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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemberontakan_petani_dan_serangan_Manchu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pemberontakan petani dan serangan Manchu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemberontakan_petani_dan_serangan_Manchu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemangkatannya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemangkatannya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kemangkatannya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemangkatannya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninggalannya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninggalannya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peninggalannya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninggalannya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maharaja Chongzhen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 40 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AC%D9%86" title="چونقجن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چونقجن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Chongzhen" title="Kaisar Chongzhen – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B4ng-cheng_H%C3%B4ng-t%C3%A8" title="Chông-cheng Hông-tè – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chông-cheng Hông-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Chongzhen" title="Emperador Chongzhen – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emperador Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchung-%C4%8Den" title="Čchung-čen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čchung-čen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chongzhen Emperor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="چونگ‌جن – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چونگ‌جن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%AD%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%9C" title="숭정제 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숭정제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%92%27%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צ'ונגג'ן, קיסר סין – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ונגג'ן, קיסר סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Chongzhen" title="Kaisar Chongzhen – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaisar Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Csung-csen_k%C3%ADnai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Ming Csung-csen kínai császár – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ming Csung-csen kínai császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="सम्राट चोंगचन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सम्राट चोंगचन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="چونگ‌جن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چونگ‌جن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9ng-d%C4%ADng_Hu%C3%B2ng-d%C3%A1%CC%A4" title="Sùng-dĭng Huòng-dá̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sùng-dĭng Huòng-dá̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чунжэнь – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чунжэнь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E5%B8%9D" title="崇禎帝 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="崇禎帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen-keiseren" title="Chongzhen-keiseren – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chongzhen-keiseren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_Chongchjen" title="Imperator Chongchjen – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imperator Chongchjen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Chongzhen" title="Împăratul Chongzhen – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împăratul Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чунчжэнь – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чунчжэнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen-kejsaren" title="Chongzhen-kejsaren – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chongzhen-kejsaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="จักรพรรดิฉงเจิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฉงเจิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minh_T%C6%B0_T%C3%B4ng" title="Minh Tư Tông – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Minh Tư Tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen" title="Chongzhen – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chongzhen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%AE%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чжу Юцзянь – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чжу Юцзянь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A8%81%E5%AE%97" title="明威宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="明威宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A3%80" title="朱由检 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朱由检" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%AA%A2" title="朱由檢 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朱由檢" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E5%B8%9D" title="崇禎帝 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="崇禎帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10069#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Chongzhen" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Maharaja_Chongzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Maharaja Chongzen</b> (6 Februari 1611 - 25 April 1644), nama peribadi Zhu Youjian, adalah <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharaja</a> ke-16 dan terakhir bagi <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming">dinasti Ming</a> di China yang memerintah pada 1627-1644. "Chongzhen", ialah nama zaman pemerintahannya yang bermaksud "kemuliaan dan bertuah".