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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Christian history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adventure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adventure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Adventure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adventure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Fantasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monte_Cristo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monte_Cristo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Monte Cristo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monte_Cristo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_XV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_XV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Louis XV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_XV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_D'Artagnan_Romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_D'Artagnan_Romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span><i>The D'Artagnan Romances</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_D'Artagnan_Romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6.1</span> <span>Related books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Valois_romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Valois_romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>The Valois romances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Valois_romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Marie_Antoinette_romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Marie_Antoinette_romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>The Marie Antoinette romances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Marie_Antoinette_romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sainte-Hermine_trilogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sainte-Hermine_trilogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.9</span> <span>The Sainte-Hermine trilogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sainte-Hermine_trilogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robin_Hood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robin_Hood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.10</span> <span>Robin Hood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robin_Hood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dumas_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dumas_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dumas Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dumas_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandre Dumas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_der_%C3%84ltere" title="Alexandre Dumas der Ältere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alexandre Dumas der Ältere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%9B" title="አለክሳንድር ዱማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አለክሳንድር ዱማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ألكسندر دوماس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر دوماس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80)" title="Ալեքսանտր Տիւմա (հայր) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալեքսանտր Տիւմա (հայր)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ডুমাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ডুমাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(awki)" title="Alexandre Dumas (awki) – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (awki)" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_D%C3%BCma" title="Aleksandr Düma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Düma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الکساندر دوما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر دوما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="আলেক্সঁদ্র দ্যুমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেক্সঁদ্র দ্যুমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9)" title="Дюма Александр (атай) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дюма Александр (атай)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Аляксандр Дзюма (бацька) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Дзюма (бацька)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Аляксандар Дзюма (бацька) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Дзюма (бацька)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Александър Дюма-баща – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Дюма-баща" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(otac)" title="Alexandre Dumas (otac) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (otac)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(tad)" title="Alexandre Dumas (tad) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (tad)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(pare)" title="Alexandre Dumas (pare) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (pare)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%88%C4%95)" title="Дюма Александр (ашшĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дюма Александр (ашшĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_star%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Alexandre Dumas starší – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandre Dumas starší" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_den_%C3%A6ldre" title="Alexandre Dumas den ældre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexandre Dumas den ældre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_der_%C3%84ltere" title="Alexandre Dumas der Ältere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexandre Dumas der Ältere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_vanem" title="Alexandre Dumas vanem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexandre Dumas vanem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Αλέξανδρος Δουμάς (πατέρας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέξανδρος Δουμάς (πατέρας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Dumas" title="Alejandro Dumas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro Dumas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(patro)" title="Alexandre Dumas (patro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (patro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الکساندر دوما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر دوما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(pai)" title="Alexandre Dumas (pai) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (pai)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%83%81%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EB%92%A4%EB%A7%88" title="알렉상드르 뒤마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉상드르 뒤마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80)" title="Ալեքսանդր Դյումա (հայր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Դյումա (հայր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(otac)" title="Alexandre Dumas (otac) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (otac)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_patro" title="Alexandre Dumas, patro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandre Dumas, patro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_eldri" title="Alexandre Dumas eldri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexandre Dumas eldri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_padre" title="Alexandre Dumas padre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexandre Dumas padre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91" title="אלכסנדר דיומא האב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר דיומא האב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="ალექსანდრ დიუმა (მამა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრ დიუმა (მამა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Александр Дюма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Дюма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Александр Дюма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александр Дюма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_(%D3%93%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D3%B9)" title="Дюма, Александр (ӓтяжӹ) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Дюма, Александр (ӓтяжӹ)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dumas_(pater)" title="Alexander Dumas (pater) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Dumas (pater)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Dim%C4%81_(t%C4%93vs)" title="Aleksandrs Dimā (tēvs) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Dimā (tēvs)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(Papp)" title="Alexandre Dumas (Papp) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (Papp)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(t%C4%97vas)" title="Alexandre Dumas (tėvas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (tėvas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(%C3%ADr%C3%B3,_1802%E2%80%931870)" title="Alexandre Dumas (író, 1802–1870) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (író, 1802–1870)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Александар Дима – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Дима" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഡ്യൂമാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഡ്യൂമാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="अलेक्झांडर ड्युमा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर ड्युमा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98)" title="ალექსანდრე დიუმა (უნჩაში) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრე დიუმა (უნჩაში)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="الكسندر دوماس الاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر دوماس الاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Александр Дюма, эцэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Дюма, эцэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Dumas, père – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Alexandre Dumas, père" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_p%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Dumas père – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexandre Dumas père" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="अलेक्जेन्डर डुमास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेक्जेन्डर डुमास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="アレクサンドル・デュマ・ペール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・デュマ・ペール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_(%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Дюма, Александр (да) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дюма, Александр (да)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_den_eldre" title="Alexandre Dumas den eldre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexandre Dumas den eldre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਡਿਊਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਡਿਊਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%DA%88%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الیگزنڈر ڈوما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزنڈر ڈوما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(pare)" title="Alexandre Dumas (pare) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (pare)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86)" title="Дюма, Александр (отец) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дюма, Александр (отец)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(patri)" title="Alexandre Dumas (patri) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (patri)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Dumas, père – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexandre Dumas, père" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_star%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Alexandre Dumas starší – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandre Dumas starší" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9)" title="ئەلیکساندر دووما (باوک) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلیکساندر دووما (باوک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Александар Дима Отац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Дима Отац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(otac)" title="Alexandre Dumas (otac) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (otac)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(vanhempi)" title="Alexandre Dumas (vanhempi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexandre Dumas (vanhempi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="Alexandre Dumas den äldre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexandre Dumas den äldre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் டூமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டர் டூமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Александр Дюма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр Дюма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="อาแล็กซ็องดร์ ดูว์มา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาแล็กซ็องดร์ ดูว์มา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Александр Дюма (падар) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Дюма (падар)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_D%C3%BDuma" title="Aleksandr Dýuma – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aleksandr Dýuma" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Александр Дюма (батько) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александр Дюма (батько)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%DA%88%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الیگزنڈر ڈوما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزنڈر ڈوما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Alexandre Dumas" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Dumas, père – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexandre Dumas, père" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%B2%E9%A9%AC" title="大仲马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大仲马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_b%C3%A0b%C3%A1" title="Alexandre Dumas, bàbá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alexandre Dumas, bàbá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%B2%E9%A6%AC" title="大仲馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大仲馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq 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href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer and dramatist (1802–1870)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his son, see <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils">Alexandre Dumas fils</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alexandre Dumas (disambiguation)">Alexandre Dumas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Alexandre Dumas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dumas in 1855"><img alt="Dumas in 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3953" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Dumas in 1855</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1802-07-24</span>)</span>24 July 1802<br /><a href="/wiki/Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Villers-Cotterêts">Villers-Cotterêts</a>, Picardy, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">5 December 1870<span style="display:none">(1870-12-05)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>, Normandy, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist, playwright</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1829–1869</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and historical fiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1844)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1844–1846)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ida Ferrier</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1840; died 1859)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils">Alexandre Dumas <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fils</i></span></a> (illegitimate son)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a><br /> Marie Louise Élisabeth Labouret</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Cessette_Dumas" title="Marie-Cessette Dumas">Marie-Cessette Dumas</a> (paternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lippmann" title="Alexandre Lippmann">Alexandre Lippmann</a> (great-grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg/150px-Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg/225px-Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg/300px-Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexandre Dumas</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born <b>Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Alexandre Dumas <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">père</i></span></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French novelist and playwright. </p><p>His works have been translated into many languages and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of adventure were originally published as <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serials</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years_After" title="Twenty Years After">Twenty Years After</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_of_Bragelonne:_Ten_Years_Later" title="The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later">The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later</a></i>. Since the early 20th century, his novels have been adapted into nearly 200 films. Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from the first. He wrote numerous magazine <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">articles</a> and travel books; his published works totalled 100,000 pages.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1840s, Dumas founded the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique" title="Théâtre Historique">Théâtre Historique</a> in Paris. </p><p>His father, General <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie</a>, was born in the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>) to Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, a French nobleman, and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Cessette_Dumas" title="Marie-Cessette Dumas">Marie-Cessette Dumas</a>, an African slave.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 14, Thomas-Alexandre was taken by his father to France, where he was educated in a military academy and entered the military for what became an illustrious career. </p><p>Alexandre acquired work with <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe I">Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a>, then as a writer, a career that led to his early success. Decades later, after the election of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> in 1851, Dumas fell from favour and left France for Belgium, where he stayed for several years. He moved to Russia for a few years and then to Italy. In 1861, he founded and published the newspaper <i>L'Indépendent</i>, which supported <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. He returned to Paris in 1864. </p><p>English playwright <a href="/wiki/Watts_Phillips" title="Watts Phillips">Watts Phillips</a>, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being in the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of the earth. His tongue was like a windmill – once set in motion, you would never know when he would stop, especially if the theme was himself."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg/220px-Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg/330px-Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg/440px-Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas_-_Olivier_Pichat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a>, father of Alexandre Dumas.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg/170px-Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg/255px-Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg/340px-Alexandre_Dumas_pere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><i>Alexandre Dumas</i>, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Maurin_(painter)" title="Antoine Maurin (painter)">Antoine Maurin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was born in 1802 in <a href="/wiki/Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Villers-Cotterêts">Villers-Cotterêts</a> in the department of <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, France. He had two older sisters, Marie-Alexandrine (born 1794) and Louise-Alexandrine (1796–1797).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their parents were Marie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the daughter of an innkeeper, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a>. </p><p>Thomas-Alexandre had been born in the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (now Haiti), the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a>, natural son of the marquis Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie (Antoine), a <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobleman</a> and <i>général commissaire</i> in the artillery of the colony, and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Cessette_Dumas" title="Marie-Cessette Dumas">Marie-Cessette Dumas</a>, an enslaved woman of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbean</a> ancestry. The two extant primary documents that state a racial identity for Marie-Cessette Dumas refer to her as a "<a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">négresse</a>" (a black woman) as opposed to a "<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulâtresse</a>" (a woman of visible mixed race).<sup id="cite_ref-Jun3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jun3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judgment_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judgment-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown whether Marie-Cessette was born in Saint-Domingue or in Africa, nor is it known from which African people her ancestors came.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is known is that, sometime after becoming estranged from his brothers, Antoine purchased Marie-Cessette and her daughter from a previous relationship for "an exorbitant amount" and made Marie-Cessette his <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubine</a>. Thomas-Alexandre was the only son born to them, but they had two or three daughters. </p><p>In 1775, following the death of both his brothers, Antoine left Saint-Domingue for France in order to claim the family estates and the title of Marquis. Shortly before his departure, he sold Marie-Cessette and their two daughters (Adolphe and Jeanette), as well as Marie-Cessette's oldest daughter Marie-Rose (whose father was a different man) to a baron who had recently come from Nantes to settle in Saint Domingue. Antoine however retained ownership of Thomas-Alexandre (his only natural son) and took the boy with him to France. There, Thomas-Alexandre received his freedom and a sparse education at a military school, adequate to enable him to join the French army, there being no question of the mixed-race boy being accepted as his father's heir. Thomas-Alexandre did well in the Army and was promoted to general by the age of 31, the first soldier of Afro-Antilles origin to reach that rank in the French army.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family surname ("de la Pailleterie") was never bestowed upon Thomas-Alexandre, who therefore used "Dumas" as his surname. This is often assumed to have been his mother's surname, but in fact, the surname "Dumas" occurs only once in connection with Marie-Cessette, and that happens in Europe, when Thomas-Alexandre states, while applying for a marriage licence, that his mother's name was "Marie-Cessette Dumas". Some scholars have suggested that Thomas-Alexandre devised the surname "Dumas" for himself when he felt the need for one, and that he attributed it to his mother when convenient. "Dumas" means "of the farm" (<i>du mas</i>), perhaps signifying only that Marie-Cessette belonged to the farm property.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_(1829).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_%281829%29.png/170px-Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_%281829%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_%281829%29.png/255px-Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_%281829%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_%281829%29.png/340px-Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_%281829%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>Alexandre Dumas</i> by <a href="/wiki/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria" title="Achille Devéria">Achille Devéria</a> (1829)</figcaption></figure> <p>While working for Louis-Philippe, Alexandre Dumas began writing articles for magazines and plays for the theatre. As an adult, he used the surname of Dumas, as his father had done as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first play, <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_and_His_Court" title="Henry III and His Court">Henry III and His Court</a></i>, produced in 1829 when he was 27 years old, met with acclaim. The next year, his second play, <i>Christine</i>, was equally popular. These successes gave him sufficient income to write full-time. </p><p>In 1830, Dumas participated in the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">Revolution</a> that ousted <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> and replaced him with Dumas's former employer, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a>, who ruled as <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe of France">Louis-Philippe</a>, the Citizen King. Until the mid-1830s, life in France remained unsettled, with sporadic riots by disgruntled Republicans and impoverished urban workers seeking change. As life slowly returned to normal, the nation began to industrialise. An improving economy combined with the end of press censorship made the times rewarding for Alexandre Dumas's literary skills. </p><p>After writing additional successful plays, Dumas switched to writing novels. Although attracted to an extravagant lifestyle and always spending more than he earned, Dumas proved to be an astute marketing strategist as well as a writer. As newspapers were publishing many serial novels, he began producing these. His first serial novel was <i><a href="/wiki/La_Comtesse_de_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="La Comtesse de Salisbury">La Comtesse de Salisbury</a></i>; <i>Édouard III</i> (July-September 1836). In 1838, Dumas rewrote one of his plays as a successful serial historical novel, <i>Le Capitaine Paul</i> ('Captain Paul'), partly based on the life of the Scottish-American naval officer <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>. </p><p>He founded a production studio, staffed with writers who turned out hundreds of stories, all subject to his personal direction, editing, and additions. From 1839 to 1841, Dumas, with the assistance of several friends, compiled <i>Celebrated Crimes</i>, an eight-volume collection of essays on famous criminals and crimes from European history. He featured <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci" title="Beatrice Cenci">Beatrice Cenci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Guerre" title="Martin Guerre">Martin Guerre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia Borgia</a>, as well as more recent events and criminals, including the cases of the alleged murderers <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Sand" title="Karl Ludwig Sand">Karl Ludwig Sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Desrues" title="Antoine François Desrues">Antoine François Desrues</a>, who were executed. Dumas collaborated with Augustin Grisier, his <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> master, in his 1840 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fencing_Master_(Dumas_novel)" title="The Fencing Master (Dumas novel)">The Fencing Master</a></i>. The story is written as Grisier's account of how he came to witness the events of the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> in Russia. The novel was eventually banned in Russia by Czar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>, and Dumas was prohibited from visiting the country until after the Czar's death. Dumas refers to Grisier with great respect in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers" title="The Corsican Brothers">The Corsican Brothers</a></i>, and in his memoirs. </p><p>Dumas depended on numerous assistants and collaborators, of whom <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Maquet" title="Auguste Maquet">Auguste Maquet</a> was the best known. It was not until the late twentieth century that his role was fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dumas wrote the short novel <i><a href="/wiki/Georges_(novel)" title="Georges (novel)">Georges</a></i> (1843), which uses ideas and plots later repeated in <i>The Count of Monte Cristo</i>. Maquet took Dumas to court to try to get authorial recognition and a higher rate of payment for his work. He was successful in getting more money, but not a by-line.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg/170px-Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg/255px-Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg/340px-Maison_Dumas_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo" title="Château de Monte-Cristo">Château de Monte-Cristo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dumas's novels were so popular that they were soon translated into English and other languages. His writing earned him a great deal of money, but he was frequently insolvent, as he spent lavishly on women and sumptuous living. (Scholars have found that he had a total of 40 mistresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Crace_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1846, he had built a country house outside Paris at <a href="/wiki/Le_Port-Marly" title="Le Port-Marly">Le Port-Marly</a>, the large <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo" title="Château de Monte-Cristo">Château de Monte-Cristo</a>, with an additional building for his writing studio. It often was filled with strangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits and took advantage of his generosity. Two years later, faced with financial difficulties, he sold the entire property. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Gordon_Craig,_Dumas_Papa,_1899.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edward_Gordon_Craig%2C_Dumas_Papa%2C_1899.JPG/220px-Edward_Gordon_Craig%2C_Dumas_Papa%2C_1899.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edward_Gordon_Craig%2C_Dumas_Papa%2C_1899.JPG/330px-Edward_Gordon_Craig%2C_Dumas_Papa%2C_1899.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edward_Gordon_Craig%2C_Dumas_Papa%2C_1899.JPG/440px-Edward_Gordon_Craig%2C_Dumas_Papa%2C_1899.