Crystals | Special Issue : Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics

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</a></li> <li><a href="#info"> Special Issue Information </a></li> <li><a href="#keywords">Keywords</a></li> <li><a href="#benefits">Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</a></li> <li><a href="#published">Published Papers</a></li> </ul> </span> <p>A special issue of <a href="/journal/crystals"><i>Crystals</i></a> (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "<a href="/journal/crystals/sections/inorganic_crystalline_materials">Inorganic Crystalline Materials</a>".<span data-section-id="1081"></span></p> <p style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <span class="si-deadline"> Deadline for manuscript submissions: <b>closed (31 March 2020)</b> | Viewed by 22656 </span> <br/> </p> </div> <div class="large-4 small-12 columns" style="padding-bottom:2em;"> <div> <strong>Printed Edition Available!</strong><br /> A printed edition of this Special Issue is available <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/3336">here</a>.<br /><br /> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/3336" style="width:143px;display:block;box-shadow: 5px 5px 10px #888888;"> <img src="https://mdpi-res.com/bookfiles/book/3336/small_Synthesis_and_Characterization_of_Ferroelectrics.jpg?v=1732690410" alt="Special issue Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics book cover image" /> </a> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="sharingLinks"> <h2>Share This Special Issue</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Synthesis+and+Characterization+of+Ferroelectrics&hashtags=mdpicrystals&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fsi%2F22594&via=Crystals_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); 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domain structure of ferroelectrics; low-frequency dielectric relaxation; non-linear dielectric response; mesoscopic disorder in ferroics"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop41826' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Jan Dec </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop41826" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Jan Dec </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1151320?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Jan%20Dec" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jan%20Dec&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jan%20Dec" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="41826">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://us.edu.pl/instytut/iim/osoby/dec-jan-prof-dr-hab/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Institute of Materials Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland<br> <b>Interests:</b> relaxor ferroelectrics; domain structure of ferroelectrics; low-frequency dielectric relaxation; non-linear dielectric response; mesoscopic disorder in ferroics<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_41826" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_41826" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/polar_magnetic_relaxors"> <i>Materials</i>: Polar and Magnetic Relaxors and Other Cluster Glasses</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/U0U64LMW57"> <i>Materials</i>: Locally Ordered Materials</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Special Issue Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear colleagues,</p> <p>Ferroelectrics have been one of the most used and studied materials in both scientific and industrial communities. In addition to their foremost property (ferroelectricity), these materials also display other numerous attractive utility properties, such as piezoelectricity, piroelectricity, and electro-optics, which designate them as multifunctional materials particularly suitable for a wide range of applications ranging from effective sensors, actuators, and transducers to optical and memory devices. Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in Rochelle Salt in 1920 by J. Valasek, numerous applications using such effects have been developed. In addition, ferroelectrics and other ferroics exhibit a highly non-linear response, which is changeable rather then fixed, and thus are able to mimic to a large extent biological systems. This is why this kind of behavior is qualified as “smartness” and their respective systems are termed as “smart materials”.</p> <p>All of the above features are strongly related to the material structure. This particularly applies to relaxor ferroelectrics, which are known as intrinsically inhomogeneous at various length scales with the frustration of local polarization. This characteristic limits the achievement of long-range ferroelectric order at a global scale. This accounts for the variety of mesoscale structures and the tendency for the specific pattern formation responsible for the particular properties of relaxors.</p> <p>Recently high-performance lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have attracted much attention from the research community. This is due to the European Union’s (EU) legislation on hazardous substances in electronic components. At present, the vast majority of piezoelectric devices are based on solid solutions of lead-containing oxides. Thus, effective lead-free alternatives constitute a subject of increasing interest both in basic and applied research investigations.</p> <p>The purpose of this collection is to present an up-to-date view of ferroelectric multifunctional and smart materials, which are considered to be among the future's most important materials. This Special Issue of <em>Crystals</em> aims to explore all aspects of crystal structure, crystal growth, ceramic technology, and characterization techniques of ferroelectric materials. Your contributions to the above issue are warmly welcome</p> <p>Prof. Jan Dec<br /><em>Guest Editor</em></p> <p><p><strong>Manuscript Submission Information</strong><p> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/">www.mdpi.com</a> by <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/register/">registering</a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/login/">logging in to this website</a>. Once you are registered, <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload/?journal=crystals">click here to go to the submission form</a>. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.</p> <p>Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals/"><em>Crystals</em></a> is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.</p> <p> Please visit the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page before submitting a manuscript. The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/apc/">Article Processing Charge (APC)</a> for publication in this <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess/">open access</a> journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english">English editing service</a> prior to publication or during author revisions. </p></p> </div> <h2><a name="keywords"></a>Keywords</h2> <div><ul> <li>ferroelectrics</li> <li>relaxor ferroelectrics</li> <li>multifunctional materials</li> <li>smart materials</li> <li>single crystals</li> <li>ceramics</li> <li>domains</li> <li>dielectric relaxation</li> <li>lattice dynamics</li> <li>ferroic glasses</li> </ul></div> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><h2><a name="benefits"></a>Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</h2> <ul> <li>Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.