acid.png/160px-Meldrum%27s_acid.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="491" /></a></span> </td> <td>4,97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_ac%C3%A9tico" title="Ácido acético">Ácido acético</a></b> </td> <td><b>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg/70px-Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg/105px-Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg/140px-Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="391" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>4,76</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_barbit%C3%BArico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido barbitúrico (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ácido barbitúrico</a> </td> <td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(NH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Barbituric_acid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Barbituric_acid.png/100px-Barbituric_acid.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Barbituric_acid.png/150px-Barbituric_acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Barbituric_acid.png/200px-Barbituric_acid.png 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1227" /></a></span> </td> <td>4,01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitrometano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitrometano (a páxina aínda non existe)">Trinitrometano</a> </td> <td>HC(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Trinitromethane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trinitromethane.svg/100px-Trinitromethane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trinitromethane.svg/150px-Trinitromethane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trinitromethane.svg/200px-Trinitromethane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </td> <td>0,17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_fulm%C3%ADnico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido fulmínico (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ácido fulmínico</a> </td> <td>HCNO </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Fulminic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fulminic_acid.svg/150px-Fulminic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fulminic_acid.svg/225px-Fulminic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fulminic_acid.svg/300px-Fulminic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="109" /></a></span> </td> <td>-1,07 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_carborano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido carborano (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ácido carborano</a> </td> <td>HCHB<sub>11</sub>Cl<sub>11</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png/100px-Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png/150px-Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png/200px-Carborane-acid-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span> </td> <td>-9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="left" style="background: #ccccff;"><i>Táboa 1. Acidez de ácidos de carbono en <a href="/w/index.php?title=PKa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PKa (a páxina aínda non existe)">pKa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dimetil_sulf%C3%B3xido" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimetil sulfóxido">DMSO</a> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></i>. Ácidos de referencia en <b>negra</b>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i><b><small>Nótese que os anións formados por ionización do ácido acético, etanol, e anilina non son carbanións.</small></b></i> </p><p>Empezando polo metano na táboa 1, a acidez vaise incrementando nas seguintes condicións: </p> <ul><li>cando o anión é <a href="/wiki/Aromaticidade" title="Aromaticidade">aromático</a>, porque o electrón engadido causa que o anión sexa aromático (como ocorre no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">indeno</a> e no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclopentadieno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclopentadieno (a páxina aínda non existe)">ciclopentadieno</a>), ou porque a carga negativa sobre o carbono pode ser deslocalizada en varios aneis xa aromáticos (como no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifenilmetano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifenilmetano (a páxina aínda non existe)">trifenilmetano</a> ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_carborano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido carborano (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácido carborano</a>).</li> <li>cando o carbanión está rodeado por grupos fortemente electronegativos, por medio da neutralización parcial da carga negativa (como no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malononitrilo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malononitrilo (a páxina aínda non existe)">malononitrilo</a>).</li> <li>cando o carbanión está inmediatamente adxacente a un grupo <a href="/wiki/Carbonilo" title="Carbonilo">carbonilo</a>. Os protóns α dos grupos carbonilo son ácidos porque a carga negativa do <a href="/wiki/Enolato" class="mw-redirect" title="Enolato">enolato</a> pode ser parcialmente distribuída no átomo de oxíxeno. O <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_de_Meldrum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido de Meldrum (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácido de Meldrum</a> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_barbit%C3%BArico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido barbitúrico (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácido barbitúrico</a>, denominados historicamente ácidos, son en realidade unha <a href="/wiki/Lactona" title="Lactona">lactona</a> e unha <a href="/wiki/Lactama" title="Lactama">lactama</a> respectivamente, pero os seus protóns de cabono ácido fanos ácidos. A acidez dos compostos carbonilo é unha importante forza impulsora de moitas reaccións orgánicas como a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reacci%C3%B3n_do_aldol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reacción do aldol (a páxina aínda non existe)">reacción do aldol</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbanións_quirais"><span id="Carbani.C3.B3ns_quirais"></span>Carbanións quirais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Carbanións quirais»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Carbanións quirais"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Como a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeometr%C3%ADa_molecular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xeometría molecular (a páxina