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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dalton's law of partial pressures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalton's_law_of_partial_pressures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideal_gas_mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideal_gas_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideal gas mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideal_gas_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_volume_(Amagat's_law_of_additive_volume)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_volume_(Amagat's_law_of_additive_volume)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Partial volume (Amagat's law of additive volume)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_volume_(Amagat's_law_of_additive_volume)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vapor_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapor_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vapor pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapor_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equilibrium_constants_of_reactions_involving_gas_mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equilibrium_constants_of_reactions_involving_gas_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equilibrium constants of reactions involving gas mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equilibrium_constants_of_reactions_involving_gas_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry's_law_and_the_solubility_of_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry's_law_and_the_solubility_of_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Henry's law and the solubility of gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry's_law_and_the_solubility_of_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_diving_breathing_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_diving_breathing_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In diving breathing gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_diving_breathing_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Partial pressure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi%C3%ABle_druk" title="Parsiële druk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parsiële druk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ضغط جزئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضغط جزئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="আংশিক চাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আংশিক চাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%AB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Парциаль баҫымлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Парциаль баҫымлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Парциално налягане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парциално налягане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_parcial" title="Pressió parcial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pressió parcial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Парциаллĕ пусăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Парциаллĕ пусăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_tlak" title="Parciální tlak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parciální tlak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partialtryk" title="Partialtryk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Partialtryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partialdruck" title="Partialdruck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Partialdruck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osar%C3%B5hk" title="Osarõhk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osarõhk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n_parcial" title="Presión parcial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presión parcial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parta_premo" title="Parta premo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parta premo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فشار نسبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشار نسبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pression_partielle" title="Pression partielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pression partielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%B6%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="부분 압력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부분 압력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պարցիալ ճնշում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարցիալ ճնշում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="आंशिक दाब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आंशिक दाब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcijalni_tlak" title="Parcijalni tlak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parcijalni tlak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_parsial" title="Tekanan parsial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tekanan parsial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A5_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99" title="לחץ חלקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לחץ חלקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Парциалдық қысым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парциалдық қысым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestoya_qism%C3%AE" title="Pestoya qismî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pestoya qismî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcialinis_sl%C4%97gis" title="Parcialinis slėgis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parcialinis slėgis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parci%C3%A1lis_nyom%C3%A1s" title="Parciális nyomás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parciális nyomás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Делумен притисок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Делумен притисок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ഭാഗികമർദ്ദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഗികമർദ്ദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Парциал даралт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Парциал даралт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti%C3%ABle_druk" title="Partiële druk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Partiële druk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%9C%A7" title="分圧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partialtrykk" title="Partialtrykk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Partialtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partialtrykk" title="Partialtrykk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Partialtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeldruck" title="Deeldruck – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Deeldruck" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie_cz%C4%85stkowe" title="Ciśnienie cząstkowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciśnienie cząstkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%C3%A3o_parcial" title="Pressão parcial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pressão parcial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiune_par%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Presiune parțială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Presiune parțială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Парциальное