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href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coral_reefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral_reefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Coral reefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Ocean acidification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_alien_plant_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_alien_plant_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Invasive alien plant species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_alien_plant_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Impacts on people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts on people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Economic impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_and_livelihoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_and_livelihoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Infrastructure and livelihoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_and_livelihoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Health impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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<li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="শ্রীলঙ্কায় জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রীলঙ্কায় জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Climate change in Sri Lanka – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Climate change in Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emissions, impacts and responses of Sri Lanka related to climate change</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png/220px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png/330px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png/440px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Sri_Lanka--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Visualisation of average annual <a href="/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" title="Temperature anomaly">temperature anomaly</a> in Sri Lanka, 1901 to 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is an important issue in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and its effects threaten to impact both human and natural systems. Roughly 50 percent of its 22 million citizens live in low-lying coastal areas in the west, south, and south-west of the island, and are at risk of future <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change also threatens the island's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> environments. Sea-level rise due to climate change has the potential to affect the overall abundance of <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic species</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>'s coastal regions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Western Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Western Province</a>, are considered major hotspots and extremely <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_to_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerable to climate change">vulnerable to climate change</a>. These maritime provinces are the most densely populated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being a threat to Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, climate change may cause disastrous consequences on various levels in such areas. Such consequences include: Affecting agricultural productivity, causing natural disasters like <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, increasing the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">spread of infectious illnesses</a>, and finally undermining the living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently benefiting from the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> projects of building resilience, Sri Lanka is presented with strategies to help lessen the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> in these vulnerable communities. For example, it was suggested that Sri Lanka should increase non-agriculture jobs by 30 percent, enhance the level of education, and reduce the time to reach the market. These changes ought to be implemented together.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranked as the 4th most affected country by climate change in 2016, Sri Lanka's vast majority of natural disasters are a result of climate variations. Consequently, it necessitates stronger disaster preparedness and proper interventions to build resistance in response to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_the_natural_environment">Impacts on the natural environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Impacts on the natural environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, an equatorial island nation of 65,610 square kilometres (25,330 sq mi) and 1,340 km of coastline,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a>. It has 480 bird species (25 <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>) and 121 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibious</a> species (88 endemic).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_weather_changes">Temperature and weather changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Temperature and weather changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map for Sri Lanka for 1980–2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">2071–2100 map under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">the most intense climate change scenario</a>. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely<sup id="cite_ref-HausfatherPeters2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HausfatherPeters2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuur2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuur2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phiddian2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phiddian2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A general increase in temperature trends 0.16 C has been traced over the years of 1961–1990 with the highest increase of minimum temperature in <a href="/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya" title="Nuwara Eliya">Nuwara Eliya</a> by 2.0 C per decade.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vast difference is traced in rising temperatures as the 100 year warming trend from 1896 to 1996 is only 0.003 C per year,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meanwhile the 10 year temperature trend from 1987 to 1996 is already 0.025 C per year. This indicates that the warming trend is accelerating. According to scientists this is due to the increase in the greenhouse gasses (global) as well as the rapid urbanization causing the heat effect (local).