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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cycle skipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycle_skipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculating_porosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_porosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Calculating porosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_porosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calibrated_sonic_log" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calibrated_sonic_log"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Calibrated sonic log</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calibrated_sonic_log-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_mineral_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_mineral_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use in mineral exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_mineral_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustik_karotaj" title="Akustik karotaj – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akustik karotaj" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic-Log" title="Sonic-Log – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonic-Log" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Акустикалық каротаж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акустикалық каротаж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Акустический каротаж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акустический каротаж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Каротаж акустичний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каротаж акустичний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sonic_logging" title="Special:EditPage/Sonic logging">improve this article</a> by <a 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f0f0f0; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a> methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliper_log" title="Caliper log">Caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_logging" title="Density logging">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_logging" title="Gamma ray logging"><span class="wrap">Gamma ray</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_logging" title="Mud logging">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistivity_logging" title="Resistivity logging">Resistivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_potential_logging" title="Spontaneous potential logging">Spontaneous potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_while_drilling" title="Logging while drilling">Logging while drilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(LWD)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement while drilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(MWD)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_logging" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance logging">Nuclear magnetic resonance <span style="font-size:85%;">(NMR)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Well_logging" title="Template:Well logging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Well_logging" title="Template talk:Well logging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Well_logging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Well logging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sonic logging</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">well logging</a> tool that provides a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic formation">formation’s</a> interval transit time, designated as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\Delta }t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\Delta }t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9f642a9af9a40e40ff2880e9e8121676c634249" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\Delta }t}"></span>, which is a measure of a how fast elastic seismic compressional and shear waves travel through the formations. Geologically, this capacity varies with many things including <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">lithology</a> and rock textures, most notably decreasing with an increasing <a href="/wiki/Effective_porosity" title="Effective porosity">effective porosity</a> and increasing with an increasing effective confining stress. This means that a sonic log can be used to calculate the porosity, confining stress, or pore pressure of a formation if the seismic velocity of the rock matrix, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{mat}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{mat}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/162d15477b1bf73066d4d130e4277d57593083a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.494ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{mat}}"></span>, and pore fluid, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{l}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{l}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b530da7c9c7d6ec494f3e88a0ad010000cc2cca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.078ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{l}}"></span>, are known, which is very useful for <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_of_sonic_logging">Process of sonic logging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process of sonic logging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonic_log.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sonic_log.png/220px-Sonic_log.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sonic_log.png/330px-Sonic_log.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sonic_log.png/440px-Sonic_log.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Source and receiver relationships for a sonic log</figcaption></figure> <p>The velocity is calculated by measuring the travel time from the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> transmitter to the receiver, normally with the units microsecond per foot (a measure of <a href="/wiki/Slowness_(seismology)" title="Slowness (seismology)">slowness</a>). To compensate for the variations in the <a href="/wiki/Drilling_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling mud">drilling mud</a> thickness, there are actually two receivers, one near and one far. This is because the travel time within the drilling mud will be common for both, so the travel time within the formation is given by: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\Delta }t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\Delta }t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8481938aa001bb2439c56159c5ac757dfe9a37c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\Delta }t}}"></span> = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {t_{far}}-{t_{near}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {t_{far}}-{t_{near}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b1022e665fd4a7617f9ccddc742481765be7233" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.863ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {t_{far}}-{t_{near}}}"></span>;</dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {t_{far}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {t_{far}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98a61c9c03bb8e8462017b6d6880e3fe9d800a1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.587ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {t_{far}}}"></span> = travel time to far receiver; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {t_{near}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {t_{near}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c1b1ce55af2b7e72512c55955605b49d84ae989" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.435ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {t_{near}}}"></span> = travel time to near receiver. </p><p>If it is necessary to compensate for tool tilt and variations in the borehole width then both up-down and down-up arrays can be used and an average can be calculated. Overall this gives a sonic log that can be made up of 1 or 2 pulse generators and 2 or 4 detectors, all located in single unit called a “sonde”, which is lowered down the well.