<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awal_kemunculannya">Awal kemunculannya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Awal kemunculannya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Awal kemunculannya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Youjian merupakan anak kelima Zhu Cheng Luo, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Taichang" title="Maharaja Taichang">Maharaja Taichang</a>. Ibunya, Cik Liu, adalah gundik Maharaja Taichang yang berpangkat rendah. Apabila Zhu Youjian berusia empat tahun, ibunya telah dihukum mati oleh bapanya atas sebab yang tidak diketahui dan telah dikebumikan secara rahsia. Zhu Youjian kemudian diambil sebagai anak angkat oleh gundik bapanya yang lain. Beliau pertama kali dibesarkan oleh Gundik Kang, dan kemudian oleh Gundik Zhuang selepas Gundik Kang mengambil anak angkat abang sulung Zhu Youjian iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Youxiao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Youxiao (laman tidak wujud)">Zhu Youxiao</a>.<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="150"></span> </p><p>Semua anak-anak Maharaja Taichang meninggal dunia sebelum mencapai usia dewasa kecuali Zhu Youxiao dan Zhu Youjian. Zhu Youjian membesar dalam persekitaran yang agak sunyi tetapi tenang. Selepas Maharaja Taichang meninggal dunia pada tahun 1620, Zhu Youxiao menggantikan ayahnya dan ditabalkan sebagai Maharaja Tianqi. Beliau memberi gelaran "Prince of Xin" (信王) untuk Zhu Youjian dan memberi penghormatan kepada ibu Zhou Youjian, Cik Liu sebagai "Gundik Xian" (賢妃).Khuatir dengan pegawai mahkamah istana Wei Zhongxian, yang mengawal Maharaja Tianqi, Zhu Youjian mengelak daripada menghadiri sesi mahkamah empayar dengan alasan sakit sehingga dia dipanggil menghadap ke mahkamah oleh abangnya pada 1627. Pada masa itu, Maharaja Tianqi sakit serius dan mahu Zhu Youjian bergantung kepada Wei Zhongxian pada masa akan datang.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apabila Maharaja Tianqi meninggal dunia pada Oktober 1627, Zhu Youjian ketika itu berumur lebih kurang 16 tahun, telah menaiki takhta sebagai Maharaja Chongzhen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003777_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003777-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003777_5-0"></span> Peralihan kuasa dibantu oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharani_Zhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharani Zhang (laman tidak wujud)">Maharani Zhang</a>, walaupun gerakan Wei Zhongxian untuk kekal mendominasi mahkamah empayar.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari awal pemerintahannya, Maharaja Chongzhen melakukan yang terbaik untuk menyelamatkan Dinasti Ming. Usaha beliau untuk pembaharuan tertumpu kepada golongan atasan dalam penubuhan awam dan tentera. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tahun-tahun berleluasanya gejala rasuah dan kekosongan harta perbendaharaan menjadikannya hampir mustahil untuk mencari menteri yang berkebolehan untuk mengisi jawatan penting kerajaan. Maharaja juga cenderung bersikap curiga terhadap orang bawahan, dengan menjatuhkan hukuman mati keatas berpuluh-puluh komander, termasuk panglima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Chonghuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan Chonghuan (laman tidak wujud)">Yuan Chonghuan</a>, yang mengarahkan pertahanan di sempadan utara terhadap orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> yang kemudiannya diketuai dinasti Jin  (kemudian <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing">Dinasti Qing</a>). Masa pemerintahannya, Maharaja Chongzen telah menunjukkan rasa takutnya pada amalan berpuak-puak di kalangan pembesar beliau, yang telah menjadi suatu isu yang serius semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Tianqi. Tidak lama selepas kematian abangnya, Maharaja Chongzhen segera menyingkirkan Wei Zhongxian dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puan_Ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puan Ke (laman tidak wujud)">Puan Ke</a>, serta pegawai-pegawai lain yang dipercayai akan terlibat dalam "Konspirasi Wei-Ke".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.198687–90_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.198687–90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.198687-90_7-0"></span> </p><p>Sementara itu, kumpulan partisan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademi_Dongli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademi Dongli (laman tidak wujud)">Akademi Dongli</a> yang telah hancur di bawah pengaruh Wei Zhongxian, telah menubuhkan organisasi politiknya di seluruh wilayah <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986111–115_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986111–115-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986111-115_8-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986111-115_8-0"></span> Antara ketua utamanya ialah Fushe, atau Persatuan Pemulihan yang anggotanya adalah generasi baru cendekiawan yang dikaitkan dengan puak Donglin lama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003779_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003779-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003779_9-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003779_9-0"></span> Mereka berjaya menempatkan ahli-ahli mereka dalam jawatan tertinggi kerajaan melalui peperiksaan diraja pada 1630 dan 1631. Pembalikan nasib Wei Zhongxian menghasilkan satu pembaharuan puak Donglin untuk mendapatkan pengaruh di mahkamah, yang menimbulkan syak wasangka daripada Maharaja Chongzhen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986119–122_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986119–122-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986119-122_10-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986119-122_10-0"></span> Pencalonan dari Donglin lebih banyak menyebelahi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qian_Qianyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qian Qianyi (laman tidak wujud)">Qian Qianyi</a> bagi jawatan Setiausaha Agung telah menimbulkan beberapa tuduhan rasuah dan berpuak-puak oleh pesaingnya Wen Tiren. Qian Qianyi dipenjarakan atas perintah maharaja. Walaupun dia kemudiannya dibebaskan, status beliau telah dikurangkan kepada orang biasa dan beliau kembali ke Jiangnan. Wen Tiren kemudiannya menjadi Setiausaha Agung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986125–126_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986125–126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986125-126_11-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986125-126_11-0"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%B1%E6%A3%80.jpg" class="new" title="Fail:朱由检.