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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Рэлігійны культ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэлігійны культ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Култ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Култ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culte_(pr%C3%A0ctica_religiosa)" title="Culte (pràctica religiosa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Culte (pràctica religiosa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwlt_(addoliad)" title="Cwlt (addoliad) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwlt (addoliad)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultus" title="Kultus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto" title="Culto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Culto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulto" title="Kulto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurtzapen" title="Gurtzapen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurtzapen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%DB%8C)" title="کالت (عمل مذهبی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالت (عمل مذهبی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culte" title="Culte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto" title="Culto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Culto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Պաշտամունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաշտամունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultus_(praktek_keagamaan)" title="Kultus (praktek keagamaan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kultus (praktek keagamaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto" title="Culto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Culto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto" title="Culto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Culto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Культ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Культ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultusz_(vall%C3%A1s)" title="Kultusz (vallás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kultusz (vallás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Култ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Култ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanompoam-pivavahana" title="Fanompoam-pivavahana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanompoam-pivavahana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultus_(verering)" title="Cultus (verering) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultus (verering)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culte" title="Culte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Culte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_religijny" title="Kult religijny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kult religijny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto" title="Culto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Религиозный культ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религиозный культ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulti_(praktik%C3%AB_fetare)" title="Kulti (praktikë fetare) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kulti (praktikë fetare)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_(religijska_praksa)" title="Kult (religijska praksa) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kult (religijska praksa)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_(religion)" title="Kult (religion) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kult (religion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Культ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Культ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Релігійний культ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігійний культ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAng_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Cúng tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cúng tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%BF%92%E4%BF%97)" title="崇拜 (宗教習俗) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="崇拜 (宗教習俗)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Devotion to a deity, person or thing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious practice. For religious groups, see <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a>.</div> <p><b>Cult</b> is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/care#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:care">care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cultus" class="extiw" title="wikt:cultus">cultus</a></i>) owed to <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> and their temples, shrines, or churches; cult is embodied in <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremony</a>. Its presence or former presence is made concrete in <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Votive_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive site">votive sites</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_(religious_practice)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> defined <i><a href="/wiki/Religio" title="Religio">religio</a></i> as <i>cultus deorum</i>, "the cultivation of the gods".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "cultivation" necessary to maintain a specific deity was that god's <i>cultus</i>, "cult", and required "the knowledge of giving the gods their due" <i>(scientia colendorum deorum)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noun <i>cultus</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">past participle</a> of the verb <i>colo, colere, colui, cultus</i>, "to tend, take care of, cultivate", originally meaning "to dwell in, inhabit" and thus "to tend, cultivate <a href="#ager">land <i>(ager)</i></a>; to practice agriculture", an activity fundamental to Roman identity even when Rome as a political center had become fully urbanized. </p><p><i>Cultus</i> is often translated as "cult" without the negative connotations the word may have in English, or with the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word "<a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>", but it implies the necessity of active maintenance beyond passive adoration. <i>Cultus</i> was expected to matter to the gods as a demonstration of respect, honor, and reverence; it was an aspect of the contractual nature of Roman religion (see <i><a href="/wiki/Do_ut_des" class="mw-redirect" title="Do ut des">do ut des</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> echoes Cicero's formulation when he declares, "<i>religion</i> is nothing other than the <i>cultus</i> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "cult" first appeared in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in 1617, derived from the French <i>culte</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>" which in turn originated from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>cultus</i> meaning "care, cultivation, worship". The meaning "devotion to a person or thing" is from 1829. Starting about 1920, "cult" acquired an additional six or more positive and negative definitions. In French, for example, sections in newspapers giving the schedule of worship for <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Catholic services</a> are headed <i>Culte Catholique</i>, while the section giving the schedule of Protestant services is headed <i>culte réformé</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outward_religious_practice">Outward religious practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_(religious_practice)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outward religious practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the specific context of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Greek hero cult</a>, Carla Antonaccio wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term <i>cult</i> identifies a pattern of ritual behavior in connection with specific objects, within a framework of spatial and temporal coordinates. <i>Rituals</i> would include (but not necessarily be limited to) prayer, sacrifice, votive offerings, competitions, processions and construction of monuments. Some degree of recurrence in place and repetition over time of ritual action is necessary for a cult to be enacted, to be practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, outward religious practice in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cultus</i></span> is the technical term for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic devotions">Roman Catholic devotions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> extended to a particular <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, not to the worship of God. Catholicism and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> make a major distinction between <i><a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a></i>, the worship that is offered to God alone, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dulia" class="extiw" title="wikt:dulia">dulia</a></i>, which is veneration offered to the saints, including the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism">veneration of Mary</a>, whose veneration is often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperdulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperdulia">hyperdulia</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_(religious_practice)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place of worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Religious fanaticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_(religious_practice)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i> 2.8 and 1.117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Ando" title="Clifford Ando">Clifford Ando</a>, <i>The Matter of the Gods</i> (University of California Press, 2009), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ando, <i>The Matter of the Gods</i>, pp. 5–7; Valerie M. Warrior, <i>Roman Religion</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 6; James B. Rives, <i>Religion in the Roman Empire</i> (Blackwell, 2007), pp. 13, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <i>De Civitate Dei</i> 10.1; Ando, <i>The Matter of the Gods</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonaccio, "Contesting the Past: Hero Cult, Tomb Cult, and Epic in Early Greece", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> <b>98</b>.3 (July 1994: 389–410) p. 398.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_(religious_practice)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_Adolph_E.1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_E._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf E. Jensen">Jensen, Adolph E.</a> (1963). <i>Myth and Cult among Primitive Peoples</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Cult+among+Primitive+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Adolph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult+%28religious+practice%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_Jennifer1995" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Jennifer (1995). <i>Greek Heroine Cults</i>. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Heroine+Cults&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Larson%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult+%28religious+practice%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_Jennifer2007" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Jennifer (2007). <i>Ancient Greek Cults: A Guide</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32448-9"><bdi>978-0-415-32448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Cults%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32448-9&rft.au=Larson%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult+%28religious+practice%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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