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mean annual temperature in the country is expected to increase in the near future (2030), and to possibly increase even more in the years surrounding 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extreme_weather_events">Extreme weather events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extreme weather events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island nation of Sri Lanka possesses significant differences in climate across variations in <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>. The Northwest region has an annual average rainfall of less than 1 metre, while the Southwest central hills above 5 m. And due to the seasonal variations and topography, Sri Lanka is divided into 3 zones: wet, moderate, and dry. Even though rain helps in supporting the biodiversity of the dense forests covering around 30% of the country, however, the process of deforestation in wet areas contributes to erosion and dangerous landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclical pattern of floods and droughts is prompting people to stress and making it difficult for them to cope with their lives. Heavy rain on the other hand, in western and southern regions, leads to major landslides thus killing more than 500 people and affecting 1.3 million in 2016–2017.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water and vector-borne illnesses can be a direct effect of severe flooding, which can make it even more difficult to maintain sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 6 million people have been affected by the drought in the past 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, in Sri Lanka the number of consecutive wet days decrease while the number of consecutive dry days increased. The most drought vulnerable districts are: <a href="/wiki/Monaragala" title="Monaragala">Moneragala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya" title="Nuwara Eliya">Nuwara Eliya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near future estimates of drought conditions in Sri Lanka are highly uncertain (2030). As for the years surrounding 2050 an increased frequency and intensity of droughts are estimated:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus leading to reduced crop growth exasperated by increased temperatures and evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winds_and_other_storms">Winds and other storms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Winds and other storms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As for cyclones, the severity has been recorded to be moderate during the past experience. In the months of November and December the northern region of the county is affected by them. As for the near future, future estimates do not have readily available information about the occurrence of cyclones after 2030 and thus are highly uncertain. However, for the future surrounding the year 2050, an accelerated risk of coastal disasters is estimated. For instance, an expected increase of 10-20% in tropical cyclone intensities is triggered by a rise in <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a>, amplification of storm surge heights, and low pressures with tropical storms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_rise">Sea level rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sea level rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sea level rise is another expected consequence of climate change in Sri Lanka's coastal zone in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tidal gauge data of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> seasonally adjusted from 2006 to 2017 shows increase in sea level at a rate of 0.288 ± 0.118 mm/month. In the next 50 years, sea level is expected to rise by about 0.1 m – 0.2 m.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25 percent of the population reside in vulnerable to sea level areas (within 1 km of the coast). In Sri Lanka, the coastal zones are the most affected by the uncertain rates of sea-level rise and this could worsen the existing hazards such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> and cyclones. It is expected that rising sea levels and storm surges erode shorelines, degrade the health of coastal ecosystems, and potentially displace coastal populations. Mangroves and other forms of coastal shrubs and vegetation offer protect shores and reduce vulnerability to tsunamis and cyclones, but only less than one-third of the island is protected by them.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lankan authorities have realized the benefits of coastal vegetation, but more efforts to restore these shrubs and harden unprotected coastlines may be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea levels could rise by 0.13 meters and up to 0.4 meters by 2030 estimated a linear interpolation of end of century global sea level estimated. Meanwhile,  a linear interpolation of end of century global sea level by 2050 is speculated to rise by 0.2 meters and up to 0.58 meters. Thus, in turns, inundation is expected to reach approximately to 41 square km for a rise of 0.3 meters, and 91.25 square kilometers for a rise of 1 meter for lowlands along the coastal lines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change threatens both surface water and groundwater sources upon which Sri Lankans depend for domestic use, agriculture, energy generation and industry. The availability of drinking water is the main concern. Nevertheless, increased droughts along with salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers, are expected to seriously deplete freshwater availability. Due to the increased economic activity a high level of groundwater extraction and pollution of existing resources occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Twenty five endemic <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species live in Sri Lanka's wet zone, the southwestern part of the island. With 480 bird species on the island, their diversity includes (but is not limited to) <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory birds</a>. Bird species of Sri Lanka are impacted by <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, prolonged intense <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, sea-level rise, increased human interaction, and a lack of corridors which have led to a decline of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> and range.