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id="toc-DuPont_and_the_invention_of_nylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DuPont_and_the_invention_of_nylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>DuPont and the invention of nylon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DuPont_and_the_invention_of_nylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_marketing_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_marketing_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early marketing strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_marketing_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_nylon_fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_nylon_fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Production of nylon fabric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_nylon_fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_nylon_blends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_nylon_blends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Introduction of nylon blends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_nylon_blends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longer-term_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longer-term_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Longer-term popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longer-term_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nylon_66_and_related_heteropolymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nylon_66_and_related_heteropolymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nylon 66 and related heteropolymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nylon_66_and_related_heteropolymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nylon_6_and_related_homopolymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nylon_6_and_related_homopolymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nylon 6 and related homopolymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nylon_6_and_related_homopolymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nylon_1,6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nylon_1,6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nylon 1,6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nylon_1,6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copolymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copolymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Copolymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copolymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Blends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystallinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystallinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Crystallinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystallinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molds_and_resins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molds_and_resins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Molds and resins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molds_and_resins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Food packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Filaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nylon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="نايلون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نايلون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%B3n" title="Nilón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nilón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CC%8Bi-l%C3%B3ng" title="Na̋i-lóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Na̋i-lóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейлон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нейлон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Найлон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Найлон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilon" title="Nilon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nilon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%B3" title="Niló – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niló" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilon" title="Neilon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neilon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamide#Nylon" title="Polyamide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polyamide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailon" title="Nailon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nailon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Νάιλον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νάιλον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailon" title="Nailon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nailon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilono" title="Nilono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nilono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="نایلون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نایلون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADol%C3%B3n" title="Níolón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Níolón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0idhlean" title="Nàidhlean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nàidhlean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailon" title="Nailon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nailon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="나일론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나일론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="नायलॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नायलॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najlon" title="Najlon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Najlon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilon" title="Nilon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nilon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6lon" title="Nælon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nælon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ניילון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניילון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilon" title="Nilon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nilon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೈಲಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಲಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейлон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нейлон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Найлон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Найлон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailonas" title="Nailonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nailonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilon" title="Nilon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nilon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ナイロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilon" title="Nilon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nilon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naayiloonii" title="Naayiloonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naayiloonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylon" title="Naylon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Naylon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="نائیلون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نائیلون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1ilon" title="Náilon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Náilon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailon" title="Nailon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nailon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейлон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейлон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najlloni" title="Najlloni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Najlloni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najlon" title="Najlon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Najlon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86" title="نایلۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نایلۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Најлон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Најлон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najlon" title="Najlon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Najlon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilon" title="Nilon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nilon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailon" title="Nailon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nailon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylon" title="Naylon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Naylon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="నైలాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నైలాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ไนลอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไนลอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylon" title="Naylon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Naylon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейлон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нейлон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nylon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%BE%99" title="尼龙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼龙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%BE%8D" title="尼龍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼龍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%BE%99" title="尼龙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼龙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nylon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nylon (disambiguation)">Nylon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid; float: right; width: 250px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Nylon 6 <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nylon"><img alt="Nylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg/320px-Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg/480px-Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg/640px-Nylon_6_and_Nylon_6-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> Nylon 6,6 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.15 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">Electrical conductivity</a> (σ) </td> <td>10<sup>−12</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> </td> <td>0.25 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/(m·<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>463–624 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br /> 190–350 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a><br /> 374–663 °<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">F</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nylon</b> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic polymer">synthetic polymers</a> characterized by <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> linkages, typically connecting <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyamide#Classification" title="Polyamide">semi-aromatic</a> groups. </p><p>Nylons are generally white or colorless<sup id="cite_ref-Chemguide_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2025)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2025)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and possess a soft texture, with some varieties exhibiting a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>-like appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastics</a>, nylons can be melt-processed into fibers, <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">films</a>, and diverse shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AOGHS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOGHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The properties of nylons are often modified by blending with a variety of additives. </p><p>Numerous types of nylon are available. One family, designated nylon-XY, is derived from <a href="/wiki/Diamine" title="Diamine">diamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dicarboxylic_acid" title="Dicarboxylic acid">dicarboxylic acids</a> of carbon chain lengths X and Y, respectively. An important example is nylon-6,6 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">(−C(O)(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>C(O)−NH(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>NH−)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">n</sub></span>). Another family, designated nylon-Z, is derived from <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">aminocarboxylic acids</a> with carbon chain length Z. An example is nylon-[6]. </p><p>Nylon polymers have extensive commercial applications, including uses in <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and fibers (such as apparel, flooring and rubber reinforcement), molded components for automotive and electrical equipment, and films (mostly for <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BPF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_Carothers,_in_the_lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wallace_Carothers%2C_in_the_lab.jpg/250px-Wallace_Carothers%2C_in_the_lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wallace_Carothers%2C_in_the_lab.jpg/255px-Wallace_Carothers%2C_in_the_lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Wallace_Carothers%2C_in_the_lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Wallace Carothers</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DuPont_and_the_invention_of_nylon">DuPont and the invention of nylon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: DuPont and the invention of nylon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers at <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> began developing cellulose-based fibers, culminating in the synthetic fiber <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>. DuPont's experience with rayon was an important precursor to its development and marketing of nylon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8, 64, 236">: 8, 64, 236 </span></sup> </p><p>DuPont's invention of nylon spanned an eleven-year period, ranging from the initial research program in polymers in 1927 to its announcement in 1938, shortly before the opening of the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project grew from a new organizational structure at DuPont, suggested by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stine" title="Charles Stine">Charles Stine</a> in 1927, in which the chemical department would be composed of several small research teams that would focus on "pioneering research" in chemistry and would "lead to practical applications".<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> Harvard instructor <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Hume_Carothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace Hume Carothers">Wallace Hume Carothers</a> was hired to direct the polymer research group. Initially he was allowed to focus on pure research, building on and testing the theories of German chemist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kativa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kativa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was very successful, as research he undertook greatly improved the knowledge of polymers and contributed to the science.