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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sculptural technique</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg/220px-The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg/330px-The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg/440px-The_Dreaming_Iolanthe_from_Henrik_Hertz%27s_play_King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption><i>Dreaming Iolanthe</i>, by Caroline Shawk Brooks, depicting <a href="/wiki/Yolande,_Duchess_of_Lorraine" title="Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine">Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine</a>, the heroine of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Hertz" title="Henrik Hertz">Henrik Hertz</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Daughter" title="King René's Daughter">King René's Daughter</a></i>. It was this 1876 masterpiece that ignited popular interest in butter sculpting as a public art form. The bowl was kept cool with ice underneath it.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Butter sculptures</b> are three-dimensional works of art created with <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of churned cream. The works often depict animals, people, buildings and other objects. They are best known as attractions at <a href="/wiki/State_fair" title="State fair">state fairs</a> in the United States as lifesize cows and people, but can also be found on banquet tables and even small decorative butter pats.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter carving was an ancient craft in Tibet, Babylon, Roman Britain and elsewhere. The earliest documented butter <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> date from Europe in 1536, where they were used on banquet tables. The earliest pieces in the modern sense as public art date from <i>ca.</i> 1870s America, created by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Shawk_Brooks" title="Caroline Shawk Brooks">Caroline Shawk Brooks</a>, a farm woman from <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas" title="Helena, Arkansas">Helena, Arkansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heyday of butter sculpturing was about 1890–1930,<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but butter sculptures are still a popular attraction at agricultural fairs, banquet tables and as decorative butter patties. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of carving food into sculptured objects is ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists have found bread and pudding molds of animal and human shapes at sites from Babylon to Roman Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, during the Renaissance and Baroque periods molding food was commonly done for wealthy banquets.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that the earliest known reference to a butter sculpture is found.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1536 Bartolomeo Scappi, cook to Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius V">Pius V</a>, organized a feast composed of nine scenes elaborately carved out of food, each carried in episodically as centerpieces for a banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scappi mentioned several butter sculptures for the feast, including an elephant with a <a href="/wiki/Palanquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanquin">palanquin</a>, a figure of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> struggling with a lion, and a <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a> on a camel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early reference is found in the biography of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> (1757–1822), who said he first came to his patron’s attention when as a humble kitchen boy he sculpted an impressive butter lion for a banquet - the story is now thought <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a>, though it reaffirms the existence of butter sculptures during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter sculpting continued into the 18th century when English dairy maids molded butter pats into decorative shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg/440px-Caroline_S._Brooks_with_a_butter_sculpture_bas-relief_of_Columbus_for_the_1893_Columbian_Exposition_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Caroline Shawk Brooks with a butter sculpture basrelief of Columbus for the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest butter sculpture in the modern sense (as public art and not a banquet centerpiece) can be traced to the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Centennial Exhibition">Centennial Exhibition</a> where Caroline Shawk Brooks, a farm woman from <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas" title="Helena, Arkansas">Helena, Arkansas</a>, displayed her <i>Dreaming Iolanthe</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Basrelief" class="mw-redirect" title="Basrelief">basrelief</a> bust of a woman modeled in butter.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was kept cold with a system of layered bowls and frequent ice changes.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks had no formal art training but as a farmer she spent years making butter and in 1867, to make the work more interesting, she began sculpting it, eventually using it as a selling point.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As her skills progressed she began to see it as more than marketing butter, indeed as an art form unto itself.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 she made her masterpiece <i>Dreaming Iolanthe</i>, which she would re-do over the years at regional exhibitions around the US.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus she was invited to bring a replica to the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 where it drew so much attention and praise she was invited to sculpt live for the crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards she studied in Paris and Florence and eventually became a professional sculptor who worked in marble, but occasionally continued to make butter art.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She returned for the 1893 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Columbian Exposition">Chicago Columbian Exposition</a> and made busts of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Queen Isabella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. By then, however, there were other butter sculptors: the art form had come into its own.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heyday of butter sculpting was from about 1890 to 1930. During this period refrigeration became widely available, and the American <a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy industry">dairy industry</a> began promoting butter sculpture as a way to compete against synthetic butter substitute like <a href="/wiki/Oleomargarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleomargarine">Oleomargarine</a> (margarine).