давление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парциальное давление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delni_tlak" title="Delni tlak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Delni tlak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcijalni_pritisak" title="Parcijalni pritisak – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Parcijalni pritisak" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcijalni_tlak" title="Parcijalni tlak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parcijalni tlak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osapaine" title="Osapaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osapaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partialtryck" title="Partialtryck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Partialtryck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பகுதியமுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Pressure of a component gas in a mixture</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg/370px-Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg/555px-Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg/740px-Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> is roughly equal to the sum of partial pressures of constituent gases – oxygen, nitrogen, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, carbon dioxide, etc.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>, each constituent gas has a <b>partial pressure</b> which is the notional <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> of the original mixture at the same <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>total pressure</b> of an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture (<a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton's Law">Dalton's Law</a>). </p><p>The partial pressure of a gas is a measure of thermodynamic activity of the gas's <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>. Gases dissolve, diffuse, and react according to their partial pressures but not according to their <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrations</a> in gas mixtures or liquids. This general property of gases is also true in chemical reactions of gases in biology. For example, the necessary amount of oxygen for human respiration, and the amount that is toxic, is set by the partial pressure of oxygen alone. This is true across a very wide range of different concentrations of oxygen present in various inhaled breathing gases or dissolved in blood;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequently, mixture ratios, like that of breathable 20% oxygen and 80% Nitrogen, are determined by volume instead of by weight or mass.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are important parameters in tests of <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gases</a>. That said, these pressures can also be measured in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symbol for pressure is usually <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span> or <span class="texhtml"><i>pp</i></span> which may use a subscript to identify the pressure, and gas species are also referred to by subscript. When combined, these subscripts are applied recursively.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_guide_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_guide-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9b58f22283ca46dd5da309cc34303b06a797783" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1}}"></span> = pressure at time 1</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\ce {H2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\ce {H2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab7b1db5c8d83d84c44c7ef21ce5319e4bd4bb3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.789ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\ce {H2}}}}"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {H2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {H2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7c07bedeaabb8a86c5f06b334e9657eee0c0fc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.555ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {H2}}}}"></span> = partial pressure of hydrogen</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {O2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fdf106f707e0881904a1784cb7b4f2276e46de8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:4.597ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{a_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{a_{{\ce {O2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8016acf69b9e93095dcc4446bdbacf9639ccfe7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.364ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{a_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"></span> or <b>P<sub>a</sub>O<sub>2</sub></b> = arterial partial pressure of oxygen</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{v_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{v_{{\ce {O2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79099b6b275332bc5976b4a652989f77b6692fa7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:4.525ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{v_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{v_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{v_{{\ce {O2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a998619a62004c17a34efdb759bff9a5fbe75191" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.291ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{v_{{\ce {O2}}}}}"></span> or <b>P<sub>v</sub>O<sub>2</sub></b> = venous partial pressure of oxygen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalton's_law_of_partial_pressures"><span id="Dalton.27s_law_of_partial_pressures"></span>Dalton's law of partial pressures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dalton's law of partial pressures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg/220px-Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg/330px-Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg/440px-Schematic_Depicting_Dalton%27s_Law-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Schematic showing the concept of Dalton's Law.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalton's law expresses the fact that the total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This equality arises from the fact that in an ideal gas, the molecules are so far apart that they do not interact with each other. Most actual real-world gases come very close to this ideal. For example, given an ideal gas mixture of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>): </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=p_{{\ce {N2}}}+p_{{\ce {H2}}}+p_{{\ce {NH3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=p_{{\ce {N2}}}+p_{{\ce {H2}}}+p_{{\ce {NH3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3919abfac7677f06dc8747de2d56f9f3227c94fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:21.668ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=p_{{\ce {N2}}}+p_{{\ce {H2}}}+p_{{\ce {NH3}}}}"></span> where: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> = total pressure of the gas mixture</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {N2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {N2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f44e4f89bf760aa390bf9976112e03aedbe9b5d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.555ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {N2}}}}"></span> = partial pressure of nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {H2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {H2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7c07bedeaabb8a86c5f06b334e9657eee0c0fc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.555ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {H2}}}}"></span> = partial pressure of hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {NH3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {NH3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19156f8451ee99378597d934f9dd4ca6059911ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.788ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{{\ce {NH3}}}}"></span> = partial pressure of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideal_gas_mixtures">Ideal gas mixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideal gas mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideally the ratio of partial pressures equals the ratio of the number of molecules. That is, the <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29e34f70cda0c407384c7771503941d7cfcb61a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span> of an individual gas component in an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> can be expressed in terms of the component's partial pressure or the <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">moles</a> of the component: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }={\frac {p_{\mathrm {i} }}{p}}={\frac {n_{\mathrm {i} }}{n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }={\frac {p_{\mathrm {i} }}{p}}={\frac {n_{\mathrm {i} }}{n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e23ebbc56db8bbad2a21c4cd73252f503885d3b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.832ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }={\frac {p_{\mathrm {i} }}{p}}={\frac {n_{\mathrm {i} }}{n}}}"></span> </p><p>and the partial pressure of an individual gas component in an ideal gas can be obtained using this expression: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {i} }=x_{\mathrm {i} }\cdot p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {i} }=x_{\mathrm {i} }\cdot p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2653898c2a527d5493d490d2ce105c52fb67f8ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.915ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {i} }=x_{\mathrm {i} }\cdot p}"></span> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29e34f70cda0c407384c7771503941d7cfcb61a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span> </th> <td align="left">= mole fraction of any individual gas component in a gas mixture </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a9fd82948057ec429dd78a2d23483cba91d8159" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.948ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span> </th> <td align="left">= partial pressure of any individual gas component in a gas mixture </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1fe594ca427b31c34faf921f9f8c57224f8bc747" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.084ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span> </th> <td align="left">= moles of any individual gas component in a gas mixture </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> </th> <td align="left">= total moles of the gas mixture </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> </th> <td align="left">= total pressure of the gas mixture </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The mole fraction of a gas component in a gas mixture is equal to the volumetric fraction of that component in a gas mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ratio of partial pressures relies on the following isotherm relation: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\rm {X}}}{V_{\rm {tot}}}}={\frac {p_{\rm {X}}}{p_{\rm {tot}}}}={\frac {n_{\rm {X}}}{n_{\rm {tot}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\rm {X}}}{V_{\rm {tot}}}}={\frac {p_{\rm {X}}}{p_{\rm {tot}}}}={\frac {n_{\rm {X}}}{n_{\rm {tot}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee6a12b37015e8a79058871d4a9209b16f7589f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.626ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\rm {X}}}{V_{\rm {tot}}}}={\frac {p_{\rm {X}}}{p_{\rm {tot}}}}={\frac {n_{\rm {X}}}{n_{\rm {tot}}}}}"></span> </p> <ul><li><i>V</i><sub>X</sub> is the partial volume of any individual gas component (X)</li> <li><i>V</i><sub>tot</sub> is the total volume of the gas mixture</li> <li><i>p</i><sub>X</sub> is the <b>partial pressure</b> of gas X</li> <li><i>p</i><sub>tot</sub> is the total pressure of the gas mixture</li> <li><i>n</i><sub>X</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a> of gas (X)</li> <li><i>n</i><sub>tot</sub> is the total amount of substance in gas mixture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_volume_(Amagat's_law_of_additive_volume)"><span id="Partial_volume_.28Amagat.27s_law_of_additive_volume.29"></span>Partial volume (Amagat's law of additive volume)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partial volume (Amagat's law of additive volume)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The partial volume of a particular gas in a mixture is the volume of one component of the gas mixture. It is useful in gas mixtures, e.g. air, to focus on one particular gas component, e.g. oxygen. </p><p>It can be approximated both from partial pressure and molar fraction:<sup id="cite_ref-biophysics200_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biophysics200-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\rm {X}}=V_{\rm {tot}}\times {\frac {p_{\rm {X}}}{p_{\rm {tot}}}}=V_{\rm {tot}}\times {\frac {n_{\rm {X}}}{n_{\rm {tot}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\rm {X}}=V_{\rm {tot}}\times {\frac {p_{\rm {X}}}{p_{\rm {tot}}}}=V_{\rm {tot}}\times {\frac {n_{\rm {X}}}{n_{\rm {tot}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df9b94e910fd3f40cee564b50a101b4b4e2cf5a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:30.979ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\rm {X}}=V_{\rm {tot}}\times {\frac {p_{\rm {X}}}{p_{\rm {tot}}}}=V_{\rm {tot}}\times {\frac {n_{\rm {X}}}{n_{\rm {tot}}}}}"></span> </p> <ul><li><i>V</i><sub>X</sub> is the partial volume of an individual gas component X in the mixture</li> <li><i>V</i><sub>tot</sub> is the total volume of the gas mixture</li> <li><i>p</i><sub>X</sub> is the partial pressure of gas X</li> <li><i>p</i><sub>tot</sub> is the total pressure of the gas mixture</li> <li><i>n</i><sub>X</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a> of gas X</li> <li><i>n</i><sub>tot</sub> is the total amount of substance in the gas mixture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vapor_pressure">Vapor pressure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vapor pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vapor_pressure_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vapor_pressure_chart.svg/220px-Vapor_pressure_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vapor_pressure_chart.svg/330px-Vapor_pressure_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vapor_pressure_chart.svg/440px-Vapor_pressure_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A log-lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> is the pressure of a <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases (i.e., liquid or solid). Most often the term is used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>'s tendency to <a href="/wiki/Evaporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporate">evaporate</a>. It