aínda non existe)">xeometría molecular</a> dun carbanión se describe como de pirámide trigonal, a cuestión é se os carbanións poden presentar ou non <a href="/wiki/Quiralidade_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Quiralidade (química)">quiralidade</a>, porque se a barreira de activación para a inversión desta xeometría é demasiado baixa calquera inento de introducir quiralidade acabará orixinando unha <a href="/wiki/Racemizaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemización">racemización</a>, similar á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inversi%C3%B3n_do_nitr%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inversión do nitróxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">inversión do nitróxeno</a>. Porén, existen evidencias sólidas de que os carbanións poden realmente ser quirais por exemplo en investigacións levadas a cabo con certos compostos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organolitio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organolitio (a páxina aínda non existe)">organolitio</a>. </p><p>A primeira evidencia da existencia de compostos de organolitio quirais obtívose en 1950. A reacción do 2-iodooctano quiral con sec-butilitio en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ter_de_petr%C3%B3leo" class="mw-redirect" title="Éter de petróleo">éter de petróleo</a> a −70&#160;°C seguida da reacción con <a href="/wiki/Xeo_seco" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeo seco">xeo seco</a> rendía <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_but%C3%ADrico" title="Ácido butírico">ácido 2-metilbutírico</a> principalmente racémico, pero tamén unha cantidade de ácido 2-metiloctanoico opticamente activo, que só se puido ter formado a partir dun 2-metilheptilitio tamén opticamente activo, e o átomo de carbono unía o carbanión ao litio:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:ChiralcarbanionsI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Organolitio opticamente activo."><img alt="Organolitio opticamente activo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ChiralcarbanionsI.png/400px-ChiralcarbanionsI.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ChiralcarbanionsI.png/600px-ChiralcarbanionsI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ChiralcarbanionsI.png/800px-ChiralcarbanionsI.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Organolitio opticamente activo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ao quentar a reacción a 0&#160;°C a actividade óptica desaparecía. Obtivéronse máis evidencias na década de 1960. Unha reacción do <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3mero_cis" class="mw-redirect" title="Isómero cis">isómero cis</a> do 2-metilciclopropil bromuro co sec-butilitio seguida de carboxilación con xeo seco rendeu ácido cis-2-metilciclopropilcarboxílico. A formación do <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3mero_trans" class="mw-redirect" title="Isómero trans">isómero trans</a> tería indicado que o intermediario carbanión era inestable.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:ChiralcarbanionsII.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Estereoquímicados organolitios."><img alt="Estereoquímicados organolitios." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ChiralcarbanionsII.png/500px-ChiralcarbanionsII.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ChiralcarbanionsII.png/750px-ChiralcarbanionsII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ChiralcarbanionsII.png/1000px-ChiralcarbanionsII.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Estereoquímicados organolitios.</figcaption></figure> <p>Da mesma maneira a reacción do (+)-(S)-l-bromo-l-metil-2,2-difenilciclopropano con n-butilitio seguida de <i>quench</i> con <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a> tivo como resultado un produto con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retenci%C3%B3n_da_configuraci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Retención da configuración (a páxina aínda non existe)">retención da configuración</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:ChiralcarbanionsIII.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Estabilidade óptica do 1-metil-2,2-difenilciclopropilitio."><img alt="Estabilidade óptica do 1-metil-2,2-difenilciclopropilitio." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ChiralcarbanionsIII.png/500px-ChiralcarbanionsIII.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ChiralcarbanionsIII.png/750px-ChiralcarbanionsIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ChiralcarbanionsIII.png/1000px-ChiralcarbanionsIII.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Estabilidade óptica do 1-metil-2,2-difenilciclopropilitio.</figcaption></figure> <p>Máis recentemente obtivéronse compostos de metillitio quirais:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxi-[2H1]metillitios quirais; Bu significa butil, i-Pr significa isopropil."><img alt="Oxi-[2H1]metillitios quirais; Bu significa butil, i-Pr significa isopropil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png/500px-PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png/750px-PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png/1000px-PhosphatePhosphonateRearrangement.png 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Oxi-[2H1]metillitios quirais; Bu significa butil, i-Pr significa isopropil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Na imaxe os fosfatos (<b>1</b>) conteñen un grupo quiral cun hidróxeno e un substituínte <a href="/wiki/Deuterio" title="Deuterio">deuterio</a>. O grupo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estannil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estannil (a páxina aínda non existe)">estannil</a> substitúese por litio no intermediario (<b>2</b>), que sofre un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rearranxo_fosfato-fosforano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rearranxo fosfato-fosforano (a páxina aínda non existe)">rearranxo fosfato-fosforano</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosforano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosforano (a páxina aínda non existe)">fosforano</a> (<b>3</b>), o cal nunha reacción co ácido acético dá <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcohol</a> (<b>4</b>). Unha vez máis, no intervalo de −78&#160;°C a 0&#160;°C nesta secuencia de reaccións presérvase a quiralidade.