<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mincer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mincer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter sculpting decreased during the Great Depression and WWII due to shortages but picked up again after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first butter cow sculpture to appear at a state fair was displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Fair" title="Ohio State Fair">Ohio State Fair</a> in 1903, sculpted by A. T. Shelton & Company.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New cow and calf sculptures are created each year, reflecting positive ideals and cultural trends in Ohio, and have become a Fair tradition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy,_cow,_and_calf,_Iowa_State_Fair,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy%2C_cow%2C_and_calf%2C_Iowa_State_Fair%2C_1904.jpg/220px-Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy%2C_cow%2C_and_calf%2C_Iowa_State_Fair%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy%2C_cow%2C_and_calf%2C_Iowa_State_Fair%2C_1904.jpg/330px-Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy%2C_cow%2C_and_calf%2C_Iowa_State_Fair%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy%2C_cow%2C_and_calf%2C_Iowa_State_Fair%2C_1904.jpg/440px-Postcard_of_John_K._Daniels%E2%80%99s_butter_sculpture_of_a_boy%2C_cow%2C_and_calf%2C_Iowa_State_Fair%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of John K. Daniels’s butter sculpture of a boy, cow, and calf. Iowa State Fair, 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first butter cow in Iowa was made by sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_K._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John K. Daniels (page does not exist)">John K. Daniels</a> at the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Fair" title="Iowa State Fair">Iowa State Fair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculpture was sponsored by the Beatrice Creamery Co., now part of <a href="/wiki/Con-Agra" class="mw-redirect" title="Con-Agra">Con-Agra</a> Foods. The exhibit, designed as a way to promote dairy products in the area, was a big hit with fairgoers. Because of its success, the butter sculpture was continued each year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, several different artists have sculpted the Butter Cow for the Iowa State Fair. Daniels created sculptures and was followed by J.E. Wallace of Florida, who held the position until 1956. Wallace started making an additional butter sculpture for the exhibit each year. This second sculpture typically depicted people in everyday activities such as butter churning, or playing with a dog. This tradition has continued with each sculptor since. Earl Frank Dutt of Illinois became the third official sculptor. Dutt was trained at the Art Institute of Chicago and had experience sculpting many materials, from plaster and clay to lard. Over the next few years he sculpted cows in Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan, spreading the love of the Butter Cow throughout the Midwest United States. His additions to each year's exhibit were far more cartoonish than those of J.E. Wallace, depicting such things as a fight between political party mascots or a parade of smiling pigs. </p><p>It was Dutt who trained <a href="/wiki/Norma_%22Duffy%22_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Norma "Duffy" Lyon">Norma "Duffy" Lyon</a>, now known widely as The Butter Cow Lady. She began her career as an assistant to Frank Dutt in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous year she saw a photo of Dutt's creation and told the fair director she could do better. In 1960, she took over as the sculptor in residence—and first female to do so—and created a new piece for the fair each year until 2005. Some of her more notable sculptures include likenesses of Garth Brooks, John Wayne, Elvis Presley, and her own full version of The Last Supper, all made of butter. Duffy (a nickname derived from her maiden name, Duffield), as she was lovingly known, also sculpted Butter Cows for other states such as Illinois and Utah over the years. In 2006, Duffy retired, due to health limitations, and was succeeded by her apprentice Sarah Pratt. </p><p>The process through which the artists work varies according to the sculptor, but often follows the same general steps. Most start with choosing one of the six dairy cattle breeds (<a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cattle" title="Guernsey cattle">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Swiss">Brown Swiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire_cattle" title="Ayrshire cattle">Ayrshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milking_Shorthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Milking Shorthorn">Milking Shorthorn</a>) to recreate. Usually, they produce drawings of the cattle or take several photographs from which to work. As the sculpting actually begins, it is important for the butter to be of the right consistency, which has been described as feeling like cold cream. In total, about 500–600 pounds of butter is used. Over the years, sculptors moved from working in chilled rooms to large refrigerated display cases with temperatures between 35 and 40 °F. The butter is placed on a wooden-and-wire <a href="/wiki/Armature_(sculpture)" title="Armature (sculpture)">armature</a>, at first in large amounts to achieve the general shape of the cow, and later in smaller quantities to fine-tune the form. The butter is added layer upon layer until the cow is in its finished form, taking between two days and a week, depending on the artist. Though the sculptors claim it was never a secret that the Buttercow is built on a wooden armature, many people assumed the sculpture was solid, and made entirely from butter, despite the logistical impossibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-isfbuttercow_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isfbuttercow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrincessKay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PrincessKay.jpg/220px-PrincessKay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PrincessKay.jpg/330px-PrincessKay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PrincessKay.jpg/440px-PrincessKay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption>Linda Christensen sculpting butter at the 2010 Minnesota State Fair.