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg/162px-CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg/243px-CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg/324px-CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Green-billed coucal and chick</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Green-billed_coucal" title="Green-billed coucal">green-billed coucal</a> inhabits the southwestern region of the country's wet-zone forest; its characteristics include its black-brown color, medium-large size and distinctive green beak. In 2010, the species was placed on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable species</a> due to woodland destruction. Green-billed coucals live in <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a> containing large trees, shrubs, and bushes which are subject to <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clearcutting</a> by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sri Lanka also hosts 121 amphibian species, 88 of which are considered endemic. <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> can have a detrimental impact on amphibians, and prolonged droughts and periods of increased intense precipitation have resulted in a decline in amphibian diversity. Twenty-two amphibian species are endangered, and 27 are extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pseudophilautus_silus" title="Pseudophilautus silus">bubble-nest frog</a> is listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> on the IUCN red list. Declining in population, the last count of bubble-nest frogs was estimated at 1,500. They prefer to live on the ground or on low branches near water sources in Sri Lanka's southern canopy-covered forests. The <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">loss of habitat</a> and mating resulting from human interaction and the over-exploitation of dense forests threatens the species.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe weather also impacts bubble-nest frog populations due to <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> from increased rainfall, which may alter its breeding habitat and force relocation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coral_reefs">Coral reefs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coral reefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sri Lanka is a small island nation with rich and various marine ecosystems. Thus, the inhabitants of Sri Lanka rely heavily on fisheries, with approximately a quarter of a million families make their living from fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, climate change in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> can impact <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> offshore. <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> also provide income for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> and local fisheries, and are important shore barriers and homes for diversified species. Benefits of coral reefs include <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> such as water filtration and shelter and food for species. Over-<a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> of coral reefs can negatively impact these communities. Sea-level rise, <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="carbon dioxide in the sea? how does it threaten? (December 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> also threaten coral-reef communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ocean acidification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The signs of ocean acidification are evident as is deoxygenation, which has damaging effects on biodiversity, marine ecosystems, biomass, and availability of habitats. Specially in low and middle income countries where the inhabitants depend on fishing and reef-based tourism, this could lead to a wide-ranging socioeconomic fall. A new report on <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">ocean deoxygenation</a> released by IUCN during COP25 stated the fact that the average amount of oxygen in the oceans has been reduced by 2% globally. Moreover, a 30% decrease of oxygen in waters off the coast of California, and the hypoxic incident in Panama resulting in a 75% loss of coral diversity. Based on a report released by the intergovernmental panel of climate change, since the very 80s, the ocean has absorbed 20% to 30% of emitted carbon dioxide. While others claim that 90% of the heat gained by the planet has also been absorbed by the ocean. There are now calls for the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">blue carbon</a>, but some experts say that it is too little, too late.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasive_alien_plant_species">Invasive alien plant species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasive alien plant species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas <a href="/wiki/Invasive_alien_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive alien species">invasive alien species</a> (IAS) are second to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">habitat degradation</a>, for human actions have the first and direct effect on that, they (IAS) are still recognized as a major threat to Sri Lanka's native biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sri Lanka lists 12 invasive alien species of animals most of which are vertebrates and least are invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developing countries, like Sri Lanka, the consequences of the invasive alien plant species (IAPS) on biodiversity (<a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss</a> of 75%)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have not been adequately tackled. More impacts of IAS on native species could be listed as follows: direct destruction, competitive exclusion, and hybridization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IAS have caused at least 39% of species extinction during the past 400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ( Kariyawasam, Lalit Kumar, Sujith S. Ratnayake, 2019), specific areas such as the South and the West parts of the country are at high risk of IAPS development due to the high climate suitability for them. Therefore, to combat these plant invaders these researchers concluded that early detection, rapid intervention, effective eradication/control must be taken by land managers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four major bills and three national policies are currently focused on the spread of invasive alien fauna in Sri Lanka, yet more help is urgently needed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_people">Impacts on people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impacts on people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impacts">Economic impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main source of revenue of agriculture in Sri Lanka is smallholder farming in <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy</a> and vegetable cultivation. This sector is crucial to the country's economy: comprising 7.8 percent of GDP and employing 28% of the labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, climate change is taking a toll on domestic market, food security, and export potential.