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>"Dumas Papa" by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Dumas wrote in a wide variety of genres and published a total of 100,000 pages in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made use of his experience, writing travel books after taking journeys, including those motivated by reasons other than pleasure. Dumas travelled to Spain, Italy, Germany, England and <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>. After King Louis-Philippe was ousted in a revolt, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> was elected president. As Bonaparte disapproved of the author, Dumas fled in 1851 to Brussels, Belgium, which was also an effort to escape his creditors. In about 1859, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, where French was the second language of the elite and his writings were enormously popular. Dumas spent two years in Russia and visited St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Astrakhan, Baku, and Tbilisi. He published travel books about Russia. </p><p>In March 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">kingdom of Italy</a> was proclaimed, with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> as its king. Dumas travelled there and for the next three years participated in the movement for <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. He founded and led a newspaper, <i>Indipendente</i>. While there, he befriended <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, whom he had long admired and with whom he shared a commitment to liberal <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> principles as well as membership within <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Paris in 1864, he published travel books about Italy. </p><p>Despite Dumas's aristocratic background and personal success, he had to deal with discrimination related to his mixed-race ancestry. In 1843, he wrote the short novel <i><a href="/wiki/Georges_(novel)" title="Georges (novel)">Georges</a></i>, which addressed some of the issues of race and the effects of colonialism. His response to a man who insulted him about his partial African ancestry has become famous. Dumas said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My father was a <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>, my grandfather was a Negro, and my great-grandfather a monkey. You see, Sir, my family starts where yours ends.<sup id="cite_ref-BietBrighelli1986_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BietBrighelli1986-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumas_pere_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dumas_pere_print.jpg/170px-Dumas_pere_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dumas_pere_print.jpg/255px-Dumas_pere_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dumas_pere_print.jpg/340px-Dumas_pere_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Dumas later in his career</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 February 1840, Dumas married actress Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Joséphine Ferrand) (1811–1859).<sup id="cite_ref-bl_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not have any children together. </p><p>Dumas had numerous liaisons with other women; the scholar Claude Schopp lists nearly 40 mistresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Crace_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known to have fathered at least four children by them: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_fils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, fils">Alexandre Dumas, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fils</i></span></a> (1824–1895), son of Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (1794–1868), a dressmaker. He became a successful novelist and playwright.</li> <li>Marie-Alexandrine Dumas (1831–1878), daughter of Belle Kreilsamner (1803–1875) who acted under the stage name of Melanie Serre.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bau%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bauër (page does not exist)">Henry Bauër</a> (1851–1915), son of Anna Bauër, a German of Jewish faith, wife of Karl-Anton Bauër, an Austrian commercial agent living in Paris</li> <li>Micaëlla-Clélie-Josepha-Élisabeth Cordier (born 1860), daughter of Emélie Cordier, an actress</li></ul> <p>About 1866, Dumas had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Adah_Isaacs_Menken" title="Adah Isaacs Menken">Adah Isaacs Menken</a>, an American actress who was less than half his age and at the height of her career. She had performed her sensational role in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazeppa_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazeppa (play) (page does not exist)">Mazeppa</a></i> in London. In Paris, she had a sold-out run of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Pirates_de_la_Savanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Pirates de la Savanne (page does not exist)">Les Pirates de la Savanne</a></i> and was at the peak of her success.<sup id="cite_ref-Haralson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haralson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, Dumas was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Club_des_Hashischins" title="Club des Hashischins">Club des Hashischins</a>, which met monthly to take <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> at a hotel in Paris. Dumas's <i>The Count of Monte Cristo</i> contains several references to hashish.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg/220px-Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg/330px-Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg/440px-Alexandre_Dumas_and_Georgia_national_costumes_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Postal stamp of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Dumas visited the Caucasus in 1858–1859</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 December 1870, Dumas died at the age of 68 of natural causes, possibly a heart attack. He was buried at his birthplace of Villers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne. His death was overshadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. Changing literary fashions decreased his popularity. In the late 20th century, scholars such as Reginald Hamel and Claude Schopp have caused a critical reappraisal and new appreciation of his art, as well as finding lost works.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Alexandre Dumas wearing a bowtie and looking slightly off camera. A typed caption at the bottom of the image reads "Ch. Reutlinger Phot." and an annotation in pencil denotes the name of the subject." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_%28page_1%29.jpg/170px-Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_%28page_1%29.jpg/255px-Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_%28page_1%29.jpg/340px-Alexandre_Dumas_-_DPLA_-_860860c11933bcb37541217342611925_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Alexandre Dumas, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1859</span>–1870. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970, upon the centenary of his death, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> named a <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas (Paris Métro)">station in his honour</a>. His country home outside Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo" title="Château de Monte-Cristo">Château de Monte-Cristo</a>, has been restored and is open to the public as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Chateau_Museum_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chateau_Museum-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have continued to find Dumas works in archives, including the five-act play <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gold_Thieves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gold Thieves (page does not exist)">The Gold Thieves</a>,</i> found in 2002 by the scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9ginald_Hamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réginald Hamel (page does not exist)">Réginald Hamel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Hamel" class="extiw" title="fr:Réginald Hamel">fr</a>]</span> in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. It was published in France in 2004 by Honoré-Champion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frank Wild Reed (1874–1953), a New Zealand pharmacist who never visited France, amassed the greatest collection of books and manuscripts relating to Dumas outside France. The collection contains about 3,350 volumes, including some 2,000 sheets in Dumas's handwriting and dozens of French, Belgian and English first editions. The collection was donated to Auckland Libraries after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed wrote the most comprehensive bibliography of Dumas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, for the bicentenary of Dumas's birth, <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> held a ceremony honouring the author by having his ashes re-interred at the mausoleum of the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, where many French luminaries were buried.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crace_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Chirac ordered the transfer to the mausoleum, villagers in Dumas's hometown of Villers-Cotterets were initially opposed, arguing that Dumas laid out in his memoirs that he wanted to be buried there. The village eventually bowed to the government's decision, and Dumas's body was exhumed from its cemetery and put into a new coffin in preparation for the transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proceedings were televised: the new coffin was draped in a blue velvet cloth and carried on a caisson flanked by four mounted <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">Republican Guards</a> costumed as the four <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">Musketeers</a>. It was transported through Paris to the Panthéon.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech, Chirac said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With you, we were D'Artagnan, Monte Cristo, or Balsamo, riding along the roads of France, touring battlefields, visiting palaces and castles—with you, we dream.<sup id="cite_ref-chirac_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chirac-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Chirac acknowledged the racism that had existed in France and said that the re-interment in the Pantheon had been a way of correcting that wrong, as Alexandre Dumas was enshrined alongside fellow great authors <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chirac_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chirac-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac noted that although France has produced many great writers, none has been so widely read as Dumas. His novels have been translated into nearly 100 languages, and inspired more than 200 motion pictures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on,_16_April_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_16_April_2010.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_16_April_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_16_April_2010.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_16_April_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_16_April_2010.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Dumas_and_Hugo_and_Zola_in_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_16_April_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Alexandre Dumas at the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2005, Dumas's last novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_Sainte-Hermine" title="The Knight of Sainte-Hermine">The Knight of Sainte-Hermine</a></i>, was published in France featuring the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. Dumas described a fictional character killing <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> (Nelson was shot and killed by an unknown sniper). Writing and publishing the novel serially in 1869, Dumas had nearly finished it before his death. It was the third part of the Sainte-Hermine trilogy. Claude Schopp, a Dumas scholar, noticed a letter in an archive in 1990 that led him to discover the unfinished work. It took him years to research it, edit the completed portions, and decide how to treat the unfinished part. Schopp finally wrote the final two-and-a-half chapters, based on the author's notes, to complete the story.<sup id="cite_ref-Crace_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Ph%C3%A9bus" title="Éditions Phébus">Éditions Phébus</a>, it sold 60,000 copies, making it a best seller. Translated into English, it was released in 2006 as <i>The Last Cavalier,</i> and has been translated into other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Crace_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schopp has since found additional material related to the Sainte-Hermine saga. Schopp combined them to publish the sequel <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Salut de l'Empire</i></span> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Crace_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_history">Christian history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christian history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Acté of Corinth; or, The convert of St. Paul. a tale of Greece and Rome.</i> (1839), a novel about Rome, Nero, and early Christianity.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Laquedem" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Laquedem">Isaac Laquedem</a></i> (1852–53, incomplete)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adventure">Adventure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adventure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexandre Dumas wrote numerous stories and historical chronicles of adventure. They included the following: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_of_Salisbury_(novel)" title="The Countess of Salisbury (novel)">The Countess of Salisbury</a></i> (<i>La Comtesse de Salisbury; Édouard III</i>, 1836), his first serial novel published in volume in 1839.</li> <li><i>Captain Paul</i> (<i>Le Capitaine Paul</i>, 1838)</li> <li><i>Othon the Archer</i> (<i>Othon l'archer</i> 1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pamphile" title="Captain Pamphile">Captain Pamphile</a></i> (<i>Le Capitaine Pamphile</i>, 1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fencing_Master_(Dumas_novel)" title="The Fencing Master (Dumas novel)">The Fencing Master</a></i> (<i>Le Maître d'armes</i>, 1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castle_Eppstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castle Eppstein (page does not exist)">Castle Eppstein</a>; The Spectre Mother</i> (<i>Chateau d'Eppstein; Albine</i>, 1843)</li> <li><i> Amaury</i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers" title="The Corsican Brothers">The Corsican Brothers</a></i> (<i>Les Frères Corses</i>, 1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Tulip" title="The Black Tulip">The Black Tulip</a></i> (<i>La Tulipe noire</i>, 1850)</li> <li><i>Olympe de Cleves</i> (1851–52)</li> <li><i>Catherine Blum</i> (1853–54)</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Mohicans</a> of Paris</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Mohicans_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Mohicans de Paris (page does not exist)">Les Mohicans de Paris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mohicans_de_Paris_(roman)" class="extiw" title="fr:Les Mohicans de Paris (roman)">fr</a>]</span></i>, 1854)</li> <li><i>Salvator</i> (<i>Salvator. Suite et fin des Mohicans de Paris</i>, 1855–1859)</li> <li><i>The Last Vendee, or the She-Wolves of Machecoul</i> (<i>Les louves de Machecoul</i>, 1859), a romance (not about werewolves).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Sanfelice" title="La Sanfelice">La Sanfelice</a></i> (1864), set in Naples in 1800.</li> <li><i>Pietro Monaco, sua moglie Maria Oliverio ed i loro complici</i>, (1864), an appendix to <i>Ciccilla</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peppino_Curcio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peppino Curcio (page does not exist)">Peppino Curcio</a>.</li> <li><i>The Prussian Terror</i> (<i>La Terreur Prussienne</i>, 1867), set during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Weeks%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Weeks' War">Seven Weeks' War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fantasy">Fantasy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fantasy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Nutcracker</i> (<i>Histoire d'un casse-noisette</i>, 1844): a revision of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Theodor_Amadeus_Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>'s story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King" title="The Nutcracker and the Mouse King">The Nutcracker and the Mouse King</a></i>, later set by composer <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> to music for a ballet also called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a></i>.