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href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Substrat+%28ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica%29" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Substrat+%28ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica%29" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label 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href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Substrat+%28ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica%29" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Substrat+%28ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica%29" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-La_teoria_del_substrat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_teoria_del_substrat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>La teoria del substrat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_teoria_del_substrat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_substrat_del_català" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_substrat_del_català"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>El substrat del català</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_substrat_del_català-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Substrat (lingüística)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 37 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(taalkunde)" title="Stratum (taalkunde) - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stratum (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrato_ling%C3%BCistico" title="Substrato lingüistico - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Substrato lingüistico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustratu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Sustratu llingüísticu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustratu llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsdrat_-_Supasdrat_-_Adsdrat" title="Subsdrat - Supasdrat - Adsdrat - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Subsdrat - Supasdrat - Adsdrat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства) - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства) - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Субстрат (мовазнаўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (лингвистика) - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субстрат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat" title="Substrat - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Substrat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(sprog)" title="Substrat (sprog) - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Substrat (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(Linguistik)" title="Substrat (Linguistik) - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substrat (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" title="Substratum (linguistics) - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Substratum (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtavolo_(lingvoscienco)" title="Subtavolo (lingvoscienco) - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subtavolo (lingvoscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrato_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Sustrato lingüístico - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustrato lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraat_(lingvistika)" title="Substraat (lingvistika) - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Substraat (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza-substratu" title="Hizkuntza-substratu - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza-substratu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraatti_(kielitiede)" title="Substraatti (kielitiede) - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substraatti (kielitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(linguistique)" title="Substrat (linguistique) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Substrat (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrootspr%C3%A4ke" title="Substrootspräke - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Substrootspräke" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraattaal" title="Substraattaal - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Substraattaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לשון תשתית - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לשון תשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supstrat_(jezikoslovlje)" title="Supstrat (jezikoslovlje) - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supstrat (jezikoslovlje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szubsztr%C3%A1tum" title="Szubsztrátum - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szubsztrátum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ենթաշերտ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթաշերտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostrato_(linguistica)" title="Sostrato (linguistica) - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostrato (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%A4%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="基層言語 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="基層言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B8%B5_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="기층 언어 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기층 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (лингвистика) - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Субстрат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Супстрат - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Супстрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraatspraak" title="Substraatspraak - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Substraatspraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substraattaal" title="Substraattaal - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Substraattaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat" title="Substrat - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Substrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(lingvistikk)" title="Substrat (lingvistikk) - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Substrat (lingvistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_j%C4%99zykowy" title="Substrat językowy - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substrat językowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrat_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Substrat (lingvistică) - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substrat (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Субстрат (лингвистика) - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субстрат (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substroatsproake" title="Substroatsproake - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Substroatsproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Субстрат (мовознавство) - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субстрат (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:#202122;background-color:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:175%;background:#76EEC6"><a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística">Lingüística</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG" class="mw-file-description" title="Social Network Analysis diagram"><img alt="Social Network Analysis diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG/180px-Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG/270px-Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG/360px-Brain_Surface_Gyri.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Social Network Analysis diagram</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em;background:#76EEC6;;background:none;"> <i>Àrees del cervell afectades en la parla</i></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em;background:#76EEC6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_te%C3%B2rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingüística teòrica">Lingüística teòrica</a></th></tr><tr><td class="list" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <a href="/wiki/Fon%C3%A8tica" title="Fonètica">Fonètica</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia">Fonologia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8xic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèxic">Lèxic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Morfologia (lingüística)">Morfologia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi">Sintaxi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sem%C3%A0ntica" title="Semàntica">Semàntica</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pragm%C3%A0tica" title="Pragmàtica">Pragmàtica</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tipologia_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Tipologia lingüística">Tipologia lingüística</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em;background:#76EEC6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_aplicada" title="Lingüística aplicada">Lingüística aplicada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="list" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <a href="/wiki/Adquisici%C3%B3_del_llenguatge" title="Adquisició del llenguatge">Adquisició del llenguatge</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Psicoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" class="mw-redirect" title="Psicolingüística">Psicolingüística</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Sociolingüística">Sociolingüística</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antropologia_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Antropologia lingüística">Antropologia lingüística</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_generativa" title="Lingüística