</li> <li>Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. 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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Editorial> <h2>Editorial</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Research">Research</a>, <a href="#Review">Review</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="414882" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2 pages, 147 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/10/9/829/pdf?version=1600336591" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/10/9/829">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan Dec</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>10</em>(9), 829; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090829">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090829</a> - 17 Sep 2020 </div> Viewed by 1661 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-full inline"> Ferroelectrics belong to one of the most studied groups of materials in terms of research and applications [...] <a href="/2073-4352/10/9/829">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Research> <h2>Research</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Editorial">Editorial</a>, <a href="#Review">Review</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="365483" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2514 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/10/6/451/pdf?version=1590923501" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect in 0.73Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.27PbTiO3 Single Crystals via Direct Measurement" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/10/6/451">Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect in 0.73Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-0.27PbTiO<sub>3</sub> Single Crystals via Direct Measurement</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Biao Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaodong Jian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiongwei Lin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingbang Yao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Tao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bo Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haosu Luo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sheng-Guo Lu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>10</em>(6), 451; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060451">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060451</a> - 31 May 2020 </div> <a href="/2073-4352/10/6/451#metrics">Cited by 33</a> | Viewed by 2876 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Electrocaloric properties of [110] and [111] oriented 0.73Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-0.27PbTiO<sub>3</sub> single crystals were studied in the temperature range of 293–423 K. The Maxwell relations and the Landau–Ginsburg–Devonshire (LGD) phenomenological theory were employed as the indirect method to calculate <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/6/451/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Electrocaloric properties of [110] and [111] oriented 0.73Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-0.27PbTiO<sub>3</sub> single crystals were studied in the temperature range of 293–423 K. The Maxwell relations and the Landau–Ginsburg–Devonshire (LGD) phenomenological theory were employed as the indirect method to calculate the electrocaloric properties, while a high-resolution calorimeter was used to measure the adiabatic temperature change of the electrocaloric effect (ECE) directly. The results indicate that the directly measured temperature changes of <i>ΔT</i> > 2.5 K at room temperature were procured when the applied electric field was reversed from 1 MV/m to −1 MV/m, which are larger than those deduced pursuant to the Maxwell relation, and even larger than those calculated using the LGD theory in the temperature range of 293–~380 K. <a href="/2073-4352/10/6/451">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/6/451/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev365483"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next365483"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next365483" data-cycle-prev="#prev365483" data-cycle-progressive="#images365483" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-365483-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g001-550.jpg?1594100774" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images365483" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-365483-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g002-550.jpg?1594100775'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-365483-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g003-550.jpg?1594100774'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-365483-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g004-550.jpg?1594100775'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-365483-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g001-550.jpg?1594100774" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The electrocaloric effect (ECE) signals of [110] direction of PMN-PT single crystal at 1 MV/m. (<b>A</b>) ECE measured @ 296 K; (<b>B</b>) Fitting of 1st signal in <a href="#crystals-10-00451-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>A; (<b>C</b>) Fitting of 2nd signal in <a href="#crystals-10-00451-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>A; (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) ECE measured @ 353, 383, and 418 K, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/6/451'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g002-550.jpg?1594100775" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Permittivity and polarization–electric fields (P–E) hysteresis loop as a function of temperature for PMN-PT single crystals with the [110] direction (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>) and [111] direction (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/6/451'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g003-550.jpg?1594100774" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Temperature changes (<span class="html-italic">ΔT</span>) for the [110] direction (<b>A</b>) and [111] direction (<b>B</b>) obtained from direct measurements, the Maxwell relation, and the LGD theory.