</li> <li><i>The Pale Lady</i> (<i>La Dame Pȃle</i>, 1849) A <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> tale about a Polish woman who is adored by two very different brothers.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_Leader" title="The Wolf Leader">The Wolf Leader</a></i> (<i>Le Meneur de loups</i>, 1857). One of the first <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a> novels ever written.</li></ul> <p>In addition, Dumas wrote many series of novels: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monte_Cristo">Monte Cristo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monte Cristo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Georges_(novel)" title="Georges (novel)">Georges</a></i> (1843): The protagonist of this novel is a man of mixed race, a rare allusion to Dumas's own African ancestry.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (<i>Le Comte de Monte-Cristo</i>, 1844–46)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louis_XV"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Louis XV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspirators_(novel)" title="The Conspirators (novel)">The Conspirators</a></i> (<i>Le chevalier d'Harmental</i>, 1843) adapted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferrier" title="Paul Ferrier">Paul Ferrier</a> for an 1896 <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Messager" title="André Messager">Messager</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Regent%27s_Daughter" title="The Regent's Daughter">The Regent's Daughter</a></i> (<i>Une Fille du régent</i>, 1845). Sequel to <i>The Conspirators</i>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_D'Artagnan_Romances"><span id="The_D.27Artagnan_Romances"></span><i>The D'Artagnan Romances</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The D'Artagnan Romances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_d%27Artagnan_Romances" title="The d'Artagnan Romances">The d'Artagnan Romances</a></i>: </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Trois Mousquetaires</i></span>, 1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years_After" title="Twenty Years After">Twenty Years After</a></i> (<i>Vingt ans après</i>, 1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_de_Bragelonne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vicomte de Bragelonne">The Vicomte de Bragelonne</a></i>, sometimes called <i>Ten Years Later</i> (<i>Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, ou Dix ans plus tard</i>, 1847). When published in English, it was usually split into three parts: <i>The Vicomte de Bragelonne</i> (sometimes called <i>Between Two Kings</i>), <i>Louise de la Valliere</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_of_Bragelonne:_Ten_Years_Later#Part_Three:_The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(Chapters_181–269)" title="The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later">The Man in the Iron Mask</a></i>, of which the last part is the best known.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Related_books">Related books</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Louis XIV and His Century</i> (<i>Louis XIV et son siècle</i>, 1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_War_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Women's War (novel)">The Women's War</a></i> (<i>La Guerre des Femmes</i>, 1845): follows Baron des Canolles, a naïve Gascon soldier who falls in love with two women.</li> <li><i>The Count of Moret; The Red Sphinx; or, Richelieu and His Rivals</i> (<i>Le Comte de Moret; Le Sphinx Rouge</i>, 1865–66) - <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret,_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret%2C_1.jpg/170px-Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret%2C_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret%2C_1.jpg/255px-Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret%2C_1.jpg/340px-Houghton_MS_Fr_133.1_-_Le_Comte_de_Moret%2C_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>First page of the original manuscript to <i>Le Comte de Moret</i></figcaption></figure></li> <li>The Dove - the sequel to Richelieu and His Rivals</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Valois_romances">The Valois romances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Valois romances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589, and many Dumas romances cover their reign. Traditionally, the so-called "Valois Romances" are the three that portray the Reign of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Queen Marguerite</a>, the last of the Valois. Dumas, however, later wrote four more novels that cover this family and portray similar characters, starting with François or <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, and Marguerite and <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">François II</a>, sons of Henry II and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>. </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">La Reine Margot</a></i>, also published as <i>Marguerite de Valois</i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Dame_de_Monsoreau" title="La Dame de Monsoreau">La Dame de Monsoreau</a></i> (1846) (later adapted as a short story titled "Chicot the Jester")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forty-Five_Guardsmen" title="The Forty-Five Guardsmen">The Forty-Five Guardsmen</a></i> (1847) (<i>Les Quarante-cinq</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascanio_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascanio (novel) (page does not exist)">Ascanio</a></i> (1843). Written in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Meurice" title="Paul Meurice">Paul Meurice</a>, it is a romance of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> (1515–1547), but the main character is Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>. The opera <i><a href="/wiki/Ascanio" title="Ascanio">Ascanio</a></i> was based on this novel.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Dianas" title="The Two Dianas">The Two Dianas</a></i> (<i>Les Deux Diane</i>, 1846), is a novel about <a href="/wiki/Gabriel,_comte_de_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel, comte de Montgomery">Gabriel, comte de Montgomery</a>, who mortally wounded King Henry II and was lover to his daughter <a href="/wiki/Diana_de_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana de Castro">Diana de Castro</a>. Although published under Dumas's name, it was wholly or mostly written by Paul Meurice.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Page_of_the_Duke_of_Savoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Page of the Duke of Savoy (page does not exist)">The Page of the Duke of Savoy</a></i>, (1855) is a sequel to <i>The Two Dianas</i> (1846), and it covers the struggle for supremacy between the Guises and Catherine de Médicis, the Florentine mother of the last three Valois kings of France (and wife of Henry II). The main character in this novel is Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.</li> <li><i>The Horoscope: a romance of the reign of François II</i> (1858), covers François II, who reigned for one year (1559–60) and died at the age of 16.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Marie_Antoinette_romances">The Marie Antoinette romances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Marie Antoinette romances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> romances comprise eight novels. The unabridged versions (normally 100 chapters or more) comprise only five books (numbers 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8); the short versions (50 chapters or less) number eight in total: </p> <ol><li><i>Joseph Balsamo</i> (<i>Mémoires d'un médecin: Joseph Balsamo</i>, 1846–48) (a.k.a. <i>Memoirs of a Physician</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Cagliostro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Dubarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Dubarry">Madame Dubarry</a></i>, <i>The Countess Dubarry</i>, or <i>The Elixir of Life</i>). <i>Joseph Balsamo</i> is about 1000 pages long, and is usually published in two volumes in English translations: Vol 1. <i>Joseph Balsamo</i> and Vol 2. <i>Memoirs of a Physician</i>. The long unabridged version includes the contents of book two, Andrée de Taverney; the short abridged versions usually are divided in <i>Balsamo</i> and <i>Andrée de Taverney</i> as completely different books.</li> <li><i>Andrée de Taverney</i>, or <i>The Mesmerist's Victim</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Necklace" title="The Queen's Necklace">The Queen's Necklace</a></i> (<i>Le Collier de la Reine</i>, (1849−1850)</li> <li><i>Ange Pitou</i> (1853) (a.k.a. <i>Storming the Bastille</i> or <i>Six Years Later</i>). From this book, there are long unabridged versions which include the contents of book five, but there are many short versions that treat "The Hero of the People" as a separated volume.</li> <li><i>The Hero of the People</i></li> <li><i>The Royal Life Guard or The Flight of the Royal Family.</i></li> <li><i>The Countess de Charny</i> (<i>La Comtesse de Charny</i>, 1853–1855). As with other books, there are long unabridged versions which include the contents of book six; but many short versions that leave contents in <i>The Royal Life Guard</i> as a separate volume.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chevalier_de_Maison-Rouge" title="Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge">Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge</a></i> (1845) (a.k.a. <i>The Knight of the Red House</i>, or <i>The Knight of Maison-Rouge</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sainte-Hermine_trilogy">The Sainte-Hermine trilogy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Sainte-Hermine trilogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Companions_of_Jehu" title="The Companions of Jehu">The Companions of Jehu</a></i> (<i>Les Compagnons de Jehu</i>, 1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Whites_and_the_Blues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Whites and the Blues (page does not exist)">The Whites and the Blues</a></i> (<i>Les Blancs et les Bleus</i>, 1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_Sainte-Hermine" title="The Knight of Sainte-Hermine">The Knight of Sainte-Hermine</a></i> (<i>Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine</i>, 1869). Dumas's last novel, unfinished at his death, was completed by scholar Claude Schopp and published in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published in English in 2008 as <i>The Last Cavalier</i>.</li></ol></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robin_Hood">Robin Hood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Robin Hood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>The Prince of Thieves</i> (<i>Le Prince des voleurs</i>, 1872, posthumously). About <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> (and the inspiration for the 1948 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Thieves" title="The Prince of Thieves">The Prince of Thieves</a></i>).</li> <li><i>Robin Hood the Outlaw</i> (<i>Robin Hood le proscrit</i>, 1873, posthumously). Sequel to <i>Le Prince des voleurs</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although best known now as a novelist, Dumas first earned fame as a dramatist. His <i>Henri III et sa cour</i> (1829) was the first of the great <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> historical dramas produced on the Paris stage, preceding Victor Hugo's more famous <i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i> (1830). Produced at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> and starring the famous <a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Mars" title="Mademoiselle Mars">Mademoiselle Mars</a>, Dumas's play was an enormous success and launched him on his career. It had 50 performances over the next year, extraordinary at the time. Dumas's works included: </p> <ul><li><i>The Hunter and the Lover</i> (1825)</li> <li><i>The Wedding and the Funeral</i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_and_His_Court" title="Henry III and His Court">Henry III and His Court</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i>Christine – Stockholm, Fontainebleau, and Rome</i> (1830)</li> <li><i>Napoleon Bonaparte or Thirty Years of the History of France</i> (1831)</li> <li><i>Antony</i> (1831) – a drama with a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Byronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byronic">Byronic</a> hero – is considered the first non-historical Romantic drama. It starred Mars' great rival <a href="/wiki/Marie_Dorval" title="Marie Dorval">Marie Dorval</a>.</li> <li><i>Charles VII at the Homes of His Great Vassals</i> (<i>Charles VII chez ses grands vassaux</i>, 1831). This drama was adapted by the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a> for his opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saracen_(opera)" title="The Saracen (opera)">The Saracen</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Teresa</i> (1831)</li> <li><i>La Tour de Nesle</i> (1832), a historical melodrama</li> <li><i>The Memories of Anthony</i> (1835)</li> <li><i>The Chronicles of France: Isabel of Bavaria</i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kean_(play)" title="Kean (play)">Kean</a></i> (1836), based on the life of the notable late English actor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Frédérick Lemaître">Frédérick Lemaître</a> played him in the production.</li> <li><i>Caligula</i> (1837)</li> <li><i>Miss Belle-Isle</i> (1837)</li> <li><i>The Young Ladies of Saint-Cyr</i> (1843)</li> <li><i>The Youth of Louis XIV</i> (1854)</li> <li><i>The Son of the Night – The Pirate</i> (1856) (with Gérard de Nerval, Bernard Lopez, and Victor Sejour)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gold_Thieves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gold Thieves (page does not exist)">The Gold Thieves</a></i> (after 1857): an unpublished five-act play. It was discovered in 2002 by the Canadian scholar Reginald Hamel, who was researching in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</span></span>. The play was published in France in 2004 by Honoré-Champion. Hamel said that Dumas was inspired by a novel written in 1857 by his mistress Célèste de Mogador.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Dumas wrote many plays and adapted several of his novels as dramas. In the 1840s, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique" title="Théâtre Historique">Théâtre Historique</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple" title="Boulevard du Temple">Boulevard du Temple</a> in Paris. The building was used after 1852 by the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra National">Opéra National</a> (established by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adolphe Adam</a> in 1847). It was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a> in 1851. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dumas was a prolific writer of nonfiction. He wrote journal articles on politics and culture and books on French history. </p><p>His lengthy <i>Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine</i> (<i>Great Dictionary of Cuisine</i>) was published posthumously in 1873, and several editions of it are still in print today. A combination of encyclopaedia and cookbook, it reflects Dumas's interests as both a gourmet and an expert cook. An abridged version (the <i>Petit Dictionnaire de cuisine</i>, or <i>Small Dictionary of Cuisine</i>) was published in 1883. </p><p>He was also known for his travel writing. These books included: </p> <ul><li><i>Impressions de voyage: En Suisse</i> (<i>Travel Impressions: In Switzerland</i>, 1834)</li> <li><i>Une Année à Florence</i> (<i>A Year in Florence</i>, 1841)</li> <li><i>De Paris à Cadix</i> (<i>From Paris to Cadiz</i>, 1846)</li> <li><i>Le Véloce: Tangier a Tunis</i> (<i>Tangier to Tunis</i>, 1846-47), 1848-1851</li> <li><i>Montevideo, ou une nouvelle Troie</i>, 1850 (<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Troy" title="The New Troy">The New Troy</a></i>), inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Montevideo" title="Great Siege of Montevideo">Great Siege of Montevideo</a></li> <li><i>Le Journal de Madame Giovanni</i> (<i>The Journal of Madame Giovanni</i>, 1856)</li> <li><i>Travel Impressions in the Kingdom of Napoli/Naples Trilogy</i>: <ul><li><i>Impressions of Travel in Sicily</i> (<i>Le Speronare (Sicily – 1835)</i>, 1842</li> <li><i>Captain Arena</i> (<i>Le Capitaine Arena (Italy – Aeolian Islands and Calabria – 1835)</i>, 1842</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Corricolo" title="Le Corricolo">Impressions of Travel in Naples</a></i> (<i>Le Corricolo (Rome – Naples – 1833)</i>, 1843</li></ul></li> <li><i>Travel Impressions in Russia – Le Caucase Original edition: Paris 1859</i></li> <li><i>Adventures in Czarist Russia, or From Paris to Astrakhan</i> (<i>Impressions de voyage: En Russie; De Paris à Astrakan: Nouvelles impressions de voyage (1858)</i>, 1859–1862</li> <li><i>Voyage to the Caucasus</i> (<i>Le Caucase: Impressions de voyage; suite de En Russie (1859)</i>, 1858–1859</li> <li><i>The Bourbons of Naples</i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">I Borboni di Napoli</i>, 1862) (7 volumes published by Italian newspaper <i>L'Indipendente</i>, whose director was Dumas himself).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuseoWeb_CMS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseoWeb_CMS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dumas_Society">Dumas Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dumas Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French historian <a href="/wiki/Alain_Decaux" title="Alain Decaux">Alain Decaux</a> founded the "Société des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas" (The Society of Friends of Alexandre Dumas) in 1971. As of August 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> its president is Claude Schopp.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose in creating this society was to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo" title="Château de Monte-Cristo">Château de Monte-Cristo</a>, where the society is currently located. The other objectives of the Society are to bring together fans of Dumas, to develop cultural activities of the Château de Monte-Cristo, and to collect books, manuscripts, autographs and other materials on Dumas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_Museum" title="Alexandre Dumas Museum">Alexandre Dumas Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans_of_African_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Europeans of African ancestry">Black Europeans of African ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy_in_fiction#Pre-Victorian" title="Illegitimacy in fiction">Illegitimacy in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_novel_in_France" title="Popular novel in France">Popular novel in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dj/: 'd' in 'dew'">dj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[alɛksɑ̃dʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>dymɑ]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[dymɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>davi<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>la<span class="wrap"> </span>pajət(ə)ʁi]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)#Generational_titles" title="Suffix (name)"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">père</i></span></a></i> is French for 'father', to distinguish him from his son <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils">Alexandre Dumas fils</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iforum.umontreal.ca/ForumExpress/Archives/vol4no1en/article02_ang.html">French Studies: "Quebecer discovers an unpublished manuscript by Alexandre Dumas"</a>, <i>iForum</i>, University of Montreal, 30 September 2004, accessed 11 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallaher1997" class="citation book cs1">Gallaher, John G. (1997). <i>General Alexandre Dumas: Soldier of the French Revolution</i>. SIU Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809320981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809320981"><bdi>978-0809320981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Alexandre+Dumas%3A+Soldier+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0809320981&rft.aulast=Gallaher&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.</a> (2017). <i>100 Amazing Facts about the Negro</i>. Pantheon Books. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307908711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307908711"><bdi>978-0307908711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Amazing+Facts+about+the+Negro&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0307908711&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wattsphillipsar01philgoog">Watts Phillips: Artist and Playwright by Emma Watts Phillips. 1891 p. 63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZ-ALXkowCEC&pg=PA98">John G. Gallaher, <i>General Alexandre Dumas: Soldier of the French Revolution</i></a>, Southern Illinois University, 1997, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jun3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jun3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from M. de Chauvinault, former royal prosecutor in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a>, to the Count de Maulde, 3 June 1776, privately held by Gilles Henry. Note: It says Dumas's father (then known as Antoine de l’Isle) “bought from a certain Monsieur de Mirribielle a negress named Cesette at an exorbitant price,” then, after living with her for some years, “sold... the negress Cezette” along with her two daughters "to a... baron from Nantes." Original French: "il achetais d’un certain Monsieur de Mirribielle une negresse nommée Cesette à un prix exhorbitant"; "qu’il a vendu à son depart avec les negres cupidon, la negresse cezette et les enfants à un sr barron originaire de nantes." (The spelling of her name varies within the letter.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judgment-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judgment_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judgment in a dispute between Alexandre Dumas (named as Thomas Rethoré) and his father’s widow, Marie Retou Davy de la Pailleterie, Archives Nationale de France, LX465. His mother's name is Marie-Cesette Dumas (spelled "Cezette") and referred to as “Marie Cezette, negress, mother of Mr. Rethoré” (“Marie Cezette negresse mere dud. [dudit] S. Rethoré”)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/vie/biographie.html">Claude Schopp</a>, Société des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas – 1998–2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/vie/biographie.html">"Alexandre Dumas > Sa vie > Biographie"</a>. Dumaspere.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120030100/http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/vie/biographie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas+%3E+Sa+vie+%3E+Biographie&rft.pub=Dumaspere.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dumaspere.com%2Fpages%2Fvie%2Fbiographie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marianne2.fr/-Le-metissage-rentre-au-Pantheon-_a40493.html">"Le métissage rentre au Panthéon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115051/http://marianne2.fr/-Le-metissage-rentre-au-Pantheon-_a40493.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.general-dumas.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=57">"L'association des Amis du Général Alexandre Dumas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192846/http://www.general-dumas.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=57">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Website, accessed 11 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Henry, <i>Les Dumas: Le secret de Monte Cristo</i> (Paris: France-Empire, 1999), 73; Victor Emmanuel Roberto Wilson, <i>Le général Alexandre Dumas: Soldat de la liberté</i> (Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Les Editions Quisqueya-Québec, 1977), 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster,_Paul2002" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Paul (29 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/30/paulwebster?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487">"Lavish reburial for Three Musketeers author"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lavish+reburial+for+Three+Musketeers+author&rft.date=2002-11-29&rft.au=Webster%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F30%2Fpaulwebster%3FINTCMP%3DILCNETTXT3487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry (10 February 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/7198679/Alexandre-Dumas-novels-penned-by-fourth-musketeer-ghost-writer.html">"Alexandre Dumas novels penned by 'fourth musketeer' ghost writer"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/7198679/Alexandre-Dumas-novels-penned-by-fourth-musketeer-ghost-writer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Alexandre+Dumas+novels+penned+by+%27fourth+musketeer%27+ghost+writer&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F7198679%2FAlexandre-Dumas-novels-penned-by-fourth-musketeer-ghost-writer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>'s essay "Alexandre Dumas" in his <i>Essays in Little</i> (1891), for a full description of these collaborations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crace-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crace_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crace_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crace_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crace_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crace_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crace_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrace2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Crace_(writer)" title="John Crace (writer)">Crace, John</a> (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/06/highereducationprofile.academicexperts">"Claude Schopp: The man who gave Dumas 40 mistresses"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820091722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/06/highereducationprofile.academicexperts">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Claude+Schopp%3A+The+man+who+gave+Dumas+40+mistresses&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Crace&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2008%2Fmay%2F06%2Fhighereducationprofile.academicexperts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartone2016" class="citation book cs1">Martone, Eric (2016). <i>Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Americans%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+People&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Martone&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumergue2016" class="citation book cs1">Doumergue, Christian (2016). <i>Franc-Maçonnerie & histoire de France</i>. Paris: Ed. de l'Opportun. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franc-Ma%C3%A7onnerie+%26+histoire+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Ed.+de+l%27Opportun&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Doumergue&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BietBrighelli1986-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BietBrighelli1986_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_BietJean-Paul_BrighelliJean-Luc_Rispail1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christian Biet; Jean-Paul Brighelli; Jean-Luc Rispail (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahtoQgAACAAJ"><i>Alexandre Dumas, ou les Aventures d'un romancier</i></a>. Collection "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Découvertes Gallimard</a>" (in French). Vol. 12. Éditions Gallimard. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053021-2"><bdi>978-2-07-053021-2</bdi></a>. <q>Mon père était un mulâtre, mon grand-père était un nègre et mon arrière grand-père un singe. Vous voyez, Monsieur: ma famille commence où la vôtre finit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas%2C+ou+les+Aventures+d%27un+romancier&rft.series=Collection+%22D%C3%A9couvertes+Gallimard%22&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Gallimard&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-07-053021-2&rft.au=Christian+Biet&rft.au=Jean-Paul+Brighelli&rft.au=Jean-Luc+Rispail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahtoQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906154324/http://pages.infinit.net/minos1er/negritude.htm">"Dumas et la négritude"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.infinit.net/minos1er/negritude.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dumas+et+la+n%C3%A9gritude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.infinit.net%2Fminos1er%2Fnegritude.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bl_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Phillips2005" class="citation web cs1">Mike Phillips (19 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083930/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/pdf/dumas.pdf">"Alexander Dumas (1802 – 1870)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Library Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/pdf/dumas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library+Online&rft.atitle=Alexander+Dumas+%281802+%E2%80%93+1870%29&rft.date=2005-08-19&rft.au=Mike+Phillips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Ffeatures%2Fblackeuro%2Fpdf%2Fdumas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haralson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haralson_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKped0j8PXwC&dq=menken&pg=PA294">Dorsey Kleitz, "Adah Isaacs Menken"</a>, in <i>Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century</i>, ed. by Eric L. Haralson, pp. 294–296 (1998) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-008-7">978-1-57958-008-7</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomp" class="citation web cs1">Komp, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veryimportantpotheads.com/dumas.html">"Alexandre Dumas"</a>. <i>Very Important Potheads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Very+Important+Potheads&rft.atitle=Alexandre+Dumas&rft.aulast=Komp&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veryimportantpotheads.com%2Fdumas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chateau_Museum-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chateau_Museum_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chateau-monte-cristo.com/main/en/horaires-et-tarifs-en/opening-times-high-season/">Château de Monte-Cristo Museum Opening Hours</a>, accessed 4 November 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp,_Iain2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Sharp" title="Iain Sharp">Sharp, Iain</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/virt-exhib/realgold/Literature/dumas.html"><i>Real gold: treasures of Auckland City Libraries</i></a>. Auckland University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-396-6"><bdi>978-1-86940-396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+gold%3A+treasures+of+Auckland+City+Libraries&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86940-396-6&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandcity.govt.nz%2Fdbtw-wpd%2Fvirt-exhib%2Frealgold%2FLiterature%2Fdumas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr,_Donald1996" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Donald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadytech.com/dumas/related/bibliographies_reeds_labour_of_love.php">"Bibliographies: Reed's 'Labour of Love'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Alexandre Dumas père Web Site</i>. CadyTech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Alexandre+Dumas+p%C3%A8re+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Bibliographies%3A+Reed%27s+%27Labour+of+Love%27&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadytech.com%2Fdumas%2Frelated%2Fbibliographies_reeds_labour_of_love.