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="180">Fail:朱由检.jpg</span></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemberontakan_petani_dan_serangan_Manchu">Pemberontakan petani dan serangan Manchu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pemberontakan petani dan serangan Manchu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pemberontakan petani dan serangan Manchu"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada awal abad ke-17, kemarau berterusan dan kebuluran berlaku didorong oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Ais_Kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Ais Kecil (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Ais Kecil</a> telah mempercepat kejatuhan Dinasti Ming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagan200050_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagan200050-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagan200050_12-0"></span> Dua kebangkitan rakyat yang semakin memanas telah diketuai oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Xian_Zhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Xian Zhong (laman tidak wujud)">Zhang Xian Zhong</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zicheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zicheng (laman tidak wujud)">Li Zicheng</a>, kedua-duanya adalah orang-orang miskin yang kebuluran di <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> sehingga mereka mengangkat senjata pada 1620-an.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003798_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003798-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003798_13-0"></span> Pada masa yang sama, tentera Ming mengambil tempat dalam mempertahankan sempadan utara terhadap Manchu yang diketuai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Taiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Taiji (laman tidak wujud)">Huang Taiji</a> dimana ayahnya, Nurhaci, telah menyatukan puak-puak Manchu menjadi satu kuasa yang padu. Pada tahun 1636, selepas bertahun-tahun kempen menentang Ming di kubu utara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembok_Besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembok Besar (laman tidak wujud)">Tembok Besar</a>, Huang Taiji mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing">Dinasti Qing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986206_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986206-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986206_14-0"></span> </p><p>Menerusi 1630-an, pemberontakan telah merebak dari Shaanxi berhampiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguang (laman tidak wujud)">Huguang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. Pada tahun 1641, Xiangyang kalah kepada Zhang Xianzhong, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luoyang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luoyang (laman tidak wujud)">Luoyang</a> telah dikalahkan Li Zicheng. Pada tahun berikutnya, Li Zicheng ditangkap oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaifeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaifeng (laman tidak wujud)">Kaifeng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986226–227_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986226–227-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986226-227_15-0"></span> Setahun selepas itu, Zhang Xianzhong mengambil kawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuchang (laman tidak wujud)">Wuchang</a> dan menetapkan dirinya sebagai pemerintah kerajaan Xi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003798_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003798-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003798_13-1"></span> Pegawai mahkamah telah ditawarkan beberapa cadangan yang tidak realistik untuk menghentikan pemberontakan tentera, termasuk mewujudkan pertandingan memanah, pemulihan sistem tanah jajahan tentera weisuo, dan perlaksanaan hukuman mati kepada petani yang tidak setia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986236–238_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986236–238-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986236-238_16-0"></span> Li Zicheng mengambil kawasan <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> pada akhir tahun 1643, dengan menamakan semula ia kepada <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, yang dulunya nama bandar ini ketika ia merupakan ibu kota kepada Dinasti Tang. Pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahun_Baru_Lunar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahun Baru Lunar (laman tidak wujud)">Tahun Baru Lunar</a> 1644, beliau mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai raja <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Shun" title="Dinasti Shun">Dinasti Shun</a> dan persediaannya untuk menguasai <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986233–234_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986233–234-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986233-234_17-0"></span> </p><p>Pada