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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emergence of Riel as leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_Riel_as_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Provisional government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_resistance_and_execution_of_Thomas_Scott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_resistance_and_execution_of_Thomas_Scott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canadian resistance and execution of Thomas Scott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_resistance_and_execution_of_Thomas_Scott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Manitoba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Manitoba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Creation of Manitoba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Manitoba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Wolseley_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Wolseley_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Wolseley expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Wolseley_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red River Rebellion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_del_riu_Red" title="Rebel·lió del riu Red – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rebel·lió del riu Red" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-River-Rebellion" title="Red-River-Rebellion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Red-River-Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="شورش رودخانه سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش رودخانه سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_Rouge" title="Rébellion de la rivière Rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rébellion de la rivière Rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribellione_di_Red_River" title="Ribellione di Red River – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ribellione di Red River" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelia_nad_Red_River" title="Rebelia nad Red River – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rebelia nad Red River" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_do_Rio_Vermelho" title="Rebelião do Rio Vermelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião do Rio Vermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Восстание на Ред-Ривере – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание на Ред-Ривере" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red River Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redjoen_kapina" title="Redjoen kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Redjoen kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red+River+Rebellion%22">"Red River Rebellion"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red+River+Rebellion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red+River+Rebellion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red+River+Rebellion%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red+River+Rebellion%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red+River+Rebellion%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Red River Rebellion<br /><small><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rébellion de la rivière Rouge</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg/300px-ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg/450px-ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg/600px-ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="380" /></a></span><br />The Métis provisional government</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1869–1870</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Métis political victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Province of Manitoba</a></li></ul> <p>Canadian military victory </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolseley Expedition">Wolseley Expedition</a> takes control of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>)</li> <li>Louis Riel flees to the United States</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/20px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/31px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/40px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_Rupert%27s_Land_and_the_North-West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional Government of Rupert's Land and the North-West (page does not exist)">Provisional Government of Rupert's Land and the North-West</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Party" title="Canadian Party">Canadian Party</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/20px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/31px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/40px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/20px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/31px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/40px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Bruce_(Canada)" title="John Bruce (Canada)">John Bruce</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/20px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/31px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/40px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Dydime_L%C3%A9pine" title="Ambroise-Dydime Lépine">Ambroise-Dydime Lépine</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(politician,_born_1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McDougall (politician, born 1822)">William McDougall</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Schultz" title="John Christian Schultz">John Christian Schultz</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet Wolseley">Garnet Wolseley</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> None</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Orangeman)" title="Thomas Scott (Orangeman)">Thomas Scott</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Red River Rebellion</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Rébellion de la rivière Rouge</i>), also known as the <b>Red River Resistance</b>, <b>Red River uprising</b>, or <b>First Riel Rebellion</b>, was the sequence of events that led up to the 1869 establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> and his followers at the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a>, in the early stages of establishing today's <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. It had earlier been a territory called <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> and been under control of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> before it was sold. </p><p>The event was the first crisis the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parliament" title="1st Canadian Parliament">new federal government</a> faced after <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> had bought <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in 1869 and appointed an <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a>-speaking governor, <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(Ontario_politician)" title="William McDougall (Ontario politician)">William McDougall</a>. He was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a>-speaking mostly-Métis inhabitants of the settlement. Before the land was officially transferred to Canada, McDougall had sent out <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyors</a> to plot the land