is a measure of the tendency of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> to escape from a liquid or a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the <a href="/wiki/Normal_boiling_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal boiling point">normal boiling point</a>. </p><p>The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point of the liquid. </p><p>The vapor pressure chart displayed has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As can be seen in the chart, the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points. </p><p>For example, at any given temperature, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl chloride">methyl chloride</a> has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−24.2 °C), which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (<a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>) of absolute vapor pressure. At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is less than that at sea level, so boiling points of liquids are reduced. At the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, the atmospheric pressure is approximately 0.333 atm, so by using the graph, the boiling point of <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a> would be approximately 7.5 °C versus 34.6 °C at sea level (1 atm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equilibrium_constants_of_reactions_involving_gas_mixtures">Equilibrium constants of reactions involving gas mixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equilibrium constants of reactions involving gas mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to work out the <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium constant</a> for a chemical reaction involving a mixture of gases given the partial pressure of each gas and the overall reaction formula. For a reversible reaction involving gas reactants and gas products, such as: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}<=>{{\mathit {c}}C}+{{\mathit {d}}D}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">b</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">c</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">d</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>D</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}<=>{{\mathit {c}}C}+{{\mathit {d}}D}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d54efee7b689bc18103b6325212467fd81661a16" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:21.686ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}<=>{{\mathit {c}}C}+{{\mathit {d}}D}}}}"></span> </p><p>the equilibrium constant of the reaction would be: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {p} }={\frac {p_{C}^{c}\,p_{D}^{d}}{p_{A}^{a}\,p_{B}^{b}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {p} }={\frac {p_{C}^{c}\,p_{D}^{d}}{p_{A}^{a}\,p_{B}^{b}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9df03febebec1aaf3f95a8e1edfe540f0651fa9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.854ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {p} }={\frac {p_{C}^{c}\,p_{D}^{d}}{p_{A}^{a}\,p_{B}^{b}}}}"></span> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81d33ac9af047e93746da20160e9952cdfad0d17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.032ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{p}}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  the equilibrium constant of the reaction </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  coefficient of reactant <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  coefficient of reactant <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  coefficient of product <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  coefficient of product <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{C}^{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{C}^{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf48890f5cfbbfa7d6c05487fa45fe821c58cbe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.74ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{C}^{c}}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  the partial pressure of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> raised to the power of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{D}^{d}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{D}^{d}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffc04269ea23bdbc820c360ea2cfb1e06d15a957" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.852ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{D}^{d}}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  the partial pressure of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> raised to the power of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{A}^{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{A}^{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2db72257f556526a1c8f8066fa8893f250a8cbb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.724ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{A}^{a}}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  the partial pressure of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> raised to the power of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{B}^{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{B}^{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce94a7649c5f89913ec7e86e75278bf82367703d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.738ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{B}^{b}}"></span> </th> <td align="left">=  the partial pressure of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> raised to the power of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For reversible reactions, changes in the total pressure, temperature or reactant concentrations will shift the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> so as to favor either the right or left side of the reaction in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Le_Chatelier%27s_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Chatelier's Principle">Le Chatelier's Principle</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">reaction kinetics</a> may either oppose or enhance the equilibrium shift. In some cases, the reaction kinetics may be the overriding factor to consider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henry's_law_and_the_solubility_of_gases"><span id="Henry.27s_law_and_the_solubility_of_gases"></span>Henry's law and the solubility of gases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Henry's law and the solubility of gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a></div> <p>Gases will <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a> to an extent that is determined by the equilibrium between the undissolved gas and the gas that has dissolved in the liquid (called the <i><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-RolfeSander_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RolfeSander-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equilibrium constant for that equilibrium is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266403038">.mw-parser-output table.numblk{border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:middle;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2){width:99%}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table{border-collapse:collapse;margin:0;border:none;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:first-child,.