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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Laravel Bootcamp</title>  <meta name="title" content="Laravel Bootcamp - Learn the PHP Framework for Web Artisans"> <meta name="description" content="Together let's walk through building and deploying a modern Laravel application from scratch.">  <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://bootcamp.laravel.com/"> <meta property="og:title" content="Laravel Bootcamp - Learn the PHP Framework for Web Artisans"> <meta property="og:description" content="Together let's walk through building and deploying a modern Laravel application from scratch."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://bootcamp.laravel.com/img/og-image.jpg">  <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta property="twitter:url" content="https://bootcamp.laravel.com/"> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Laravel - Learn the PHP Framework for Web Artisans"> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Together let's walk through building and deploying a modern Laravel application from scratch."> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://bootcamp.laravel.com/img/og-image.jpg">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/img/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/img/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ff2d20"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/favicon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ff2d20"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/img/favicon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="color-scheme" content="light">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.typekit.net/ins2wgm.css">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://bootcamp.laravel.com/build/assets/app.1fe37668.css" /><script type="module" src="https://bootcamp.laravel.com/build/assets/app.f1116ac0.js"></script>  <script src="https://cdn.usefathom.com/script.js" data-site="KRRQTWHM" defer></script>  <script> window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').addEventListener('change', e => { if (localStorage.theme === 'system') { if (e.matches) { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); 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href="/introduction">Introduction</a></h2> </li> <li> <h2><a id="build-chirper-with-blade" href="#build-chirper-with-blade" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Build Chirper with Blade</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/blade/installation">Installation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/blade/creating-chirps">Creating Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/blade/showing-chirps">Showing Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/blade/editing-chirps">Editing Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/blade/deleting-chirps">Deleting Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/blade/notifications-and-events">Notifications & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2><a id="build-chirper-with-livewire" href="#build-chirper-with-livewire" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Build Chirper with Livewire</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/livewire/installation">Installation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/livewire/creating-chirps">Creating Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/livewire/showing-chirps">Showing Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/livewire/editing-chirps">Editing Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/livewire/deleting-chirps">Deleting Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/livewire/notifications-and-events">Notifications & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2><a id="build-chirper-with-inertia" href="#build-chirper-with-inertia" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Build Chirper with Inertia</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/inertia/installation">Installation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/inertia/creating-chirps">Creating Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/inertia/showing-chirps">Showing Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/inertia/editing-chirps">Editing Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/inertia/deleting-chirps">Deleting Chirps</a> </li> <li> <a href="/inertia/notifications-and-events">Notifications & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2><a id="deploying" href="#deploying" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a><a href="/deploying">Deploying</a></h2> </li> 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href="#creating-an-event">Creating an event</a> </li> <li> <a href="#dispatching-the-event">Dispatching the event</a> </li> <li> <a href="#creating-an-event-listener">Creating an event listener</a> </li> <li> <a href="#testing-it-out">Testing it out</a> <ul> <li> <a href="#sending-emails-in-production">Sending emails in production</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></aside></aside> <h1><b>07.</b> Notifications & Events</h1> <p>Let's take Chirper to the next level by sending <a href="https://laravel.com/docs/notifications#introduction">email notifications</a> when a new Chirp is created.</p> <p>In addition to support for sending email, Laravel provides support for sending notifications across a variety of delivery channels, including email, SMS, and Slack. Plus, a variety of community built notification channels have been created to send notification over dozens of different channels! Notifications may also be stored in a database so they may be displayed in your web interface.</p> <h2><a id="creating-the-notification" href="#creating-the-notification" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Creating the notification</h2> <p>Artisan can, once again, do all the hard work for us with the following command:</p> <div class="code-container"> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="shell" class='torchlight' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">php </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">artisan</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">make:notification</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">NewChirp</span></div></code></pre> </div> <p>This will create a new notification at <code>app/Notifications/NewChirp.php</code> that is ready for us to customize.</p> <p>Let's open the <code>NewChirp</code> class and allow it to accept the <code>Chirp</code> that was just created, and then customize the message to include the author's name and a snippet from the message:</p> <div class="code-container"> <div class="code-container-filename">app/Notifications/NewChirp.php</div> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="php" class='torchlight has-add-lines has-remove-lines has-diff-lines has-summaries' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #D3423E;"><?php</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">namespace</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Notifications;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Models\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Chirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Bus\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Queueable</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Support\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Str</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ShouldQueue</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Notifications\Messages\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">MailMessage</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Notifications\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Notification</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">class</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB6B;">NewChirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">extends</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #A9C77D;">Notification</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">{</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Queueable</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Create a new notification instance.