<sup id="cite_ref-SheriffGeldart_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheriffGeldart-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional way in which the sonic log tool can be altered is increasing or decreasing the separation between the source and receivers. This gives deeper penetration and overcomes the problem of low velocity zones posed by borehole wall damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cycle_skipping">Cycle skipping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cycle skipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The returning signal is a wavetrain and not a sharp pulse, so the detectors are only activated at a certain signal threshold. Sometimes, both detectors won’t be activated by the same peak (or trough) and the next peak (or trough) wave will activate one of them instead. This type of error is called cycle skipping and is easily identified because the time difference is equal to the time interval between successive pulse cycles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculating_porosity">Calculating porosity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calculating porosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many relationships between travel time and porosity have been proposed, the most commonly accepted is the Wyllie time-average equation. The equation basically holds that the total travel time recorded on the log is the sum of the time the sonic wave spends travelling the solid part of the rock, called the rock matrix and the time spent travelling through the fluids in the pores. This equation is empirical and makes no allowance for the structure of the rock matrix or the connectivity of the pore spaces so extra corrections can often be added to it. The Wyllie time-average equation<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{V}}={\frac {\phi }{V_{f}}}+{\frac {1-{\phi }}{V_{mat}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ϕ</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{V}}={\frac {\phi }{V_{f}}}+{\frac {1-{\phi }}{V_{mat}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/336a18c12b2f6867ec4da2bcbcd445c4f899f3ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.114ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{V}}={\frac {\phi }{V_{f}}}+{\frac {1-{\phi }}{V_{mat}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span> = seismic velocity of the formation; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cdc0d1604bbf75069df35d14afa9fac3e883be3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{f}}"></span> = seismic velocity of the pore fluid; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{mat}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{mat}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/162d15477b1bf73066d4d130e4277d57593083a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.494ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{mat}}"></span> = seismic velocity of the rock matrix; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\phi }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\phi }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf2f7c773dfea3549179d15219e6e06b74054be1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\phi }}"></span> = porosity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accuracy of modern compressional and shear sonic logs obtained with wireline logging tools is well known now to be within 2% for boreholes that are less than 14 inches in diameter and within 5% for larger boreholes. Some suggest that the fact that regular- and long-spaced log measurements often conflict means these logs are not accurate. That is actually not true. Quite often there is drilling induced damage or chemical alteration around the borehole that causes the near-borehole formation to be up to 15% slower than the deeper formation. This "gradient" in slowness can be as large as 2–3 feet. The long-spaced measurements (7.5–13.5 ft) always measures the deeper, unaltered formation velocity and should always be used instead of the shorter offset logs. Discrepancies between <a href="/wiki/Seismic_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic reflection">seismic data</a> and sonic log data <sup id="cite_ref-SheriffGeldart_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheriffGeldart-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are due to upscaling and anisotropy considerations, which can be handled by using Backus Averaging on sonic log data. </p><p>Some suggest that to investigate how the varying size of a borehole has affected a sonic log, the results can be plotted against those of a <a href="/wiki/Caliper_log" title="Caliper log">caliper log</a>. However, this is usually prone to leading one to the wrong conclusions because the more compliant formations that are prone to washouts or diameter enlargements also inherently have "slower" velocities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calibrated_sonic_log">Calibrated sonic log</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calibrated sonic log"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To improve the tie between well data and seismic data a "check-shot" survey is often used to generate a calibrated sonic log. A geophone, or array of geophones is lowered down the borehole, with a seismic source located at the surface. The seismic source is fired with the geophone(s) at a series of different depths, with the interval transit times being recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlumberger_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlumberger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often done during the acquisition of a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_seismic_profile" title="Vertical seismic profile">vertical seismic profile</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_mineral_exploration">Use in mineral exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use in mineral exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sonic logs are also used in <a href="/wiki/Mineral_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral exploration">mineral exploration</a>, especially exploration for <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SheriffGeldart-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SheriffGeldart_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SheriffGeldart_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheriff, R. E., Geldart, L. P., (1995), 2nd Edition. Exploration Seismology. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyllie, M. R. J., Gregory, A. R. & Gardner, G. H. F. 1958. An experimental investigation of factors affecting elastic wave velocities in porous media. Geophysics, 23: 459–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlumberger-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlumberger_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/c/check-shot_survey.aspx">"Check-shot survey"</a>. <i>Oilfield Glossary</i>. Schlumberger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oilfield+Glossary&rft.atitle=Check-shot+survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glossary.oilfield.slb.com%2Fen%2FTerms%2Fc%2Fcheck-shot_survey.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonic+logging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&oldid=1101348001">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonic_logging&oldid=1101348001</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Well_logging" title="Category:Well logging">Well logging</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_geology" title="Category:Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2022">Articles needing additional references from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 July 2022, at 15:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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