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nylon was the first commercially successful synthetic <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-PlasticsCHF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlasticsCHF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DuPont began its research project in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first nylon, <a href="/wiki/Nylon_66" title="Nylon 66">nylon 66</a>, was synthesized on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Hume Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the <a href="/wiki/DuPont_Experimental_Station" title="DuPont Experimental Station">DuPont Experimental Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carothers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carothers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Carothers' work, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schlack" title="Paul Schlack">Paul Schlack</a> at <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Nylon_6" title="Nylon 6">nylon 6</a>, a different molecule based on <a href="/wiki/Caprolactam" title="Caprolactam">caprolactam</a>, on January 29, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Travis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1930, Carothers and his team had already synthesized two new polymers. One was <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a>, a synthetic rubber greatly used during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other was a white elastic but strong paste that would later become nylon. After these discoveries, Carothers' team was made to shift its research from a more pure research approach investigating general polymerization to a more practically focused goal of finding "one chemical combination that would lend itself to industrial applications".<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> </p><p>It was not until the beginning of 1935 that a polymer called "polymer 6-6" was finally produced. Carothers' coworker, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> alumnus <a href="/wiki/Julian_W._Hill" title="Julian W. Hill">Julian W. Hill</a> had used a <a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)#Plastic_drawing" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">cold drawing</a> method to produce a <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cold drawing method was later used by Carothers in 1935 to fully develop nylon.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first example of nylon (nylon 6.6) was produced on February 28, 1935, at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had all the desired properties of elasticity and strength. However, it also required a complex manufacturing process that would become the basis of industrial production in the future. DuPont obtained a patent for the polymer in September 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-US_2130523_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_2130523-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and quickly achieved a monopoly of the fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carothers died 16 months before the announcement of nylon, therefore he was never able to see his success.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nylon was first used commercially in a nylon-<a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">bristled</a> <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">toothbrush</a> in 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-AOGHS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOGHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed more famously in women's <a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">stockings</a> or "nylons" which were shown at the 1939 New York World's Fair and first sold commercially in 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon they became an instant commercial success with 64 million pairs sold during their first year on the market. During World War II, almost all nylon production was diverted to the military for use in <a href="/wiki/Parachutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Parachutes">parachutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parachute_cord" title="Parachute cord">parachute cord</a>. Wartime uses of nylon and other <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> greatly increased the market for the new materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Conflicts_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conflicts-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of nylon required interdepartmental collaboration between three departments at DuPont: the Department of Chemical Research, the Ammonia Department, and the Department of Rayon.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the key ingredients of nylon had to be produced using <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure chemistry">high pressure chemistry</a>, the main area of expertise of the Ammonia Department. Nylon was considered a "godsend to the Ammonia Department",<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been in financial difficulties. The reactants of nylon soon constituted half of the Ammonia Department's sales and helped them come out of the period of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> by creating jobs and revenue at DuPont.<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DuPont's nylon project demonstrated the importance of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> in industry, helped create jobs, and furthered the advancement of chemical engineering techniques. In fact, it developed a chemical plant that provided 1800 jobs and used the latest technologies of the time, which are still used as a model for chemical plants today.<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to acquire a large number of chemists and engineers quickly was a huge contribution to the success of DuPont's nylon project.<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100–101">: 100–101 </span></sup> The first nylon plant was located at Seaford, Delaware, beginning commercial production on December 15, 1939. On October 26, 1995, the Seaford plant was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Chemical Landmark">National Historic Chemical Landmark</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landmark_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landmark-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_marketing_strategies">Early marketing strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early marketing strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important part of nylon's popularity stems from DuPont's marketing strategy. DuPont promoted the fiber to increase demand before the product was available to the general market. Nylon's commercial announcement occurred on October 27, 1938, at the final session of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">Herald Tribune</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s yearly "Forum on Current Problems", on the site of the approaching New York City world's fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Kativa_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kativa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> The "first man-made organic textile fiber" which was derived from "coal, water and air" and promised to be "as strong as steel, as fine as the spider's web" was received enthusiastically by the audience, many of them middle-class women, and made the headlines of most newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> Nylon was introduced as part of "The world of tomorrow" at the 1939 New York World's Fair<sup id="cite_ref-Blakinger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakinger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was featured at DuPont's "Wonder World of Chemistry" at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_International_Exposition" title="Golden Gate International Exposition">Golden Gate International Exposition</a> in San Francisco in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Kativa_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kativa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sundberg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundberg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual <a href="/wiki/Fully_fashioned_stockings" title="Fully fashioned stockings">nylon stockings</a> were not shipped to selected stores in the national market until May 15, 1940. However, a limited number were released for sale in Delaware before that.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–146">: 145–146 </span></sup> The first public sale of nylon stockings occurred on October 24, 1939, in Wilmington, Delaware. 4,000 pairs of stockings were available, all of which were sold within three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Kativa_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kativa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another added bonus to the campaign was that it meant reducing silk imports from Japan, an argument that won over many wary customers. Nylon was even mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a>'s cabinet, which addressed its "vast and interesting economic possibilities" five days after the material was formally announced.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the early excitement over nylon also caused problems. It fueled unreasonable expectations that nylon would be better than silk, a miracle fabric as strong as steel that would last forever and never run.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–147">: 145–147 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing the danger of claims such as "New Hosiery Held Strong as Steel" and "No More Runs", DuPont scaled back the terms of the original announcement, especially those stating that nylon would possess the strength of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, DuPont executives marketing nylon as a revolutionary man-made material did not at first realize that some consumers experienced a sense of unease and distrust, even fear, towards synthetic fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126–128">: 126–128 </span></sup> A particularly damaging news story, drawing on DuPont's 1938 patent for the new polymer, suggested that one method of producing nylon might be to use <a href="/wiki/Cadaverine" title="Cadaverine">cadaverine</a> (pentamethylenediamine),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a chemical extracted from corpses. Although scientists asserted that cadaverine was also extracted by heating coal, the public often refused to listen. A woman confronted one of the lead scientists at DuPont and refused to accept that the rumour was not true.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–147">: 146–147 </span></sup> </p><p>DuPont changed its campaign strategy, emphasizing that nylon was made from "coal, air and water", and started focusing on the personal and aesthetic aspects of nylon, rather than its intrinsic qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–147">: 146–147 </span></sup> Nylon was thus domesticated,<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151–152">: 151–152 </span></sup> and attention shifted to the material and consumer aspect of the fiber with slogans like "If it's nylon, it's prettier, and oh! How fast it dries!".<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_nylon_fabric">Production of nylon fabric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production of nylon fabric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMA.0028271,_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NMA.0028271%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg/250px-NMA.0028271%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NMA.0028271%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg/330px-NMA.0028271%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NMA.0028271%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg/500px-NMA.0028271%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Liljeroth_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption>Nylon stockings being inspected in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, Sweden, in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>After nylon's nationwide release in 1940, its production ramped up significantly. In that year alone, 1300 tons of the fabric were produced, marking a remarkable start for this innovative material.[8]: 100 The demand for nylon surged, particularly for nylon stockings, which became an instant sensation. During their first year on the market, an astounding 64 million pairs of nylon stockings were sold, reflecting the fabric's rapid integration into daily life and fashion.[8]: 101 Such was the success of nylon that in 1941, just a year after its launch, a second plant was opened in Martinsville, Virginia, to meet the growing demand and ensure a steady supply of this popular fabric. This expansion underscored the profound impact nylon had on the textile industry and its rapid rise to prominence as a versatile and sought-after material.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg/250px-Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg/330px-Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg/500px-Particolare_di_calza_di_nylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Close-up photograph of the knitted nylon fabric used in stockings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Nylon_fibre_SEM.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Nylon fibers visualized using <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron microscopy">scanning electron microscopy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While nylon was marketed as the durable and indestructible material of the people, it was sold at about one-and-a-half times the price of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> stockings ($4.27 per pound of nylon versus $2.79 per pound of silk).<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> Sales of nylon stockings were strong in part due to changes in women's fashion. As Lauren Olds explains: "by 1939 [hemlines] had inched back up to the knee, closing the decade just as it started off". The shorter skirts were accompanied by a demand for stockings that offered fuller coverage without the use of garters to hold them up.<sup id="cite_ref-Olds_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olds-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as of February 11, 1942, nylon production was redirected from being a consumer material to one used by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Kativa_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kativa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DuPont's production of nylon stockings and other lingerie stopped, and most manufactured nylon was used to make parachutes and tents for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krier_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krier-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although nylon stockings already made before the war could be purchased, they were generally sold on the black market for as high as $20.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the war ended, the return of nylon was awaited with great anticipation. Although DuPont projected yearly production of 360 million pairs of stockings, there were delays in converting back to consumer rather than wartime production.<sup id="cite_ref-Kativa_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kativa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the demand for nylon stockings could not be satisfied, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Nylon_riots" title="Nylon riots">nylon riots</a>. In one instance, an estimated 40,000 people lined up in Pittsburgh to buy 13,000 pairs of nylons.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, women cut up nylon tents and parachutes left from the war in order to make blouses and wedding dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the end of the war and 1952, production of stockings and lingerie used 80% of the world's nylon. DuPont put focus on catering to the civilian demand, and continually expanded its production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_nylon_blends">Introduction of nylon blends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Introduction of nylon blends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As pure nylon hosiery was sold in a wider market, problems became apparent. Nylon stockings were found to be fragile, in the sense that the thread often tended to unravel lengthwise, creating 'runs'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> People also reported that pure nylon textiles could be uncomfortable due to nylon's lack of absorbency.