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main crops in Sri Lanka are particularly sensitive to variation in temperature and precipitation. Near-coastal areas like fertile strips of land that are critical for production of rice and coconuts, two major exports and nutritional staples are under threat from saltwater intrusion and extreme weather events, particularly drought. As a result, various types of food insecurity and malnutrition are still prevalent and show high regional disparity which is likely to worsen in the face of climate change. Additionally, poor infrastructure in rural areas severely constrains farmers in bringing goods to market. Rivers on the wetzone of the country feed agricultural irrigation systems, which covers 13 percent of the cropped land. The increase of flood and drought frequency may lead to straining these systems especially in the dry zone where 70 percent of the rice paddies are located. The three most water marginalized irrigation districts are Thanamalwila, (Moneragala District), Anamaduwa (Puttalam District), and Horowpothana (Anuradhapura District).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tourism activities are also inherently vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions brought on by drought and floods. Tourism has always been a healthy industry, but these climate hazards will increasingly threaten the ability to provide visitors with a safe and attractive destination.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrastructure_and_livelihoods">Infrastructure and livelihoods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure and livelihoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These climate stressors immediately have a long-term effect on communities, specifically the damage on local infra structure and households. Post-disaster poverty, lack of job opportunities, low school attendance and high risk of drop outs is usually evident in districts hit by floods and droughts. This makes Sri Lanka in the front line of war against child labour.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sectors such as manufacturing and agricultural have a reliance upon onshore and offshore infrastructure for export. Therefore, damage to these systems can hit Sri Lankan economy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for infrastructure, most of the electricity generated by hydroelectric plants, faces challenges. Generation facilities and reservoir infrastructure have been designed for specific rainfall patterns and volumes. Changing rainfall patterns are likely to affect supply. As increases in heavy precipitation may overburden and potentially cause them damage and thus reduce generating capacity. </p><p>In addition, droughts may cause reservoirs to underproduce during prolonged dry periods. Sectors such as service and industrial highly rely on the availability of electricity to function <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabotaging the latter two will take toll on Sri Lanka's economy as industry and services account for 30 percent and 62 percent of GDP respectively. Climate hazards also have the ability to affect transportation infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impacts">Health impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Health impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite Sri Lanka being a developing country, it provides universal health care through its <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health Sri Lanka">Ministry of Health</a>. However, climate change has increased its vulnerability and contracted its power. Sri Lanka is facing exceptionally high frequencies and severity of vector and rodent-borne diseases due to the compromised environmental conditions that are conducive to their breeding caused by urbanization, overcrowding, increased daytime and nighttime temperatures, and poor water management practices. Additionally, both agricultural and fishing yields have been impacted by the changing climate conditions, worsening the food insecurity, leaving 29 percent of children under five underweight. Food, waterborne illnesses, and direct weather-related health risks are also expected to increase mostly affecting 28 percent of the population working in agricultural fields. Both the general public and the Ministry of Health lack aren't mindful enough of the health risks associated with climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation_and_adaptation"><span class="anchor" id="Possible_solutions"></span>Mitigation and adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mitigation and adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_approaches">Adaptation approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adaptation approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To slow the process of global climate change, education and public awareness are important to reduce the overall consumption of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and limit the amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> we emit. Sri Lankan nonprofit organizations petition for a more <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> environment for humans and other species. The Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society's (SLWCS) main purpose is to conserve the island's dwindling biodiversity. They have completed several conservation projects, including a <a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">wetland conservation</a> project which involved a number of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat restoration">habitat restoration</a> missions. The SLWCS has seven proposed projects they hope to undertake.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its mission statement, </p> <blockquote><p>Our experience over the past 12 years indicates that agriculture, fisheries and tourism related activities have a great impact on our natural resources. Over 70% of our people depend on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. The SLWCS devotes most of its effort to introducing better land use and agricultural practices so that agricultural development can be sustained over the long-term (SLWCS Mission).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The country has established <a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">nature parks</a> to preserve habitats for a number of species.