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/6/451'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00451/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00451-g004-550.jpg?1594100775" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Reciprocal permittivity (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>ε</mi> </mfrac> <mo>−</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </semantics></math>) (at 1 kHz) as a function of temperature (T <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ) for crystals with a direction of [110] (<b>A</b>), and [111] (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/6/451'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="347595" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 7 pages, 2115 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/10/4/318/pdf?version=1587290248" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Capacitance Properties in Ba0.3Sr0.7Zr0.18Ti0.82O3 Thin Films on Silicon Substrate for Thin Film Capacitor Applications" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/10/4/318">Capacitance Properties in Ba<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>0.7</sub>Zr<sub>0.18</sub>Ti<sub>0.82</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films on Silicon Substrate for Thin Film Capacitor Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoyang Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taolan Mo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Binbin Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yun Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ping Yu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>10</em>(4), 318; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040318">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040318</a> - 19 Apr 2020 </div> <a href="/2073-4352/10/4/318#metrics">Cited by 6</a> | Viewed by 2868 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Crystalline Ba<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>0.7</sub>Zr<sub>0.18</sub>Ti<sub>0.82</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (BSZT) thin film was grown on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si substrate using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Based on our best knowledge, there are few reports in the literature to prepare the perovskite <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/4/318/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Crystalline Ba<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>0.7</sub>Zr<sub>0.18</sub>Ti<sub>0.82</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (BSZT) thin film was grown on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si substrate using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Based on our best knowledge, there are few reports in the literature to prepare the perovskite BSZT thin films, especially using the RF magnetron sputtering method. The microstructure of the thin films was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and capacitance properties, such as capacitance density, leakage behavior, and the temperature dependence of capacitance were investigated experimentally. The prepared perovskite BSZT film showed a low leakage current density of 7.65 × 10<sup>−7</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> at 60 V, and large breakdown strength of 4 MV/cm. In addition, the prepared BSZT thin film capacitor not only exhibits an almost linear and acceptable change (<i>ΔC/C</i> ~13.6%) of capacitance from room temperature to 180 °C but also a large capacitance density of 1.7 nF/mm<sup>2</sup> at 100 kHz, which show great potential for coupling and decoupling applications. <a href="/2073-4352/10/4/318">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/4/318/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev347595"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next347595"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next347595" data-cycle-prev="#prev347595" data-cycle-progressive="#images347595" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-347595-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g001-550.jpg?1588958795" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images347595" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-347595-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g002-550.jpg?1588958795'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-347595-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g003-550.jpg?1588958795'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-347595-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g004-550.jpg?1588958795'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-347595-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g001-550.jpg?1588958795" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The X ray-diffraction (XRD) patterns of the Ba<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>0.7</sub>Zr<sub>0.18</sub>Ti<sub>0.82</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (BSZT) films. (<b>B</b>) The cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of the Pt/BSZT/Au thin film capacitor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/4/318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g002-550.jpg?1588958795" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The capacitance properties of the BSZT films. (<b>A</b>) The capacitance density and dielectric loss as a function of frequency. (<b>B</b>) Direct Current (DC) voltage dependence of capacitance density and dielectric loss. (<b>C</b>) The relative variation ratio of capacitance density as a function of DC voltage. (<b>D</b>) The capacitance density as a function of testing temperature in the range of 30~180 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/4/318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g003-550.jpg?1588958795" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The polarization-electric field (<span class="html-italic">P-E</span>) hysteresis loops measured at 100 Hz. (<b>B</b>) Leakage current density of the BSZT thin film capacitor as a function of the applied bias voltage at room temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/4/318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-10-00318/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-10-00318-g004-550.jpg?1588958795" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Electric breakdown field (<span class="html-italic">E</span><sub>b</sub>) as a function of dielectric constants (<span class="html-italic">ε</span><sub>r</sub>) for a variety of the dielectric thin-films. The data are from previously published literature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/10/4/318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="280131" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8 pages, 3338 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/9/11/558/pdf?version=1574158484" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Structure and Electrical Properties of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Epitaxial Films with (110) Orientation" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/9/11/558">Structure and Electrical Properties of Na<sub>0.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> Epitaxial Films with (110) Orientation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianmin Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suwei Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laihui Luo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiuhong Dai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Zhao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Baoting Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 558; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9110558">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9110558</a> - 25 Oct 2019 </div> <a href="/2073-4352/9/11/558#metrics">Cited by 11</a> | Viewed by 2711 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Pt/Na<sub>0.