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:last-child{padding:0 0.4ex}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:nth-child(2){width:100%;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child{font-weight:unset}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child::before{content:"("}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child::after{content:")"}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child::before,.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td{border:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td{border:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td{border:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td{border:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-left:thin solid;border-right:thin solid;border-bottom:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#cfe8fd}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0);background-color:#301702}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0);background-color:#301702}}</style><table role="presentation" class="numblk" style="margin-left: 0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {p_{x}}{C_{x}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {p_{x}}{C_{x}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd60e8e052c3d34420e6daf7086bf25eb9d43443" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:7.98ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {p_{x}}{C_{x}}}}"></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><span id="math_1" class="reference nourlexpansion" style="font-weight:bold;">1</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> =  the equilibrium constant for the <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a> process</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{x}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{x}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a5055ed65713825b48aa6ee05118c072e6f026a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.431ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{x}}"></span> =  partial pressure of gas <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> in equilibrium with a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> containing some of the gas</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{x}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{x}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46c7c57eb7d5bafc9dbb07668033f00118f5e48e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.834ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{x}}"></span> =  the concentration of gas <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> in the liquid solution</li></ul> <p>The form of the equilibrium constant shows that <b>the concentration of a <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution</b>. This statement is known as <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a> and the equilibrium constant <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> is quite often referred to as the Henry's law constant.<sup id="cite_ref-RolfeSander_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RolfeSander-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry's law is sometimes written as:<sup id="cite_ref-UArizona_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UArizona-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266403038"><table role="presentation" class="numblk" style="margin-left: 0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k'={\frac {C_{x}}{p_{x}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>k</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k'={\frac {C_{x}}{p_{x}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b30b016eaf183bbc8f9b2e76ae5e0c61769eaa0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.665ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k'={\frac {C_{x}}{p_{x}}}}"></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><span id="math_2" class="reference nourlexpansion" style="font-weight:bold;">2</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>k</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51a2b832ed184c7b6481b3926bf8172d353fa7de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.896ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k'}"></span> is also referred to as the Henry's law constant.<sup id="cite_ref-UArizona_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UArizona-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As can be seen by comparing equations (<b><a href="#math_1">1</a></b>) and (<b><a href="#math_2">2</a></b>) above, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>k</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51a2b832ed184c7b6481b3926bf8172d353fa7de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.896ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k'}"></span> is the reciprocal of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span>. Since both may be referred to as the Henry's law constant, readers of the technical literature must be quite careful to note which version of the Henry's law equation is being used. </p><p>Henry's law is an approximation that only applies for dilute, ideal solutions and for solutions where the liquid solvent does not <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">react chemically</a> with the gas being dissolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_diving_breathing_gases">In diving breathing gases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In diving breathing gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater diving</a> the physiological effects of individual component gases of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a> are a function of partial pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using diving terms, partial pressure is calculated as: </p> <dl><dd><b>partial pressure = (total absolute pressure) × (volume fraction of gas component)</b><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>For the component gas "i": </p> <dl><dd><b>p<sub>i</sub> = P × F<sub>i</sub></b><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>For example, at 50 metres (164 ft) underwater, the total absolute pressure is 6 bar (600 kPa) (i.e., 1 bar of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> + 5 bar of water pressure) and the partial pressures of the main components of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> 21% by volume and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> approximately 79% by volume are: </p> <dl><dd><b>pN<sub>2</sub></b> = 6 bar × 0.79 = 4.7 bar absolute</dd> <dd><b>pO<sub>2</sub></b> = 6 bar × 0.21 = 1.3 bar absolute</dd></dl> <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">p<sub>i</sub> </th> <td align="left">= partial pressure of gas component i  = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0df8af1c605b5d39a766a26a778832cdbce5b515" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span> in the terms used in this article </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">P </th> <td align="left">= total pressure = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span> in the terms used in this article </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">F<sub>i</sub> </th> <td align="left">= volume fraction of gas component i  =  mole fraction, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29e34f70cda0c407384c7771503941d7cfcb61a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span>, in the terms used in this article </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">pN<sub>2</sub> </th> <td align="left">= partial pressure of nitrogen  = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {N_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {N_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75c009c82caa92fd0e9cdb864199c2cbf4ad6651" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.789ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {N_{2}} }}"></span> in the terms used in this article </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">pO<sub>2</sub> </th> <td align="left">= partial pressure of oxygen  = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6c83bee2216231f4ad988a9b659057989c41590" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.835ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"></span> in the terms used in this article </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The minimum safe lower limit for the partial pressures of oxygen in a breathing gas mixture for diving is 0.16 bars (16 kPa) absolute. <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a> and sudden unconsciousness can become a problem with an oxygen partial pressure of less than 0.16 bar absolute.