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shaft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausgleichswelle" title="Ausgleichswelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausgleichswelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje_de_equilibrado" title="Eje de equilibrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eje de equilibrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84" title="میل‌تعادل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میل‌تعادل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contralbero" title="Contralbero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contralbero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balansas" title="Balansas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balansas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="バランスシャフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バランスシャフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balanceshaft.jpg/220px-Balanceshaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balanceshaft.jpg/330px-Balanceshaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balanceshaft.jpg/440px-Balanceshaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Balance shaft in <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus_V4_engine" title="Ford Taunus V4 engine">Ford Taunus V4 engine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Balance shafts</b> are used in <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engines</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> by cancelling out unbalanced dynamic forces. The counter balance shafts have <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_(mechanism)" title="Eccentric (mechanism)">eccentric</a> weights and rotate in opposite direction to each other, which generates a net vertical force. </p><p>The balance shaft was invented and patented by British engineer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Lanchester" title="Frederick W. Lanchester">Frederick W. Lanchester</a> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_1948_p._761_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Society_1948_p._761-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Google_Patents_1912_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Patents_1912-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Inline-four" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four">inline-four</a> and <a href="/wiki/V6_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="V6 engines">V6 engines</a> used in automobiles and motorcycles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_(Modern_Motors,_I)_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_%28Modern_Motors%2C_I%29_031.jpg/220px-Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_%28Modern_Motors%2C_I%29_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_%28Modern_Motors%2C_I%29_031.jpg/330px-Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_%28Modern_Motors%2C_I%29_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_%28Modern_Motors%2C_I%29_031.jpg/440px-Lanchester_patent_harmonic_balancer_%28Modern_Motors%2C_I%29_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Lanchester's vertical force balancer. The eccentric masses are labelled "C" and "D".</figcaption></figure> <p>The operating principle of a balance shaft system is that two shafts carrying identical eccentric weights rotate in opposite directions at twice the engine speed. The phasing of the shafts is such that the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifugal forces">centrifugal forces</a> produced by the weights cancel the vertical second-order forces (at twice the engine <a href="/wiki/RPM" class="mw-redirect" title="RPM">RPM</a>) produced by the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horizontal forces produced by the balance shafts are equal and opposite, and so cancel each other. </p><p>The balance shafts do not reduce the vibrations experienced by the <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-cylinder_engines">Two-cylinder engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Two-cylinder engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous motorcycle engines— particularly <a href="/wiki/Parallel-twin_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel-twin engine">parallel-twin engines</a>— have employed balance shaft systems, for example the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_TRX850" title="Yamaha TRX850">Yamaha TRX850</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_TDM850" title="Yamaha TDM850">Yamaha TDM850</a> engines have a 270° crankshaft with a balance shaft. An alternative approach, as used by the <a href="/wiki/BMW_GS_parallel-twin" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW GS parallel-twin">BMW GS parallel-twin</a>, is to use a 'dummy' connecting rod which moves a hinged counterweight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-cylinder_engines">Four-cylinder engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Four-cylinder engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FordtaunusV4front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FordtaunusV4front.jpg/220px-FordtaunusV4front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FordtaunusV4front.jpg/330px-FordtaunusV4front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/FordtaunusV4front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Valve timing gears on a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus_V4_engine" title="Ford Taunus V4 engine">Ford Taunus V4 engine</a>. The balance shaft runs off the small gear on the left (the large gear is for the <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a>, causing it to rotate at half the speed of the crankshaft).</figcaption></figure> <p>Balance shafts are often used in <a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">inline-four engines</a>, to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Engine_balance#Secondary_vibration" title="Engine balance">second-order vibration</a> (a vertical force oscillating at twice the engine <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a>) that is inherent in the design of a typical inline-four engine. This vibration is generated because the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rods</a> in an even-firing inline-four engine is not symmetrical throughout the crankshaft rotation; thus during a given period of crankshaft rotation, the descending and ascending pistons are not always completely opposed in their acceleration, giving rise to a net vertical force twice in each revolution (which increases <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_growth" title="Quadratic growth">quadratically</a> with RPM).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of vibration also increases with engine displacement, resulting in balance shafts often being used in inline-four engines with displacements of 2.2 L (134 cu in) or more. Both an increased <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">bore</a> cause an increased secondary vibration; a larger stroke increases the difference in acceleration and a larger bore increases the mass of the pistons. </p><p>The Lanchester design of balance shaft systems was refined with the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Astron_engine#Design" title="Mitsubishi Astron engine">Mitsubishi Astron 80</a>, an inline-four car engine introduced in 1975. This engine was the first to locate one balance shaft higher than the other, to counteract the second order rolling couple (i.e. about the crankshaft axis) due to the torque exerted by the inertia caused by increases and decreases in engine speed.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PS-Jun89_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-Jun89-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Flat-four_engine" title="Flat-four engine">flat-four engine</a>, the forces are cancelled out by the pistons moving in opposite directions. Therefore balance shafts are not needed in flat-four engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-cylinder_engines">Five-cylinder engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Five-cylinder engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balance shafts are also used in <a href="/wiki/Straight-five_engine" title="Straight-five engine">straight-five engines</a> such as GM <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Atlas_engine#LLR_(Vortec_3700)" title="General Motors Atlas engine">Vortec 3700</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six-cylinder_engines">Six-cylinder engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Six-cylinder engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">straight-six engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flat-six_engine" title="Flat-six engine">flat-six engine</a>, the rocking forces are naturally balanced out, therefore balance shafts are not required. </p><p>V6 engines are inherently unbalanced, regardless of the V-angle. Any inline engine with an odd number of cylinders has a <a href="/wiki/Engine_balance#Primary_balance" title="Engine balance">primary imbalance</a>, which causes an end-to-end rocking motion. As each cylinder bank in a V6 has three cylinders, each cylinder bank experiences this motion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balance shaft(s) are used on various V6 engines to reduce this rocking motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight-cylinder_engines">Eight-cylinder engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eight-cylinder engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_OM629" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz OM629">Mercedes-Benz OM629</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volvo_B8444S_engine" title="Volvo B8444S engine">Volvo B8444S</a> engine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_machine" title="Balancing machine">Balancing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_balance" title="Engine balance">Engine balance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_shaft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Royal_Society_1948_p._761-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_1948_p._761_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbm.1948.0010">"Frederick William Lanchester, 1868-1946"</a>. <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>5</b> (16). The Royal Society: 761. 1948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1948.0010">10.1098/rsbm.1948.0010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-571X">1479-571X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Frederick+William+Lanchester%2C+1868-1946&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=761&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1948.0010&rft.issn=1479-571X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1948.0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalance+shaft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_Patents_1912-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Google_Patents_1912_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_William_Lanchester1912" class="citation web cs1">Frederick William Lanchester (1912-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1163832A/en">"US1163832A - Balancing means for reciprocating engines"</a>. <i>Google Patents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template talk:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a 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