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>/La<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> (Pt/NBT/LSCO) ferroelectric capacitors were fabricated on (110) SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrate. Both NBT and LSCO films were epitaxially grown on the (110) SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrate. It was found that the leakage current <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/11/558/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Pt/Na<sub>0.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>/La<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> (Pt/NBT/LSCO) ferroelectric capacitors were fabricated on (110) SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrate. Both NBT and LSCO films were epitaxially grown on the (110) SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrate. It was found that the leakage current density of the Pt/NBT/LSCO capacitor is favorable to ohmic conduction behavior when the applied electric fields are lower than 60 kV/cm, and bulk-limited space charge-limited conduction takes place when the applied electric fields are higher than 60 kV/cm. The Pt/NBT/LSCO capacitor possesses good fatigue resistance and retention, as well as ferroelectric properties with P<sub>r</sub> = 35 μC/cm<sup>2</sup>. The ferroelectric properties of the Pt/NBT/LSCO capacitor can be modulated by ultraviolet light. The effective polarization, ΔP, was reduced and the maximum polarization P<sub>max</sub> was increased for the Pt/NBT/LSCO capacitor when under ultraviolet light, which can be attributed to the increased leakage current density and non-reversible polarization P^ caused by the photo-generated carriers. <a href="/2073-4352/9/11/558">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/11/558/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev280131"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next280131"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next280131" data-cycle-prev="#prev280131" data-cycle-progressive="#images280131" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-280131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g001-550.jpg?1574859414" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images280131" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-280131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g002-550.jpg?1574859413'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-280131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g003-550.jpg?1574859414'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-280131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g004-550.jpg?1574859414'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-280131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g005-550.jpg?1574859414'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-280131-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g001-550.jpg?1574859414" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) X-ray diffraction pattern of Pt/NBT/LSCO/STO heterojunction, in which the intensity of (110) STO is normalized; (<b>b</b>) Rocking curve of (110) diffraction peak for NBT film; (<b>c</b>) Phi scan and (<b>d</b>) AFM image of NBT film.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/11/558'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g002-550.jpg?1574859413" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Leakage current density <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> applied electric fields <b>(a) and</b> log(J) <span class="html-italic">vs</span>. log(E) <b>(b)</b> for (110) NBT film.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/11/558'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g003-550.jpg?1574859414" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Electric field and frequency dependence of hysteresis loops (<b>a,b</b>) and ΔP (<b>c,d</b>) for (110) NBT film.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/11/558'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g004-550.jpg?1574859414" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Fatigue (<b>a</b>) and retention (<b>b</b>) of Pt/NBT/LSCO capacitor. The insets are the hysteresis loops before and after 10<sup>10</sup> switching cycles (<b>a</b>) and 10<sup>4</sup> s (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/11/558'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00558/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00558-g005-550.jpg?1574859414" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Forbidden gap (<b>a</b>), hysteresis loops (<b>b</b>), electric field-dependence (<b>c</b>) and frequency-dependence (<b>d</b>) of ΔP for Pt/NBT/LSCO capacitor under ultraviolet light.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/11/558'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="228891" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 2286 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/9/5/241/pdf?version=1557223786" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dielectric Relaxor and Conductivity Mechanism in Fe-Substituted PMN-32PT Ferroelectric Crystal" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/9/5/241">Dielectric Relaxor and Conductivity Mechanism in Fe-Substituted PMN-32PT Ferroelectric Crystal</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaojuan Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xing Fan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zengzhe Xi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peng Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Long</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pinyang Fang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Feifei Guo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruihua Nan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(5), 241; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050241">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050241</a> - 7 May 2019 </div> <a href="/2073-4352/9/5/241#metrics">Cited by 7</a> | Viewed by 3204 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Fe-substituted PMN-32PT relaxor ferroelectric crystals were grown by a high-temperature flux method. The effects of charged defects on the dielectric relaxor and conductivity mechanism were discussed in detail. The Fe-substituted PMN-32PT crystal showed a high coercive field (<i>E</i><sub>c</sub> = 765 V/mm), <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/5/241/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Fe-substituted PMN-32PT relaxor ferroelectric crystals were grown by a high-temperature flux method. The effects of charged defects on the dielectric relaxor and conductivity mechanism were discussed in detail. The Fe-substituted PMN-32PT crystal showed a high coercive field (<i>E</i><sub>c</sub> = 765 V/mm), due to domain wall-pinning, induced by charged defect dipoles. Three dielectric anomaly peaks were observed, and the two dielectric relaxation peaks at low temperature were associated with the diffusion phase transition, while the high temperature one resulted from the short-range hopping of oxygen vacancies. At temperature T ≤ 150 °C, the dominating conduction carriers were electrons coming from the first ionization of oxygen vacancies. For the temperature range from 200 to 500 °C, the conductivity was composed of the bulk and interface between sample and electrode, and the oxygen vacancies were suggested to be the conduction mechanism. Above 550 °C, the trapped electrons from the Ti<sup>3+</sup> center were excited and played a major role in electrical conduction. Our results are helpful for better understanding