according to the square <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey" title="Dominion Land Survey">township</a> system used in the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a>. The Métis, led by Riel, prevented McDougall from entering the territory. McDougall declared that the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> was no longer in control of the territory and that Canada had asked for the transfer of sovereignty to be postponed. The Métis created a provisional government to which they invited an equal number of Anglophone representatives. Riel negotiated directly with the Canadian government to establish <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> as a Canadian province. </p><p>Meanwhile, Riel's men arrested members of a pro-Canadian faction who had resisted the provisional government. They included an <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orangeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Orangeman)" title="Thomas Scott (Orangeman)">Thomas Scott</a>. Riel's government <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">tried</a> and convicted Scott and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a> him for insubordination.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada and the Assiniboia provisional government soon negotiated an agreement. In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></i>, allowing the Red River Colony to enter <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> as the province of Manitoba. The act also incorporated some of Riel's demands, such as the provision of <a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">separate</a> French schools for Métis children and the protection of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>. </p><p>After reaching an agreement, Canada sent a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> expedition to Manitoba to enforce federal authority. Now known as the <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_expedition" title="Wolseley expedition">Wolseley expedition</a>, or the Red River Expedition, it consisted of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">militia</a> and British regular soldiers, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Garnet Wolseley</a>. Outrage grew in Ontario over Scott's execution, and many there wanted Wolseley's expedition to arrest Riel for murder and to suppress what they considered to be rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riel peacefully withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> before the troops could arrive in August 1870. Warned by many that the soldiers would harm him and denied amnesty for his political leadership of the rebellion, Riel fled to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The arrival of troops marked the end of the incident. In 1885 Louis Riel would lead another rebellion, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>, ending with his capture and execution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg/220px-UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg/330px-UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg/440px-UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Fort Garry c. 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1860s, the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> was changing rapidly. It had developed under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC), which had a continent-wide trading and commercial network. It had been confirmed on the territory by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, who had evicted <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a> and his subjects from it by the 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further notice was given in 1763, when <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> dispossessed <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XV">King Louis XV</a> of nearly all his colonies of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>. </p><p>Historically, the population was mainly <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> Métis, who developed a mixed ethnicity descended of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> descent and a unique culture during the decades of the fur trade. In the 18th and the 19th centuries, they intermarried; established a tradition of men working as trappers, guides, and interpreters to fur traders; and developed farms. Métis women also were sometimes active in the trade, and among several influential families in <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a> in the early 19th century, the husbands were European. The Métis culture was based on the French language and Roman Catholic religion. </p><p>In the late 18th century, English and Scottish men entered the fur trade and also married into the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwe people">Ojibwe people</a> and other First Nations in this region. Their mixed-race descendants generally spoke English and were sometimes known as the "country born" (also as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a>). The third group of settlers to the region was a small number of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> Scottish settlers. More <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">anglophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> began to settle there from <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newer settlers were generally insensitive to Métis culture and hostile to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, and many advocated Canadian expansionism. Meanwhile, many Americans migrated there, some of whom favouring annexation of the territory by the United States. Against the backdrop of religious, nationalistic, and ethnic tensions, political uncertainty was high. To forestall US expansionism and to bring law and order to the wild, the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian government">Canadian governments</a> had been for some time negotiating the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> to Canada. The British <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land_Act_1868" title="Rupert's Land Act 1868">Rupert's Land Act 1868</a> authorized the transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Expansionism_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Expansionism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 1, 1869, Canada purchased the territory. </p><p>In anticipation of the transfer, Public Works Minister <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(politician,_born_1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McDougall (politician, born 1822)">William McDougall</a>, who with <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a> had been instrumental in securing Rupert's Land for Canada, ordered a survey party to the Red River Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-McDougall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Catholic bishop, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Antonin_Tach%C3%A9" title="Alexandre-Antonin Taché">Alexandre-Antonin Taché</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> bishop of Rupert's Land, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Machray_(bishop)" title="Robert Machray (bishop)">Robert Machray</a>; and the HBC governor of <a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">Assiniboia</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Mactavish" title="William Mactavish">William Mactavish</a>, all warned the federal government that such surveys would precipitate unrest. </p><p>Headed by <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Dennis" title="John Stoughton Dennis">John Stoughton Dennis</a>, the survey party arrived at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> on August 20, 1869. The Métis were anxious about the survey since they did not possess clear title to their lands but held a tenuous <a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">right of occupancy</a>. In addition, the lots had been laid out according to the French <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial colonial system</a>, with long narrow lots fronting the river, rather than the square lots that were preferred by the English.