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line line-remove line-has-background' style='background-color: #ef535033'><span style="color:#f07178; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">-</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">__construct</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">()</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">__construct</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">(</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Chirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$chirp</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">)</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">//</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><details><summary style='cursor: pointer; display: block'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-start' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> <span class='summary-hide-when-open' style='color:#4c5374'>...</span></div></summary><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Get the notification's delivery channels.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> *</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">@return</span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">array</span><span style="color: #697098;"><</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">int</span><span style="color: #697098;">, string></span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">via</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">(</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">object</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$notifiable</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">)</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">array</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">return</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> [</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">mail</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">];</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-end' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div></details><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Get the mail representation of the notification.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">toMail</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">(</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">object</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$notifiable</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">)</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">MailMessage</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">return</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> (</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">new</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">MailMessage</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">)</span></div><div class='line line-remove line-has-background' style='background-color: #ef535033'><span style="color:#f07178; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">-</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">line</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">The introduction to the notification.</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">)</span></div><div class='line line-remove line-has-background' style='background-color: #ef535033'><span style="color:#f07178; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">-</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">action</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">Notification Action</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">, </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">url</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">/</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">))</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">subject</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">"</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">New Chirp from {</span><span style="color: #FF5572;">$this</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">->chirp->user->name</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">}</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">"</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">)</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">greeting</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">"</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">New Chirp from {</span><span style="color: #FF5572;">$this</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">->chirp->user->name</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">}</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">"</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">)</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">line</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Str</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">limit</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #FF5572;">$this</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">->chirp->message</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">, </span><span style="color: #F78C6C;">50</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">))</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">action</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">Go to Chirper</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">, </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">url</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">/</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">))</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">line</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">Thank you for using our application!</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">);</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><details><summary style='cursor: pointer; display: block'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-start' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> <span class='summary-hide-when-open' style='color:#4c5374'>...</span></div></summary><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Get the array representation of the notification.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> *</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">@return</span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">array</span><span style="color: #697098;"><</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">string</span><span style="color: #697098;">, mixed></span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">toArray</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">(</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">object</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$notifiable</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">)</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">array</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">return</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> [</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">//</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> ];</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-end' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div></details><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">}</span></div></code></pre> </div> <p>We could send the notification directly from the <code>store</code> method on our <code>ChirpController</code> class, but that adds more work for the controller, which in turn can slow down the request, especially as we'll be querying the database and sending emails.</p> <p>Instead, let's dispatch an event that we can listen for and process in a background queue to keep our application snappy.</p> <h2><a id="creating-an-event" href="#creating-an-event" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Creating an event</h2> <p>Events are a great way to decouple various aspects of your application, since a single event can have multiple listeners that do not depend on each other.</p> <p>Let's create our new event with the following command:</p> <div class="code-container"> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="shell" class='torchlight' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">php </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">artisan</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">make:event</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">ChirpCreated</span></div></code></pre> </div> <p>This will create a new event class at <code>app/Events/ChirpCreated.php</code>.