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change will impact Sri Lankan biodiversity through increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. Adopting environmentally-proactive practices, such as reserves and local and national government policy, will slow the impact of climate change on Sri Lanka as it searches for a long-term solution. </p><p>The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) has developed a framework for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combating climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their framework includes five components which were assessed from 2011 to 2016: </p> <ul><li>Mainstream climate-change adaptation into national planning and development</li> <li>Enabling climate-resilient and healthy human settlements</li> <li>Minimizing climate-change impacts on food security</li> <li>Improving <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a> of key economic drivers</li> <li>Safeguarding natural resources and biodiversity from climate-change impacts</li></ul> <p>The framework will help Sri Lanka offset potential climate changes in the near future. The NCCAS understands that halting climate change is unrealistic, and many of their goals concern economic and environmental preparation and understanding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Francoise Colters, director of World Bank country for Sri Lanka and the Maldives, natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka should be well managed and preserved, for they are responsible for contributing to natural economy through nature-based tourism. These ecosystems prevent natural disasters, poverty, and decreased productivity al caused by climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, 2016, the World Bank Broad approved a sum of $45 million to assist in protecting Sri Lanka's natural resources and habitats though the Eco-systems conservation and Management Project (ESCAMP). This project had the following achievements:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Foster sustainable use of natural resources.</li> <li>Protect watersheds to boost agricultural productivity</li> <li>Benefit 15000 residents from the most vulnerable groups</li> <li>Create jobs</li> <li>Protect ecosystems</li> <li>Increase the quality of nature-based and green tourism</li> <li>Maintain the population of endemic species</li> <li>Reduce emissions from deforestation</li> <li>Promote sustainable agriculture and energy practices</li></ul> <p>To bring oceans into the climate fight. nature-based solutions such as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> planting and <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_restoration" title="Coral reef restoration">coral reef restoration</a> could help to protect coastlines. The success of <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_restoration" title="Mangrove restoration">mangrove restoration</a> efforts may depend heavily on engagement with local <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a>, and on careful assessment to ensure that growing conditions will be suitable for the species chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friess_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major obstacle to progress is the lack of a long-term funding strategy. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia and Mauritius have contributed $28.7 million to efforts through the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. However according to <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Commonwealth Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">Patricia Scotland</a> only 1% of all philanthropic resources is directed to save the oceans. Thus more attention is called for on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some regions in mid-country exhibit climatic suitability to promote the cultivation of neglected and underutilized fruit species. And that in turns, will directly affect economy and food security in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To aid Sri Lanka in being more prepared to face natural disasters, the Australian government, WEP and UNICEF joined forces and signed a 3-year partnership (2018-2020). This project targets the most vulnerable districts in Sri Lanka. In fact, hundreds of thousands of dollars were invested in this project with children, adolescents, and pregnant women being the most prioritized.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka has been actively developing document planning ever since the 1990s. However, the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 tsunami</a> notably declined the progress and shifted its focus unto the building of resilience to natural disasters. Though documents were produced regarding the climate change impact and the potential risk mitigation, implementation has generally been limited. Despite that, the Sri Lankan government has implemented a number of plans including a <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">Water Sanitation and Hygiene</a> (WASH) program through the Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/sri-lanka-climate-risk-profile">"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>Climatelinks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy10010034">"Neglected and Underutilized Fruit Species in Sri Lanka: Prioritisation and Understanding the Potential Distribution under Climate Change"</a>. <i>Agronomy</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy10010034">10.3390/agronomy10010034</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy&rft.atitle=Neglected+and+Underutilized+Fruit+Species+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Prioritisation+and+Understanding+the+Potential+Distribution+under+Climate+Change&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fagronomy10010034&rft.aulast=Ratnayake&rft.aufirst=Sujith+S.