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" title="Minnesota State Fair">Minnesota State Fair</a> has never had a Buttercow, but showcases butter sculpture in another way. The fair commissions carvings in butter of the twelve finalists of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Kay_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Princess Kay of the Milky Way">Princess Kay of the Milky Way</a> contest. These finalists are chosen from young Minnesotan women between the ages of 16 and 23 to be Dairy Princesses. Their likenesses are carved from 90 lb. blocks of butter. Each of the twelve days of the fair one finalist will be carved, currently by Linda Christensen, a California sculptor originally from Minnesota. While a princess poses on a turning platform in a chilled display case, Christensen takes about six hours to carve her likeness, all in front of fairgoers, passing by the refrigerated display area. Once the carving is complete it is displayed for the remainder of the fair, and at its closing each dairy princess may take hers home and use it as she wishes (sometimes used at graduation parties or wedding receptions).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having seen the success of the Prince of Wales in butter in the Canadian Pavilion in the 1924 season of the British Empire Exhibition, in 1925 the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australians</a> placed a larger butter sculpture in their pavilion at Wembley Park. It showed England cricketer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hobbs" title="Jack Hobbs">Jack Hobbs</a> being stumped at the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground" title="Sydney Cricket Ground">Sydney Cricket Ground</a> during the 1924–25 test series, which Australia had won 4–1.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924 and 1925 the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Prince of Wales</a> featured in two butter sculptures in refrigerated cases in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Pavilion,_British_Empire_Exhibition" title="Canada Pavilion, British Empire Exhibition">Canadian Pavilion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition" title="British Empire Exhibition">British Empire Exhibition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Park" title="Wembley Park">Wembley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wembley" title="Wembley">Wembley</a>, north-west London. The sculptures were both displays of patriotism and an effective advertisement for the Canadian dairy industry. In 1924 the sculpture depicted the Prince standing beside his horse outside his ranch at <a href="/wiki/Pekisko,_Alberta" title="Pekisko, Alberta">Pekisko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) of butter were used to produce the sculpture. The 1925 sculpture showed the Prince seated in the dress of a <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> chief and was based on Edward’s visit to <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff</a> in 1919, where he had been made an honorary chief by the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>. It was sculpted by George Kent and Beauchamp Hawkins. The figures of First Nations women in the 1925 butter sculpture case were the only reference to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s First Nations in the Canada Pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is on record that the Prince was pleased with both sculptures. When <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a> saw the butter sculpture of her son she laughed and said it was "quite a remarkable likeness." The British press was impressed too, declaring the 1925 sculpture one of the wonders of <a href="/wiki/Wembley" title="Wembley">Wembley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were equally impressed. One schoolgirl said that the prince of Wales in butter "was the one feature that captured everybody's imagination,"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a schoolboy said that his favourite exhibit at the Exhibition was the Prince of Wales in butter, and that "an ear’d keep us a week." Some in the Canadian press were however unhappy about the 1925 sculpture, with one paper writing "it is time that Canada should cease to be advertised by representations of Indians in war paint.”<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Ontario Cream Producers Marketing Board and the Dairy Producers of Canada began a campaign to promote their products. Butter sculpting was initiated as part of this campaign along with the slogan "It's better with butter". This was intended to increase butter's market share in competition to the high-powered advertising for margarine in the late 1940s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torma-_all_deities_of_the_mandala_offering,_Spontaneously_Occurring_Heart_Essence_of_Padma,_Rangjung_Padma%27i_Nyingthig,_given_by_Khyentse_Yangsi_Rinpoche,_Lotus_Speech,_Vancouver_BC,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torma-_all_deities_of_the_mandala_offering%2C_Spontaneously_Occurring_Heart_Essence_of_Padma%2C_Rangjung_Padma%27i_Nyingthig%2C_given_by_Khyentse_Yangsi_Rinpoche%2C_Lotus_Speech%2C_Vancouver_BC%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torma-_all_deities_of_the_mandala_offering%2C_Spontaneously_Occurring_Heart_Essence_of_Padma%2C_Rangjung_Padma%27i_Nyingthig%2C_given_by_Khyentse_Yangsi_Rinpoche%2C_Lotus_Speech%2C_Vancouver_BC%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torma-_all_deities_of_the_mandala_offering%2C_Spontaneously_Occurring_Heart_Essence_of_Padma%2C_Rangjung_Padma%27i_Nyingthig%2C_given_by_Khyentse_Yangsi_Rinpoche%2C_Lotus_Speech%2C_Vancouver_BC%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Butter sculptures were displayed at both the Canadian National Exhibition and Royal Agricultural Winter Fairs in Toronto. <a href="/wiki/Ross_Butler_(artist)" title="Ross Butler (artist)">Ross Butler</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> artist to sculpt in butter at these fairs. Ross' reputation as a farm animal artist was well known by the dairy people. He created many different life size butter sculptures between 1947 and 1954. Some of the subjects included Bessie the Butter Cow with her calf Buttercup, Barbara the Milkmaid and her butter cow, Ideal Guernsey, Canadian Olympic Figure Skater <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott" title="Barbara Ann Scott">Barbara Ann Scott</a>, Laura Secord and her cow, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Policeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on her horse Winston. Each sculpture was life sized. They were created in refrigerated, glass cased enclosures and were displayed for the duration of each fair. At the end of the events, the butter was reclaimed and put back in the trade. The last butter sculptures that Ross created were Queen Elizabeth II and <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> at <a href="/wiki/Western_Fair" title="Western Fair">the Western Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a> in 1956. After that, he returned to working in clay with the familiar subjects of cattle and horses. In 1986, a fitting tribute to Ross Butler at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair" title="Royal Agricultural Winter Fair">Royal Agricultural Winter Fair</a> included his likeness sculpted in butter by Windsor artist, Christopher Rees. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tibet">Tibet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butter sculptures (or <a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a>) are part of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> tradition; <a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">yak butter</a> and dye are still used to create temporary ritual offerings for altars during the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan New Year">Tibetan New Year</a> and other religious celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are normally brightly colored with dye, and include milk, flour and other substances. Ideally <a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">yak butter</a> is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Fair#The_Butter_Cow" title="Iowa State Fair">The Butter Cow</a> at the Iowa State Fair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sculptures_at_the_Iowa_State_Fair" title="Butter sculptures at the Iowa State Fair">Butter sculptures at the Iowa State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamb" title="Butter lamb">Butter lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_(2011_film)" title="Butter (2011 film)"><i>Butter</i> (2011 film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-simpson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamela H. Simpson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panam1901.org/agriculture/articles/winterthur_butter_sculpture.pdf"><i>Butter Cows and Butter Buildings: A History of an Unconventional Sculptural Medium</i></a>, Winterthur Portfolio 41, no. 1 (Spring 2007): 1–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Pray Bober, <i>Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Boon, "A Roman Pastry Cook’s Mould from Silchester", <i>Antiquaries Journal</i> 38 ( July 1958): 237–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartolomeo Scappi, <i>Opera</i> (1570; Venice: Alessandro de Vecchi, 1622), cited in Visser, <i>The Rituals of Dinner</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mincer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mincer_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMincer2010" class="citation news cs1">Mincer, Jillian (26 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703632304575452170074537604">"When It Comes to Butter Carving, There's No Margarine for Error"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=When+It+Comes+to+Butter+Carving%2C+There%27s+No+Margarine+for+Error&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.aulast=Mincer&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703632304575452170074537604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150808091902/http://ohiostatefair.com/fairs-butter-cow-takes-over-twitter/">"Ohio State Fair – Butter Cow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohiostatefair.com/fairs-butter-cow-takes-over-twitter/">the original</a> on 2015-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohio+State+Fair+%E2%80%93+Butter+Cow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohiostatefair.com%2Ffairs-butter-cow-takes-over-twitter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2007" class="citation journal cs1">Corey, Michael (2007) [2002]. "Everything you ever could want to know about the State Fair Butter Cow but wouldn't have thought to ask". <i>DesMoinesRegister.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DesMoinesRegister.com&rft.atitle=Everything+you+ever+could+want+to+know+about+the+State+Fair+Butter+Cow+but+wouldn%27t+have+thought+to+ask&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1998" class="citation book cs1">Green, B. (1998). <i>The Butter Cow Lady</i>. OnTarget Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butter+Cow+Lady&rft.pub=OnTarget+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isfbuttercow-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isfbuttercow_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iowastatefair.org/fair-attractions/butter-cow/">"Butter Cow – Iowa State Fair"</a>. <i>Iowa State Fair</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+State+Fair&rft.atitle=Butter+Cow+%E2%80%93+Iowa+State+Fair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowastatefair.org%2Ffair-attractions%2Fbutter-cow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation magazine cs1">Wright, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernfarmer.com/2013/04/meet-the-queen-of-butter/">"Meet the Queen of Butter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Farmer_(magazine)" title="Modern Farmer (magazine)">Modern Farmer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Farmer&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Queen+of+Butter&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernfarmer.com%2F2013%2F04%2Fmeet-the-queen-of-butter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brent.gov.uk/media/387533/The%20British%20Empire%20Exhibition.pdf">"The British Empire Exhibition, 1924/25"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+Exhibition%2C+1924%2F25&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brent.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F387533%2FThe%2520British%2520Empire%2520Exhibition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendinning2006" class="citation web cs1">Clendinning, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/download/4212/3410">"Exhibiting a Nation: Canada at the British Empire Exhibition, 1924–1925"</a>. Histoire sociale / Social History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibiting+a+Nation%3A+Canada+at+the+British+Empire+Exhibition%2C+1924%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Histoire+sociale+%2F+Social+History&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Clendinning&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhssh.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fhssh%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F4212%2F3410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeppert2010" class="citation book cs1">Geppert, A. (2010). <i>Fleeting Cities: Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fleeting+Cities%3A+Imperial+Expositions+in+Fin-de-Si%C3%A8cle+Europe&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Geppert&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rossbutler.gallery/">"Home"</a>. <i>Ross Butler Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ross+Butler+Gallery&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rossbutler.gallery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/158803.htm">"Butter Sculpture Tradition Melting Away"</a>. china.org.cn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Butter+Sculpture+Tradition+Melting+Away&rft.pub=china.