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Métis considered the survey to be a forerunner of increased Canadian migration to the territory, which they perceived as a threat to their way of life. More specifically, they feared a possible confiscation of their farmland by the Canadian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Richot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Métis were also concerned that Canadian immigrants would not care for their culture and so the Métis wanted to ensure that they could preserve their religious and political rights. Their concerns were motivated in part by the Canadian government's behaviour, as the negotiations that took place had carried out as if the territory were uninhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-Richot_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_of_Riel_as_leader">Emergence of Riel as leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence of Riel as leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Riel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Louis_Riel.jpg/170px-Louis_Riel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Louis_Riel.jpg/255px-Louis_Riel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Louis_Riel.jpg/340px-Louis_Riel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Louis Riel in 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian government appointed a notorious francophobe, McDougall, as the designate of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories">Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories</a> on September 28, 1869, in anticipation of a formal transfer to take effect on December 1. That increased tensions among the Métis, who, in July 1869, had become more suspicious after McDougall ordered a survey of the settlement. Emerging as a leader, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>, who had been formally educated in European-style schools, denounced the survey in a speech delivered in late August from the steps of <a href="/wiki/St._Boniface_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Boniface Cathedral">St. Boniface Cathedral</a>. His lifestyle was very different from those of buffalo-hunting Métis. When Riel returned to the West, it was apparent that MacDonald feared that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was negotiating with HBC for the transfer of Rupert's Land without consulting the Red River population and the Council of Assiniboia. On October 11, 1869, Riel and other Métis disrupted the survey's work. On October 16 the group organized the "Métis National Committee" to represent Métis interests. Riel was elected secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Bruce_(Canada)" title="John Bruce (Canada)">John Bruce</a> as president, and two representatives were elected from each parish.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Riel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Métis_Committee_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Métis_Committee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were originally two resistance groups in Red River. One was led by Riel, and the other was led by a Métis named William Dease, who expressed Métis values in his opposition. For a long time they were locked in a power struggle on a symbolic level, both sides offering different perspectives on Métis unity. Riel finally defeated Dease for the leadership of the resistance and consolidated his support system within the French Métis community. He then felt strong enough to initiate the breach of October 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Dease_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Dease-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Hudson's Bay Company's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Assiniboia" title="Council of Assiniboia">Council of Assiniboia</a> still had authority over the area, its representatives summoned Riel on October 25 to explain the actions of the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Dease_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Dease-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 30, McDougall had reached the border despite the written order from Riel, who declared that any attempt by McDougall to enter the Red River Colony would be blocked unless the Canadians had first negotiated terms with the Métis and with the general population of the settlement. </p><p>On November 2, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Dydime_L%C3%A9pine" title="Ambroise-Dydime Lépine">Ambroise-Dydime Lépine</a>, the Métis turned back McDougall's party near the US border and forced it to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Pembina,_Dakota_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembina, Dakota Territory">Pembina, Dakota Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepine_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepine-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day Riel led roughly 400 men recruited from fur-brigades recently returned to the settlement for the season to seize <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> without bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-Manitoba_1870_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manitoba_1870-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That would come to be known as one of Riel's most brilliant moves, as control of the fort symbolized control of all access to the settlement and the Northwest. </p><p>Residents of the Red River Colony disagreed on how to negotiate with Canada. In particular, the French- and English-speaking inhabitants did not agree on how to proceed. In a conciliatory gesture, Riel on November 6 asked the anglophones to select delegates from each of their parishes to attend a convention with the Métis representatives. After little was accomplished at the first meeting, <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Canadian_lawyer)" title="James Ross (Canadian lawyer)">James Ross</a> expressed displeasure at Riel's treatment of McDougall. Riel angrily denied that and stated that he had no intentions of invoking American interventions. Instead, throughout the entire resistance, he insisted that he and the Métis were loyal subjects of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 16, the Council of Assiniboia made a final attempt to assert its authority when Governor Mactavish issued a proclamation ordering the Métis to lay down their arms. Instead, on November 23, Riel proposed the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> to replace the Council of Assiniboia to enter into direct negotiations with Canada. The anglophone