the relationship between dielectric relaxation and the conduction mechanism. <a href="/2073-4352/9/5/241">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/5/241/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev228891"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next228891"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next228891" data-cycle-prev="#prev228891" data-cycle-progressive="#images228891" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g001-550.jpg?1571493823" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images228891" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g002-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g003-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g004-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g005-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g006-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g007-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g008-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-228891-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g009-550.jpg?1571493823'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-228891-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g001-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Powder XRD of Fe-substituted PMN-32PT crystal, and Energy Dispersive System (EDS) spectrum (inset).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g002-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>P–E loop of Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal at room temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g003-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Arrhenius plots of DC conductivity as a function of temperature for Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g004-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Temperature dependence of permittivity for Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal at different frequencies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g005-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The frequency dependence of the electric modulus (<span class="html-italic">M</span>″) for Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal at different temperature, and relaxor activation energy (<span class="html-italic">E<sub>relax</sub></span>) (inset).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g006-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The frequency (f) dependence of the impedance imaginary part (<span class="html-italic">Z</span>″) for Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal at different temperatures (<b>a</b>), and the larger version (<b>b</b>). The insets show respectively the <span class="html-italic">Z</span>″ (f) curves and equivalent circuit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g007-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Arrhenius plots of the impedance imaginary part (<span class="html-italic">Z</span>″) for Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g008-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The ac conductivity of Fe-substituted PMN-32PT relaxor ferroelectric crystals as a function of frequency at different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00241/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00241-g009-550.jpg?1571493823" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between <span class="html-italic">Z</span>″ and <span class="html-italic">M</span>″ for Fe-substituted PMN-32PT ferroelectric crystal at different temperatures (<b>a</b>) 300 °C; (<b>b</b>) 350 °C; (<b>c</b>) 550 °C and (<b>d</b>) 650 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/5/241'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="206193" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2224 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/9/2/98/pdf?version=1550633947" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Element Segregation and Electrical Properties of PMN-32PT Grown Using the Bridgman Method" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/9/2/98">Element Segregation and Electrical Properties of PMN-32PT Grown Using the Bridgman Method</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sijia Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zengzhe Xi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pinyang Fang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaojuan Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Long</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aiguo He</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(2), 98; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020098">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020098</a> - 15 Feb 2019 </div> <a href="/2073-4352/9/2/98#metrics">Cited by 9</a> | Viewed by 3237 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A single crystal with nominal composition Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-32PbTiO<sub>3</sub> (PMN-32PT) was grown by the Bridgman technique. Crystal orientation was determined using the rotating orientation X-ray diffraction (RO-XRD). Element distribution was measured along different directions using inductively coupled plasma-mass <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/2/98/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A single crystal with nominal composition Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-32PbTiO<sub>3</sub> (PMN-32PT) was grown by the Bridgman technique. Crystal orientation was determined using the rotating orientation X-ray diffraction (RO-XRD). Element distribution was measured along different directions using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The effect of the element segregation along axial and radial directions on the electrical properties of the PMN-32PT crystal was investigated. It is indicated that the electrical properties of the samples along the axial direction were strongly dependent on the PT (PbTiO<sub>3</sub>) content. With the increase of the PT content, the piezoelectric coefficient and remnant polarization were improved. Differently, the electrical properties of the samples along the radial direction were mainly determined by the ratio of the Nb and Mg. The reasons for the element segregation and electrical properties varied with the composition were discussed. <a href="/2073-4352/9/2/98">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/2/98/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev206193"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next206193"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next206193" data-cycle-prev="#prev206193" data-cycle-progressive="#images206193" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g001-550.jpg?1571094317" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images206193" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g002-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g003-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g004-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g005-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g006-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g007-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g008-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g009-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g010-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-206193-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g011-550.jpg?1571094316'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-206193-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g001-550.jpg?1571094317" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The