</p> <p>Since we'll be dispatching events for each new Chirp that is created, let's update our <code>ChirpCreated</code> event to accept the newly created <code>Chirp</code> so we may pass it on to our notification:</p> <div class="code-container"> <div class="code-container-filename">app/Events/ChirpCreated.php</div> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="php" class='torchlight has-add-lines has-remove-lines has-diff-lines has-summaries' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #D3423E;"><?php</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">namespace</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Events;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Models\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Chirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Broadcasting\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Channel</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Broadcasting\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">InteractsWithSockets</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Broadcasting\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">PresenceChannel</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Broadcasting\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">PrivateChannel</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ShouldBroadcast</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Foundation\Events\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Dispatchable</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Queue\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">SerializesModels</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">class</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB6B;">ChirpCreated</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">{</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Dispatchable</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">, </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">InteractsWithSockets</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">, </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">SerializesModels</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Create a new event instance.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line line-remove line-has-background' style='background-color: #ef535033'><span style="color:#f07178; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">-</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">__construct</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">()</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">__construct</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">(</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Chirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$chirp</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">)</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">//</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><details><summary style='cursor: pointer; display: block'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-start' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> <span class='summary-hide-when-open' style='color:#4c5374'>...</span></div></summary><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Get the channels the event should broadcast on.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">broadcastOn</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">()</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">array</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">return</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> [</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">new</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">PrivateChannel</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">channel-name</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">),</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> ];</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-end' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div></details><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">}</span></div></code></pre> </div> <h2><a id="dispatching-the-event" href="#dispatching-the-event" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Dispatching the event</h2> <p>Now that we have our event class, we're ready to dispatch it any time a Chirp is created. You may <a href="https://laravel.com/docs/events#dispatching-events">dispatch events</a> anywhere in your application lifecycle, but as our event relates to the creation of an Eloquent model, we can configure our <code>Chirp</code> model to dispatch the event for us.</p> <div class="code-container"> <div class="code-container-filename">app/Models/Chirp.php</div> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="php" class='torchlight has-add-lines has-diff-lines' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #D3423E;"><?php</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">namespace</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Models;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span> </div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Events\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ChirpCreated</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">HasFactory</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">Model</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">BelongsTo</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">class</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB6B;">Chirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">extends</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #A9C77D;">Model</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">{</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">HasFactory</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">protected</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$fillable</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">=</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> [</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">message</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">,</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> ];</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span> </div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">protected</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$dispatchesEvents</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">=</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> [</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">created</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">=></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ChirpCreated</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">class</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">,</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> ];</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">user</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">()</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">BelongsTo</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">return</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FF5572;">$this</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">belongsTo</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">User</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color: #C792EA;">class</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">);</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">}</span></div></code></pre> </div> <p>Now any time a new <code>Chirp</code> is created, the <code>ChirpCreated</code> event will be dispatched.</p> <h2><a id="creating-an-event-listener" href="#creating-an-event-listener" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Creating an event listener</h2> <p>Now that we're dispatching an event, we're ready to listen for that event and send our notification.</p> <p>Let's create a listener that subscribes to our <code>ChirpCreated</code> event:</p> <div class="code-container"> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="sail" class='torchlight' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">php artisan make:listener SendChirpCreatedNotifications --event=ChirpCreated</span></div></code></pre> </div> <p>The new listener will be placed at <code>app/Listeners/SendChirpCreatedNotifications.php</code>. Let's update the listener to send our notifications.