delegates requested an adjournment to discuss matters. They neither succeeded in rallying the English-speaking parishes behind that move nor originally approved of the "List of Rights," which was presented to the convention on December 1. Despite his Métis sympathies, Governor Mactavish did not do enough to end the conflict and was imprisoned by Riel shortly afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also on December 1, McDougall had proclaimed that the HBC was no longer in control of Rupert's Land and that he was the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_lieutenant-governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Northwest Territories lieutenant-governors">lieutenant-governor</a>. The proclamation was to later prove problematic, as it effectively ended the authority of the council but failed to establish Canadian authority. McDougall did not know that the transfer had been postponed once news of the unrest had reached Ottawa. </p><p>Around mid-December 1869, Riel presented the convention with a list of 14 rights as a condition of union. They included representation in Parliament, a <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> legislature and chief justice, and recognition of certain land claims. The convention did not adopt the list at the time, but once the list of rights was generally known, most anglophones accepted the majority of the demands as reasonable. </p><p>Much of the settlement was moving toward the Métis point of view, but a passionately-pro-Canadian minority became more resistant. It was loosely organized as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Party" title="Canadian Party">Canadian Party</a> and was led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Schultz" title="John Christian Schultz">John Christian Schultz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mair" title="Charles Mair">Charles Mair</a>. Colonel Dennis and <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Boulton">Charles Boulton</a> also supported it. McDougall appointed Dennis to raise a militia to arrest the Métis, who were occupying <a href="/wiki/Upper_Fort_Garry" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Fort Garry">Upper Fort Garry</a>. The anglophone settlers largely ignored the call to arms, and Dennis withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Lower_Fort_Garry" title="Lower Fort Garry">Lower Fort Garry</a>. Schultz, however, was emboldened to fortify his house and his store and attracted around 50 recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Mactavish_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mactavish-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riel took the threat seriously and ordered for Schultz's home to be surrounded. The resisters surrendered on December 7 and were imprisoned in Fort Garry.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unrest and the absence of a clear authority made the Métis National Committee declare a provisional government on December 8. Having received notification of the delay in the union until the British government of the HBC could guarantee a peaceful transfer, McDougall and Dennis departed for Ontario on December 18. Major Boulton fled to <a href="/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Portage la Prairie, Manitoba">Portage la Prairie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisional_government">Provisional government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provisional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg/220px-ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg/330px-ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg/440px-ProvisionalMetisGovernment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Métis provisional government</figcaption></figure> <p>In Ottawa, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar" title="John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar">Lord Lisgar</a> had, at the behest of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> on December 6 for all in the Red River area who would lay down their arms. He dispatched <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">Abbé</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Thibault" title="Jean-Baptiste Thibault">Jean-Baptiste Thibault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9onidas_d%27Irumberry_de_Salaberry" title="Charles-René-Léonidas d'Irumberry de Salaberry">Charles-René d'Irumberry de Salaberry</a> on a mission of reconciliation but failed to give them the authority to negotiate on behalf of the government. Macdonald appointed the HBC representative, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Alexander_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Alexander Smith</a>, as special commissioner with a greater authority to negotiate.<sup id="cite_ref-Manitoba_1870_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manitoba_1870-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 27, John Bruce resigned as president of the provisional government, and Riel was elected president. The same day, Donald Smith arrived in the settlement, followed shortly by de Salaberry, who joined Thibault, who had arrived on Christmas Day. They met with Riel on January 5, 1870, but reached no conclusions. The next day, Riel and Smith had another meeting. Smith then concluded that negotiation with the committee would be fruitless. He maneuvered to bypass it and to present the Canadian position at a public meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meetings were held on January 19 and January 20. With Riel acting as translator, Smith assured the large audiences of the Canadian government's goodwill, intention to grant representation, and willingness to extend concessions with respect to land claims. With the settlement now solidly behind him, Riel proposed the formation of a new convention of 40 representatives, divided evenly between French- and English-speaking settlers, to consider Smith's instructions, which was accepted. A committee of six outlined a more comprehensive list of rights, which the convention accepted on February 3. After meetings on February 7 in which the new list of rights were presented to Thibault, Salaberry, and Smith, Smith proposed for a delegation to be sent to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiations with Canada, a suggestion that was eagerly accepted by Riel.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riel also proposed for the provisional government to be reformed to be more inclusive of both language groups. A constitution enshrining those goals was accepted by the convention on February 10. An elected assembly was established, consisting of 12 representatives from anglophone parishes and an equal number of representatives from francophone parishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_resistance_and_execution_of_Thomas_Scott">Canadian resistance and execution of Thomas Scott</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canadian resistance and execution of Thomas Scott"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the progress on the political front and the inclusion of anglophones within the provisional government, the Canadian contingent was not yet silenced. On January 9, many prisoners escaped from the prison at Fort Garry, including Charles Mair, Thomas Scott and ten others. John Schultz escaped on January 23. By February 15, Riel had freed the remaining prisoners on <i><a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a></i> to refrain from engaging in political agitation. Schultz, Mair, and Scott intended to continue to work to depose the Métis from power.