peringkat ini, keadaan telah menjadi kritikal untuk Maharaja Chongzhen, yang menolak cadangan untuk merekrut pasukan ketenteraan baru dari rantau Beijing dan pemanggilan semula panglima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Sangui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Sangui (laman tidak wujud)">Wu Sangui</a>, yang mempertahankan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanhai_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanhai Pass (laman tidak wujud)">Shanhai Pass</a> di Tembok Besar. Maharaja Chongzen telah menghantar seorang komander baru, Yu Ying Gui, yang gagal untuk menghalang tentera Li Zicheng kerana telah menyeberangi <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning">Sungai Kuning</a> pada Disember 1643. Kembali di Beijing, pasukan pertahanan ibu kota terdiri daripada orang tua dan tidak berdaya yang kelaparan disebabkan korupsi rasuah anataea para pensida yang sepatutnya bertanggungjawab dalam menyediakan bekalan mereka. Pasukan tidak dibayar gaji hampir setahun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986234–240_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986234–240-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986234-240_18-0"></span> Sementara itu, penangkapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiyuan (laman tidak wujud)">Taiyuan</a> oleh tentera Li Zicheng telah memberikan momentum tambahan kepada kempennya; pasukan-pasukan lawan mula menyerah kalah kepadanya tanpa sebarang pertarungan. Sehingga Februari dan Mac 1644, Maharaja Chongzhen menolak berkali-kali usul untuk memindahkan mahkamah selatan ke <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, dan pada awal April, beliau menolak cadangan untuk memindahkan putera mahkota ke bahagian selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986240–247_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986240–247-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986240-247_19-0"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemangkatannya">Kemangkatannya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Kemangkatannya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kemangkatannya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg/285px-De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg/428px-De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg/570px-De-bello-tartarico-Chonghen-Emperor-kills-his-daughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption><i>Maharaja Chongzen membunuh salah seorang anak perempuannya, dari </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martino_martini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martino martini (laman tidak wujud)">Martino Martini</a><i>, De Bello Tartarico Historia (1655)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada bulan April 1644, mahkamah empayar Ming akhirnya mengarahkan Wu Sangui untuk memindahkan tenteranya ke selatan dari kubu beliau di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ningyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ningyuan (laman tidak wujud)">Ningyuan</a> ke Shanhai Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003808_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003808-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003808_20-0"></span> Bagaimanapun sudah terlambat dan Wu tidak dapat sampai ke Shanhai Pass sehinggalah 26 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986290_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986290-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986290_21-0"></span> Khabar angin telah sampai ke Beijing bahawa pemberontak Shun sedang menghampiri ibu kota melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juyong_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juyong Pass (laman tidak wujud)">Juyong Pass</a>, dan Maharaja Chongzhen mengadakan pertemuan terakhir beliau dengan menterinya pada 23 April. Li Zicheng menawarkan maharaja peluang untuk menyerah diri, tetapi rundingan tidak memberi sebarang hasil. Li memerintahkan tenteranya untuk menyerang pada 24 April. Dari ditangkap dan bersemuka dengan golongan pemberontak, Maharaja Chongzhen mengumpulkan seluruh ahli keluarga diraja kecuali anak-anaknya. Menggunakan pedangnya, dia membunuh Gundik Yuan dan Puteri Kunyi, dan memutuskan lengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puteri_Changping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puteri Changping (laman tidak wujud)">Puteri Changping</a>. Maharani pula menggantungkan dirinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986259–263_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986259–263-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986259-263_22-0"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Guiltyscholartree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Guiltyscholartree.JPG/220px-Guiltyscholartree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Guiltyscholartree.JPG/330px-Guiltyscholartree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Guiltyscholartree.JPG/440px-Guiltyscholartree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> Penggantian moden sebuah pokok yang dari mana Maharaja Chongzhen dikatakan telah menggantung dirinya</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 25 April, Maharaja Chongzhen dikatakan telah berjalan kaki ke Meishan, sebuah bukit kecil yang ketika ini ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Jingshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Jingshan (laman tidak wujud)">Taman Jingshan</a>. Di sana, sama ada dia menggantung atau mencekik dirinya dengan pengikat pinggang. Dari beberapa akaun, maharaja meninggalkan nota bunuh diri yang berkata, "Saya mati kerana tidak mampu menghadap nenek moyang saya di neraka, kecewa dan malu. Kiranya pemberontak mencerai-beraikan mayat saya dan menyembelih pegawai saya, tapi janganlah mereka merosakkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makam_diraja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makam diraja (laman tidak wujud)">makam diraja</a> atau membahayakan seorang pun daripada rakyat kita."