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moisture stayed inside the fabric near the skin under hot or moist conditions instead of being "wicked" away.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nylon fabric could also be itchy and tended to cling and sometimes spark as a result of static electrical charge built up by friction.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaeffer_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaeffer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, under some conditions, nylon could degrade, perforating or shredding stockings.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> Scientists explained this as <a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation#Hydrolysis" title="Polymer degradation">acid hydrolysis</a> resulting from air pollution, attributing it to London smog in 1952, as well as poor air quality in New York and Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheremisinoff_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremisinoff-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stern_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garte_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garte-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solution found to problems with pure nylon fabric was to blend nylon with other existing fibers or polymers such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a>. This led to the development of a wide array of blended fabrics. The new nylon blends retained the desirable properties of nylon (elasticity, durability, ability to be dyed) and kept clothes prices low and affordable.<sup id="cite_ref-Krier_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krier-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> As of 1950, the New York Quartermaster Procurement Agency (NYQMPA), which developed and tested textiles for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>, had committed to developing a wool-nylon blend. They were not the only ones to introduce blends of both natural and synthetic fibers. <i>America's Textile Reporter</i> referred to 1951 as the "Year of the blending of the fibers".<sup id="cite_ref-Haggard_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haggard-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fabric blends included mixes like "Bunara" (wool-rabbit-nylon) and "Casmet" (wool-nylon-fur).<sup id="cite_ref-Handley_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handley-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, in November 1951, the inaugural address of the 198th session of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce focused on the blending of textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-GOODALE_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOODALE-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DuPont's Fabric Development Department cleverly targeted French fashion designers, supplying them with fabric samples. In 1955, designers such as <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Patou" title="Jean Patou">Jean Patou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a> showed gowns created with DuPont fibers, and fashion photographer <a href="/wiki/Horst_P._Horst" title="Horst P. Horst">Horst P. Horst</a> was hired to document their use of DuPont fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>American Fabrics</i> credited blends with providing "creative possibilities and new ideas for fashions which had been hitherto undreamed of."<sup id="cite_ref-Handley_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handley-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DuPont went through an extensive process to generate names for its new product.<sup id="cite_ref-Meikle_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meikle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 138–139">: 138–139 </span></sup> In 1940, John W. Eckelberry of DuPont stated that the letters "nyl" were arbitrary, and the "on" was copied from the suffixes of other fibers such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>. A later publication by DuPont (<i>Context</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, 1978) explained that the name was originally intended to be "No-Run" ("run" meaning "unravel") but was modified to avoid making such an unjustified claim. Since the products were not really run-proof, the vowels were swapped to produce "nuron", which was changed to "nilon" "to make it sound less like a nerve tonic". For clarity in pronunciation, the "i" was changed to "y".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A persistent <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> exists that the name is derived from "New York" and "London"; however, no organisation in London was ever involved in the research and production of nylon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longer-term_popularity">Longer-term popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Longer-term popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nylon’s popularity soared in the 1940s and 1950s due to its durability and sheerness. In the 1970s, it became more popular due to its flexibility and price. </p><p>In spite of oil shortages in the 1970s, consumption of nylon textiles continued to grow by 7.5% per year between the 1960s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall production of synthetic fibers, however, dropped from 63% of the worlds textile production in 1965, to 45% of the world's textile production in early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appeal of "new" technologies wore off, and nylon fabric "was going out of style in the 1970s".<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, consumers became concerned about environmental costs throughout the production cycle: obtaining the raw materials (oil), energy use during production, waste produced during creation of the fiber, and eventual waste disposal of materials that were not biodegradable.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic fibers have not dominated the market since the 1950s and 1960s. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the worldwide production of nylon is estimated at 8.9 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Businesswire_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Businesswire-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although pure nylon has many flaws and is now rarely used, its derivatives have greatly influenced and contributed to society. From scientific discoveries relating to the production of plastics and polymerization, to economic impact during the depression and the changing of women's fashion, nylon was a revolutionary product.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a>, the first flag planted on the moon in a symbolic gesture of celebration, was made of nylon. The flag itself cost $5.50 but had to have a specially designed flagpole with a horizontal bar so that it would appear to "fly".<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One historian describes nylon as "an object of desire", comparing the invention to Coca-Cola in the eyes of 20th century consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ndiaye_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndiaye-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y479OXBzCBQ">"Making Nylon"</a>, Bob Burk, CHEM 1000, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTh_5CWMSoQ">"Making Nylon 6,6"</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GxeSO7DyaE">"Nylon production"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qos7E7dDMyo">"Nylon and Rayon Manufacture 1949"</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica Films</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In common usage, the prefix "PA" (<a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a>) or the name "Nylon" are used interchangeably and are equivalent in meaning. </p><p>The nomenclature used for nylon polymers was devised during the synthesis of the first simple aliphatic nylons and uses numbers to describe the number of carbons in each monomer unit, including the carbon(s) of the carboxylic acid(s).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent use of cyclic and aromatic monomers required the use of letters or sets of letters. One number after "PA" or "Nylon" indicates a <a href="/wiki/Homopolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homopolymer">homopolymer</a> which is <i>monadic</i> or based on one amino acid (minus H<sub>2</sub>O) as monomer: </p> <dl><dd>PA 6 or Nylon 6: [NH−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>5</sub>−CO]<sub><i>n</i></sub> made from ε-caprolactam.</dd></dl> <p>Two numbers or sets of letters indicate a <i>dyadic</i> homopolymer formed from two monomers: one diamine and one dicarboxylic acid. The first number indicates the number of carbons in the diamine. The two numbers should be separated by a comma for clarity, but the comma is often omitted. </p> <dl><dd>PA or Nylon 6,10 (or 610): [NH−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>−NH−CO−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>8</sub>−CO]<sub><i>n</i></sub> made from <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylenediamine" title="Hexamethylenediamine">hexamethylenediamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebacic_acid" title="Sebacic acid">sebacic acid</a>;</dd></dl> <p>For copolymers the comonomers or pairs of comonomers are separated by slashes: </p> <dl><dd>PA 6/66: [NH−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>−NH−CO−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>−CO]<sub><i>n</i></sub>−[NH−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>5</sub>−CO]<sub><i>m</i></sub> made from caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid;</dd> <dd>PA 66/610: [NH−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>−NH−CO−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>−CO]<sub><i>n</i></sub>−[NH−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>−NH−CO−(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>8</sub>−CO]<sub><i>m</i></sub> made from hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid and sebacic acid.</dd></dl> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Polyphthalamide" title="Polyphthalamide">polyphthalamide</a> (abbreviated to PPA) is used when 60% or more moles of the carboxylic acid portion of the repeating unit in the polymer chain is composed of a combination of <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic acid</a> (TPA) and <a href="/wiki/Isophthalic_acid" title="Isophthalic acid">isophthalic acid</a> (IPA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nylon_66_and_related_heteropolymers">Nylon 66 and related heteropolymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nylon 66 and related heteropolymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nylon_66" title="Nylon 66">Nylon 66</a></div> <p>Nylon 66 and related polyamides are <a href="/wiki/Condensation_polymer" title="Condensation polymer">condensation polymers</a> forms from equal parts of <a href="/wiki/Diamine" title="Diamine">diamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dicarboxylic_acid" title="Dicarboxylic acid">dicarboxylic acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ratner_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratner-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first case, the "repeating unit" has the ABAB structure, as also seen in many <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a>. Since each monomer in this copolymer has the same <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">reactive group</a> on both ends, the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Peptide_bond" title="Peptide bond">amide bond</a> reverses between each monomer, unlike natural <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, which have overall directionality: <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl">C terminal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Amino" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino">N terminal</a>. In the second case (so called AA), the repeating unit corresponds to the single monomer.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45–50">: 45–50 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denby_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denby-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace Carothers at DuPont patented <a href="/wiki/Nylon_66" title="Nylon 66">nylon 66</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_2130523_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_2130523-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of nylons that involve reaction of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, it is difficult to get the proportions exactly correct, and deviations can lead to chain termination at molecular weights less than a desirable 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a>. To overcome this problem, a <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a>, solid "nylon <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a>" can be formed at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>, using an exact 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> to neutralize each other. The salt is crystallized to purify it and obtain the desired precise stoichiometry. Heated to 285 °C (545 °F), the salt reacts to form nylon polymer with the production of water. </p><p>Nylon 510, made from <a href="/wiki/Pentamethylene_diamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamethylene diamine">pentamethylene diamine</a> and sebacic acid, was included in the Carothers patent to nylon 66<sup id="cite_ref-US_2130523_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_2130523-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nylon 610 is produced similarly using hexamethylene diamine. These materials are more expensive because of the relatively high cost of sebacic acid. Owing to the high <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> content, nylon 610 is more hydrophobic and finds applications suited for this property, such as bristles.