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShootingThomasScott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ShootingThomasScott.jpg/220px-ShootingThomasScott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ShootingThomasScott.jpg/330px-ShootingThomasScott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/ShootingThomasScott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>An artist's depiction of the execution of Scott, 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>Mair and Scott proceeded to the Canadian settlements surrounding Portage la Prairie, where they met Boulton, and Schultz sought recruits in the Canadian parishes downstream. On February 12, Boulton led a party from Portage la Prairie to rendezvous at <a href="/wiki/Old_Kildonan" title="Old Kildonan">Kildonan</a> with Schultz's men. They intended to overthrow the provisional government. Boulton had misgivings and turned the party back. Riel's forces detected the men, and on February 17, Boulton, Scott, and 46 other men were captured near Fort Garry. On hearing the news, Schultz and Mair fled to Ontario. </p><p>Riel demanded for an example to be made of Boulton. He was tried and sentenced to death for his interference with the provisional government. Intercessions on his behalf by Donald Smith and others resulted in his pardon but only after Riel had obtained assurances from Smith that he would persuade the English parishes to elect provisional representatives. However, the prisoner Thomas Scott, an <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orangeman</a>, interpreted Boulton's pardon as weakness on the part of the Métis, whom he regarded with open contempt. After he had repeatedly quarreled with his guards, they insisted for him to be tried for insubordination. At his trial, which was overseen by <a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Dydime_L%C3%A9pine" title="Ambroise-Dydime Lépine">Ambroise-Dydime Lépine</a>, he was found guilty of insulting the president, defying the authority of the provisional government, and fighting with his guards. He was sentenced to death although they were not then considered <a href="/wiki/Capital_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital crimes">capital crimes</a>. Smith and Boulton asked Riel to commute the sentence, but Smith reported that Riel responded to his pleas by saying, "I have done three good things since I have commenced; I have spared Boulton's life at your instance, I pardoned Gaddy, and now I shall shoot Scott."<sup id="cite_ref-Boulton1985_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulton1985-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott was executed by a firing squad on March 4, 1870. Historians have debated Riel's motivations for allowing the execution, as they have considered it his one great political blunder. His own justification was that he felt it necessary to demonstrate to the Canadians that the Métis must be taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_Manitoba">Creation of Manitoba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation of Manitoba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png/220px-Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png/330px-Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png/440px-Canada_provinces_1870-1871.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Canada after the creation of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Act">Manitoba Act</a></i> of 1870 </figcaption></figure> <p>Upon receiving news of the unrest, Bishop Taché was recalled from Rome. He arrived back in the colony on March 8, and he conveyed to Riel his mistaken impression that the December amnesty would apply to both Riel and <a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Dydime_L%C3%A9pine" title="Ambroise-Dydime Lépine">Lépine</a>. On March 15, he read to the elected assembly a telegram from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a> indicating that the government found the demands in the list of rights to be "in the main satisfactory." After the preparation of a final list of rights, which included new demands such as a general <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> for all members of the provisional government and provisions for separate francophone schools, the delegates Abbé <a href="/wiki/Joseph-No%C3%ABl_Ritchot" title="Joseph-Noël Ritchot">Joseph-Noël Ritchot</a>, Judge <a href="/wiki/John_Black_(Canadian_judge)" title="John Black (Canadian judge)">John Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Henry_Scott_(Canadian_politician)" title="Alfred Henry Scott (Canadian politician)">Alfred Henry Scott</a> departed for Ottawa on March 23 and 24.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Riel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterward, Mair and Schultz arrived in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario. Assisted by <a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_Denison_III" title="George Taylor Denison III">George Taylor Denison III</a>, they immediately set about inflaming anti-Métis and anti-Catholic sentiment in the editorial pages of the Ontario press over the execution of Scott. However, Macdonald had decided before the provisional government was established, Canada must negotiate with the Métis. Although the delegates were arrested after their arrival in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> on April 11 on charges of abetting murder, they were quickly released. They soon entered into direct talks with Macdonald and <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a>, and Ritchot emerged as an effective negotiator. An agreement enshrining many of the demands in the list of rights was soon reached. That formed the basis for the <i><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Act">Manitoba Act</a></i> of May 12, 1870, which admitted <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> on July 15.<sup id="cite_ref-Manitoba_Act_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manitoba_Act-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manitoba_Act_(Page_2)_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manitoba_Act_(Page_2)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government had to deal with several issues before peace could be made. Fortunately for the government, an agreement was reached. With the creation of Manitoba, the Canadian government would gain control over a new area and not have to worry about the Métis being upset, as they would also be gaining control over the land. </p><p>On May 12, 1870, the Métis had been given 200,000 hectares of land, which would make up the Province of Manitoba. That would allow for the Métis to hunt freely in their land and have some form of government with legitimate powers to run the province and protect Métis rights. Even though the government had created the Province of Manitoba for the Métis, it also allowed the government to have control over the province without being responsible for any events that occurred in it. Manitoba would be the first province created from the Northwest Territories. </p><p>Significantly, however, Ritchot could not secure a clarification of the governor-general's amnesty. Anger over Scott's execution was growing rapidly in Ontario, and any such guarantee was not politically expedient. The delegates returned to Manitoba with only a promise of a forthcoming amnesty.