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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Typography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_speech_and_rounding_off" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_speech_and_rounding_off"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Informal speech and rounding off</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_speech_and_rounding_off-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_speech_and_times_to_the_minute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_speech_and_times_to_the_minute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Formal speech and times to the minute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_speech_and_times_to_the_minute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Confusion at noon and midnight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">12-hour clock</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_12_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="نظام 12 ساعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام 12 ساعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="12-гадзінны фармат часу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="12-гадзінны фармат часу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="12-часов часовник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="12-часов часовник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_horari_de_12_hores" title="Sistema horari de 12 hores – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema horari de 12 hores" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taknaang_12-oras" title="Taknaang 12-oras – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Taknaang 12-oras" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_og_PM" title="AM og PM – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="AM og PM" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-mal-12-Stunden-Z%C3%A4hlung" title="2-mal-12-Stunden-Zählung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="2-mal-12-Stunden-Zählung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δωδεκάωρο σύστημα ώρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δωδεκάωρο σύστημα ώρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_horario_de_12_horas" title="Sistema horario de 12 horas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema horario de 12 horas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%87" title="ساعت دوازده ساعته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساعت دوازده ساعته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_horaire_sur_12_heures" title="Système horaire sur 12 heures – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système horaire sur 12 heures" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%9C" title="12시간제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="12시간제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_12-%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%B1%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Օրվա ժամանակի 12-ժամյա ձևաչափ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրվա ժամանակի 12-ժամյա ձևաչափ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_12_jam" title="Sistem 12 jam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem 12 jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9F_12_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שעון בן 12 שעות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעון בן 12 שעות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%A8_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="೧೨ ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಗಡಿಯಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೨ ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಗಡಿಯಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="12-часовен часовник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="12-часовен часовник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പന്ത്രണ്ട് മണിക്കൂർ ഘടികാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പന്ത്രണ്ട് മണിക്കൂർ ഘടികാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_12_jam" title="Jam 12 jam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jam 12 jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-uursnotatie" title="12-uursnotatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="12-uursnotatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%88%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A8%E5%8D%88%E5%BE%8C" title="午前と午後 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="午前と午後" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-timersklokke" title="12-timersklokke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="12-timersklokke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegar_12-godzinny" title="Zegar 12-godzinny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zegar 12-godzinny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_hor%C3%A1rio_de_12_horas" title="Sistema horário de 12 horas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema horário de 12 horas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="12-часовой формат времени – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="12-часовой формат времени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="12-hour clock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-god%C5%BAinny_zygor" title="12-godźinny zygor – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="12-godźinny zygor" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-timmarsklocka" title="12-timmarsklocka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="12-timmarsklocka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87" title="นาฬิกาสิบสองชั่วโมง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาฬิกาสิบสองชั่วโมง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_saatlik_zaman" title="12 saatlik zaman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="12 saatlik zaman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="12-годинний формат часу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="12-годинний формат часу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%B1" title="قبل دوپہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبل دوپہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_h%E1%BB%93_12_gi%E1%BB%9D" title="Đồng hồ 12 giờ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng hồ 12 giờ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%82%E5%88%B6" title="十二小時制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="十二小時制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Time counting system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AM and PM" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/AM_PM_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="AM PM (disambiguation)">AM PM (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ante meridiem" redirects here. For the meridian 180° both east and west of the prime meridian in a geographical coordinate system, see <a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">antimeridian</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>12-hour clock</b> is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods: <b>a.m.