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadytech.com/dumas/personnage.php?key=11">"Reed, Frank Wild"</a>. <i>The Alexandre Dumas père Web Site</i>. CadyTech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Alexandre+Dumas+p%C3%A8re+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Reed%2C+Frank+Wild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadytech.com%2Fdumas%2Fpersonnage.php%3Fkey%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan,_Taylor2015" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, Taylor (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QQezHBtcpc&ab_channel=APArchive">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Musketeers" author's coffin arrives at the Pantheon"</a>. <i>AP Archive</i>. France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Archive&rft.atitle=%22Musketeers%22+author%27s+coffin+arrives+at+the+Pantheon&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0QQezHBtcpc%26ab_channel%3DAPArchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chirac-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chirac_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chirac_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirac2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac, Jacques</a> (30 November 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_prononc%C3%A9_lors_du_transfert_des_cendres_d%E2%80%99Alexandre_Dumas_au_Panth%C3%A9on">"Discours prononcé lors du transfert des cendres d'Alexandre Dumas au Panthéon"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discours+prononc%C3%A9+lors+du+transfert+des+cendres+d%27Alexandre+Dumas+au+Panth%C3%A9on&rft.date=2002-11-30&rft.aulast=Chirac&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDiscours_prononc%25C3%25A9_lors_du_transfert_des_cendres_d%25E2%2580%2599Alexandre_Dumas_au_Panth%25C3%25A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419194137/http://www.parisphotogallery.com/Paris/photos/monuments/Pantheon/Interior_crypt_Victor_Hugo_Alexandre_Dumas_Emile_Zola_10526.htm">"Paris Monuments Panthéon-Close up picture of the interior of the crypt of Victor Hugo (left) Alexandre Dumas (middle) Émile Zola (right)"</a>. ParisPhotoGallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parisphotogallery.com/Paris/photos/monuments/Pantheon/Interior_crypt_Victor_Hugo_Alexandre_Dumas_Emile_Zola_10526.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+Monuments+Panth%C3%A9on-Close+up+picture+of+the+interior+of+the+crypt+of+Victor+Hugo+%28left%29+Alexandre+Dumas+%28middle%29+%C3%89mile+Zola+%28right%29&rft.pub=ParisPhotoGallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisphotogallery.com%2FParis%2Fphotos%2Fmonuments%2FPantheon%2FInterior_crypt_Victor_Hugo_Alexandre_Dumas_Emile_Zola_10526.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemmings2011" class="citation book cs1">Hemmings, F. W. J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0j2MOu_ERwC&pg=PT130"><i>Alexandre Dumas: The King of Romance</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448204830" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448204830"><bdi>978-1448204830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas%3A+The+King+of+Romance&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1448204830&rft.aulast=Hemmings&rft.aufirst=F.+W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0j2MOu_ERwC%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/12/alexandredumaspere">"Alexandre Dumas, père"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 July 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alexandre+Dumas%2C+p%C3%A8re&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2Fjun%2F12%2Falexandredumaspere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumas, Alexandre (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=W9UoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=it&pg=GBS.PR4"><i>I Borboni di Napoli: Questa istoria, pubblicata pe'soli lettori dell'Indipendente, è stata scritta su documenti nuovi, inediti, e sconosciut, scoperiti dall'autore negli archivi segreti della polizia, e degli affari esteri di Napoli</i></a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Borboni+di+Napoli%3A+Questa+istoria%2C+pubblicata+pe%27soli+lettori+dell%27Indipendente%2C+%C3%A8+stata+scritta+su+documenti+nuovi%2C+inediti%2C+e+sconosciut%2C+scoperiti+dall%27autore+negli+archivi+segreti+della+polizia%2C+e+degli+affari+esteri+di+Napoli&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DW9UoAAAAYAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26output%3Dreader%26hl%3Dit%26pg%3DGBS.PR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuseoWeb_CMS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuseoWeb_CMS_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseoWeb_CMS" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">MuseoWeb CMS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnnonline.it/index.php?it/232/banche-dati-open-archives-libri-elettronici/720=&paginate_pagenum=3&printPdf=1&stripImages=1&paginate_pageNum=3&desktop=true&tabs_state=tablatest">"Banche dati, Open Archives, Libri elettronici"</a> [Databases, Open Archives, Electronic Books]. <i>Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+Nazionale+di+Napoli&rft.atitle=Banche+dati%2C+Open+Archives%2C+Libri+elettronici&rft.au=MuseoWeb+CMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnnonline.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%2F232%2Fbanche-dati-open-archives-libri-elettronici%2F720%3D%26paginate_pagenum%3D3%26printPdf%3D1%26stripImages%3D1%26paginate_pageNum%3D3%26desktop%3Dtrue%26tabs_state%3Dtablatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/english/societe/sommaire.html">"Alexandre Dumas"</a>. <i>www.dumaspere.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dumaspere.com&rft.atitle=Alexandre+Dumas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dumaspere.com%2Fpages%2Fenglish%2Fsociete%2Fsommaire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1950" class="citation book cs1">Bell, A. Craig (1950). <i>Alexandre Dumas: A Biography and Study</i>. London: Cassell & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas%3A+A+Biography+and+Study&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=A.+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman1929" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Herbert (1929). <i>The Incredible Marquis, Alexandre Dumas</i>. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370481">1370481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+Marquis%2C+Alexandre+Dumas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar+%26+Rinehart&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1370481&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemmings1979" class="citation book cs1">Hemmings, F.W.J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandredumaski00fwjh"><i>Alexandre Dumas, the King of Romance</i></a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16391-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16391-8"><bdi>0-684-16391-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas%2C+the+King+of+Romance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-684-16391-8&rft.aulast=Hemmings&rft.aufirst=F.W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandredumaski00fwjh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas-Dubreton1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lucas-Dubreton" title="Jean Lucas-Dubreton">Lucas-Dubreton, Jean</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cadytech.com/dumas/related/fourth_musketeer.php"><i>The Fourth Musketeer</i></a>. trans. by Maida Castelhun Darnton. New York: Coward-McCann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230139">230139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Musketeer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Coward-McCann&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230139&rft.aulast=Lucas-Dubreton&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcadytech.com%2Fdumas%2Frelated%2Ffourth_musketeer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurois1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">Maurois, André</a> (1957). <i>The Titans, a Three-Generation Biography of the Dumas</i>. trans. by Gerard Hopkins. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260126">260126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Titans%2C+a+Three-Generation+Biography+of+the+Dumas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260126&rft.aulast=Maurois&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1891" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Emma Watts (1891). <i>Watts Phillips: Artist and Playwright</i>. London: Cassell & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watts+Phillips%3A+Artist+and+Playwright&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Emma+Watts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1933" class="citation book cs1">Reed, F. W. (Frank Wild) (1933). <i>A Bibliography of Alexandre Dumas, père</i>. Pinner Hill, Middlesex: J.A. Neuhuys. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1420223">1420223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+of+Alexandre+Dumas%2C+p%C3%A8re&rft.place=Pinner+Hill%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=J.A.+Neuhuys&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1420223&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=F.+W.+%28Frank+Wild%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1981" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Michael (1981). <i>Alexandre Dumas</i>. Newton Abbot, London, North Pomfret (Vt): David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-7758-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-7758-2"><bdi>0-7153-7758-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+London%2C+North+Pomfret+%28Vt%29&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7153-7758-2&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopp1988" class="citation book cs1">Schopp, Claude (1988). <i>Alexandre Dumas, Genius of Life</i>. trans. by A. J. Koch. New York, Toronto: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-15093-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-15093-3"><bdi>0-531-15093-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+Dumas%2C+Genius+of+Life&rft.place=New+York%2C+Toronto&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-531-15093-3&rft.aulast=Schopp&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurr1902" class="citation book cs1">Spurr, Harry A. (October 1902). <i>The Life and Writings of Alexandre Dumas</i>. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2999945">2999945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Writings+of+Alexandre+Dumas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes%2C+Company&rft.date=1902-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2999945&rft.aulast=Spurr&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/492">Works by Alexandre Dumas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Dumas%2C%20Alexandre">Works by Alexandre Dumas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Dumas%2C%20Alexandre%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alexandre%20Dumas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dumas%2C%20Alexandre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexandre%20Dumas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dumas%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alexandre%20Dumas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dumas%2C%20Alexandre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alexandre%20Dumas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221802-1870%22%20AND%20Dumas%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alexandre Dumas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/431">Works by Alexandre Dumas</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,10904968%255E1702,00.html"><i>Herald Sun</i>: Lost Dumas play discovered</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216213108/http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,10904968%255E1702,00.html">Archived</a> 16 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4609819.stm">Lost Dumas novel hits bookshelves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213010600/http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT139.HTM">Dumas' Works</a>: text, concordances and frequency lists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadytech.com/dumas/">The Alexandre Dumas père website</a>, with a complete bibliography and notes about many of the works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gill/galleries/html/1866_1202_dumas.html">1866 Caricature of Alexandre Dumas by André Gill</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Dumas, Alexandre, the Elder"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Dumas,_Alexandre,_the_Elder">"Dumas, Alexandre, the Elder" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VII (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 521–523.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dumas%2C+Alexandre%2C+the+Elder&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=521-523&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bryant, Margaret (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dumas, Alexandre"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dumas,_Alexandre">"Dumas, Alexandre" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 654–656.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dumas%2C+Alexandre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=654-656&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandre+Dumas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227082116/http://alexandredumasetcompagnie.com/">Alexandre Dumas et compagnie</a> : Freely downloadable works of Alexandre Dumas in PDF format (text mode)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00239.xml&query=dumas,%20alexandre&query-join=and">Alexandre Dumas Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425003027/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00239.xml&query=dumas%2C%20alexandre&query-join=and">Archived</a> 25 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608000520/http://www.alexdumas.110mb.com/">Alejandro Dumas Vida y Obras</a> First Spanish Website about Alexandre Dumas and his works.