<sup id="cite_ref-Richot_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Wolseley_expedition">The Wolseley expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Wolseley expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/220px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/330px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/440px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><i>The Red River Expedition at Kakabeka Falls</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Anne_Hopkins" title="Frances Anne Hopkins">Frances Anne Hopkins</a>, 1877.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolseley Expedition">Wolseley Expedition</a></div> <p>A military expedition had in any case been decided on as a means of exercising Canadian authority in the Red River settlement and dissuading the Minnesota expansionists. It embarked in May under <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet Wolseley">Garnet Wolseley</a> and made its way up the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Ontarians especially believed the <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolseley Expedition">Wolseley Expedition</a> to be intended to suppress the rebellion, but the government described it as an "errand of peace." Knowing that he would be arrested and charged with criminal acts and believing that members of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Militia_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Militia in Canada">Canadian militia</a> in the expedition meant to <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> him, Riel and his followers fled hurriedly when the troops arrived unexpectedly at Fort Garry on August 24 during pouring rain.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of the expedition at Fort Garry marked the effective end of the Red River Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Riel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Red River crisis was described as a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> only after sentiment grew in Ontario against the execution of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Orangeman)" title="Thomas Scott (Orangeman)">Thomas Scott</a>. The historian A. G. Morice suggests that the phrase <i>Red River Rebellion</i> owes its persistence to <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>, a quality that made it attractive for publication in newspaper headlines.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episode has been described as a resistance rather than a rebellion by some scholars as it was resisting against an expanding authority rather than rebelling against an established government.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lisgar's viceregal successor, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">the Earl of Dufferin</a>, prevented the execution of <a href="/wiki/Ambroise-Dydime_L%C3%A9pine" title="Ambroise-Dydime Lépine">Ambroise-Dydime Lépine</a>, who had sentenced Scott to death. Although Scott had been the son a tenant on Dufferin's estate in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, Dufferin heeded appeals from francophones in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> who were sympathetic to the Métis and reduced Lépine's sentence to two years in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, Riel was formally <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> from Canada for five years. Under pressure from Quebec, the government of Sir John A. Macdonald took no more vigorous action. Riel was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a> three times in exile but never took his seat. He returned to Canada in 1885 to lead the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>. He was then tried and convicted for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and executed by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Riel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian folk singer-writer <a href="/wiki/James_Keelaghan" title="James Keelaghan">James Keelaghan</a> wrote a song "Red River Rising" about the Red River Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frances_Koncan" title="Frances Koncan">Frances Koncan</a>'s 2020 play <i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Fur_Trade" title="Women of the Fur Trade">Women of the Fur Trade</a></i> was set in a fort in Red River and features three women discussing the events around them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Manitoba_Language_Rights" title="Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights">Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scott-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scott_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/scott_thomas_1870_9E.html">"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423055834/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/scott_thomas_1870_9E.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fscott_thomas_1870_9E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea00britgoog#page/n404/mode/2up">A Collection of Treaties Between Great Britain and Other Powers (1790). See Article X, p.379.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_James_Hargrave1871" class="citation cs2">Joseph James Hargrave (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/redriver00harggoog#page/n181/mode/1up"><i>Red River</i></a> (Red River. ed.), Montreal: Printed for the author by J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Expansionism&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-3010.05-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDougall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDougall_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall" class="citation web cs1">McDougall, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mcdougall_william_13E.html">"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220175604/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mcdougall_william_13E.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmcdougall_william_13E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis" class="citation web cs1">Dennis, John Stoughton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dennis_john_stoughton_1820_85_11E.html">"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221114312/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dennis_john_stoughton_1820_85_11E.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=John+Stoughton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fdennis_john_stoughton_1820_85_11E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richot_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richot_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richot_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichot" class="citation web cs1">Richot, Noël-Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ritchot_noel_joseph_13E.html">"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423035806/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ritchot_noel_joseph_13E.