</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ante meridiem</i></span></b>, translating to "before midday") and <b>p.m.</b> (from Latin <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">post meridiem</i></span></b>, translating to "after midday").<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTFAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting as 0),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 12-hour clock has been developed since the <a href="/wiki/Second_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Second millennium BC">second millennium BC</a> and reached its modern form in the 16th century. </p><p>The 12-hour time convention is common in several English-speaking nations and former British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">colonies</a>, as well as a few other countries. There is <a href="#Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight">no widely accepted convention</a> for how <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">midday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">midnight</a> should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12 p.m." indicates 12 o'clock noon, while "12 a.m." means 12 o'clock midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 0 2em 2em; font-size: 95%"> <caption>Clock system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>12-hour</th> <th><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Midnight <small>(start of day)</small><br />12 midnight<br />12:00 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-noonmidnight_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonmidnight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>00:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12:01 a.m.</td> <td>00:01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span>1:00 a.m.</td> <td>01:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11:00 a.m.</td> <td>11:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11:59 a.m.</td> <td>11:59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noon<br />12 noon<br />12:00 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-noonmidnight_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonmidnight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12:01 p.m.</td> <td>12:01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span>1:00 p.m.</td> <td>13:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11:00 p.m.</td> <td>23:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11:59 p.m.</td> <td>23:59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Midnight <small>(end of day)<br /><i>or shown as start of next day</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-noonmidnight_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonmidnight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>24:00 <p>(00:00) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-noonmidnight-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noonmidnight_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonmidnight_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonmidnight_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="#Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight">§Confusion<br />at noon and midnight</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg/170px-Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg/255px-Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg/340px-Exeter_Cathedral_astronomical_clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="4036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral_Astronomical_Clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeter Cathedral Astronomical Clock">Exeter Cathedral Astronomical Clock</a>, showing the double-XII numbering scheme.</figcaption></figure> <p>The natural day-and-night division of a calendar day forms the fundamental basis as to why each day is split into two cycles. Originally there were two cycles: one cycle which could be tracked by the position of the Sun (day), followed by one cycle which could be tracked by the Moon and stars (night). This eventually evolved into the two 12-hour periods which are used today, one called "a.m." starting at midnight and another called "p.m." starting at noon. Noon itself is rarely abbreviated today; but if it is, it is denoted "m."<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12-hour clock can be traced back as far as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> for daytime use<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> for night-time use were found in the tomb of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span>, these clocks divided their respective times of use into 12 hours each. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> also <a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">used a 12-hour clock</a>: daylight was divided into 12 equal hours (thus hours having varying length throughout the year) and the night was divided into four watches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first mechanical clocks in the 14th century, if they had dials at all, showed all 24 hours using the <a href="/wiki/24-hour_analog_dial" title="24-hour analog dial">24-hour analog dial</a>, influenced by astronomers' familiarity with the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> and sundial and by their desire to model the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's apparent motion around the Sun</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> these dials generally used the 12-hour <a href="/wiki/Numbering_scheme" title="Numbering scheme">numbering scheme</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> but showed both <i>a.m.</i> and <i>p.m.