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawatzky_2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawatzky_2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a>, involving convulsions, becomes a problem when oxygen partial pressure is too high. The <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> Diving Manual recommends a maximum single exposure of 45 minutes at 1.6 bar absolute, of 120 minutes at 1.5 bar absolute, of 150 minutes at 1.4 bar absolute, of 180 minutes at 1.3 bar absolute and of 210 minutes at 1.2 bar absolute. Oxygen toxicity becomes a risk when these oxygen partial pressures and exposures are exceeded. The partial pressure of oxygen also determines the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">maximum operating depth</a> of a gas mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Narcosis</a> is a problem when breathing gases at high pressure. Typically, the maximum total partial pressure of narcotic gases used when planning for <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> may be around 4.5 bar absolute, based on an <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">equivalent narcotic depth</a> of 35 metres (115 ft). </p><p>The effect of a toxic contaminant such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> in breathing gas is also related to the partial pressure when breathed. A mixture which may be relatively safe at the surface could be dangerously toxic at the maximum depth of a dive, or a tolerable level of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the breathing loop of a <a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">diving rebreather</a> may become intolerable within seconds during descent when the partial pressure rapidly increases, and could lead to panic or incapacitation of the diver.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_medicine">In medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The partial pressures of particularly oxygen (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f32a4e8fca33d52f1dee3fb8eb04cc71987967a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.601ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"></span>) and carbon dioxide (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/180288b2162d8e756251f23f1f509d5b44c825f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.788ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}"></span>) are important parameters in tests of <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gases</a>, but can also be measured in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (October 2018)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="700px"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Reference_range" title="Reference range">Reference ranges</a> for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f32a4e8fca33d52f1dee3fb8eb04cc71987967a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.601ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/180288b2162d8e756251f23f1f509d5b44c825f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.788ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}"></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Unit</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">Arterial blood gas</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Venous</a> blood gas</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">Cerebrospinal fluid</a></th> <th>Alveolar <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">pulmonary<br /> gas pressures</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_partial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen partial pressure"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f32a4e8fca33d52f1dee3fb8eb04cc71987967a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.601ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}"></span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/KPa" class="mw-redirect" title="KPa">kPa</a></td> <td>11–13<sup id="cite_ref-mmHg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4.0–5.3<sup id="cite_ref-mmHg_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5.3–5.9<sup id="cite_ref-mmHg_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>14.2 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a></td> <td>75–100<sup id="cite_ref-southwest_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwest-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>30–40<sup id="cite_ref-brookside_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookside-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>40–44<sup id="cite_ref-UBC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>107 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_partial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide partial pressure"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/180288b2162d8e756251f23f1f509d5b44c825f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.788ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {CO_{2}} }}"></span></a></td> <td>kPa</td> <td>4.7–6.0<sup id="cite_ref-mmHg_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5.5–6.8<sup id="cite_ref-mmHg_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5.9–6.7<sup id="cite_ref-mmHg_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>mmHg</td> <td>35–45<sup id="cite_ref-southwest_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwest-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>41–51<sup id="cite_ref-brookside_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookside-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>44–50<sup id="cite_ref-UBC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>36 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_tension" title="Blood gas tension">Blood gas tension</a> – Partial pressure of blood gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a> – Gas used for human respiration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a> – Gas law regarding proportionality of dissolved gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">Ideal gas</a> – Mathematical model which approximates the behavior of real gases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">Ideal gas law</a> – Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fraction</a> – Proportion of a constituent in a mixture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">Mole (unit)</a> – SI unit of amount of substance</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">Vapor</a> – Substances