</li> <li>Rafferty, Terrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/books/review/20pevear.html?ex=1313726400&en=dd1eb4e9bdbf3499&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"All for One"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/"><i>The New York Times</i></a>, 20 August 2006 (a review of the new translation of <i>The Three Musketeers</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03779-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03779-6">0-670-03779-6</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author98.htm">Alexandre Dumas (pere)</a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL18236A">Works by Alexandre Dumas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/virt-exhib/realgold/Literature/dumas.html">The Reed Dumas collection</a> held at Auckland Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AN8bwlDLsMw">Alexandre Dumas' <i>A Masked Ball</i> audiobook with video at YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.libsyn.com/episode/index/show/backofthebookshelf/id/6958536">Alexandre Dumas' <i>A Masked Ball</i> audiobook at Libsyn</a></li> <li>posthumous article in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picclick.co.uk/Antique-Print-Sporting-Dramatic-News-1883-Portrait-Late-144722881141.html#&gid=1&pid=1">The Illustrated Sporting & Dramatic News</a> 17 November 1883</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexandre_Dumas_père" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexandre_Dumas" title="Template:Alexandre Dumas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexandre_Dumas" title="Template talk:Alexandre Dumas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexandre_Dumas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexandre Dumas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexandre_Dumas_père" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandre Dumas <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">père</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspirators_(novel)" title="The Conspirators (novel)">The Conspirators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_of_Salisbury_(novel)" title="The Countess of Salisbury (novel)">The Countess of Salisbury</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fencing_Master_(Dumas_novel)" title="The Fencing Master (Dumas novel)">The Fencing Master</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers" title="The Corsican Brothers">The Corsican Brothers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Tulip" title="The Black Tulip">The Black Tulip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pamphile" title="Captain Pamphile">Captain Pamphile</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chevalier_de_Maison-Rouge" title="Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge">Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Dame_de_Monsoreau" title="La Dame de Monsoreau">La Dame de Monsoreau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georges_(novel)" title="Georges (novel)">Georges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_Sainte-Hermine" title="The Knight of Sainte-Hermine">The Knight of Sainte-Hermine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Necklace" title="The Queen's Necklace">The Queen's Necklace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">La Reine Margot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Troy" title="The New Troy">The New Troy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years_After" title="Twenty Years After">Twenty Years After</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Dianas" title="The Two Dianas">The Two Dianas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_of_Bragelonne:_Ten_Years_Later" title="The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later">The Vicomte de Bragelonne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Companions_of_Jehu" title="The Companions of Jehu">The Companions of Jehu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_Leader" title="The Wolf Leader">The Wolf Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Sanfelice" title="La Sanfelice">La Sanfelice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_guerre_des_femmes" title="La guerre des femmes">The Women's War</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travelogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Le Speronare</i></li> <li><i>Le Capitaine Aréna</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Corricolo" title="Le Corricolo">Le Corricolo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Dant%C3%A8s" title="Edmond Dantès">Edmond Dantès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramis" title="Aramis">Aramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athos_(character)" title="Athos (character)">Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Batz_de_Castelmore_d%27Artagnan" title="Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan">d'Artagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria" title="Abbé Faria">Abbé Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milady_de_Winter" title="Milady de Winter">Milady de Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porthos" title="Porthos">Porthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Rochefort" title="Comte de Rochefort">Comte de Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Troisville" title="Comte de Troisville">M. de Tréville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils">Alexandre Dumas <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fils</i></span> (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Cessette_Dumas" title="Marie-Cessette Dumas">Marie-Cessette Dumas (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Maquet" title="Auguste Maquet">Auguste Maquet (collaborator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique" title="Théâtre Historique">Théâtre Historique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monte-Cristo" title="Château de Monte-Cristo">Château de Monte-Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas_(film)" title="Dumas (film)"><i>L'Autre Dumas</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_and_People" title="Orson Welles and People"><i>Orson Welles and People</i> (lost documentary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_d&#039;Artagnan_Romances_by_Alexandre_Dumas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Three_Musketeers" title="Template:The Three Musketeers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Three_Musketeers" title="Template talk:The Three Musketeers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Three_Musketeers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Three Musketeers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_d&#039;Artagnan_Romances_by_Alexandre_Dumas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_d%27Artagnan_Romances" title="The d'Artagnan Romances">The d'Artagnan Romances</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandre Dumas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years_After" title="Twenty Years After">Twenty Years After</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_of_Bragelonne:_Ten_Years_Later" title="The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later">The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athos_(character)" title="Athos (character)">Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramis" title="Aramis">Aramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porthos" title="Porthos">Porthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Batz_de_Castelmore_d%27Artagnan" title="Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan">d'Artagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milady_de_Winter" title="Milady de Winter">Milady de Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Rochefort" title="Comte de Rochefort">Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Troisville" title="Comte de Troisville">de Tréville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_in_film" title="The Three Musketeers in film">The Three<br />Musketeers</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1916_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1916 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Trois_Mousquetaires" title="Les Trois Mousquetaires">Les Trois Mousquetaires</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1921_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1921 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1932_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1932 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1933_serial)" title="The Three Musketeers (1933 serial)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1935_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1935 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1939_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1939 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1942_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1942 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1946_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1946 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1948_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1948 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blades_of_the_Musketeers" title="Blades of the Musketeers">Blades of the Musketeers</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1953_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1953 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1961_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1961 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1973_live-action_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1973 live-action film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Musketeers_(1974_film)" title="The Four Musketeers (1974 film)"><i>The Four Musketeers</i></a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1993_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1993 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Musketeer" title="The Musketeer">The Musketeer</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(2011_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (2011 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Musketeers_(film)" title="3 Musketeers (film)"><i>3 Musketeers</i></a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(2013_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (2013 film)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers:_D%27Artagnan" title="The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan"><i>The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan</i></a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers:_Milady" title="The Three Musketeers: Milady"><i>The Three Musketeers: Milady</i></a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Twenty Years<br />After</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Musketeers" title="The Return of the Musketeers">The Return of the Musketeers</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musketeers_Twenty_Years_After" title="Musketeers Twenty Years After">Musketeers Twenty Years After</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Vicomte of<br />Bragelonne</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Mask" title="The Iron Mask">The Iron Mask</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1939_film)" title="The Man in the Iron Mask (1939 film)">The Man in the Iron Mask</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uthama_Puthiran_(1940_film)" title="Uthama Puthiran (1940 film)">Uthama Puthiran</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_in_the_Iron_Mask" title="Lady in the Iron Mask">Lady in the Iron Mask</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Bragelonne" title="The Count of Bragelonne">The Count of Bragelonne</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Prisoner_(1954_film)" title="The King's Prisoner (1954 film)">The King's Prisoner</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uthama_Puthiran_(1958_film)" title="Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)">Uthama Puthiran</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Masque_de_fer" title="Le Masque de fer">Le Masque de fer</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Musketeer" title="The Fifth Musketeer">The Fifth Musketeer</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Queen_Anne_or_Musketeers_Thirty_Years_After" title="The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After">The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1998_film)" title="The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)">The Man in the Iron Mask</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Sword%27s_Point" title="At Sword's Point">At Sword's Point</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Mark_of_D%27Artagnan" title="The Secret Mark of D'Artagnan">The Secret Mark of D'Artagnan</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Musketeers_(1994_film)" title="Revenge of the Musketeers (1994 film)">Revenge of the Musketeers</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Musketeers,_or_The_Treasures_of_Cardinal_Mazarin" title="The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin">The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Musketeers_(1936_film)" title="The Four Musketeers (1936 film)">The Four Musketeers</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Blind_Mouseketeers" title="Three Blind Mouseketeers">Three Blind Mouseketeers</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1974_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1974 film)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mickey,_Donald,_Goofy:_The_Three_Musketeers" title="Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers">Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbie_and_the_Three_Musketeers" title="Barbie and the Three Musketeers">Barbie and the Three Musketeers</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogtanian_and_the_Three_Muskehounds_(film)" title="Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds (film)">Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Tom and Jerry</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Mouseketeers" title="The Two Mouseketeers">The Two Mouseketeers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Touch%C3%A9,_Pussy_Cat!" class="mw-redirect" title="Touché, Pussy Cat!">Touché, Pussy Cat!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Ch%C3%A9rie" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom and Chérie">Tom and Chérie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cat_Nap" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Cat Nap">Royal Cat Nap</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live-action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1954_TV_series)" title="The Three Musketeers (1954 TV series)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1966_TV_series)" title="The Three Musketeers (1966 TV series)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_Robber" title="The Mind Robber">The Mind Robber</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%27Artagnan_and_Three_Musketeers" title="D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers">d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Blades" title="Young Blades">Young Blades</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(2009_TV_series)" title="The Three Musketeers (2009 TV series)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (2009–10) (puppetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Musketeers" title="The Musketeers">The Musketeers</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(American_TV_series)" title="The Three Musketeers (American TV series)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogtanian_and_the_Three_Muskehounds" title="Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds">Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1987_TV_series)" title="The Three Musketeers (1987 TV series)">The Three Musketeers Anime</a></i> (1987–89)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Dogtanian" title="The Return of Dogtanian">The Return of Dogtanian</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Fifth_Musketeer" title="Albert the Fifth Musketeer">Albert the Fifth Musketeer</a></i> (1993–94)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live-action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1959_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1959 film)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1969_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1969 film)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1977_film)" title="The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film)">The Man in the Iron Mask</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Femme_Musketeer" title="La Femme Musketeer">La Femme Musketeer</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1973_animated_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1973 animated film)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1985_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Man in the Iron Mask (1985 film)">The Man in the Iron Mask</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogtanian:_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogtanian: Special">Dogtanian: Special</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1986_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1986 film)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogtanian:_One_For_All_and_All_For_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogtanian: One For All and All For One">Dogtanian: One For All and All For One</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Touch%C3%A9:_The_Adventures_of_the_Fifth_Musketeer" title="Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer">Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1987_video_game)" title="The Three Musketeers (1987 video game)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (1987 video game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(2006_video_game)" title="The Three Musketeers (2006 video game)"><i>The Three Musketeers</i></a> (2006 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers:_One_for_All!" title="The Three Musketeers: One for All!">The Three Musketeers: One for All!