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Commercial heteropolymer polyamides </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">1,4-diaminobutane</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cadaverine" title="Cadaverine">1,5-diaminopentane</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/2-Methylpentamethylenediamine" title="2-Methylpentamethylenediamine">MPMD</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hexamethylenediamine" title="Hexamethylenediamine">HMD</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/M-Xylylenediamine" title="M-Xylylenediamine">MXDA</a></th> <th>Nonanediamine</th> <th>Decanediamine</th> <th>Dodecanediamine</th> <th><a href="/wiki/4,4-Diaminodicyclohexylmethane" class="mw-redirect" title="4,4-Diaminodicyclohexylmethane">Bis(para-aminocyclohexyl)methane</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trimethylhexamethylenediamine" title="Trimethylhexamethylenediamine">Trimethylhexamethylenediamine</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipic acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon_46" title="Nylon 46">46</a></td> <td></td> <td>D6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon_6-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Nylon 6-6">66</a></td> <td>MXD6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sebacic_acid" title="Sebacic acid">Sebacic acid</a></td> <td>410</td> <td>510</td> <td></td> <td>610</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1010</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodecanedioic_acid" title="Dodecanedioic acid">Dodecanedioic acid</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>612</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1212</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiana" title="Qiana">PACM12</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">Terephthalic acid</a></td> <td>4T</td> <td></td> <td>DT</td> <td>6T</td> <td></td> <td>9T</td> <td>10T</td> <td>12T</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trogamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trogamid">TMDT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isophthalic_acid" title="Isophthalic acid">Isophthalic acid</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>DI</td> <td>6I</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of these polymers that are or were commercially available: </p> <ul><li>PA46 DSM Stanyl<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA410 DSM Ecopaxx<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA4T DSM Four Tii<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA66 DuPont Zytel<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nylon_6_and_related_homopolymers">Nylon 6 and related homopolymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nylon 6 and related homopolymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nylon_6" title="Nylon 6">Nylon 6</a></div> <p>These polymers are made from a lactam or amino acid. The synthetic route using lactams (cyclic amides) was developed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schlack" title="Paul Schlack">Paul Schlack</a> at <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, leading to nylon 6, or <a href="/wiki/Caprolactam" title="Caprolactam">polycaprolactam</a>—formed by a <a href="/wiki/Ring-opening_polymerization" title="Ring-opening polymerization">ring-opening polymerization</a>. The peptide bond within the caprolactam is broken with the exposed <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">active groups</a> on each side being incorporated into two new bonds as the monomer becomes part of the polymer backbone. </p><p>The 428 °F (220 °C) melting point of nylon 6 is lower than the 509 °F (265 °C) melting point of <a href="/wiki/Nylon_66" title="Nylon 66">nylon 66</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homopolymer nylons are derived from one monomer. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Monomer</th> <th>Polymer </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caprolactam" title="Caprolactam">Caprolactam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon_6" title="Nylon 6">6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11-aminoundecanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="11-aminoundecanoic acid">11-aminoundecanoic acid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon_11" title="Nylon 11">11</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ω-aminolauric acid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon_12" title="Nylon 12">12</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of these polymers that are or were commercially available: </p> <ul><li>PA6 Lanxess Durethan B<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA11 Arkema Rilsan<sup id="cite_ref-Arkema_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkema-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA12 Evonik Vestamid L<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nylon_1,6"><span id="Nylon_1.2C6"></span>Nylon 1,6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nylon 1,6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nylon_1,6" title="Nylon 1,6">Nylon 1,6</a></div> <p>Nylons can also be synthesized from dinitriles using acid catalysis. For example, this method is applicable for preparation of <a href="/wiki/Nylon_1,6" title="Nylon 1,6">nylon 1,6</a> from <a href="/wiki/Adiponitrile" title="Adiponitrile">adiponitrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and water.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, nylons can be synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diols</a> and dinitriles using this method as well.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copolymers">Copolymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copolymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is easy to make mixtures of the monomers or sets of monomers used to make nylons to obtain copolymers. This lowers <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystallinity</a> and can therefore lower the melting point. </p><p>Some copolymers that have been or are commercially available are listed below: </p> <ul><li>PA6/66 DuPont Zytel<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA6/6T BASF Ultramid T (6/6T copolymer)<sup id="cite_ref-Kutz_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutz-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA6I/6T DuPont Selar PA<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA66/6T DuPont Zytel HTN<sup id="cite_ref-Kutz_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutz-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PA12/MACMI EMS Grilamid TR<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blends">Blends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Blends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most nylon polymers are miscible with each other allowing a range of blends to be made. The two polymers can react with one another by transamidation to form random copolymers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystallinity">Crystallinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Crystallinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to their crystallinity, polyamides can be: </p> <ul><li>semi-<a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a>: <ul><li>high crystallinity: PA46 and PA66;</li> <li>low crystallinity: PAMXD6 made from m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a>: PA6I made from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic acid.</li></ul> <p>According to this classification, PA66, for example, is an aliphatic semi-crystalline homopolyamide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amide_hydrolysis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amide_hydrolysis.svg/250px-Amide_hydrolysis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amide_hydrolysis.svg/330px-Amide_hydrolysis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amide_hydrolysis.svg/500px-Amide_hydrolysis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>The general chemical reaction involving hydrolysis of an amide to form a carboxylic acid and an amine</figcaption></figure> <p>All nylons are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, especially by <a href="/wiki/Strong_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong acid">strong acids</a>, a reaction essentially the reverse of their synthesis. The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of nylon products so attacked drops, and cracks form quickly at the affected zones. Lower members of the nylons (such as nylon 6) are affected more than higher members such as nylon 12. This means that nylon parts cannot be used in contact with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> for example, such as the electrolyte used in <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries</a>. </p><p>When being molded, nylon must be dried to prevent hydrolysis in the molding machine barrel since water at high temperatures can also degrade the polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-Reltek_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reltek-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction is shown above. </p><p>The average <a href="/wiki/GHG_footprint" class="mw-redirect" title="GHG footprint">greenhouse gas footprint</a> of nylon in manufacturing carpets is estimated at 5.43 kg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per kg, when produced in Europe. This gives it almost the same <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> as <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, but with greater durability and therefore a lower overall carbon footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-Berners-Lee_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berners-Lee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data published by PlasticsEurope indicates for nylon 66 a <a href="/wiki/GHG_footprint" class="mw-redirect" title="GHG footprint">greenhouse gas footprint</a> of 6.4 kg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per kg, and an energy consumption of 138 kJ/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering the environmental impact of nylon, it is important to consider the use phase. </p><p>Various nylons break down in fire and form hazardous smoke, and toxic fumes or ash, typically containing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incinerating</a> nylons to recover the high energy used to create them is usually expensive, so most nylons reach the garbage dumps, decaying slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discarded nylon fabric takes 30–40 years to decompose.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nylon used in discarded fishing gear such as fishing nets is a contributor to debris in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-chhabra_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chhabra-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nylon is a robust polymer and lends itself well to recycling. Much nylon resin is recycled directly in a closed loop at the injection molding machine, by grinding <a href="/wiki/Sprue_(manufacturing)" title="Sprue (manufacturing)">sprues</a> and runners and mixing them with the virgin granules being consumed by the molding machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Boydell_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boydell-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the expense and difficulties of the nylon recycling process, few companies utilize it while most favor using cheaper, newly made plastics for their products instead.<sup id="cite_ref-chhabra_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chhabra-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US clothing company <a href="/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc." title="Patagonia, Inc.">Patagonia</a> has products containing recycled nylon and in the mid-2010s invested in Bureo, a company that recycles nylon from used fishing nets to use in sunglasses and skateboards.<sup id="cite_ref-chhabra_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chhabra-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian company Aquafil also has demonstrated recycling fishing nets lost in the ocean into apparel.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanden Recycling recycles nylon and other polyamides (PA) and has operations in the UK, Australia, Hong Kong, the UAE, Turkey and Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nylon is the most popular fiber type in the residential carpet industry today.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> estimates that 9.2% of carpet fiber, backing and padding was recycled in 2018, 17.8% was incinerated in <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">waste-to-energy</a> facilities, and 73% was discarded in <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the world's largest carpet and rug companies are promoting "cradle to cradle"—the re-use of non-virgin materials including ones not historically recycled—as the industry's pathway forward.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above their <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">melting temperatures</a>, <i>T</i><sub>m</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastics</a> like nylon are <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous solids</a> or viscous <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> in which the chains approximate <a href="/wiki/Random_coil" title="Random coil">random coils</a>. Below <i>T</i><sub>m</sub>, amorphous regions alternate with regions which are <a href="/wiki/Lamellae_(materials)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellae (materials)">lamellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amorphous regions contribute elasticity, and the crystalline regions contribute strength and rigidity. The <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">planar</a> amide (-CO-NH-) groups are very <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a>, so nylon forms multiple <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> among adjacent strands. Because the nylon backbone is so regular and symmetrical, especially if all the amide bonds are in the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric isomerism"><i>trans</i> configuration</a>, nylons often have high crystallinity and make excellent fibers. The amount of crystallinity depends on the details of formation, as well as on the kind of nylon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nylon-3D-h_bond.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nylon-3D-h_bond.png/330px-Nylon-3D-h_bond.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nylon-3D-h_bond.png/500px-Nylon-3D-h_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nylon-3D-h_bond.png/960px-Nylon-3D-h_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Hydrogen bonding in Nylon 66 (in mauve)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nylon 66 can have multiple parallel strands aligned with their neighboring peptide bonds at coordinated separations of exactly six and four carbons for considerable lengths, so the <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygens</a> and amide <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogens</a> can line up to form interchain hydrogen bonds repeatedly, without interruption (see the figure opposite). Nylon 510 can have coordinated runs of five and eight carbons. Thus parallel (but not antiparallel) strands can participate in extended, unbroken, multi-chain <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">β-pleated sheets</a>, a strong and tough supermolecular structure similar to that found in natural <a href="/wiki/Keratin#Molecular_biology_and_biochemistry" title="Keratin">silk fibroin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">β-keratins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>. (Proteins have only an amino acid α-carbon separating sequential -CO-NH- groups.) Nylon 6 will form uninterrupted <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">H-bonded</a> sheets with mixed directionalities, but the β-sheet wrinkling is somewhat different. The three-dimensional disposition of each <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbon chain">hydrocarbon chain</a> depends on <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotations</a> about the 109.47° <a href="/wiki/Alkane#Molecular_geometry" title="Alkane">tetrahedral</a> bonds of singly bonded carbon atoms. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruded</a> into fibers through pores in an industry <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)" title="Spinneret (polymers)">spinneret</a>, the individual polymer chains tend to align because of <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">flow</a>. If subjected to <a href="/wiki/Cold_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold drawing">cold drawing</a> afterwards, the fibers align further, increasing their crystallinity, and the material acquires additional <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>. In practice, nylon fibers are most often drawn using heated rolls at high speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Block nylon tends to be less crystalline, except near the surfaces due to <a href="/wiki/Shear_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear (fluid)">shearing</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stresses</a> during formation. Nylon is clear and <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colorless</a>, or milky, but is easily <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyed</a>. Multistranded nylon cord and rope is slippery and tends to unravel. The ends can be <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melted</a> and fused with a heat source such as a <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> to prevent this. </p><p>Nylons are hygroscopic and will absorb or desorb moisture as a function of the ambient humidity. Variations in moisture content have several effects on the polymer. Firstly, the dimensions will change, but more importantly moisture acts as a plasticizer, lowering the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> (<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>), and consequently the elastic modulus at temperatures below the <i>T</i><sub>g</sub><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When dry, polyamide is a good electrical insulator. However, polyamide is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a>. The absorption of water will change some of the material's properties such as its <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a>. Nylon is less absorbent than wool or cotton. </p><p>The characteristic features of nylon 66 include: </p> <ul><li>Pleats and creases can be heat-set at higher temperatures</li> <li>More compact molecular structure</li> <li>Better weathering properties; better sunlight resistance</li> <li>Softer "Hand"</li> <li>High melting point (256 °C, 492.8 °F)</li> <li>Superior colorfastness</li> <li>Excellent abrasion resistance</li></ul> <p>On the other hand, nylon 6 is easy to dye, more readily fades; it has a higher impact resistance, a more rapid moisture absorption, greater elasticity, and elastic recovery. </p> <ul><li>Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semi-lustrous, or dull.</li> <li>Durability: its high tenacity fibers are used for seatbelts, tire cords, ballistic cloth, and other uses.</li> <li>High elongation</li> <li>Excellent abrasion resistance</li> <li>Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set)</li> <li>Paved the way for easy-care garments</li> <li>High resistance to insects, fungi, animals, as well as molds, mildew, rot, and many chemicals</li> <li>Used in carpets and nylon stockings</li> <li>Melts instead of burning</li> <li>Used in many military applications</li> <li>Good <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">specific strength</a></li> <li>Transparent to infrared light (−12 dB)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="-12&nbsp;dB of which quantity? (August 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Nylon clothing tends to be less flammable than cotton and rayon, but nylon fibers may melt and stick to skin.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nylon was first used commercially in a nylon-<a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">bristled</a> <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">toothbrush</a> in 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-AOGHS_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOGHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed more famously in women's <a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">stockings</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Fully_fashioned_stockings" title="Fully fashioned stockings">nylons</a>" which were shown at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a> and first sold commercially in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe2008_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use increased dramatically during World War II, when the need for fabrics increased dramatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibers">Fibers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_worn_out_nylon_stockings_in_this_barrel_full_of_salvaged_stockings_will_be_reprocessed_and_made_into_parachutes..._-_NARA_-_196427.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_worn_out_nylon_stockings_in_this_barrel_full_of_salvaged_stockings_will_be_reprocessed_and_made_into_parachutes..._-_NARA_-_196427.jpg/250px-The_worn_out_nylon_stockings_in_this_barrel_full_of_salvaged_stockings_will_be_reprocessed_and_made_into_parachutes..._-_NARA_-_196427.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_worn_out_nylon_stockings_in_this_barrel_full_of_salvaged_stockings_will_be_reprocessed_and_made_into_parachutes..._-_NARA_-_196427.jpg/330px-The_worn_out_nylon_stockings_in_this_barrel_full_of_salvaged_stockings_will_be_reprocessed_and_made_into_parachutes..._-_NARA_-_196427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>These worn out nylon stockings will be reprocessed and made into parachutes for army fliers <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg/130px-Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg/195px-Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg/260px-Blue_nylon_ball_gown_2007.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Blue nylon fabric ball gown by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Domb" title="Emma Domb">Emma Domb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Bill Pittendreigh, <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, and other individuals and corporations worked diligently during the first few months of World War II to find a way to replace Asian <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> with nylon in parachutes. It was also used to make <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">ropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">ponchos</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">military</a> supplies. It was even used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S. <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>. At the outset of the war, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> accounted for more than 80% of all fibers used and manufactured, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> fibers accounted for nearly all of the rest. By August 1945, manufactured fibers had taken a market share of 25%, at the expense of cotton. After the war, because of shortages of both silk and nylon, nylon parachute material was sometimes repurposed to make dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nylon 6 and 66 fibers are used in <a href="/wiki/Carpet#Nylon" title="Carpet">carpet</a> manufacture. </p><p>Nylon is one kind of fiber used in <a href="/wiki/Tire#Materials" title="Tire">tire cord</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herman_E._Schroeder" title="Herman E. Schroeder">Herman E. Schroeder</a> pioneered application of nylon in tires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molds_and_resins">Molds and resins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Molds and resins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nylon resins are widely used in the automobile industry especially in the engine compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kohan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 514">: 514 </span></sup> </p><p>Molded nylon is used in hair combs and <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">mechanical</a> parts such as <a href="/wiki/Machine_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine screw">machine screws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>, gaskets, and other low- to medium-stress components previously cast in metal.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Youssef_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youssef-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineering-grade nylon is processed by <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">injection molding</a>. Type 6,6 Nylon 101 is the most common commercial grade of nylon, and Nylon 6 is the most common commercial grade of molded nylon.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Difference_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Difference-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For use in tools such as <a href="/wiki/Spudger" title="Spudger">spudgers</a>, nylon is available in <a href="/wiki/Glass-filled_polymer" title="Glass-filled polymer">glass-filled variants</a> which increase structural and impact strength and rigidity, and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">molybdenum disulfide</a>-filled variants which increase <a href="/wiki/Lubricity" title="Lubricity">lubricity</a>. Nylon can be used as the matrix material in <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a>, with reinforcing fibers like glass or carbon fiber; such a composite has a higher <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> than pure nylon.<sup id="cite_ref-PerformanceComposites_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerformanceComposites-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such thermoplastic composites (25% to 30% glass fiber) are frequently used in car components next to the engine, such as intake manifolds, where the good heat resistance of such materials makes them feasible competitors to metals.<sup id="cite_ref-Page2000_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page2000-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nylon was used to make the stock of the <a href="/wiki/Remington_Nylon_66" title="Remington Nylon 66">Remington Nylon 66</a> rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-Field1971_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field1971-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frame of the modern <a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a> pistol is made of a nylon composite.<sup id="cite_ref-Glock2013_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glock2013-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_packaging">Food packaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nylon resins are used as a component of food packaging films where an oxygen barrier is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-BPF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the terpolymers based upon nylon are used every day in packaging. Nylon has been used for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> wrappings and <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a> sheaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Colbert2013_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbert2013-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high temperature resistance of nylon makes it useful for oven bags.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filaments">Filaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Filaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nylon filaments are primarily used in brushes especially toothbrushes<sup id="cite_ref-AOGHS_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOGHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/String_trimmer" title="String trimmer">string trimmers</a>. They are also used as monofilaments in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_line#Modern_lines" title="Fishing line">fishing line</a>. Nylon 610 and 612 are the most used polymers for filaments. </p><p>Its various properties also make it very useful as a material in <a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a>; specifically, as a filament in consumer and professional grade <a href="/wiki/Fused_deposition_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused deposition modeling">fused deposition modeling</a> 3D printers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nylon resins can be extruded into rods, tubes, and sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-Kohan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 209">: 209 </span></sup> </p><p>Nylon powders are used to powder coat metals. <a href="/wiki/Nylon_11" title="Nylon 11">Nylon 11</a> and nylon 12 are the most widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Kohan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1940s, classical guitarist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> mentioned the shortage of good guitar strings in the United States, particularly his favorite Pirastro <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">catgut</a> strings, to a number of foreign diplomats at a party, including General Lindeman of the British Embassy. A month later, the General presented Segovia with some nylon strings which he had obtained via some members of the DuPont family. Segovia found that although the strings produced a clear sound, they had a faint metallic <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> which he hoped could be eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Guitar_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guitar-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nylon strings were first tried on stage by Olga Coelho in New York in January 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellow_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellow-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, Segovia and string maker <a href="/wiki/Albert_Augustine_Ltd." title="Albert Augustine Ltd.">Albert Augustine</a> were introduced by their mutual friend Vladimir Bobri, editor of Guitar Review. On the basis of Segovia's interest and Augustine's past experiments, they decided to pursue the development of nylon strings. DuPont, skeptical of the idea, agreed to supply the nylon if Augustine would endeavor to develop and produce the actual strings. After three years of development, Augustine demonstrated a nylon first string whose quality impressed guitarists, including Segovia, in addition to DuPont.<sup id="cite_ref-Guitar_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guitar-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wound strings, however, were more problematic. Eventually, however, after experimenting with various types of metal and smoothing and polishing techniques, Augustine was also able to produce high quality nylon wound strings.<sup id="cite_ref-Guitar_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guitar-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a> – Thick, tough, nylon fabric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a> – Brand of high-performance fabrics developed by DuPont and now owned by Invista</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic engineering</a> – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon-eating_bacteria" title="Nylon-eating bacteria">Nylon-eating bacteria</a> – Species of bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide</a> – Macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop_nylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripstop nylon">Ripstop nylon</a> – Reinforced woven fabric<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step-growth_polymerization" title="Step-growth polymerization">Step-growth polymerization</a> – Type of polymerization reaction mechanism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Actually the most common nylon polymers are made from hexamethylenediamine, with one more CH<sub>2</sub> group than cadaverine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Typically 80 to 100% is sent to landfill or garbage dumps, while less than 18% are incinerated while recovering the energy. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_La_Mantia2002" class="citation book cs1">Francesco La Mantia (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBrOGJqvgcMC&pg=PA19"><i>Handbook of plastics recycling</i></a>. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85957-325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85957-325-9"><bdi>978-1-85957-325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+plastics+recycling&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=iSmithers+Rapra+Publishing&rft.date=2002-08&rft.isbn=978-1-85957-325-9&rft.au=Francesco+La+Mantia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBrOGJqvgcMC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chemguide-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chemguide_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/amides/polyamides.html">"Polyamides"</a>. <i>Chemguide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemguide&rft.atitle=Polyamides&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Forganicprops%2Famides%2Fpolyamides.