in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_pressure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Henrickson2005" class="citation book cs1">Charles Henrickson (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry00henr"><i>Chemistry</i></a></span>. Cliffs Notes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-7419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-7419-1"><bdi>978-0-7645-7419-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.pub=Cliffs+Notes&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-7419-1&rft.au=Charles+Henrickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/gas-pressure-and-respiration/">"Gas Pressure and Respiration"</a>. <i>Lumen Learning</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lumen+Learning&rft.atitle=Gas+Pressure+and+Respiration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fwm-biology2%2Fchapter%2Fgas-pressure-and-respiration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsevier_guide-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_guide_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_misc/RESPNBsymbolsunits.pdf">"Symbols and Units"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology : Guide for Authors</i>. Elsevier. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723160454/http://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_misc/RESPNBsymbolsunits.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>All symbols referring to gas species are in subscript,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Physiology+%26+Neurobiology+%3A+Guide+for+Authors&rft.atitle=Symbols+and+Units&rft.pages=1&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2F__data%2Fpromis_misc%2FRESPNBsymbolsunits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04819.html">pressure, <i>p</i></a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.P04819">10.1351/goldbook.P04819</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/gaslaws/daltonslaw.html">Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/">Frostberg State University's "General Chemistry Online"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biophysics200-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biophysics200_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 200 in: Medical biophysics. Flemming Cornelius. 6th Edition, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryGreen1997" class="citation book cs1">Perry, R.H.; Green, D.W., eds. (1997). <a href="/wiki/Perry%27s_Chemical_Engineers%27_Handbook" title="Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook"><i>Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</i></a> (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-049841-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-049841-9"><bdi>978-0-07-049841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perry%27s+Chemical+Engineers%27+Handbook&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-07-049841-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RolfeSander-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RolfeSander_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RolfeSander_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henrys-law.org">An extensive list of Henry's law constants, and a conversion tool</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_L._SmithAllan_H._Harvey2007" class="citation journal cs1">Francis L. Smith & Allan H. Harvey (September 2007). "Avoid Common Pitfalls When Using Henry's Law". <i>Chemical Engineering Progress</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-7275">0360-7275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Progress&rft.atitle=Avoid+Common+Pitfalls+When+Using+Henry%27s+Law&rft.date=2007-09&rft.issn=0360-7275&rft.au=Francis+L.+Smith&rft.au=Allan+H.+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869J/CHEM869JLinks/www.chem.ualberta.ca/courses/plambeck/p101/p01182.htm">Introductory University Chemistry, Henry's Law and the Solubility of Gases</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504234140/http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869J/CHEM869JLinks/www.chem.ualberta.ca/courses/plambeck/p101/p01182.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UArizona-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UArizona_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UArizona_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307045555/http://www.chem.arizona.edu/~salzmanr/103a004/nts004/l41/l41.html">"University of Arizona chemistry class notes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.arizona.edu/~salzmanr/103a004/nts004/l41/l41.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Arizona+chemistry+class+notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.arizona.edu%2F~salzmanr%2F103a004%2Fnts004%2Fl41%2Fl41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_Diving_Manual_1979_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Program_(U.S.)1979" class="citation book cs1">NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (December 1979). Miller, James W. (ed.). <i>NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology</i> (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: US Department of Commerce: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Engineering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual%2C+Diving+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Commerce%3A+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Office+of+Ocean+Engineering&rft.date=1979-12&rft.au=NOAA+Diving+Program+%28U.S.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawatzky_2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawatzky_2008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawatzky2008" class="citation book cs1">Sawatzky, David (August 2008). "3: Oxygen and its affect on the diver". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Oxygen+and+its+affect+on+the+diver&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Sawatzky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartial+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmHg-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southwest-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southwest_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southwest_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/PathDemo/nrrt.htm">Normal Reference Range Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225185659/http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/pathdemo/nrrt.htm">Archived</a> 2011-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brookside-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brookside_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brookside_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/ABG_ArterialBloodGas.htm">The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)</a> Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UBC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UBC_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UBC_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathology.ubc.ca/path425/SystemicPathology/Neuropathology/CerebrospinalFluidCSFDrGPBondy.rtf">Pathology 425 Cerebrospinal Fluid [CSF]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222145250/http://www.pathology.ubc.ca/path425/SystemicPathology/Neuropathology/CerebrospinalFluidCSFDrGPBondy.rtf">Archived</a> 2012-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia. By G.P. Bondy. Retrieved November 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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