as-grown PMN-32PT single crystal and its axial section: (<b>a</b>) the as-grown PMN-32PT single crystal; (<b>b</b>) the axial section along the length of the crystal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g002-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A sketch of specimen cutting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g003-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The RO-XRD pattern with 2θ = 56° of the PMN-32PT crystal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g004-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The composition distribution along the axis of the PMN-32PT: points represent the experimental data and solid lines represent the fitting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g005-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The distribution of the PMN and PT molar fractions along the axial direction: points represent the experimental data and solid lines represent the fitting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g006-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The molar ratio of Nb and Mg along the axial direction: points represent the experimental data and dashed lines represent the fitting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g007-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The variation of the electric properties along the axial direction: (<b>a</b>) the variation of the permittivity <span class="html-italic">ε</span> and loss tan<span class="html-italic">δ</span> at 1 kHz; (<b>b</b>) the variation of the piezoelectric constant <span class="html-italic">d</span><sub>33</sub> poled under 1.28 kV/mm; (<b>c</b>) the variation of the coercive field <span class="html-italic">E</span>c; (<b>d</b>) the variation of the remnant polarization <span class="html-italic">P</span>r.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g008-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The composition distribution along the radial direction of PMN-32PT: points represent experimental data and the solid lines represent the fitting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g009-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The distribution of PMN and the PT molar fraction along the radial direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g010-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The distribution of the molar ratio of Nb and Mg along the radial direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00098/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00098-g011-550.jpg?1571094316" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The variation of the electric properties along the radial direction: (<b>a</b>) the variation of permittivity <span class="html-italic">ε</span> and loss tan<span class="html-italic">δ</span> at 1 kHz; (<b>b</b>) the variation of the piezoelectric constant <span class="html-italic">d</span><sub>33</sub> poled under 1.28 kV/mm; (<b>c</b>) the variation of the coercive field <span class="html-italic">E</span>c; (<b>d</b>) the variation of the remnant polarization <span class="html-italic">P</span>r.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/2/98'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Review> <h2>Review</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Editorial">Editorial</a>, <a href="#Research">Research</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="217352" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 604 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/9/3/179/pdf?version=1553606257" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Prospective of (BaCa)(ZrTi)O3 Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class='label choice' data-dropdown='drop-article-label-choice' aria-expanded='false' data-editorschoiceaddition='<a href="/journal/crystals/editors_choice">More Editor’s choice articles in journal <em>Crystals</em>.</a>'>Editor’s Choice</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/9/3/179">Prospective of (BaCa)(ZrTi)O<sub>3</sub> Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenfeng Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lu Cheng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shengtao Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 179; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030179">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030179</a> - 26 Mar 2019 </div> <a href="/2073-4352/9/3/179#metrics">Cited by 32</a> | Viewed by 5309 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Piezoelectric ceramics is a functional material that can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. It can find wide applications ranging from our daily life to high-end techniques and dominates a billion-dollar market. For half a century, the working horse of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/3/179/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Piezoelectric ceramics is a functional material that can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. It can find wide applications ranging from our daily life to high-end techniques and dominates a billion-dollar market. For half a century, the working horse of the field has been the polycrystalline PbZr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>O<sub>3</sub> (PZT), which is now globally resisted for containing the toxic element lead. In 2009, our group discovered a non-Pb piezoelectric material, (BaCa)(ZrTi)O<sub>3</sub> ceramics (BZT-BCT), which exhibits an ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficient <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> of 560–620 pC/N. This result brought extensive interest in the research field and important consequences for the piezoelectric industry that has relied on PZT. In the present paper, we review the recent progress, both experimental and theoretical, in the BZT-BCT ceramics. <a href="/2073-4352/9/3/179">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/characterization_ferroelectrics ">Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/3/179/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev217352"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next217352"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next217352" data-cycle-prev="#prev217352" data-cycle-progressive="#images217352" 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title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Temperature dependence of <span class="html-italic">d</span><sub>33</sub> of BZT-45BCT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/3/179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-09-00179/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-09-00179-g002-550.jpg?1571282982" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Piezoelectric coefficient (<span class="html-italic">d</span><sub>33</sub>) of the point-defects modified BZT-BCT ceramics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/9/3/179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i 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Crystals | Special Issue : Synthesis and Characterization of Ferroelectrics