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Lalit&rft.au=Kariyawasam%2C+Champika+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fagronomy10010034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/press-releases/sri-lanka-needs-stronger-disaster-preparedness-and-response-combat-climate-change">"Sri Lanka needs stronger disaster preparedness and response to combat climate change"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+needs+stronger+disaster+preparedness+and+response+to+combat+climate+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fsrilanka%2Fpress-releases%2Fsri-lanka-needs-stronger-disaster-preparedness-and-response-combat-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/sri-lanka-climate-risk-profile">"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>Climatelinks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climatelinks&rft.atitle=Climate+Risk+Profile%3A+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatelinks.org%2Fresources%2Fsri-lanka-climate-risk-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjan_Rajasuriya1997" class="citation web cs1">Arjan Rajasuriya (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5627e/x5627e09.htm">"5 Coral Reefs of Sri Lanka: Current Status and Resource Management"</a>. National Aquatic Resources, Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307052654/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5627e/x5627e09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Coral+Reefs+of+Sri+Lanka%3A+Current+Status+and+Resource+Management&rft.pub=National+Aquatic+Resources%2C+Research+and+Development+Agency%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Arjan+Rajasuriya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fx5627e%2Fx5627e09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G3.html">"How might global warming change hurricane intensity,frequency, and rainfall?"</a>. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820220823/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+might+global+warming+change+hurricane+intensity%2Cfrequency%2C+and+rainfall%3F&rft.pub=Atlantic+Oceanographic+and+Meteorological+Laboratory&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoml.noaa.gov%2Fhrd%2Ftcfaq%2FG3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Costa WAJM. Adaptation of Agricultural Crop Production to Climate Change: A Policy Framework for Sri Lanka. [Internet]. 38(2):79–89. In: ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science [cited 2010 July 24]. Available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004627/http://apps.isiknowledge.com/">https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004627/http://apps.isiknowledge.com/</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Kurukulasuriya P, Ihsan Ajwad M. [cited 2006]. Application of the Ricardian Technique to Estimate the Impact of Climate Change on Farming in Sri Lanka, Journal of Climate Change 200 Smallholder 7;81 (1): 39–59.</li> <li>Mendelsohn R, Munasinghe M, Niggol Seo S. [cited 2005]. Climate change and agriculture in Sri Lanka: a Ricardian valuation, Journal of Environment and Development Economics 2005; 10: 581–596.</li> <li>Sri Lanka about to sign <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> to minimize Global Warming. Through this act, Sri Lanka will contribute its own share to the world's effort of bringing down global warming to a certain extent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Sri_Lanka_to_sign_Paris_Agreement_to_minimize_global_warming_20160319_02">http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Sri_Lanka_to_sign_Paris_Agreement_to_minimize_global_warming_20160319_02</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105116/https://cdkn.org/ar5-toolkit/ar5-south-asia/?loclang=en_gb">"The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report: What's in it for South Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_and_Development_Knowledge_Network" title="Climate and Development Knowledge Network">Climate and Development Knowledge Network</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdkn.org/ar5-toolkit/ar5-south-asia/?loclang=en_gb">the original</a> on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+and+Development+Knowledge+Network&rft.atitle=The+IPCC%27s+Fifth+Assessment+Report%3A+What%27s+in+it+for+South+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdkn.org%2Far5-toolkit%2Far5-south-asia%2F%3Floclang%3Den_gb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Climate_change_regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Climate change regions (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> in each country</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Algeria" title="Climate change in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Botswana" title="Climate change in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Egypt" title="Climate change in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Eritrea" title="Climate change in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Eswatini" title="Climate change in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ethiopia" title="Climate change in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Gambia" title="Climate change in the Gambia">the Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ghana" title="Climate change in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kenya" title="Climate change in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Lesotho" title="Climate change in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Liberia" title="Climate change in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Madagascar" title="Climate change in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malawi" title="Climate change in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Morocco" title="Climate change in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mozambique" title="Climate change in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Namibia" title="Climate change in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Somalia" title="Climate change in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Sudan" title="Climate change in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sudan" title="Climate change in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tanzania" title="Climate change in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tunisia" title="Climate change in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uganda" title="Climate change in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Zimbabwe" title="Climate change in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Argentina" title="Climate change in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada" title="Climate change in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Greenland" title="Climate change in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Grenada" title="Climate change in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Guatemala" title="Climate change in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Honduras" title="Climate change in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Suriname" title="Climate change in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uruguay" title="Climate change in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh" title="Climate change in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Israel" title="Climate change in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan" title="Climate change