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(musical)" title="The Three Musketeers (musical)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3_Musketiers" title="3 Musketiers">3 Musketiers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Mesquiteers" title="The Three Mesquiteers">The Three Mesquiteers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dog_in_Boots" title="Dog in Boots">Dog in Boots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Must-Get-Theres" title="The Three Must-Get-Theres">The Three Must-Get-Theres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Mouseketeers" title="The Three Mouseketeers">The Three Mouseketeers</a></i> (comics)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="The Three Musketeers (South Korean TV series)">The Three Musketeers</a></i> (South Korean adaptation)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_3D:_Dream_Drop_Distance" title="Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance">Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance</a></i> (video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Khaavren_Romances" title="Khaavren Romances">Khaavren Romances</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_Guards" title="The Phoenix Guards">The Phoenix Guards</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Years_After" title="Five Hundred Years After">Five Hundred Years After</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_of_Adrilankha" title="The Viscount of Adrilankha">The Viscount of Adrilankha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baron_of_Magister_Valley" title="The Baron of Magister Valley">The Baron of Magister Valley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Maquet" title="Auguste Maquet">Auguste Maquet</a> (collaborator)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Musketeer" title="A Modern Musketeer">A Modern Musketeer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Muscatels" title="The Three Muscatels">The Three Muscatels</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unus_pro_omnibus,_omnes_pro_uno" title="Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno">Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Iron_Mask" title="Man in the Iron Mask">Man in the Iron Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musketeers_of_the_Guard" title="Musketeers of the Guard">Musketeers of the Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Musketeers_(chocolate_bar)" title="3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)">3 Musketeers</a> (chocolate bar)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_by_Alexandre_Dumas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="Template:The Count of Monte Cristo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="Template talk:The Count of Monte Cristo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Count of Monte Cristo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_by_Alexandre_Dumas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandre Dumas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Dant%C3%A8s" title="Edmond Dantès">Edmond Dantès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Faria" title="Abbé Faria">Abbé Faria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1912_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1912 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1913_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1913 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cristo_(1922_film)" title="Monte Cristo (1922 film)">Monte Cristo</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cristo_(1929_film)" title="Monte Cristo (1929 film)">Monte Cristo</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1934_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1934 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Son of Monte Cristo">The Son of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1942_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1942 film)">El Conde de Monte Cristo</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1943_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1943 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Monte_Cristo_(1946_film)" title="The Return of Monte Cristo (1946 film)">The Return of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wife_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Wife of Monte Cristo">The Wife of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mask_of_the_Avenger" title="Mask of the Avenger">Mask of the Avenger</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Sword of Monte Cristo">The Sword of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1953_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1953 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1954_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1954 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkottai" title="Karkottai">Karkottai</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_Kottai_Valipan" title="Vanji Kottai Valipan">Vanji Kottai Valipan</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raj_Tilak_(1958_film)" title="Raj Tilak (1958 film)">Raj Tilak</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1961_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1961 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Treasure_of_Monte_Cristo_(1961_film)" title="The Treasure of Monte Cristo (1961 film)">The Treasure of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Monte_Cristo_(1968_film)" title="The Return of Monte Cristo (1968 film)">The Return of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeevan_Mrityu" title="Jeevan Mrityu">Jeevan Mrityu</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1975_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1975 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhuierantlo_Munis" title="Bhuierantlo Munis">Bhuierantlo Munis</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padayottam_(1982_film)" title="Padayottam (1982 film)">Padayottam</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veta_(1986_film)" title="Veta (1986 film)">Veta</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="The Prisoner of Château d'If">The Prisoner of Château d'If</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(2002_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(2024_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (2024 film)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1956_TV_series)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1956 TV series)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1964_TV_series)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1964 TV series)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1973_TV_series)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1973 TV series)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1998_miniseries)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1998 miniseries)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (1998 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gankutsuou:_The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo">Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montecristo_(Argentine_TV_series)" title="Montecristo (Argentine TV series)">Montecristo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ezel_(TV_series)" title="Ezel (TV series)">Ezel</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yago_(TV_series)" title="Yago (TV series)">Yago</a></i> (Mexican remake)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_(TV_series)" title="Revenge (TV series)">Revenge</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ntikam" title="İntikam">İntikam</a></i> (Turkish remake)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venganza_(TV_series)" title="Venganza (TV series)">Venganza</a></i> (Colombian remake)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karmma_Calling" title="Karmma Calling">Karmma Calling</a></i> (Indian remake)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Conde:_Amor_y_honor" title="El Conde: Amor y honor">El Conde: Amor y honor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(2024_TV_series)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (2024 TV series)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_My_Destination" title="The Stars My Destination">The Stars My Destination</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stars%27_Tennis_Balls" title="The Stars' Tennis Balls">The Stars' Tennis Balls</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Prisoner_of_Birth" title="A Prisoner of Birth">A Prisoner of Birth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baron_of_Magister_Valley" title="The Baron of Magister Valley">The Baron of Magister Valley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="Château d'If">Château d'If</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montecristo" title="Montecristo">Montecristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Count:_Glory,_Revolution,_Betrayal,_and_the_Real_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo">The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (biography)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(Wildhorn_musical)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (Wildhorn musical)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (Wildhorn-Murphy musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(James_Behr_musical)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (James Behr musical)">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> (Behr musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_0" title="Christ 0">Christ 0</a></i> (album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Maquet" title="Auguste Maquet">Auguste Maquet</a> (collaborator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Picaud" title="Pierre Picaud">Pierre Picaud</a> (possible prototype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas_(film)" title="Dumas (film)"><i>Dumas</i></a> (2010 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Revenge_Is_a_Dish_Best_Served_Three_Times" title="Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times">Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times</a>" (<i>The Simpsons</i> episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monte_Cristo_of_Prague" title="The Monte Cristo of Prague"><i>The Monte Cristo of Prague</i></a> (1929 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Corsican_Brothers_by_Alexandre_Dumas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Corsican_Brothers" title="Template:The Corsican Brothers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Corsican_Brothers" title="Template talk:The Corsican Brothers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Corsican_Brothers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Corsican Brothers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Corsican_Brothers_by_Alexandre_Dumas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers" title="The Corsican Brothers">The Corsican Brothers</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandre Dumas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(play)" title="The Corsican Brothers (play)">The Corsican Brothers</a></i> (1852)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(1917_film)" title="The Corsican Brothers (1917 film)"><i>The Corsican Brothers</i></a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(1941_film)" title="The Corsican Brothers (1941 film)"><i>The Corsican Brothers</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apoorva_Sagodharargal_(1949_film)" title="Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)">Apoorva Sagodharargal</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bandits_of_Corsica" title="The Bandits of Corsica">The Bandits of Corsica</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(1955_film)" title="The Corsican Brothers (1955 film)">The Corsican Brothers</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(1961_film)" title="The Corsican Brothers (1961 film)"><i>The Corsican Brothers</i></a> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aggi_Pidugu" title="Aggi Pidugu">Aggi Pidugu</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neerum_Neruppum" title="Neerum Neruppum">Neerum Neruppum</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gora_Aur_Kala" title="Gora Aur Kala">Gora Aur Kala</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(1985_film)" title="The Corsican Brothers (1985 film)">The Corsican Brothers</a></i> (1985) (TV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Start_the_Revolution_Without_Me" title="Start the Revolution Without Me">Start the Revolution Without Me</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheech_%26_Chong%27s_The_Corsican_Brothers" title="Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers">Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121012885">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51688902">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/318158915913650000000">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33943/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4qT3yhH6vfMWxj4t7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118528068">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79042162">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119010630">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119010630">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438367">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dumas, Alexandre <1802-1870>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV012080">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35048656">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001907&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1721299">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/45382">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068352050">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p15611769X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90543244">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004591&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000052622">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61698">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000035622">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200203581">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cc93h5p516d3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671374105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17221">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260784305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041747">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517416406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14114967">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00661079?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500335873">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/abdfcc03-a0bd-4212-99d5-e7e0d0f1a107">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/11550">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/811664">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118528068.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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