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut seorang hamba yang menjumpai mayat maharaja di bawah <a href="/wiki/Pokok" title="Pokok">pokok</a>, bagaimanapun, perkataan Tianzi (Anak Syurga) hanya satu-satunya bukti bertulis yang ditinggalkan selepas kematiannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986266_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986266-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986266_24-0"></span> Maharaja telah dikebumikan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemakaman_Ming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemakaman Ming (laman tidak wujud)">Pemakaman Ming</a>. </p><p>Golongan Manchus bertindak cepat dalam mengeksploitasi kematian Maharaja Chongzhen: dengan mendakwa "Menuntut bela ke atas kemangkatan maharaja," mereka berkumpul memberi sokongan kepada penyokong setia pasukan Ming dan orang awam. <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Shun" title="Dinasti Shun">Dinasti Shun</a> bertahan kurang daripada setahun dengan kekalahan Li Zicheng dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Shanhai_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Shanhai Pass (laman tidak wujud)">Pertempuran Shanhai Pass</a>. Golongan Manchus berjaya mendirikan Dinasti Qing atas nama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Shunzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharaja Shunzhi (laman tidak wujud)">Maharaja Shunzhi</a> sebagai penguasa seluruh China. Disebabkan Maharaja Chongzhen menolak untuk memindahkan mahkamah selatan ke Nanjing, kerajaan Qing baru dapat mengambil alih birokrasi di Beijing yang masih lagi dalam keadaan baik, dan membantu atas usaha mereka untuk menggantikan Ming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986257_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986257-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986257_25-0"></span> </p><p>Selepas kematian Maharaja Chongzen, tentera setia mengisytiharkan Dinasti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Selatan (laman tidak wujud)">Ming Selatan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, menamakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Yousong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Yousong (laman tidak wujud)">Zhu Yousong</a> (Putera Fu) sebagai Maharaja Hongguang. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1645, tentera Qing mula bertindak balas terhadap sisa peninggalan Ming. Ming Selatan, sekali lagi buntu dengan perbalahan dalaman puak, mereka tidak dapat menahan serangan Qing, dan Nanjing diserahkan pada 8 Jun 1645. Zhu You Song telah ditangkap pada 15 Jun dan dibawa ke Beijing, di mana beliau meninggal dunia pada tahun yang berikutnya. Kegawatan Ming Selatan berterusan sehingga terpaksa pergi jauh ke selatan, dan maharaja terakhir Ming Selatan, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Youlang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Youlang (laman tidak wujud)">Zhu Youlang</a>, yang akhirnya ditangkap di <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, dihantar ke <a href="/wiki/Yunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunan">Yunnan</a>, dan dihukum mati pada tahun 1662 oleh Wu Sangui.<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="295"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peninggalannya">Peninggalannya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Peninggalannya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peninggalannya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun Maharaja Chongzhen tidaklah secekap penguasa Ming terdahulu jika mengikut standard Ming , baginda bagaimanapun menyandang nasib dinasti Ming. Baginda telah melakukan yang terbaik dalam menyelamatkan dinasti. Walau bagaimanapun,disamping reputasinya yang bekerja keras, maharaja mempunyai personaliti paranoid, tidak sabar, keras kepala dan tidak mengambil berat terhadap nasib rakyatnya yang merana dalam keruntuhan empayar pemerintahannya. Percubaan baginda untuk pembaharuan sambil tidak mengambil kira kejatuhan besar kuasa pengaruh Ming, yang sudah jauh meninggalkan saat permulaan pemerintahannya. Sepanjang pemerintahan 17 tahun, Maharaja Chongzhen telah menjatuhkan hukuman mati tujuh gabenor tentera, 11 komander serantau, menggantikan Menteri Pertahanan sebanyak 14 kali, dan melantik 50 menteri yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini kepada Urusetia Agung (sama dengan kabinet dan <a href="/wiki/Kanselor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanselor">kanselor</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun Dinasti Ming masih mempunyai komander berkebolehan dan ahli-ahli politik yang mahir dalam tahun-tahun akhirnya, Maharaja Chongzen yang tidak sabar dan personaliti paranoid baginda telah menghalang mereka untuk menggubal sebarang rancangan kukuh yang dapat menyelamatkan keadaan apabila dalam bahaya.<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="308"></span> </p><p>Khususnya, pelaksanaan hukuman mati oleh Maharaja Chongzhen terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Chonghuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan Chonghuan (laman tidak wujud)">Yuan Chonghuan</a> atas dasar yang sangat rapuh dianggap sebagai tamparan yang sememangnya membawa maut. Pada akhir hayatnya, Yuan adalah komander tertinggi daripada kesemua kuasa tentera di timur laut, dan baru sahaja bergegas dari penjagaan sempadan dalam mempertahankan ibu kota untuk melawan serangan pencerobohan oleh golongan Manchu. Sebahagian besar dekad sebelumnya, Yuan pernah berkhidmat sebagai benteng pertahanan Empayar Ming di utara, di mana beliau bertanggungjawab untuk menjamin sempadan Ming pada satu masa, apabila Empayar mengalami kekalahan demi kekalahan yang memalukan. Kematiannya yang tidak adil itu memusnahkan semangat juang tentera Ming dan memadamkan satu daripada halangan terbesar <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penaklukan_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penaklukan China (laman tidak wujud)">penaklukan China</a>.