CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "pubs.aip.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '914f9a068c301658',cH: 'fcz4Z4meCzVt5aGZaVQtVAC2KGeE_1P05U577brfJrw-1740066095-1.2.1.1-jGRacNxN4jb6nWw54SriO6dmAHyb64jeFe9vsVVV9SyxKyrDOQfCuAWZDqm9G7nB',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=phDaYnfQDpdr8MfzAYLaBvsJTZPoL2uJUnQaX._4Nlg-1740066095-1.0.1.1-3yDn4fd.JQTTmjIx.74swV3Ysuv3YOrYmQOI9xB4VJE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740066095',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=phDaYnfQDpdr8MfzAYLaBvsJTZPoL2uJUnQaX._4Nlg-1740066095-1.0.1.1-3yDn4fd.JQTTmjIx.74swV3Ysuv3YOrYmQOI9xB4VJE",md: "yuMG2HerBxnimj_VN3nsEDC.r9pmMNg1S0n.NdQVEXw-1740066095-1.2.1.1-f7p2hPhZx8IJLIVtd74OJUNiLoBK_C9Z..1gokoX0GB3RUqVKAdm0wS7RE1b.p2mfSk9RqZb4r._15E4to1UNRfvTMQsK5eROuwxmMjxO2YXd5yI.OHOmY16Cy_Pavru8ugrJpiAAl4w_aIqEtk7wKPxDNeBz_1GjNILWGVlc8KVAfUX5mOvaD5rEt2MytHL3_b0oDvwuQ19eKElZREca9K71Qfc1lsUCb_vz9qrTbcthEZsvxBDzZtAgALN1RFZVQ1p4vBOhKjF99DlUH64RIvNGVJwXGf65FgHditkT75l1DjPcWXrpa6PElwYzGmzIHem_lZnXTo1zYt2TErClbozUI_tcNb38FwdizP3ni6qvt97hLREeaFb1dhTfuYLxxF6fj9s85pvJfLFBMn85n9xjuoY451.ZZscp2fud3680NTOq7jaiO5jQCVow0bXEV_kBzj_XvhSabzcAM1oSI4zk0wUfGePLSOYtt53bL9VaY3MJC9X.ed2vhUfcjBNQeucQoklfhGRIrZ1PV0SkdlIPQFiDmWSy.TcmX1hRoS1NsehcISehP8i4bXyBPhrCNGWfZ5sLR3eowo5XUhZlLTpZpp7fKM8ZJKZuaDikw_zxP1LbCZZ6HBWEC3gCFEyomeGXHaSBdA1te3HeANkzlRFCqX4jVcWzY6isR89NFWKu5zwIH8LG0zhrtjMLT5b98WU3oMqaAEdQlqmKz3gAYLGhOGyB351rCOasK0TbsiBbbx0GuGyRUE6nkqjt_2j0S0DZstFjZuyO82XDsl5qaYwo6jsb99QD8opjTp2ONZ1H74B9ki7Wi0zbod6IbWhiXULznWHfxqZu0xW4_UxNF7nVzWrRbBwzebdTbNer0NM560YouBLjHCPGP.3AQCNyhbcsvk2dHHWOzuWhy1oaHqm.RyAfCFdypH4UH1WPYYvJGbAMpK9rcYQ1HVuKghPJMS4geRFhkU2g1eI4KTBVLj5aP3AjYfBFOVAMtnla_IbRSgmiTLgJHYLQljidvDuf7fIwMk179.exs7Upy9CtnRXJzN9GPOSOEgLDAHJiWKDo2yvTCBG3LDme6ZnXwJcg3fdbh26uBs40iHppthGb.plt5VQ1vc4O_gt11jB23