in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Jordan" title="Climate change in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Climate change in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Maldives" title="Climate change in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_North_Korea" title="Climate change in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Singapore" title="Climate change in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Korea" title="Climate change in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Taiwan" title="Climate change in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Thailand" title="Climate change in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vietnam" title="Climate change in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Austria" title="Climate change in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Belgium" title="Climate change in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cyprus" title="Climate change in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Germany" title="Climate change in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Greece" title="Climate change in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Spain" title="Climate change in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sweden" title="Climate change in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Fiji" title="Climate change in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Climate change in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu" title="Climate change in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polar regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_tropics" title="Effects of climate change on the tropics">Tropics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Climate change">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/climate_change" class="extiw" title="wikt:climate change">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_disasters_in_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_disasters_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Natural disasters in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_disasters_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Natural disasters in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_disasters_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural disasters in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_disasters_in_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Natural disasters in Sri Lanka</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season" title="2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season">2016</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lanka_tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sri Lanka tropical cyclones">Specific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Rameswaram_cyclone" title="1964 Rameswaram cyclone">1964 Rameswaram cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Sri_Lanka_cyclone" title="1978 Sri Lanka cyclone">1978 Sri Lanka cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sri_Lanka_cyclone" title="2000 Sri Lanka cyclone">2000 Sri Lanka cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Sri_Lanka_cyclone" title="2003 Sri Lanka cyclone">2003 Sri Lanka cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Nisha_(2008)" title="Cyclone Nisha (2008)">Cyclone Nisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Phyan" title="Cyclone Phyan">Cyclone Phyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Nilam" title="Cyclone Nilam">Cyclone Nilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Viyaru" title="Cyclone Viyaru">Cyclone Viyaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Wilma_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Wilma (2013)">Tropical Depression Wilma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Roanu" title="Cyclone Roanu">Cyclone Roanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Ockhi" title="Cyclone Ockhi">Cyclone Ockhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Amphan" title="Cyclone Amphan">Cyclone Amphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Burevi" title="Cyclone Burevi">Cyclone Burevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Tauktae" title="Cyclone Tauktae">Cyclone Tauktae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Mocha" title="Cyclone Mocha">Cyclone Mocha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Floods and<br />landslides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombo_floods" title="2010 Colombo floods">2010</a></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Badulla_landslide" title="2014 Badulla landslide">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_floods_in_Southeast_Asia_and_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 floods in Southeast Asia and South Asia">December–January</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sri_Lankan_floods" title="2016 Sri Lankan floods">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sri_Lanka_floods" title="2017 Sri Lanka floods">2017</a></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sri_Lankan_southwest_monsoon_floods" title="2018 Sri Lankan southwest monsoon floods">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Northern_Province_floods_(Sri_Lanka)" title="2018 Northern Province floods (Sri Lanka)">December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_floods" title="2019 Sri Lanka floods">2019</a></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sri_Lanka_floods" title="2021 Sri Lanka floods">May–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_South_India_floods" title="2021 South India floods">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lanka_floods" title="2024 Sri Lanka floods">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earthquakes<br />and tsunamis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1615_Colombo_earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1615 Colombo earthquake (page does not exist)">1615</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka">in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sri_Lanka_tsunami-rail_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster">Tsunami-rail disaster</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beminitiya_Seya" title="Beminitiya Seya">Beminitiya Seya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate change in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahana_FOSS_Disaster_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahana FOSS Disaster Management System">Sahana FOSS Disaster Management System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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