generativa">Lingüística generativa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_cognitiva" title="Lingüística cognitiva">Lingüística cognitiva</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_computacional" title="Lingüística computacional">Lingüística computacional</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_descriptiva" title="Lingüística descriptiva">Lingüística descriptiva</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_comparada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingüística comparada">Lingüística comparada</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Etimologia" title="Etimologia">Etimologia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Estil%C3%ADstica" title="Estilística">Estilística</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Corpus_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic" title="Corpus lingüístic">Corpus lingüístic</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em;background:#76EEC6;"> <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Història de la lingüística">Història de la lingüística</a></th></tr><tr><td class="list" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Història de la lingüística">Història de la lingüística</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Portal:Lingüística">Portal de la lingüística</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Sociologia" title="Plantilla:Sociologia"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>En <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística">lingüística</a>, un <b>substrat</b> és la <a href="/wiki/Llengua" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengua">llengua</a> o llengües que en un territori determinat ha estat substituïda per una llengua dominant, per causes d'una <a href="/wiki/Colonitzaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonització">colonització</a> o una <a href="/wiki/Conquesta" title="Conquesta">conquesta</a>, i la seva influència en la nova llengua amb alguns trets lingüístics.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es tracta d'una proposta d'anàlisi de les llengües en contacte basat en una metàfora <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geològica</a> en la qual les diferents influències lingüístiques d'una llengua es classifiquen com <a href="/wiki/Estrat" class="mw-disambig" title="Estrat">estrats</a> superposats. Així doncs, quan es produeix un procés de <a href="/wiki/Substituci%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Substitució lingüística">substitució lingüística</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Segona_llengua" title="Segona llengua">segona llengua</a> (L2) conserva elements de la <a href="/wiki/Llengua_materna" title="Llengua materna">llengua anterior</a> (L1), és a dir, del seu substrat lingüístic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En primer lloc, alguns elements de la L1 (la llengua en procés de substitució) es transfereixen a la <a href="/wiki/Interllengua" title="Interllengua">interllengua</a> L1/2, és a dir, la llengua resultant de l'esforç inicial per adquirir la L2. Aquesta llengua resultant es tracta d'una llengua plena d'<a href="/wiki/Interfer%C3%A8ncia_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Interferència lingüística">interferències lingüístiques</a> de la L1. En segon lloc, els trets de la L1 es mantenen quan els parlants ja dominen la L2. Finalment, aquests trets passen a formar part de la L2 i són transmesos de generació en generació un cop ja s'ha consumat el procés de substitució.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_teoria_del_substrat">La teoria del substrat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substrat_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: La teoria del substrat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juntament amb el concepte de substrat i seguint la metàfora geològica hi trobem els conceptes de <a href="/wiki/Superstrat" title="Superstrat">superstrat</a> i <a href="/wiki/Adstrat" title="Adstrat">adstrat</a>. L'efecte contrari s’anomena superestrat, és a dir, la influència d'una llengua dominant sobre la llengua autòctona. L'adstrat fa referència a la influència mútua de dues llengües amb un prestigi similar.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actualment, aquesta teoria del substrat està en decadència perquè es tracta d'una simplificació molt útil, però que emmascara dinàmiques <a href="/wiki/Socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Sociolingüística">sociolingüístiques</a> més complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A més, sovint s'ha abusat del concepte de substrat per explicar fenòmens dels quals no se'n coneix l'origen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="El_substrat_del_català"><span id="El_substrat_del_catal.C3.A0"></span>El substrat del català</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substrat_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: El substrat del català"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Substrat_catal%C3%A0" title="Substrat català">Substrat català</a></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0" title="Català">català</a> que té com a origen el <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar" title="Llatí vulgar">llatí vulgar</a> parlat pels colonitzadors <a href="/wiki/Antiga_Roma" title="Antiga Roma">romans</a> manté elements de les llengües que parlava la població autòctona (<a href="/wiki/Ib%C3%A8ric" title="Ibèric">ibèric</a> i <a href="/wiki/Protobasc" title="Protobasc">basc</a>). Així doncs, el substrat basc ha donat <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8xic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèxic">lèxic</a> català com <i>esquerre, pissarra,</i> i alguns <a href="/wiki/Top%C3%B2nim" class="mw-redirect" title="Topònim">topònims</a> del nord-oest de <a href="/wiki/Catalunya" title="Catalunya">Catalunya</a> com <i>Esterri, Benavarri</i> o <i>Ordino.</i> El substrat basc també ha servit per explicar trets fonètics com la confusió entre la <a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_sonora" title="Oclusiva bilabial sonora">oclusiva bilabial sonora</a> [b] i la <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_labiodental_sonora" title="Fricativa labiodental sonora">fricativa labiodental sonora</a> [v]. D'altres han explicat la divisió entre català en els <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0_oriental" title="Català oriental">blocs oriental</a> i <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0_occidental" title="Català occidental">occidental</a> pel substrat, tot i això, el fet de tenir molt poca informació sobre les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_preromanes" title="Llengües preromanes">llengües preromanes</a> fa que sigui difícil fer-ne conjectures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substrat_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:13-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:13_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:13_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBussmann1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bussmann</span>, Hadumod. <i>Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics</i>.  Londres i Nova York: Routledge, 1996, p. 1146. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-203-98005-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-203-98005-0">ISBN 0-203-98005-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Dictionary+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.aulast=Bussmann&rft.aufirst=Hadumod&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.place=Londres+i+Nova+York&rft.pages=1146&rft.isbn=0-203-98005-0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">2,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoix_i_FusterVila_i_Moreno_·1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Boix i Fuster</span>, Emili; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Vila i Moreno ·</span>, F. Xavier. <i>Sociolingüística de la llengua catalana</i>.  Barcelona: Ariel, 1998, p. 253-254. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-344-8230-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-344-8230-4">ISBN 84-344-8230-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+de+la+llengua+catalana&rft.aulast=Boix+i+Fuster&rft.aufirst=Emili&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=253-254&rft.isbn=84-344-8230-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMoran_i_Ocerinjauregui1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Moran i Ocerinjauregui</span>, Josep «Substrat i superstrat en l'evolució del català». <i>Caplletra</i>, 27, 1999, pàg. 37-42.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substrat_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Substrat_catal%C3%A0" title="Substrat català">Substrat del català</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adstrat" title="Adstrat">Adstrat</a> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Superstrat" title="Superstrat">Superestrat</a></p><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4183930-4">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85129554">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substrat_(lingüística)&oldid=31419682">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substrat_(lingüística)&oldid=31419682</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Lexicologia" title="Categoria:Lexicologia">Lexicologia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Categoria:Sociolingüística">Sociolingüística</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria oculta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 18 març 2023 a les 14:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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