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.aulast=Richot&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl-Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fritchot_noel_joseph_13E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_Riel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Riel_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-4000.61-e.html">"Louis Riel"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Riel&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-4000.61-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Métis_Committee-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Métis_Committee_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcha/1994-v5-n1-jcha1001/031075ar.pdf">"Prologue to the Red River Resistance: Preliminal Politics and the Triumph of Riel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manitoba+%281870%29&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-3040-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riel_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiel" class="citation web cs1">Riel, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/riel_louis_1844_85_11E.html">"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212055306/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/riel_louis_1844_85_11E.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Titans". <i>Canada's History</i>. <b>97</b> (5): 47–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1920-9894">1920-9894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+History&rft.atitle=Titans&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1920-9894&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Donald Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/smith_donald_alexander_14E.html">"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407064548/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/smith_donald_alexander_14E.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Donald+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fsmith_donald_alexander_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulton1985-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boulton1985_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Arkoll_Boulton1985" class="citation book cs1">Charles Arkoll Boulton (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdE5PVWEarEC&pg=PA51"><i>I Fought Riel: A Military Memoir</i></a>. James Lorimer & Company. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-935-7"><bdi>978-0-88862-935-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817021403/https://books.google.com/books?id=zdE5PVWEarEC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Fought+Riel%3A+A+Military+Memoir&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-935-7&rft.au=Charles+Arkoll+Boulton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdE5PVWEarEC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manitoba_Act-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manitoba_Act_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-7118-e.html">"Manitoba Act"</a>. Library and Archives Canada. March 26, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081830/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-7118-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manitoba+Act&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-7118-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manitoba_Act_(Page_2)-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manitoba_Act_(Page_2)_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-7118.01-e.html">"Manitoba Act (Page 2)"</a>. Library and Archives Canada. March 26, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081812/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-7118.01-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manitoba+Act+%28Page+2%29&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-7118.01-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Nesbitt Willougby. <i>The Rebellion in the Red River Settlement</i> (Peel's Prairie Provinces website), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Critical History of The Red River Insurrection</i> [1935]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-river-rebellion">"Red River Resistance"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. February 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+River+Resistance&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fred-river-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2017" class="citation cs2">Harris, Carolyn (September 22, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frederick-temple-blackwood-1st-marquess-of-dufferin-and-ava">"Lord Dufferin"</a>, <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>, Historica Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lord+Dufferin&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffrederick-temple-blackwood-1st-marquess-of-dufferin-and-ava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Harley_Marsh" title="James Harley Marsh">Marsh, James H.</a>, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC&q=%22red+river+rising%22+Keelaghan+Riel&pg=PA1237">"Red River Rising"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. McClelland and Stewart. p. 1237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710_2099_6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710 2099 6"><bdi>0-7710 2099 6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816225539/https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC&q=%22red+river+rising%22+Keelaghan+Riel&pg=PA1237">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+River+Rising&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1237&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-771020996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwR_-aSFyvuYC%26q%3D%2522red%2Briver%2Brising%2522%2BKeelaghan%2BRiel%26pg%3DPA1237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCram2020" class="citation news cs1">Cram, Stephanie (February 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/theatre-review-rmtc-women-of-the-fur-trade-1.5478175">"History, humour and a dash of Keanu Reeves: Women of the Fur Trade a fun, clever look at Red River Resistance"</a>. <i>CBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=History%2C+humour+and+a+dash+of+Keanu+Reeves%3A+Women+of+the+Fur+Trade+a+fun%2C+clever+look+at+Red+River+Resistance&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.aulast=Cram&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Ftheatre-review-rmtc-women-of-the-fur-trade-1.5478175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulton1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arkoll_Boulton" title="Charles Arkoll Boulton">Boulton, Charles A.</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123015618/http://wsb.datapro.net/rebellions/index.html"><i>Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions</i></a>. Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wsb.datapro.net/rebellions/index.html">the original</a> on November 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+the+North-West+Rebellions&rft.place=Toronto&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Boulton&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwsb.datapro.net%2Frebellions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._L._Morton" title="W. L. Morton">Morton, W. L.</a> (1956). <i>Alexander Begg's Red River Journal and Other Papers Relative to the Red River Resistance of 1869–1870</i>. Toronto: Champlain Society Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Begg%27s+Red+River+Journal+and+Other+Papers+Relative+to+the+Red+River+Resistance+of+1869%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Champlain+Society+Publications&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiggins1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Siggins" title="Maggie Siggins">Siggins, Maggie</a> (1994). <i>Riel: a life of revolution</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-215792-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-215792-6"><bdi>0-00-215792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riel%3A+a+life+of+revolution&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-00-215792-6&rft.aulast=Siggins&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">Stanley, George F. G.