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unha estrutura de carbanión propuxérona correctamente Clarke e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Lapworth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Lapworth (a páxina aínda non existe)">Lapworth</a> en 1907 por primeira vez para explicar o mecanismo de reacción da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condensaci%C3%B3n_de_benzo%C3%ADna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Condensación de benzoína (a páxina aínda non existe)">condensación de benzoína</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> En 1904 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Schlenk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Schlenk (a páxina aínda non existe)">Schlenk</a> preparou Ph<sub>3</sub>C<sup>−</sup>NMe<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> en busca de nitróxeno pentavalente (a partir de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloruro_de_tetrametilamonio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloruro de tetrametilamonio (a páxina aínda non existe)">cloruro de tetrametilamonio</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%ADmica_do_organosodio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Química do organosodio (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ph<sub>3</sub>CNa</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> e en 1914 demostrou como se podían <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">reducir</a> os <a href="/wiki/Radical_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Radical (química)">radicais</a> triarilmetilo a carbanións por metais alcalinos.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> O termo "carbanión" foi introducido por Wallis e Adams en 1933 como termo homólogo cargado negativamente do <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n_carbonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ión carbonio">ión carbonio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Organic Chemistry - Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Neilson Boyd</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The isolation and x-ray structures of lithium crown ether salts of the free phenyl carbanions [CHPh2]- and [CPh3]-</i> Marilyn M. Olmstead, Philip P. Power; <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Am._Chem._Soc.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc. (a páxina aínda non existe)">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a>; <b>1985</b>; 107(7); 2174-2175. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00293a059">10.1021/ja00293a059</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"Schlenk's Early “Free” Carbanions". <i>Chemistry - A European Journal</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> <b>8</b> (14): 3229–3232. 15 de xullo de 2002. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3765%2820020715%298%3A14%3C3229%3A%3AAID-CHEM3229%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3">10.1002/1521-3765(20020715)8:14&#60;3229::AID-CHEM3229&#62;3.0.CO&#59;2-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACarbani%C3%B3n&amp;rft.atitle=Schlenk%27s+Early+%9CFree%9D+Carbanions&amp;rft.chron=15+de+xullo+de+2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&amp;rft.pages=3229-3232&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3765%2820020715%298%3A14%3C3229%3A%3AAID-CHEM3229%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Simple and Convenient Method for Generation and NMR Observation of Stable Carbanions.</i> Hamid S. Kasmai Journal of Chemical Education • Vol. 76 No. 6 June <b>1999</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Equilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solution</i> Frederick G. Bordwell <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acc._Chem._Res.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acc. Chem. Res. (a páxina aínda non existe)">Acc. Chem. Res.</a>; <b>1988</b>; 21(12) pp 456 - 463; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar00156a004">10.1021/ar00156a004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>FORMATION OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE 1-METHYLHEPTYLLITHIUM</i> Robert L. Letsinger <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Am._Chem._Soc.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc. (a páxina aínda non existe)">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a>; <b>1950</b>; 72(10) pp 4842 - 4842; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01166a538">10.1021/ja01166a538</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Configurational Stability of cis- and trans-2-Methylcyclopropyllithium and Some Observations on the Stereochemistry of their Reactions with Bromine and Carbon Dioxide</i> Douglas E. Applequist and Alan H. Peterson <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Am._Chem._Soc.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc. (a páxina aínda non existe)">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a>; <b>1961</b>; 83(4) pp 862 - 865; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01465a030">10.1021/ja01465a030</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cyclopropanes. XV. The Optical Stability of 1-Methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropyllithium</i> H. M. Walborsky, F. J. Impastato, and A. E. Young <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Am._Chem._Soc.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc. (a páxina aínda non existe)">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a>; <b>1964</b>; 86(16) pp 3283 - 3288; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01070a017">10.1021/ja01070a017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Preparation of Chiral -Oxy-[2H1]methyllithiums of 99% ee and Determination of Their Configurational Stability</i> Dagmar Kapeller, Roland Barth, Kurt Mereiter, and Friedrich Hammerschmidt <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Am._Chem._Soc.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc. (a páxina aínda non existe)">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a>; <b>2007</b>; 129(4) pp 914 - 923; (Article) <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja066183s">10.1021/ja066183s</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enantioselectividade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enantioselectividade (a páxina aínda non existe)">Enantioselectividade</a> determinada por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscop%C3%ADa_RMN&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Espectroscopía RMN (a páxina aínda non existe)">espectroscopía RMN</a> despois da derivación con <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_de_Mosher&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido de Mosher (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácido de Mosher</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clarke, R. W. L.; Lapworth, A. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-chemical-society-transactions_1907_91_part-i/page/694">"LXV.?An extension of the benzoin synthesis"</a>. <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions</i> <b>91</b>: 694. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FCT9079100694">10.1039/CT9079100694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACarbani%C3%B3n&amp;rft.atitle=LXV.%3FAn+extension+of+the+benzoin+synthesis&amp;rft.au=Lapworth%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+W.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Clarke&amp;rft.date=1907&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Transactions&amp;rft.pages=694&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-the-chemical-society-transactions_1907_91_part-i%2Fpage%2F694&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCT9079100694&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schlenk, W.; Weickel, T.; Herzenstein, A. (1910). "Ueber Triphenylmethyl und Analoga des Triphenylmethyls in der Biphenylreihe. [Zweite Mittheilung über „Triarylmethyle”.]". <i>Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie</i> <b>372</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.19103720102">10.1002/jlac.19103720102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACarbani%C3%B3n&amp;rft.atitle=Ueber+Triphenylmethyl+und+Analoga+des+Triphenylmethyls+in+der+Biphenylreihe.+%5BZweite+Mittheilung+%C3%BCber+%9ETriarylmethyle%9D.%5D&amp;rft.au=Herzenstein%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Weickel%2C+T.&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Schlenk&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Justus+Liebig%27s+Annalen+der+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.volume=372&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.19103720102&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schlenk, W.; Marcus, E. (1914). "Über Metalladditinen an freie organische Radikale. (Über Triarylmethyle. XII.)". <i>Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft</i> <b>47</b> (2): 1664. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19140470256">10.1002/cber.19140470256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACarbani%C3%B3n&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Metalladditinen+an+freie+organische+Radikale.+%28%C3%9Cber+Triarylmethyle.+XII.%29&amp;rft.au=Marcus%2C+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Schlenk&amp;rft.date=1914&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+deutschen+chemischen+Gesellschaft&amp;rft.pages=1664&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.19140470256&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wallis, E. S.; Adams, F. H. (1933). "The Spatial Configuration of the Valences in Tricovalent Carbon Compounds1". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> <b>55</b> (9): 3838. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01336a068">10.1021/ja01336a068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACarbani%C3%B3n&amp;rft.atitle=The+Spatial+Configuration+of+the+Valences+in+Tricovalent+Carbon+Compounds1&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+F.+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Wallis&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=3838&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01336a068&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tidwell, T. T. (1997). "The first century of physical organic chemistry: A prologue". <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> <b>69</b> (2): 211–214. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199769020211">10.1351/pac199769020211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACarbani%C3%B3n&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+century+of+physical+organic+chemistry%3A+A+prologue&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=Tidwell&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=211-214&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199769020211&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbocati%C3%B3n" title="Carbocatión">Carbocatión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enol#Enolatos" title="Enol">Enolatos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ani%C3%B3n_nitrilo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anión nitrilo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Anión nitrilo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbani%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gran base de datos de valores de pKa de Bordwellen www.chem.wisc.edu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/pkatable/">Ligazón</a></li> <li>Gran base de datos de valores de pKa de Bordwell en daecr1.harvard.edu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212181531/http://daecr1.harvard.edu/pdf/evans_pKa_table.pdf">Ligazón</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Axuda:Control_de_autoridades" title="Axuda:Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898552" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q898552">Q898552</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclopedia_Rusa" title="Grande Enciclopedia Rusa">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2045401">2045401</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/carbanion">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">GEC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0088490.xml">0088490</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147276-7">4147276-7</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MAG: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/82894169">82894169</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565059">00565059</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐79cf6c4cdd‐ldmpj Cached time: 20241118180542 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.262 seconds Real time usage: 0.348 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 708/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15117/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 224/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 6/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12804/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.134/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3837022/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 7/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 223.080 1 -total 65.51% 146.148 1 Modelo:Control_de_autoridades 34.42% 76.776 1 Modelo:Listaref 27.80% 62.007 6 Modelo:Cita_publicación_periódica 0.94% 2.104 6 Modelo:DOI --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key glwiki:pcache:idhash:320243-0!canonical and timestamp 20241118180542 and revision id 6842346. 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