</i> periods in sequence. This is known as the double-XII system and can be seen on many surviving clock faces, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_clock" title="Wells Cathedral clock">Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral#Clock" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter</a>. </p><p>Elsewhere in Europe, numbering was more likely to be based on the 24-hour system (I to XXIV). The 12-hour clock was used throughout the British empire. </p><p>During the 15th and 16th centuries, the 12-hour analog dial and time system gradually became established as standard throughout Northern Europe for general public use. The 24-hour analog dial was reserved for more specialized applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical clocks</a> and chronometers. </p><p>Most analog clocks and watches today use the 12-hour dial, on which the shorter hour hand rotates once every 12 hours and twice in one day. Some analog clock dials have an inner ring of numbers along with the standard 1-to-12 numbered ring. The number 12 is paired either with a 00 or a 24, while the numbers 1 through 11 are paired with the numbers 13 through 23, respectively. This modification allows the clock to also be read in <a href="/wiki/24-hour_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="24-hour notation">24-hour notation</a>. This kind of 12-hour clock can be found in countries where the 24-hour clock is preferred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_country">Use by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_representation_by_country" title="Date and time representation by country">Date and time representation by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg/220px-Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg/330px-Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg/440px-Westclox_Big_Ben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Clock#Analog" title="Clock">analogue 12-hour clock</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg/220px-12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg/330px-12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg/440px-12_24_Hours_World_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f0027f; color:black;"> </span> 24-hour</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#990052; color:white;"> </span> 24-hour (12-hour orally)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7fc97f; color:black;"> </span> Both in common use</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#386cb0; color:white;"> </span> 12-hour</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In several countries the 12-hour clock is the dominant written and spoken system of time, predominantly in nations that were part of the former British Empire, for example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Canada#Time_notation_in_French" title="Date and time notation in Canada">excluding Quebec</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and others follow this convention as well, such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the former American colony of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Even in those countries where the 12-hour clock is predominant, there are frequently contexts (such as science, medicine, the military or transport) in which the 24-hour clock is preferred. In most countries, however, the <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a> is the standard system used, especially in writing. Some nations in Europe and Latin America use a combination of the two, preferring the 12-hour system in colloquial speech but using the 24-hour system in written form and in formal contexts. </p><p>The 12-hour clock in speech often uses phrases such as<i> ... in the morning</i>,<i> ... in the afternoon</i>,<i> ... in the evening</i>, and <i>... at night</i>. <i>Rider's British Merlin</i> almanac for 1795 and a similar almanac for 1773 published in London used them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than in English-speaking countries and some Spanish-speaking countries, the terms <i>a.m.</i> and <i>p.m.</i> are seldom used and often unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_support">Computer support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computer support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most countries, computers by default show the time in 24-hour notation. Most operating systems, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, activate the 12-hour notation by default for a limited number of language and region settings. This behaviour can be changed by the user, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> operating system's "Region and Language" settings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital-clock-alarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Digital-clock-alarm.jpg/220px-Digital-clock-alarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Digital-clock-alarm.jpg/330px-Digital-clock-alarm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Digital-clock-alarm.jpg/440px-Digital-clock-alarm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">digital</a> 12-hour alarm clock indicating <i>p.m.</i> with a dot to the left of the hour.</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> abbreviations <i>a.m.</i> and <i>p.m.</i> (often written "am" and "pm", "AM" and "PM", or "A.M." and "P.M.") are used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> are <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">π.μ.</span></span> and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">μ.μ.</span></span>, respectively, and in <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">පෙ.ව.</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn"><i>pe.va.</i></i></span>) for <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">පෙරවරු</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn"><i>peravaru</i></i></span>, <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">පෙර</span></span> <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn"><i>pera</i></i></span> – fore, pre) and <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ප.ව.</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn"><i>pa.va.</i></i></span>) for <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">පස්වරු</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn"><i>pasvaru</i></i></span>, <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">පස්සේ</span></span> <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn"><i>passē</i></i></span> – after, post). However, noon is rarely abbreviated in either of these languages, noon normally being written in full. In Portuguese, there are two official options and many others used, for example, using 21:45, 21h45 or 21h45min (official ones) or 21:45 or 9:45 p.m. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <i>a.m.</i> and <i>i.n.</i> are used, standing for <i>ar maidin</i> ("in the morning") and <i>iarnóin</i> ("afternoon") respectively. </p><p>Most other languages lack formal abbreviations for "before noon" and "after noon", and their users use the 12-hour clock only orally and informally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in many languages, such as Russian and Hebrew, informal designations are used, such as "9 in the morning" or "3 in the night". </p><p>When abbreviations and phrases are omitted, one may rely on sentence context and societal norms to reduce ambiguity. For example, if one commutes to work at "9:00", 9:00 a.m. may be implied, but if a <a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">social dance</a> is scheduled to begin at "9:00", it may begin at 9:00 p.m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_conventions">Related conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typography">Typography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms "a.m." and "p.m." are abbreviations of the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ante meridiem</i></span> (before midday) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">post meridiem</i></span> (after midday). Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> referenced, the abbreviations "a.m." and "p.m." are variously written in <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capitals</a> ("<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">am</span>" and "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pm</span>"),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase</a> letters without a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a> ("AM" and "PM"), uppercase letters with periods, or lowercase letters ("am" and "pm"<sup id="cite_ref-ESG_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESG-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "a.m." and "p.m."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). With the advent of computer generated and printed schedules, especially airlines, advertising, and television promotions, the "M" character is often omitted as providing no additional information as in "9:30A" or "10:00P".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some style guides suggest the use of a space between the number and the a.m. or p.m. abbreviation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Style guides recommend not using a.m. and p.m. without a time preceding it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hour/minute separator <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_representation_by_country" title="Date and time representation by country">varies between countries</a>: some use a colon, others use a period (full stop),<sup id="cite_ref-ESG_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESG-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still others use the letter h.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (In some usages, particularly "<a href="/wiki/Military_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Military time">military time</a>", of the <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a>, there is no separator between hours and minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style is not generally seen when the 12-hour clock is used.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding">Encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unicode specifies codepoints for "a.m." and "p.m." symbols, which are intended to be used only with <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Chinese-Japanese-Korean</a> (CJK) character sets, as they take up exactly the same space as one CJK character: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">U+</a>33C2</span> </span><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:1em">㏂</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SQUARE AM</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">U+</a>33D8</span> </span><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:1em">㏘</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SQUARE PM</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_speech_and_rounding_off">Informal speech and rounding off</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Informal speech and rounding off"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In speaking, it is common to round the time to the nearest five minutes and/or express the time as the past (or to) the closest hour; for example, "five past five" (5:05). Minutes <i>past</i> the hour means those minutes are added to the hour; "ten past five" means 5:10. Minutes <i>to, 'til</i> and <i>of</i> the hour mean those minutes are subtracted; "ten of five", "ten 'til five", and "ten to five" all mean 4:50. </p><p>Fifteen minutes is often called a <i>quarter hour</i>, and thirty minutes is often known as a <i>half hour</i>. For example, 5:15 can be phrased "(a) quarter past five" or "five-fifteen"; 5:30 can be "half past five", "five-thirty" or simply "half five". The time 8:45 may be spoken as "eight forty-five" or "(a) quarter to nine".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In older English, it was common for the number 25 to be expressed as "five-and-twenty".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way the time 8:35 may be phrased as "five-and-twenty to 9",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this styling fell out of fashion in the later part of the 1900s and is now rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of meaning 5:30, the "half five" expression is sometimes used to mean 4:30, or "halfway to five", especially for regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">American Midwest</a> and other areas that have been particularly <a href="/wiki/German_America" class="mw-redirect" title="German America">influenced by German culture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This meaning follows the pattern choices of many Germanic and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, and the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic States</a>. </p><p>Moreover, in situations where the relevant hour is obvious or has been recently mentioned, a speaker might omit the hour and just say "quarter to (the hour)", "half past" or "ten 'til" to avoid an elaborate sentence in informal conversations. These forms are often commonly used in television and radio broadcasts that cover multiple time zones at one-hour intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In describing a vague time of day, a speaker might say the phrase "seven-thirty, eight" to mean sometime around 7:30 or 8:00. Such phrasing can be misinterpreted for a specific time of day (here 7:38), especially by a listener not expecting an estimation. The phrase "<i>about</i> seven-thirty <i>or</i> eight" clarifies this. </p><p>Some more ambiguous phrasing might be avoided. Within five minutes of the hour, the phrase "five of seven" (6:55) can be heard "five-oh-seven" (5:07). "Five <i>to</i> seven" or even "six fifty-five" clarifies this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_speech_and_times_to_the_minute">Formal speech and times to the minute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Formal speech and times to the minute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"O'clock" redirects here. For the o'clock watch, see <a href="/wiki/O_bag" title="O bag">O bag</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/12-hour_clock" title="Special:EditPage/12-hour clock">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Minutes may be expressed as an exact number of minutes past the hour specifying the time of day (e.g., 6:32 p.m. is "six thirty-two"). Additionally, when expressing the time using the "past (after)" or "to (before)" formula, it is conventional to choose the number of minutes below 30 (e.g., 6:32 p.m. is conventionally "twenty-eight minutes to seven" rather than "thirty-two minutes past six"). </p><p>In spoken English, full hours are often represented by the numbered hour followed by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o%27clock" class="extiw" title="wikt:o'clock"><i>o'clock</i></a> (10:00 as <i>ten o'clock</i>, 2:00 as <i>two o'clock</i>). This may be followed by the "a.m." or "p.m." designator, though some phrases such as <i>in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,</i> or <i>at night</i> more commonly follow analog-style terms such as <i>o'clock, half past three,</i> and <i>quarter to four. O'clock</i> itself may be omitted, telling a time as <i>four a.m.