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F158803.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_sculpture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Butter" title="Template:Butter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Butter" title="Template talk:Butter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Butter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Butter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Butter246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of butter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_d%27Ardenne" title="Beurre d'Ardenne">Beurre d'Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_d%27Isigny" title="Beurre d'Isigny">Beurre d'Isigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_Rose" title="Beurre Rose">Beurre Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn_butter" title="Drawn butter">Drawn butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucava_white_butter" title="Rucava white butter">Rucava white butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_butter" title="Vologda butter">Vologda butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter#Whey_butter" title="Butter">Whey butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">Yak butter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/135px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/203px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes featuring butter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter-based sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_blanc" title="Beurre blanc">Beurre blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_fondue" title="Beurre fondue">Beurre fondue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_mont%C3%A9" title="Beurre monté">Beurre monté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noir" title="Beurre noir">Beurre noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noisette" title="Beurre noisette">Beurre noisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Paris_sauce" title="Café de Paris sauce">Café de Paris sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compound_butter" title="Compound butter">Compound butter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27H%C3%B4tel" title="Beurre Maître d'Hôtel">Beurre Maître d'Hôtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle_butter" title="Truffle butter">Truffle butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_butter" title="Garlic butter">Garlic butter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_cookie" title="Butter cookie">Butter cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_butter" title="Deep-fried butter">Deep-fried butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_butter" title="Egg butter">Egg butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fettuccine_Alfredo" title="Fettuccine Alfredo">Fettuccine Alfredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butter_dishes" title="List of butter dishes">List of butter dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">Butter churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_curler" title="Butter curler">Butter curler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_knife" title="Butter knife">Butter knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_stamp" title="Butter stamp">Butter stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_butter_dish" title="French butter dish">French butter dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_hands" title="Scotch hands">Scotch hands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boterwet" title="Boterwet">Boterwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">Butterfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_grading" title="Butter grading">Butter grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Butter_and_Egg_Board" title="Chicago Butter and Egg Board">Chicago Butter and Egg Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">Churning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_butter" title="Print butter">Print butter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(brand)" title="Anchor (brand)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretel_butter" title="Bretel butter">Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_O%27Lakes" title="Land O'Lakes">Land O'Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurpak" title="Lurpak">Lurpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_(SMC_brand)" title="Magnolia (SMC brand)">Magnolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornua" title="Ornua">Ornua</a>/Kerrygold</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugr%C3%A0" title="Plugrà">Plugrà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_(brand)" title="Président (brand)">Président</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Star_(butter)" title="Western Star (butter)">Western Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttergate" title="Buttergate">Buttergate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butter sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamb" title="Butter lamb">Butter lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sculptures_at_the_Iowa_State_Fair" title="Butter sculptures at the Iowa State Fair">Iowa State Fair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamp" title="Butter lamp">Butter lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_rebellion" title="Butter rebellion">Butter rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttered_cat_paradox" title="Buttered cat paradox">Buttered cat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttered_toast_phenomenon" title="Buttered toast phenomenon">Buttered toast phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_butter_crisis" title="Norwegian butter crisis">Norwegian butter crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_mountain" title="Butter mountain">Butter mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_butter_flavoring" title="Artificial butter flavoring">Artificial butter flavoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_butter" title="Fruit butter">Fruit butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_butter" title="Nut butter">Nut butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_salt" title="Butter salt">Butter salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spreads" title="List of spreads">List of spreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_churning_in_Nepal" title="Butter churning in Nepal">Butter churning in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_McButter" title="Molly McButter">Molly McButter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" 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