<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="314"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Notes"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">至是八月熹宗疾大漸十一日命召帝帝初慮不為忠賢所容深自韜晦常稱病不朝承召乃入問疾熹宗憑榻顧帝曰來吾弟當為堯舜帝懼不敢應良久奏曰臣死罪陛下為此言臣應萬死熹宗慰勉至再又曰善視中宮魏忠賢可任也帝益懼而與忠賢相勞若語甚溫求出 (崇禎長編卷一)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003777-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003777_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, m/s. 777.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMote2003 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">及熹宗大渐，折忠贤逆谋、传位信王者，后力也。 (明史卷一百一十四)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.198687–90-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.198687–90_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 87–90.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986111–115-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986111–115_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 111–115.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003779-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003779_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, m/s. 779.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMote2003 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986119–122-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986119–122_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 119–122.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986125–126-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986125–126_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 125–126.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagan200050-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagan200050_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFagan2000">Fagan 2000</a>, m/s. 50.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFagan2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003798-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003798_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003798_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, m/s. 798.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMote2003 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986206-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986206_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 206.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986226–227-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986226–227_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 226–227.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986236–238-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986236–238_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 236–238.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986233–234-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986233–234_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 233–234.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986234–240-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986234–240_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 234–240.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986240–247-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986240–247_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 240–247.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003808-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003808_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, m/s. 808.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMote2003 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986290-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986290_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 290.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986259–263-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986259–263_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 259–263.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mingji beilüe</i>, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, halaman 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986266-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986266_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 266.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986257-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman_Jr.1986257_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986">Wakeman Jr. 1986</a>, m/s. 257.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWakeman_Jr.1986 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gb.cri.cn/3321/2005/10/19/421@744543.htm">古代碑石墓志的宝库</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&oldid=6026839">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Chongzhen&oldid=6026839</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Kelahiran_1611&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Kelahiran 1611 (laman tidak wujud)">Kelahiran 1611</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kematian_1644" title="Kategori:Kematian 1644">Kematian 1644</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Maharaja_dinasti_Ming" title="Kategori:Maharaja dinasti Ming">Maharaja dinasti Ming</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_yang_ada_pautan_fail_yang_terputus" title="Kategori:Laman yang ada pautan fail yang terputus">Laman yang ada pautan fail yang terputus</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 20:35, 13 November 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; 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