hdTWLBSdmxEaHtRzowPmmkU7Z.QdNp4htE1oShdkbcc_mFSaGZUamZN.GyOxa0BH.yr7YFWKJihK.7lcWn..9EL4iB_gSc7A_L.hVWPyDh2yQS.sZv2H1rrZZWToqm8x806inr3PBucjUSablFFBoX4Bo9h5IJYx2W92HjE_sICC2mXC.b5K96gMAL3aV7LzMegUReUpM9uejJMPml5D6SD6y67Ql6xB8d8qneFV8xdQlCZBttCwXhIFu..UnU0Tn4nUjh.lKiKqqCNp0SkdPC.83SLqUWpgVJSZhxT4iLgD7XOpKUow9r4zRIqvW1psuw1IQ9D4Jhb95nGy8H.hrvbb9eBvASXSMK0vCE88JlBlTZZxd6C_s92iw9Tf3ibRab4BBU0VC4FQTdTC.MBC3CXqZhapbAnpNo63C_yGhucjuwJ6HRdQiESEml76dPqb5IE7DpgWzzFDLrgRuBc1RHzhfeCZLfcrELoo5yuiKaikWDGX.BxJ4BCZLkljLT9p247JPxdAHE2IX_bcrcnPQGIznhr93jP5Xa2.k7VWxVghSZ_7PRAi_XF9c1JMUUtqWJuG9G.nv8wITaDCZ3zyXEoms3pGSjg.ejFIeySeRPFb_i4BP4bWS1w6hw1IZQkslUEupgB5TGzME6LKadcZW0b4f1SBi6Q.6dHqq4Pv3jdh1Vcrcnmrw7lv1d.E1weFa.tjq_xowe3KpXcta1QWaPv__0LfGVAWaib8sAx4bWIP44k0xDNLpjc.EapstJC5l7kmaVPI8lQY8YPjsh9Lnq9tgYkcO1GXKYcGZx6hI3fIG0vnTCC87Rm3cc80ms.Ez51U6BmTC8uR7aAQNqjtX8LrrDzfvpFAZI2JZ7eATsw.lpSotyd0U443AwLJuva401jLwBws87UQS5BpFh7FI5NlnsofEO.dvkgG6xD8wO3vBdL9bt6OYD_4FCZ5iKkRbe8Z.t8zMzH1XupKv3ujm7iPIAFtA0.7irgcViDuX0nAC0nROw5lpevPZ0l61fszr1PeWGzYqS96WzbyPJOpd1TPyuhxP8ycTGkiKghz0SJAMt4jXvCjf9rgfS2hk84jUkFpDnI0kFvTqwnF8s1YeQFLjsbdrtxo5H20fwdH_bm9Dq_K.pOrcdGl_6T9cbqY6TJ4EGQTWSTIf_tCzx6DtGOlbQjgg8ES7nG8yaPBXGBnDXHM1JyxAD6auZXiD6gokhcYmO2Twe_O_iImD0gal8R6S6vt_PxZIweL2KabBn7.yrt09ULs1ktUhqMVuBChWfTuo9IO6G7Z6W0d08FMqQS7ALSXOMnn7VbViGzmbpchnt4tARJhLVvzs8OnRPwmNKrUacB8cF9IXZswh_p_dYUKVnHmIzeidikJcvyhMrew",mdrd: "ms8rlF8KAuaa.XET.95BIECGC2.JMUW8s0Mzq_1zl.k-1740066095-1.2.1.1-yu1nDQ8zSQM8F4vnu8SlE3HjE7Oco0_e1BweCdapB5GENnUqIqiWp_TtBLJF6JpBW8xPXaV6LdnWA2XZWmhX8TN_xKejVZQUb_delsUgCxQjntPCmmesi7nnELJ6SdFse6C4xnApraRloQSpvVkpJ_VD8EiEemgiFLISWRi98egAEj5FZ_apYdIY7u20uNRdjKXgtx7DJBtBQbItsn9y_67PCI9Zb_pVyRDi5ragcBrmA1t_4vIBV1JAITOihJ6WZEXH4mVj7nLn8ljj8444TYhXpOdp5IIi6xVy2n3Aa5o6OVuHk.TqgWpHcn9Yd9vdCvKFxo8DqmnQsY7ps.JXgLiFAEo9TFeMPGc8ZBS0VIE0XuSP0n1CZ2Xi6X0rB1REmld0UK6rng1