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/nylon">"Nylon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nylon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fnylon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLew2021" class="citation web cs1">Lew, Darrin (2021-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241222034856/https://www.drdarrinlew.us/global-warming/theoretical-comparison-between-nylon-and-silk.html">"Theoretical Comparison Between Nylon and Silk - Global Warming"</a>. <i>Dr. Darrin Lew</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drdarrinlew.us/global-warming/theoretical-comparison-between-nylon-and-silk.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Darrin+Lew&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Comparison+Between+Nylon+and+Silk+-+Global+Warming&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Darrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdarrinlew.us%2Fglobal-warming%2Ftheoretical-comparison-between-nylon-and-silk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vogler_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVogler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vogler, H. (2013). "Wettstreit um die Polyamidfasern". <i>Chemie in unserer Zeit</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fciuz.201390006">10.1002/ciuz.201390006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemie+in+unserer+Zeit&rft.atitle=Wettstreit+um+die+Polyamidfasern&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fciuz.201390006&rft.aulast=Vogler&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOGHS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOGHS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOGHS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOGHS_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOGHS_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aoghs.org/products/petroleum-product-nylon-fiber/">"Nylon, a Petroleum Polymer"</a>. <i>American Oil and Gas Historical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Oil+and+Gas+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Nylon%2C+a+Petroleum+Polymer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faoghs.org%2Fproducts%2Fpetroleum-product-nylon-fiber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohan_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohan1995" class="citation book cs1">Kohan, Melvin (1995). <i>Nylon Plastics Handbook</i>. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1569901899" title="Special:BookSources/1569901899"><bdi>1569901899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nylon+Plastics+Handbook&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1569901899&rft.aulast=Kohan&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BPF_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BPF_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/polyamides.aspx">"Nylons (Polyamide)"</a>. <i>British Plastics Federation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801884443" title="Special:BookSources/9780801884443"><bdi>9780801884443</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nylon+and+bombs+%3A+DuPont+and+the+march+of+modern+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780801884443&rft.aulast=Ndiaye&rft.aufirst=Pap+A.&rft.au=Forster%2C+Elborg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHH3iE2LPCoC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuPont1988" class="citation book cs1">DuPont (1988). <i>Nylon: A DuPont Invention</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemistry+for+Life&rft.atitle=Foundations+of+Polymer+Science%3A+Wallace+Hume+Carothers+and+the+Development+of+Nylon&rft.au=American+Chemical+Society+National+Historic+Chemical+Landmarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fcarotherspolymers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carothers-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carothers_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/wallace-hume-carothers">"Wallace Hume Carothers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Determinants+in+the+evolution+of+the+European+chemical+industry%3A+1900-1939%3A+new+technologies%2C+political+frameworks%2C+markets+and+companies&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Kluwer+Acad.+Publ.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780792348900&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Anthony+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvP7CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926141526/https://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Science-Center/Chlorine-Compound-of-the-Month-Library/Neoprene-The-First-Synthetic-Rubber/">"Neoprene: The First Synthetic Rubber"</a>. <i>chlorine.americanchemistry.com</i>. 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Science History Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170600/https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflicts+in+Chemistry%3A+The+Case+of+Plastics&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Future+of+Plastics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fthe-history-and-future-of-plastics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.pub/nylon-and-bombs-dupont-and-the-march-of-modern-america-9781421403342-9780801884443.html"><i>Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America</i></a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421403342" title="Special:BookSources/9781421403342"><bdi>9781421403342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808110540/https://dokumen.pub/nylon-and-bombs-dupont-and-the-march-of-modern-america-9781421403342-9780801884443.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nylon+and+Bombs%3A+DuPont+and+the+March+of+Modern+America&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781421403342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.pub%2Fnylon-and-bombs-dupont-and-the-march-of-modern-america-9781421403342-9780801884443.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landmark-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landmark_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister1995" class="citation web cs1">McAllister, John F. (Oct 26, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers/first-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf">"A National Historic Chemical Landmark: The First Nylon Plant"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Chemical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=A+National+Historic+Chemical+Landmark%3A+The+First+Nylon+Plant&rft.date=1995-10-26&rft.aulast=McAllister&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Facsorg%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fcarotherspolymers%2Ffirst-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakinger-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blakinger_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakinger2016" class="citation news cs1">Blakinger, Keri (April 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/back-attractions-1939-world-fair-article-1.2619155">"A look back at some of the coolest attractions at the 1939 World's Fair"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912053601/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/back-attractions-1939-world-fair-article-1.2619155">Archived</a> from the original on Sep 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=A+look+back+at+some+of+the+coolest+attractions+at+the+1939+World%27s+Fair&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.aulast=Blakinger&rft.aufirst=Keri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fqueens%2Fback-attractions-1939-world-fair-article-1.2619155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundberg-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sundberg_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Sundberg, Richard J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9eRDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT216"><i>The Chemical Century: Molecular Manipulation and Its Impact on the 20th Century</i></a>. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771883665" title="Special:BookSources/9781771883665"><bdi>9781771883665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Century%3A+Molecular+Manipulation+and+Its+Impact+on+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Apple+Academic+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781771883665&rft.aulast=Sundberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9eRDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColbert2013" class="citation book cs1">Colbert, Judy (2013). <i>It Happened in Delaware</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-9577-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-9577-2"><bdi>978-0-7627-9577-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Happened+in+Delaware&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-9577-2&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olds-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olds_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlds2001" class="citation journal cs1">Olds, Lauren (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=constructing">"World War II and Fashion: The Birth of the New Look"</a>. <i>Constructing the Past</i>. <b>2</b> (1): Article 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constructing+the+Past&rft.atitle=World+War+II+and+Fashion%3A+The+Birth+of+the+New+Look&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+6&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Olds&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.iwu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1062%26context%3Dconstructing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krier-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krier_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krier_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrier1988" class="citation news cs1">Krier, Beth Ann (27 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-10-27-vw-227-story.html">"How Nylon Changed the World : 50 Years Ago Today, It Reshaped the Way We Live--and Think"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+Nylon+Changed+the+World+%3A+50+Years+Ago+Today%2C+It+Reshaped+the+Way+We+Live--and+Think&rft.date=1988-10-27&rft.aulast=Krier&rft.aufirst=Beth+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-10-27-vw-227-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsdesk.si.edu/snapshot/parachute-wedding-dress">"Parachute Wedding Dress, 1947"</a>. <i>Smithsonian National Museum of American History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Parachute+Wedding+Dress%2C+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsdesk.si.edu%2Fsnapshot%2Fparachute-wedding-dress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>Woman's Home Companion</i>. <b>75</b>. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company: 155. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woman%27s+Home+Companion&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReader's_Digest2002" class="citation book cs1">Reader's Digest (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1ZVvZTdZRMC&pg=PA19"><i>New complete guide to sewing: step-by-step techniques for making clothes and home accessories</i></a>. London: Reader's Digest. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762104208" title="Special:BookSources/9780762104208"><bdi>9780762104208</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+complete+guide+to+sewing%3A+step-by-step+techniques+for+making+clothes+and+home+accessories&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780762104208&rft.au=Reader%27s+Digest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1ZVvZTdZRMC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_98DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70">"How to buy a trail bed"</a>. <i>Backpacker</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 70. June 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Backpacker&rft.atitle=How+to+buy+a+trail+bed&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1977-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_98DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mendelson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendelson2005" class="citation book cs1">Mendelson, Cheryl (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homecomfortsarts0000mend"><i>Home comforts : the art and science of keeping house</i></a></span>. New York: Scribner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homecomfortsarts0000mend/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743272865" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743272865"><bdi>978-0743272865</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+comforts+%3A+the+art+and+science+of+keeping+house&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743272865&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomecomfortsarts0000mend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaeffer-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaeffer_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaeffer2008" class="citation book cs1">Shaeffer, Claire (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claireshaeffersf0000shae"><i>Claire Shaeffer's fabric sewing guide</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Krause Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claireshaeffersf0000shae/page/88">88</a>–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896895362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896895362"><bdi>978-0896895362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claire+Shaeffer%27s+fabric+sewing+guide.&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=88-90&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0896895362&rft.aulast=Shaeffer&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclaireshaeffersf0000shae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheremisinoff-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cheremisinoff_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheremisinoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookairpollu00cher_913"><i>Handbook of air pollution prevention and control</i></a></span>. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookairpollu00cher_913/page/n79">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080507927" title="Special:BookSources/9780080507927"><bdi>9780080507927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+air+pollution+prevention+and+control&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780080507927&rft.aulast=Cheremisinoff&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookairpollu00cher_913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stern_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStern1970" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Arthur C., ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07FA4WIBkf8C&pg=PA72"><i>Air pollution and its effects</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Academic press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-666551-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-666551-2"><bdi>978-0-12-666551-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+pollution+and+its+effects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-12-666551-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07FA4WIBkf8C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garte-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garte_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarte2008" class="citation book cs1">Garte, Seymour (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewestandsurp0000gart"><i>Where we stand : a surprising look at the real state of our planet</i></a></span>. New York: AMACOM. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewestandsurp0000gart/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814409107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814409107"><bdi>978-0814409107</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+we+stand+%3A+a+surprising+look+at+the+real+state+of+our+planet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=AMACOM&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0814409107&rft.aulast=Garte&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwherewestandsurp0000gart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellWrightDayisiHoehn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Dean J.; Wright, Emily A.; Dayisi, Mardhia O.; Hoehn, Michael R.; Kennedy, Branden F.; Maxfield, Brian M. (1 April 2011). "Classroom Illustrations of Acidic Air Pollution Using Nylon Fabric". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>88</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JChEd..88..387C">2011JChEd..88..387C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed100604a">10.1021/ed100604a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Classroom+Illustrations+of+Acidic+Air+Pollution+Using+Nylon+Fabric&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed100604a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JChEd..88..387C&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Dean+J.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Emily+A.&rft.au=Dayisi%2C+Mardhia+O.&rft.au=Hoehn%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Branden+F.&rft.au=Maxfield%2C+Brian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haggard-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haggard_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaggard1957" class="citation journal cs1">Haggard, John V. (16 May 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Pw6alchdDkC&pg=PA79">"Chapter III: Collaborative Procurement of Textiles"</a>. <i>Procurement of Clothing and Textiles, 1945-53</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procurement+of+Clothing+and+Textiles%2C+1945-53&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+Collaborative+Procurement+of+Textiles&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1957-05-16&rft.aulast=Haggard&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Pw6alchdDkC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handley-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handley_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handley_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandley1999" class="citation book cs1">Handley, Susannah (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YAYdk30VyIC&pg=PA68"><i>Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756771720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756771720"><bdi>978-0756771720</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nylon%3A+The+Story+of+a+Fashion+Revolution&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0756771720&rft.aulast=Handley&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YAYdk30VyIC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOODALE-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOODALE_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodale1951" class="citation journal cs1">Goodale, Ernest W. (16 November 1951). 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Vol. 6. Cengage. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428231450" title="Special:BookSources/9781428231450"><bdi>9781428231450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781428231450&rft.aulast=Algeo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznFmBZ2D8rEC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, David (2008). <i>Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends</i>. 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Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773550391" title="Special:BookSources/9780773550391"><bdi>9780773550391</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrocultures%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+Culture&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780773550391&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Sheena&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Adam&rft.au=Szeman%2C+Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQc8mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Businesswire-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Businesswire_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200730005398/en/Global-Nylon-Market-Analysis-and-Outlook-2020-2027---Nylon-6-Volumes-Will-Reach-5.3-Million-Tons-by-2027-Despite-COVID-19---ResearchAndMarkets.com">"Global Nylon Market Analysis and Outlook 2020-2027 - Nylon 6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Nylon+Market+Analysis+and+Outlook+2020-2027+-+Nylon+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20200730005398%2Fen%2FGlobal-Nylon-Market-Analysis-and-Outlook-2020-2027---Nylon-6-Volumes-Will-Reach-5.3-Million-Tons-by-2027-Despite-COVID-19---ResearchAndMarkets.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welsh-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welsh_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2016" class="citation news cs1">Welsh, Jennifer (21 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apollo-flags-moon-faded-white-2016-5?r=US&IR=T">"The American Flags on the Moon Have All Turned White"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Blackie. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polymerschemistr0000cowi/page/16">16–17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-216-92980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-216-92980-6"><bdi>0-216-92980-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polymers%3A+Chemistry+and+Physics+of+Modern+Materials&rft.pages=16-17&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackie&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-216-92980-6&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolymerschemistr0000cowi%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudin1982" class="citation book cs1">Rudin, Alfred (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofpolyme0000rudi/page/32"><i>Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofpolyme0000rudi/page/32">32–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-601680-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-601680-1"><bdi>0-12-601680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Polymer+Science+and+Engineering&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-12-601680-1&rft.aulast=Rudin&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsofpolyme0000rudi%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratner-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratner_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatner2013" class="citation book cs1">Ratner, Buddy D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biomaterials+science+%3A+an+introduction+to+materials+in+medicine&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780080877808&rft.aulast=Ratner&rft.aufirst=Buddy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8hBq-dLLaxwC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denby-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denby_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenbyOtterStephenson2008" class="citation book cs1">Denby, Derek; Otter, Chris; Stephenson, Kay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj8qryYjlX0C&pg=RA1-PT68"><i>Chemical storylines</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435631475" title="Special:BookSources/9780435631475"><bdi>9780435631475</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patents&rft.atitle=Synthetic+fiber+US+2130948+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2130948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstesSchweizer2011" class="citation book cs1">Estes, Leland L.; Schweizer, Michael (2011). "Fibers, 4. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Material+Data+Center&rft.atitle=zytel+-+PA6%2C+PA610%2C+PA612%2C+PA66+-+dupont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.materialdatacenter.com%2Fms%2Fen%2Fzytel%2Fdupont%2F839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/CA2853925A1">"Fiber-reinforced composite articles and methods of making them CA 2853925 A1"</a>. <i>Patents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patents&rft.atitle=Fiber-reinforced+composite+articles+and+methods+of+making+them+CA+2853925+A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FCA2853925A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcenter.lanxess.com/scp/americas/en/products/description/47/index.jsp?pid=47">"Durethan® is the trade name for our range of engineering thermoplastics based on polyamide 6 and polyamide 66"</a>. <i>LANXESS Energizing Chemistry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Children%27s+Hospital+at+Westmead&rft.atitle=Flammable+clothing&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkidshealth.schn.health.nsw.gov.au%2Fflammable-clothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorkshop_on_Mass_Burns_(1968_:_Washington,_D.C.)1969" class="citation book cs1">Workshop on Mass Burns (1968 : Washington, D.C.) (1969). Phillips, Anne W.; Walter, Carl W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Mass burns : proceeding of a workshop, 13-14 March 1968 / sponsored by the Committee on Fire Research, Division of Engineering, National Research Council and the Office of Civil Defense, Dept. of the Army</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences ; Springfield, Va. : reproduced by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technical Information. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+burns+%3A+proceeding+of+a+workshop%2C+13-14+March+1968+%2F+sponsored+by+the+Committee+on+Fire+Research%2C+Division+of+Engineering%2C+National+Research+Council+and+the+Office+of+Civil+Defense%2C+Dept.+of+the+Army&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences+%3B+Springfield%2C+Va.+%3A+reproduced+by+the+Clearinghouse+for+Federal+Scientific+%26+Technical+Information&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Workshop+on+Mass+Burns+%281968+%3A+Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDQrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaruso2009" class="citation journal cs1">Caruso, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509093859/http://www.chemheritage.org/Downloads/Publications/Transmutations/05-Transmutations_Fall-2009.pdf">"Saving the (Wedding) Day: Oral History Spotlight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transmutations</i>. <b>Fall</b> (5): 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemheritage.org/Downloads/Publications/Transmutations/05-Transmutations_Fall-2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transmutations&rft.atitle=Saving+the+%28Wedding%29+Day%3A+Oral+History+Spotlight&rft.volume=Fall&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemheritage.org%2FDownloads%2FPublications%2FTransmutations%2F05-Transmutations_Fall-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.materialdatacenter.com/mb/main/pdf/application/16449">"Engine Oil Pan"</a>. <i>www.materialdatacenter.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.materialdatacenter.com&rft.atitle=Engine+Oil+Pan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.materialdatacenter.com%2Fmb%2Fmain%2Fpdf%2Fapplication%2F16449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espemfg.com/nylon-machining-fabrication.html">"Nylon Machining & Fabrication | ESPE"</a>. <i>www.espemfg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.espemfg.com&rft.atitle=Nylon+Machining+%26+Fabrication+%7C+ESPE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espemfg.com%2Fnylon-machining-fabrication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Youssef-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Youssef_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoussefEl-HofyAhmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Youssef, Helmi A.; El-Hofy, Hassan A.; Ahmed, Mahmoud H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGbNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA350"><i>Manufacturing technology : materials, processes, and equipment</i></a>. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439810859" title="Special:BookSources/9781439810859"><bdi>9781439810859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+technology+%3A+materials%2C+processes%2C+and+equipment&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2FCRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781439810859&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Helmi+A.&rft.au=El-Hofy%2C+Hassan+A.&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Mahmoud+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGbNBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serrata.com.au/Instructions/1021048.pdf">"NYLON 6,6 (Nylon 6)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Serrata</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Serrata&rft.atitle=NYLON+6%2C6+%28Nylon+6%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serrata.com.au%2FInstructions%2F1021048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Difference-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Difference_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyone.com/idea/nylon-6-vs-nylon-66-whats-difference">"Nylon 6 vs. Nylon 66: What's the Difference?"</a>. <i>PolyOne</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolyOne&rft.atitle=Nylon+6+vs.+Nylon+66%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polyone.com%2Fidea%2Fnylon-6-vs-nylon-66-whats-difference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PerformanceComposites-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PerformanceComposites_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.performancecomposites.com/about-composites-technical-info/122-designing-with-fiberglass.html">"Fiberglass and Composite Material Design Guide"</a>. <i>Performance Composites Inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Performance+Composites+Inc.&rft.atitle=Fiberglass+and+Composite+Material+Design+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.performancecomposites.com%2Fabout-composites-technical-info%2F122-designing-with-fiberglass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page2000-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page2000_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPage2000" class="citation book cs1">Page, I. B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aj6dW2rRzqYC&pg=PA115"><i>Polyamides as engineering thermoplastic materials</i></a>. Shawbury, Shrewsbury: Rapra Technology Ltd. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859572207" title="Special:BookSources/9781859572207"><bdi>9781859572207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyamides+as+engineering+thermoplastic+materials&rft.place=Shawbury%2C+Shrewsbury&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Rapra+Technology+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781859572207&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=I.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAj6dW2rRzqYC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field1971-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Field1971_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuHsz08Q32kC&pg=PA1">"How do you take care of a nylon 66 or 77? You don't"</a>. <i>Field & Stream</i>. <b>75</b> (9). 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+%26+Stream&rft.atitle=How+do+you+take+care+of+a+nylon+66+or+77%3F+You+don%27t&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuHsz08Q32kC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glock2013-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glock2013_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2013" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Patrick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd0TiqiZgAUC&pg=PA92"><i>Glock deconstructed</i></a>. Iola, Wis.: Krause. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440232787" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440232787"><bdi>978-1440232787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glock+deconstructed&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wis.&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Krause&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1440232787&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZd0TiqiZgAUC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colbert2013-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colbert2013_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColbert2013" class="citation book cs1">Colbert, Judy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJOEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>It happened in Delaware : remarkable events that shaped history</i></a> (First ed.). Morris Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6968-1"><bdi>978-0-7627-6968-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+happened+in+Delaware+%3A+remarkable+events+that+shaped+history&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Morris+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-6968-1&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJOEBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooksinfo.com/oven-bags">"Oven Bags"</a>. <i>Cooks Info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooks+Info&rft.atitle=Oven+Bags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooksinfo.com%2Foven-bags&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guitar-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guitar_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitar_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitar_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maestros-of-the-guitar.com/classicalguitarstrings.html">"The History of Classical guitar strings"</a>. <i>Maestros of the Guitar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maestros+of+the+Guitar&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Classical+guitar+strings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maestros-of-the-guitar.com%2Fclassicalguitarstrings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellow-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellow_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellow1970" class="citation book cs1">Bellow, Alexander (1970). <i>The Illustrated History of the Guitar</i>. New York: Franco Colombo. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Guitar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Franco+Colombo&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bellow&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadolph2007" class="citation book cs1">Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado"><i>Textiles</i></a></span>. Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6"><bdi>978-0-13-118769-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-118769-6&rft.aulast=Kadolph&rft.aufirst=Sara+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextiles0010kado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohan1995" class="citation book cs1">Kohan, Melvin (1995). <i>Nylon Plastics Handbook</i>. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1569901899" title="Special:BookSources/1569901899"><bdi>1569901899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nylon+Plastics+Handbook&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1569901899&rft.aulast=Kohan&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA132">"How Nylon Yarn is Made"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. December 1946. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+Nylon+Yarn+is+Made&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1946-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANylon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nylon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nylon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nylon"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Nylon</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y479OXBzCBQ"><span class="plainlinks">Making Nylon, Bob Burk, CHEM 1000, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulprospector.com/plastics/en/generics/22">Polyamide Nylon Plastic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/collections/qf85nb39p">Joseph X. Labovsky Collection of Nylon Photographs and Ephemera</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> Digital Collections. (High-resolution scans of nylon-related photographs and ephemera collected by Joseph X. Labovsky, a lab assistant to Wallace Carothers, during the early stages of nylon development and production at DuPont).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/250px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/330px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" 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plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_wool" title="Vicuña wool">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing_materials_and_parts136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template talk:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing_materials_and_parts136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clothing materials and parts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garment structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armscye" title="Armscye">Armscye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stays" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stays">Collar stays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_collar" title="Detachable collar">Detachable collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">Cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(sewing)" title="Dart (sewing)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(sewing)" title="Facing (sewing)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">Lapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placket" title="Placket">Placket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revers" title="Revers">Revers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">Shoulder pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_strap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder strap">Strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistband" title="Waistband">Waistband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)" title="Yoke (clothing)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">Elastic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Animal hides</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Stingray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_closure" title="Back closure">Back closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" class="mw-redirect" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neckline" title="Neckline">Neckline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustline" title="Bustline">Bustline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">Waistline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemline" title="Hemline">Hemline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DuPont401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DuPont" title="Template:DuPont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DuPont" title="Template talk:DuPont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DuPont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DuPont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DuPont401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <br /><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Breen" title="Edward D. Breen">Edward D. Breen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Cutler" title="Alexander M. Cutler">Alexander M. Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_L._Gupta" title="Rajiv L. Gupta">Rajiv L. Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DuPont_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/120px-DuPont_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/180px-DuPont_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/240px-DuPont_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="37" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corian" title="Corian">Corian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroform" title="Fluoroform">FE-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Hypalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFKM" title="FFKM">Kalrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">Mylar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">Neoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorona" title="Sorona">Sorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespel" title="Vespel">Vespel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a></li> <li>Zodiaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zytel" title="Zytel">Zytel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antec" title="Antec">Antec International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and <br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Central_Research" title="DuPont Central Research">DuPont Central Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Experimental_Station" title="DuPont Experimental Station">DuPont Experimental Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Building" title="DuPont Building">DuPont Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Éleuthère Irénée du Pont">Éleuthère Irénée du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._du_Pont" title="Alfred I. du Pont">Alfred I. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_du_Pont" title="Eugene du Pont">Eugene du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gurney_du_Pont" title="Francis Gurney du Pont">Francis Gurney du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Francis Irénée du Pont">Francis Irénée du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_du_Pont" title="Henry du Pont">Henry du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammot_du_Pont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lammot du Pont">Lammot du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S._du_Pont" title="Pierre S. du Pont">Pierre S. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_du_Pont" title="T. Coleman du Pont">T. Coleman du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Arduengo_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Joseph Arduengo III">Anthony Joseph Arduengo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Antoine_Bidermann" title="Jacques Antoine Bidermann">Jacques Antoine Bidermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Brown" title="Donaldson Brown">Donaldson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Brown" title="Richard H. Brown">Richard H. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Carothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Chowdhry" title="Uma Chowdhry">Uma Chowdhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Connelly" title="Thomas M. Connelly">Thomas M. Connelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_J._Crawford" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis J. Crawford">Curtis J. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Dillon_(businessman)" title="John T. Dillon (businessman)">John T. Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fisher" title="Linda Fisher">Linda Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodmanson" title="Richard Goodmanson">Richard Goodmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gordon" title="Jeff Gordon">Jeff Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Holliday" title="Charles O. Holliday">Charles O. Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ittel" title="Steven Ittel">Steven Ittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Jefferson" title="Edward G. Jefferson">Edward G. Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_J._Kullman" title="Ellen J. Kullman">Ellen J. Kullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lynah" title="James Lynah">James Lynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Pariser" title="Rudolph Pariser">Rudolph Pariser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parshall" title="George Parshall">George Parshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dale_Phillips" title="William Dale Phillips">William Dale Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Plunkett" title="Roy J. Plunkett">Roy J. Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">John J. Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_K._Reilly" title="William K. Reilly">William K. Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_S._Shapiro" title="Irving S. Shapiro">Irving S. Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shivers" title="Joseph Shivers">Joseph Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stine" title="Charles Stine">Charles Stine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_N._Tebbe" title="Frederick N. Tebbe">Frederick N. Tebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwick_A._Tolman" title="Chadwick A. Tolman">Chadwick A. Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Tupper" title="Earl Tupper">Earl Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Vest" title="Charles M. Vest">Charles M. Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Wyeth_(inventor)" title="Nathaniel Wyeth (inventor)">Nathaniel C. Wyeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont (1802–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Pont family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca#History" title="AstraZeneca">Atlas Chemical Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_Reactor" title="B Reactor">B Reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherian_Mills" title="Eleutherian Mills">Eleutherian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules Inc">Hercules Powder Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic Chemicals">Kinetic Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemours_Estate" title="Nemours Estate">Nemours Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">Savannah River Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Trust" title="Wilmington Trust">Wilmington Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Museum,_Garden_and_Library" title="Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library">Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consol_Energy" title="Consol Energy">Consolidation Coal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_analysis" title="DuPont analysis">DuPont analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DuPont_v._Kolon_Industries" title="DuPont v. Kolon Industries">DuPont v. Kolon Industries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_Motors" title="Du Pont Motors">Du Pont Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Building" title="DuPont Building">DuPont Building</a> (incl. The Playhouse on Rodney Square, formerly the DuPont Playhouse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tour_DuPont" title="Tour DuPont">Tour DuPont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_250" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa 250">Pioneer 250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports_Car_No._24" title="Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24">Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series_career_of_Jeff_Gordon" title="NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon">NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_DuPont_Show_with_June_Allyson" title="The DuPont Show with June Allyson">The DuPont Show with June Allyson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Show_of_the_Month" title="DuPont 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