</a> (1963). <i>Louis Riel</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Ryerson_Press" title="Ryerson Press">Ryerson Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-092961-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-092961-0"><bdi>0-07-092961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Riel&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Ryerson+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-07-092961-0&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=George+F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">Stanley, George F. G.</a> (1989). <i>Toil & Trouble: Military Expeditions to Red River</i>. Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55002-059-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55002-059-5"><bdi>1-55002-059-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toil+%26+Trouble%3A+Military+Expeditions+to+Red+River&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1-55002-059-5&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=George+F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/manitobamaps/3928814271/">Winnipeg looking north from near Upper Fort Garry 1870 (showing Schult's Store and residence)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-river-rebellion">The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-3010.39-e.html">Canadian Confederation (The Orange Order)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metis" title="Template talk:Metis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/24px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/36px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/48px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> people <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/24px-Metis_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/36px-Metis_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/48px-Metis_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_British_Columbia" title="Métis Nation British Columbia">Métis Nation British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Alberta" title="Métis Nation of Alberta">Métis Nation of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation%E2%80%94Saskatchewan" title="Métis Nation—Saskatchewan">Métis Nation—Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Ontario" title="Métis Nation of Ontario">Métis Nation of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Manitoba Métis Federation">Manitoba Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory_M%C3%A9tis_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Territory Métis Nation (page does not exist)">Northwest Territory Métis Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians">Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis Settlements General Council</a> <small>(Alberta)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia</a> (1870) <small>(Red River Colony)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_St._Laurent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of St. Laurent (page does not exist)">Council of St. Laurent</a> (1873–1878) <small>(Southbranch Settlement)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exovedate" title="Exovedate">Exovedate</a> (1885) <small>(Southbranch Settlement)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_National_Council" title="Métis National Council">Métis National Council</a> <small>(Canada-wide)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Slave_M%C3%A9tis_Alliance" title="North Slave Métis Alliance">North Slave Métis Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a> <small>(Canada-wide)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Alberta Métis Federation">Alberta Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_M%C3%A9tis_Community_Association" title="Vancouver Métis Community Association">Vancouver Métis Community Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_nationale_m%C3%A9tisse_Saint-Joseph_du_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba (page does not exist)">Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Indian trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Indian_trade" title="Scottish Indian trade">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%27%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage 'à la façon du pays'">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_Proclamation" title="Pemmican Proclamation">Pemmican Proclamation</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Committee_of_the_M%C3%A9tis" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Committee of the Métis">The National Committee of the Métis</a> (est. 1864)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbranch_Settlement" title="Southbranch Settlement">Southbranch Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breed_Tract" title="Half-Breed Tract">Half-Breed Tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v._Powley" class="mw-redirect" title="R v. Powley">Powley ruling</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_v_Canada_(Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development)" title="Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)">Daniels ruling</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Canadian Métis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">in Alberta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">US Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s" title="Bois-Brûlés">Bois-Brûlés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="List of Métis people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Population_Betterment_Act" title="Métis Population Betterment Act">Métis Population Betterment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Métis_settlements" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of settlements in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metis_Child_and_Family_Services_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metis Child and Family Services Society (page does not exist)">Metis Child and Family Services Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute" title="Gabriel Dumont Institute">Gabriel Dumont Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivernants" title="Hivernants">Hivernants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag" title="Métis flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis buffalo hunt">Métis buffalo hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Jig" title="Red River Jig">Red River Jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_military_history" title="Template talk:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial militia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">New France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Ango-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War#Canada" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Intervention against ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Canada and the American Civil War">Canada and the 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