i9JeDFNhKfCtYe855iD8mcc.QI_nt05nlVLqfA0kxnDjq5BGe2hFEkEnU3O3tycwf3PV.MbJ86swKNpPzuMd0yKQhoO62uL8Yvgks.KVbA1gTdQL66c.OyvwGkNGLXjevJWvBvWp0Kd5uWirJHkBkMAN7XE30M5Uxu2P7JxEZXcPn9pFmCk1JYRSEQIGIAlK7bKtdoeEdeh2FAPMi5vHF33Yj2it4_8drxkNhQx4IuUpc0MBsSkdti3chBSiGf1VWMxeiaglsE5CJwxq5qn5qCMqrtLaY0ok_NrJARuj8hdhEOAHPqkOyPvlAY4N7GVKF39lcyQkZz5EBQo1.uV3ovP4LeasuSrTpRfSZ4o5nXBku_U_2UctV9h0ZuYJ08GKpoYU1Ub_iJE6HUadcsSmvjMMv4KJ5uQjxsqoDUAH0jYwekTsTMhpQaOnqdVv7rH3.v0.RY2LOFVax3t40Q3SgNqvtPieVCx.ZXyNAjPWqskmYWFzkmpkd7kQ8teytqvkmDvz1Lg529G97bOaXkbrTablT0nwkGAjLUWXod_2CR627eL_RjKJhM2WgoBigsnmYnh2kTUxH_CMKeKbmx2x.mS6WfWN1uVkXV_n.Vy2wckwm365YmhdHsD6xY0Eyvyg89clElr7tcuaIpaJE1y7blPqPRy.HwEvnNMCTRWNgiWJ.AZBPixEcSs9mRbxKB2MxJ3U7j7HaWbHyRq7n6NIRNPLBk7D2Uzjwj2CEoA48l_jWgUXHQLJzJ3_WFiDiMmUhcIXBmln2lpGrmY_q9k7mWgDilCf1uJTrKF7_3Auwesh37KwRmSNHDO6SNYtamZLcRt5p5oeI4CNebpJP4H.Tu62gSpGC.t7dkQX4C54Cf_nu3Kshz2E4sQ.BDxrUVuxtLKJZ2jRNxhzS05GJlI0QDK67jaV6pFzSiMHLiVsc1qvOcDkoBnXLD.OYnEm28NrQJgba7I6_uG1Kp2ydI9yuulzSCQMhkUVp6RqZCwuDSbCeFneZ2BrNGzWhGUBKLhw10EMSvDe1jImjIC6Q_abaNcbP9AddnlOHUpNHnvKq.XhRUlL9YvPnvJaM.eN6kIs2N5ZyVAOWZYJ8SXRNoCEPkXLspLww2oyHHAeGHY_yDC1W.JPf25sZrDYifvt21BdIT0V_QdMft6zqg4f_rg9HvdxsGcRaOKf70Ghrhx6oQHcT3CKJ2uU57Skuw3tmNLfK3HbBQkjHf8qnIVapfd3EW9FlA9Et4pc6BF3S934necO_p8KSZkauIbgSDbsBuGU0_.7eVK1C8ONDFV66tlAFzsT.EjlaRyflP5HkQzaOUkDKv9TJJRfc83oOhp_ohSQCwAY4GhN.13A68PUYgRaMlOHmC_.L1lD7IU_ZgNfG17gBdDUBjhREfrmv2udiuimaeLY97yxbSRnPStvEFXWRKBkAfsQzHqsebn4YecgZnde7ORBN.Y7TpUqq_5xR2awEsimyb3iv5vrTKTpBPQZxoMN1XU17Sk6X59PO3ABmBEGRQfES_bJsy3voK.YaIWj89l3zWwCxH1FFfw5ZvoK6g9fBe2Kn39s"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914f9a068c301658';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=phDaYnfQDpdr8MfzAYLaBvsJTZPoL2uJUnQaX._4Nlg-1740066095-1.0.1.1-3yDn4fd.JQTTmjIx.74swV3Ysuv3YOrYmQOI9xB4VJE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>