</p> <div class="code-container"> <div class="code-container-filename">app/Listeners/SendChirpCreatedNotifications.php</div> <pre><code data-theme="olaolu-palenight" data-lang="php" class='torchlight has-add-lines has-remove-lines has-diff-lines has-summaries' style='background-color: #292D3E; --theme-selection-background: #7580B850;'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #D3423E;"><?php</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">namespace</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Listeners;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Events\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ChirpCreated</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Models\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">User</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> App\Notifications\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">NewChirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ShouldQueue</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">use</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> Illuminate\Queue\</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">InteractsWithQueue</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">;</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div><div class='line line-remove line-has-background' style='background-color: #ef535033'><span style="color:#f07178; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">-</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #C792EA;">class</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB6B;">SendChirpCreatedNotifications</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">class SendChirpCreatedNotifications </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">implements</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #A9C77D;">ShouldQueue</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">{</span></div><details><summary style='cursor: pointer; display: block'><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-start' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> <span class='summary-hide-when-open' style='color:#4c5374'>...</span></div></summary><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Create the event listener.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">__construct</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">()</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">//</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-middle' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-end' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span> </div></details><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">/**</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> * Handle the event.</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #697098;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">*/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">public</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">function</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">handle</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">(</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">ChirpCreated</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$event</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">)</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">void</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> {</span></div><div class='line line-remove line-has-background' style='background-color: #ef535033'><span style="color:#f07178; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">-</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #697098;">//</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">foreach</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> (</span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">User</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">whereNot</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #C3E88D;">id</span><span style="color: #D9F5DD;">'</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">, </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$event</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">->chirp->user_id</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">)</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">cursor</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">() </span><span style="color: #C792EA;">as</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$user</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">) {</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$user</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">-></span><span style="color: #82AAFF;">notify</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">new</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> </span><span style="color: #FFCB8B;">NewChirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">(</span><span style="color: #BEC5D4;">$event</span><span style="color: #89DDFF;">->chirp</span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">));</span></div><div class='line line-add line-has-background' style='background-color: #99b76d23'><span style="color:#C3E88D; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number">+</span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color:#4c5374; text-align: right; -webkit-user-select: none; user-select: none;" class="line-number"> </span><span class='summary-caret summary-caret-empty' style='user-select: none; color: #4c5374'></span><span style="color: #BFC7D5;">}</span></div></code></pre> </div> <p>We've marked our listener with the <code>ShouldQueue</code> interface, which tells Laravel that the listener should be run in a <a href="https://laravel.com/docs/queues">queue</a>. By default, the "database" queue will be used to process jobs asynchronously. To begin processing queued jobs, you should run the <code>php artisan queue:work</code> Artisan command in your terminal.</p> <p>We've also configured our listener to send notifications to every user in the platform, except the author of the Chirp. In reality, this might annoy users, so you may want to implement a "following" feature so users only receive notifications for accounts they follow.</p> <p>We've used a <a href="https://laravel.com/docs/eloquent#cursors">database cursor</a> to avoid loading every user into memory at once.</p> <aside class="mb-10 max-w-2xl mx-auto px-4 py-8 shadow-lg lg:flex lg:items-center bg-white dark:bg-dark-700"><div class="w-20 h-20 mb-6 flex items-center justify-center shrink-0 bg-purple-600 lg:mb-0"><img src="/img/callouts/lightbulb.min.svg" class="opacity-75"></img></div><div class="lg:ml-6 prose-p:m-0"><p> In a production application you should add the ability for your users to unsubscribe from notifications like these.</p></div></aside> <h2><a id="testing-it-out" href="#testing-it-out" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Testing it out</h2> <p>You may utilize local email testing tools like <a href="https://github.com/axllent/mailpit">Mailpit</a> and <a href="https://usehelo.com/">HELO</a> to catch any emails coming from your application so you may view them. If you are developing via Docker and Laravel Sail then Mailpit is included for you.</p> <p>Alternatively, you may configure Laravel to write mail to a log file by editing the <code>.env</code> file in your project and changing the <code>MAIL_MAILER</code> environment variable to <code>log</code>. By default, emails will be written to a log file located at <code>storage/logs/laravel.log</code>.</p> <p>We've configured our notification not to send to the Chirp author, so be sure to register at least two users accounts. Then, go ahead and post a new Chirp to trigger a notification.</p> <p>If you're using Mailpit, navigate to <a href="http://localhost:8025/">http://localhost:8025/</a>, where you will find the notification for the message you just chirped!</p> <img src="/img/screenshots/mailpit.png" alt="Mailpit" class="rounded-lg border dark:border-none shadow-lg" /> <h3><a id="sending-emails-in-production" href="#sending-emails-in-production" class="heading-permalink" aria-hidden="true" title="Permalink">#</a>Sending emails in production</h3> <p>To send real emails in production, you will need an SMTP server, or a transactional email provider, such as Mailgun, Postmark, or Amazon SES. Laravel supports all of these out of the box. For more information, take a look at the <a href="https://laravel.com/docs/mail#introduction">Mail documentation</a>.</p> <p><a href="/deploying">Continue to learn about deploying your application...</a></p> </div> <script> // Set the active navigation state... 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