</i> or <i>four p.m.</i> Minutes ":01" to ":09" are usually pronounced as <i>oh one</i> to <i>oh nine</i> (<i>nought</i> or <i>zero</i> can also be used instead of <i>oh</i>). Minutes ":10" to ":59" are pronounced as their usual number-words. For instance, 6:02 a.m. can be pronounced <i>six oh two a.m.</i> whereas 6:32 a.m. could be told as <i>six thirty-two a.m.</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight">Confusion at noon and midnight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Confusion at noon and midnight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%; width: 35em"> <caption>Time according to various conventions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Device or <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">Midnight</a><br /><small>Start of day</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">Noon</a></th> <th>Midnight<br /><small>End of day</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Written 24-hour time<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>00:00</td> <td>12:00</td> <td>24:00 or 00:00 of following day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Digital watches (12-hour)</td> <td>12:00 AM</td> <td>12:00 PM</td> <td>12:00 AM </td></tr> <tr> <td>Digital watches (24-hour)</td> <td>0:00</td> <td>12:00</td> <td>0:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-GPO1953_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO1953-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>midnight<sup id="cite_ref-startend_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startend-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>noon<br />12 o'clock noon<br />12 m.</td> <td>midnight<sup id="cite_ref-startend_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startend-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />12:00 p.m. </td></tr> <tr> <td>U.S. Government Publishing Office (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-GPO2000_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>midnight<sup id="cite_ref-startend_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startend-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12 a.m.<br />noon</td> <td>12 p.m.<br />midnight<sup id="cite_ref-startend_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startend-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U.S. Government Publishing Office (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-GPO2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12 a.m.<br />12 midnight<sup id="cite_ref-startend_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startend-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12 p.m.<br />12 noon</td> <td>12 midnight<sup id="cite_ref-startend_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startend-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese legal convention<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午前0時</span></span> (0 a.m.) </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午前12時</span></span> (12 a.m.) </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午後12時</span></span> (12 p.m.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese common usage<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午前0時</span></span> (0 a.m.) </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午後0時</span></span> (0 p.m.) </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午後12時</span></span> (12 p.m.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chicago Manual of Style<sup id="cite_ref-chicago_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>noon<br />12:00 m.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CP_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK standard<sup id="cite_ref-NPL_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Midnight</td> <td>Noon</td> <td>Midnight </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associated Press style<sup id="cite_ref-AP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>noon</td> <td>midnight </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a><sup id="cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTFAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>midnight<sup id="cite_ref-niststartend_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niststartend-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />12:01 a.m.</td> <td>noon</td> <td>midnight<sup id="cite_ref-niststartend_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niststartend-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />11:59 p.m. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-startend-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-startend_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startend_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startend_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startend_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startend_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startend_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These styles are ambiguous with respect to whether midnight is at the start or end of each day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niststartend-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niststartend_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niststartend_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NIST recommends using 11:59 p.m. and 12:01 a.m. to disambiguate when needed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is not always clear what times "12:00 a.m." and "12:00 p.m." denote. From the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">meridies</i></span> (midday), <i>ante</i> (before) and <i>post</i> (after), the term <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ante meridiem</i></span></i> (a.m.) means before midday and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">post meridiem</i></span></i> (p.m.) means after midday. Since "noon" (midday, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">meridies</i></span> (m.)) is neither before nor after itself, the terms a.m. and p.m. do not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTFAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "12 m." was suggested as a way to indicate noon, this is seldom done<sup id="cite_ref-chicago_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also does not resolve the question of how to indicate midnight. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> states "By convention, <i>12 AM</i> denotes midnight and <i>12 PM</i> denotes noon. Because of the potential for confusion, it is advisable to use <i>12 noon</i> and <i>12 midnight</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>E. G. Richards in his book <i>Mapping Time</i> (1999) provided a diagram in which 12 a.m. means noon and 12 p.m. means midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the style manual of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a> used 12 a.m. for noon and 12 p.m. for midnight until its 2008 edition. At this point it reversed these designations<sup id="cite_ref-GPO2000_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPO2008_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then retained that change in its 2016 revision.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many U.S. style guides, and <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>'s "Frequently asked questions (FAQ)" web page,<sup id="cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTFAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommend that it is clearest if one refers to "noon" or "12:00 noon" and "midnight" or "12:00 midnight" (rather than to "12:00 p.m." and "12:00 a.m."). The NIST website states that "12 a.m. and 12 p.m. are ambiguous and should not be used." </p><p><i>The Associated Press Stylebook</i> specifies that midnight "is part of the day that is ending, not the one that is beginning."<sup id="cite_ref-AP_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Canadian Press Stylebook</i><sup id="cite_ref-CP_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says, "write <i>noon</i> or <i>midnight</i>, not <i>12 noon</i> or <i>12 midnight</i>." Phrases such as "12 a.m." and "12 p.m." are not mentioned at all. </p><p>In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> "FAQ-Time" web page<sup id="cite_ref-NPL_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states "In cases where the context cannot be relied upon to place a particular event, the pair of days straddling midnight can be quoted"; also "the terms 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. should be avoided." </p><p>Likewise, some U.S. style guides recommend either clarifying "midnight" with other context clues, such as specifying the two dates between which it falls, or not referring to the term at all. For an example of the latter method, "midnight" is replaced with "11:59 p.m." for the end of a day or "12:01 a.m." for the start of a day. That has become common in the United States in legal contracts and for <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> schedules, though some schedules use other conventions. Occasionally, when trains run at regular intervals, the pattern may be broken at midnight by displacing the midnight departure one or more minutes, such as to 11:59 p.m. or 12:01 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Japan" title="Date and time notation in Japan">Japanese usage</a>, midnight is written as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午前0時</span></span> (0 a.m.) and noon is written as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午後0時</span></span> (0 p.m.), making the hours numbered sequentially from 0 to 11 in both halves of the day. Alternatively, noon may be written as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午前12時</span></span> (12 a.m.) and midnight at the end of the day as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午後12時</span></span> (12 p.m.), as opposed to <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午前0時</span></span> (0 a.m.) for the start of the day, making the Japanese convention the opposite of the English usage of 12 a.m. and 12 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_position" title="Clock position">Clock position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_representation_by_country" title="Date and time representation by country">Date and time representation by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">Midnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta">Muhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahar" title="Pahar">Pahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopaediaBritannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Time". <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 28. 1986. pp. 660 2a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=660+2a&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.eb.com.au/eb/article-61027">"Time"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambiguity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+Library+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com.au%2Feb%2Farticle-61027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> For different opinions on representation of midday and midnight, see <a href="#Confusion_at_noon_and_midnight">#Confusion at noon and midnight</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NISTFAQ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NISTFAQ_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/times-day-faqs">"Times of Day FAQs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 21 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153333/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/times-day-faqs">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Times+of+Day+FAQs&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Ftime-and-frequency-division%2Ftimes-day-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddington2016" class="citation web cs1">Addington, Susan (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704121745/http://www.math.csusb.edu/faculty/susan/number_bracelets/mod_arith.html">"Modular Arithmetic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.csusb.edu/faculty/susan/number_bracelets/mod_arith.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modular+Arithmetic&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Addington&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.csusb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fsusan%2Fnumber_bracelets%2Fmod_arith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/noon-12-am-or-12-pm">"Is noon 12 am or 12 pm?"</a>. <i>Royal Museums Greenwich</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office+Style+Manual+-+Chapter+12+-+Numerals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008%2Fhtml%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/en/writing-tips-plus/time-of-day-elapsed-time">"time of day, elapsed time"</a>. <i>Resources of the Language Portal of Canada</i>. 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcytech.org/java/clock/clock_history.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Clocks&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcytech.org%2Fjava%2Fclock%2Fclock_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aon.at/sundials/berlin-egypte.htm">"Berlin instruments of the old Eg.time of day destination"</a>. <i>members.aon.at</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115233642/http://members.aon.at/sundials/berlin-egypte.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=members.aon.at&rft.atitle=Berlin+instruments+of+the+old+Eg.time+of+day+destination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aon.at%2Fsundials%2Fberlin-egypte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-early-clocks">"Early Clocks"</a>. <i>A Walk Through Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 12 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Walk+Through+Time&rft.atitle=Early+Clocks&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Ftime-and-frequency-division%2Fpopular-links%2Fwalk-through-time%2Fwalk-through-time-early-clocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4881611"><i>National Library of Australia catalogue entry for </i>Rider's British merlin: for the year of Our Lord God 1795<i><span></span></i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online&rft.atitle=9.39%3A+Numerals+versus+words+for+time+of+da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fbook%2Fed18%2Fpart2%2Fch09%2Fpsec039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESG-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESG_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESG_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Economist Style Guide</i> (12th ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 2018. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781258316" title="Special:BookSources/9781781258316"><bdi>9781781258316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economist+Style+Guide&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781781258316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed18/part2/ch09/psec039.html">"9.39: Numerals versus words for time of da"</a>. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online</i>. The University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online&rft.atitle=9.39%3A+Numerals+versus+words+for+time+of+da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fbook%2Fed18%2Fpart2%2Fch09%2Fpsec039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson" class="citation web cs1">Watson, James Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesrobertwatson.com/ampm.html">"A more efficient way to denote am or pm"</a>. <i>Jim Watson professor of design</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jim+Watson+professor+of+design&rft.atitle=A+more+efficient+way+to+denote+am+or+pm&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesrobertwatson.com%2Fampm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hacker, Diana, A Writer's Reference, six edition, Bedford, St Martin's, Boston, 2007, section M4-c, p.308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126183321/https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/saf_cn/publication/afh33-337/afh33-337.pdf"><i>The Tongue and Quill</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Air Force. 27 May 2015. p. 356. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/saf_cn/publication/afh33-337/afh33-337.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tongue+and+Quill&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=US+Air+Force&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.e-publishing.af.mil%2Fproduction%2F1%2Fsaf_cn%2Fpublication%2Fafh33-337%2Fafh33-337.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span> Air Force Handbook 33-337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"quarter". <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=quarter&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span> s.v. usage note at end of "quarter" entry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1855" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Charles (1855). <i>Little Dorrit</i>. p. Chapter 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Dorrit&rft.pages=Chapter+27&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2020" class="citation web cs1">Trudgill, Peter (17 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-peter-trudgill-recounts-the-old-way-of-counting-80170/">"Number five-and-twenty: A fading linguistic practice"</a>. <i>The New European</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=Number+five-and-twenty%3A+A+fading+linguistic+practice&rft.date=2020-05-17&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Fbrexit-news-peter-trudgill-recounts-the-old-way-of-counting-80170%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan" class="citation web cs1">Swan, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1535_questionanswer/page63.shtml">"Ask About English"</a>. <i>BBC World Service</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=Ask+About+English&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Flearningenglish%2Fradio%2Fspecials%2F1535_questionanswer%2Fpage63.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.doyouremember.co.uk/threads/8061-TVTimes-magazine-21-27-May-1983-part1">"TVTimes magazine 21-27 May 1983 part1"</a>. <i>TVTimes</i>. 21–27 May 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018072904/http://forums.doyouremember.co.uk/threads/8061-TVTimes-magazine-21-27-May-1983-part1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TVTimes&rft.atitle=TVTimes+magazine+21-27+May+1983+part1&rft.date=1983-05-21%2F1983-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforums.doyouremember.co.uk%2Fthreads%2F8061-TVTimes-magazine-21-27-May-1983-part1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> (18th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2024. paragraph 9.41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81797-2"><bdi>978-0-226-81797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=paragraph+9.41&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-226-81797-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPO1953-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPO1953_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-GP-6eda8715b8f5cb1d8514325b97334d4f/pdf/GOVPUB-GP-6eda8715b8f5cb1d8514325b97334d4f.pdf">"United States Government Printing Office Style Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>govinfo</i>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. January 1953. pp. 152, 267. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905161607/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-GP-6eda8715b8f5cb1d8514325b97334d4f/pdf/GOVPUB-GP-6eda8715b8f5cb1d8514325b97334d4f.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo&rft.atitle=United+States+Government+Printing+Office+Style+Manual&rft.pages=152%2C+267&rft.date=1953-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGOVPUB-GP-6eda8715b8f5cb1d8514325b97334d4f%2Fpdf%2FGOVPUB-GP-6eda8715b8f5cb1d8514325b97334d4f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPO2000-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPO2000_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPO2000_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000.pdf">"U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>govinfo</i>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2000. page 156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905160112/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo&rft.atitle=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office+Style+Manual&rft.pages=page+156&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000%2Fpdf%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPO2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPO2008_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPO2008_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf">"U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>govinfo</i>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2008. p. 271. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412235057/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo&rft.atitle=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office+Style+Manual&rft.pages=271&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008%2Fpdf%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606032129/http://jjy.nict.go.jp/QandA/FAQ/12am-or-0pm-J.html"><bdi lang="ja">午前１２時？午後０時？</bdi></a> [12 AM? or 0 PM?]. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">National Institute of Information and Communications Technology</a></i> (in Japanese). 15 February 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jjy.nict.go.jp/QandA/FAQ/12am-or-0pm-J.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Information+and+Communications+Technology&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%88%E5%89%8D%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%92%E6%99%82%EF%BC%9F+%E5%8D%88%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%90%E6%99%82%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=1989-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjjy.nict.go.jp%2FQandA%2FFAQ%2F12am-or-0pm-J.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nao.ac.jp/faq/a0401.html"><bdi lang="ja">質問4-1）正午は午前12時？それとも、午後12時？</bdi></a> [Question 4-1) Is noon 12 a.m.? Or 12 p.m.?]. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan" title="National Astronomical Observatory of Japan">National Astronomical Observatory of Japan </a></i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Astronomical+Observatory+of+Japan&rft.atitle=%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F4-1%EF%BC%89%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%88%E3%81%AF%E5%8D%88%E5%89%8D12%E6%99%82%EF%BC%9F%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%80%81%E5%8D%88%E5%BE%8C12%E6%99%82%EF%BC%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nao.ac.jp%2Ffaq%2Fa0401.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicago-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicago_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicago_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> (18th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2024. paragraph 9.40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81797-2"><bdi>978-0-226-81797-2</bdi></a>. <q>Although noon can be expressed as 12:00 m. (m = <i>meridies</i>), very few use that form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=paragraph+9.40&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-226-81797-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Canadian Press Stylebook</i> (11th ed.). 1999. page 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Press+Stylebook&rft.pages=page+288&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPL-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPL_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPL_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303095129/http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/faqs/">"National Physical Laboratory, <i>FAQ-Time</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/faqs">the original</a> on 3 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+FAQ-Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fscience-technology%2Ftime-frequency%2Ftime%2Ffaqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Froke, Anna Joe Bratton, Oskar Garcia, Jeff McMillan & Jerry Schwart, Eds., 54th ed., <i>The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law</i>, New York: Basic Books, June 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9989-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9989-2">978-1-5416-9989-2</a>, s.v. noon, midnight, times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=AM">"AM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (Fifth ed.). 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109230904/http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=AM">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AM&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1999" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. G. (1999). <i>Mapping Time: the Calendar and its History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Time%3A+the+Calendar+and+its+History&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/features/new-edition-gpo-style-manual">"GPO Style Manual. 2016. p.236"</a>. <i>govinfo.gov</i>. 12 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035857/https://www.govinfo.gov/features/new-edition-gpo-style-manual">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=GPO+Style+Manual.+2016.+p.236&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Ffeatures%2Fnew-edition-gpo-style-manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526154117/http://www.abelliogreateranglia.co.uk/f/62130/62130.pdf">"Cheshunt/Enfield Town to London Liverpool Street via Seven Sisters service Interim train timetables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Abellio Greater Anglia London</i>. 17 May 2015. pp. 7, 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abelliogreateranglia.co.uk/f/62130/62130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abellio+Greater+Anglia+London&rft.atitle=Cheshunt%2FEnfield+Town+to+London+Liverpool+Street+via+Seven+Sisters+service+Interim+train+timetables&rft.pages=7%2C+8&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abelliogreateranglia.co.uk%2Ff%2F62130%2F62130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12-hour+clock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12-hour_clock&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/times.cfm">NIST FAQ on time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longtailworld.blogspot.com/2006/04/japan1212am-is-noon-in-japan.html">12am is noon in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" 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