Rep. James Howard [D-NJ3, 1965-1988], former Representative for New Jersey's 3rd Congressional District

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James Howard [D-NJ3, 1965-1988], former Representative for New Jersey's 3rd Congressional District - GovTrack.us</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/static/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#9B2347"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#9B2347"> <link href="/static/vendor/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/static/vendor/fontawesome/css/fontawesome.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/static/vendor/fontawesome/css/solid.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/static/vendor/fontawesome/css/brands.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/all-min.css?20241114" /> <meta name="description" content="Legislative profile for Rep. 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James Howard [D-NJ3, 1965-1988]</li> </ol> </nav> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="maincontent" class="container"> <div id="content"> <div class="ads" style="margin: 15px auto; text-align: center;" data-zone="header"> <div class="explainer">(<a href="/advertising">About Ads</a> | <a href="/accounts/membership">Hide These Ads</a>)</div> </div>  <div class="h1-multiline"> <h1> <div style="position: relative;"> <div class="party_D" title="Democrat" style="position: absolute; top: 8px; left: -21px; width: 14px; height: 25px; border-radius: 3px;"> </div> </div> Rep. James Howard </h1> <p> Former Representative for New Jersey’s 3<sup>rd</sup> District </p> </div> <div class="action-row clearfix"> </div> <div class="row group"> <div id="track_panel_base" class="col-sm-8 col-md-6"> <div style="margin: .5em 0 1em 0"> <p> Howard was the representative for <a href="/congress/members/NJ">New Jersey</a>’s 3<sup>rd</sup> congressional district and was a Democrat. He served from 1965 to 1988. </p> </div> <div id="seealso-links" style="margin-bottom: 30px;"> <span> <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000840" target="_blank"><i class="fa-solid fa-user" style="margin-right: 7px"></i>Bioguide</a> </span> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="aside col-sm-4 col-md-3"> <div id="event_subscribe_inline_container"> </div> <div class="photo" style="margin-bottom: 10px"> <img src="/static/legislator-photos/405687-200px.jpeg" alt="Photo of Rep. James Howard [D-NJ3, 1965-1988]" class="img-fluid"/> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="ads" data-zone="sidebar"> <div class="explainer">(<a href="/advertising">About Ads</a> | <a href="/accounts/membership">Hide These Ads</a>)</div> </div>  </div> </div>          <style> #contact_modal .list-group-item input[type=radio] { float: left; text-align: right; width: 7%; } #contact_modal h4 { margin-top: -3px; } #contact_modal .list-group-item > div { float: left; width: 93%; } #contact_modal .list-group-item label { font-weight: normal; } #contact_modal .list-group-item .contact_expando { display: none; padding-top: .75em; } .list-group-item.active .list-group-item, .list-group-item.active .list-group-item .list-group-item-text { text-shadow: none; color: #444; /* .list-group-item.active inverts color */ } .list-group-item.active .list-group-item.active, .list-group-item.active .list-group-item.active .list-group-item-text { color: #FFE; /* now override our override to kind of put it back */ } #contact_modal .contact_expando a { color: #FFE; } #contact_modal .list-group-item.active { background-color: #9D2146; } </style> <div id="contact_modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="contact_modalTitle" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h2 class="modal-title" id="contact_modalTitle">Contact Rep. James Howard</h2> <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-close-white" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="list-group"> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent" id="contact_constituent_yes"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_yes"><b>I am a constituent.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_yes">I live in New Jersey’s 3<sup>rd</sup> congressional district.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <div class="list-group"> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent_why" id="contact_constituent_opinion"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_opinion"><b>I have an opinion I want to share.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_opinion">I want to urge Howard to take an action on a bill.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p><a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Visit Rep. James Howard’s website »</a></p> <p>Look for a contact form on <a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')">Rep. James Howard’s website</a> to express your opinion.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent_why" id="contact_constituent_casework"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_casework"><b>I need help, have a question, or want to schedule a tour.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_casework">I’m having a problem with a government agency, need legal help, want to schedule a meeting or White House tour, or have another question.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p><a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Visit Howard’s Website »</a></p> <p>Head over to Rep. James Howard’s <a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')">website</a>. If you are having a problem with a government agency, look for a contact link for <b>casework</b> to submit a request for help. Otherwise, look for a phone number on that website to call his office if you have a question.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent" id="contact_constituent_no"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_no"><b>I am not a constituent.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_no">I live elsewhere.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p>Not all Members of Congress will accept messages from non-constituents. You can try your luck by visiting <a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')">Howard’s website</a>. Otherwise, try contacting your own representative:</p> <p><a href="/congress/members" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Find Your Representative »</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent" id="contact_constituent_notsure"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_notsure"><b>I am not sure.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_notsure">I’m not sure if I live in his district.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p><a href="/congress/members" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Find Your Representative »</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 1em 0; font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">You are currently on the website GovTrack.us, which has no affiliation with Howard and is <b>not</b> a government website. Choose from the options above to find the right way to contact Howard.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="member-details"> <section id="sponsorship_analysis"> <h2><span>Analysis</span></h2> <h3>Ideology–Leadership Chart</h3> <p> Howard is shown as a purple triangle <span style="color: #df53df">▲</span> in our ideology-leadership chart below. Each dot was a member of the House of Representatives in 1988 positioned according to our ideology score (left to right) and our leadership score (leaders are toward the top).</p> <div id="sponsorship_analysis_chart"> </div> <p style="margin-top: -7px; color: #555; font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">The chart is based on the bills legislators sponsored and cosponsored from Jan 3, 1983 to Oct 22, 1988. See full <a href="/about/analysis">analysis methodology</a>.</p> </section> <section> <h2><span>Enacted Legislation</span></h2> <p>Howard was the primary sponsor of 37 bills that were enacted. The most recent include:</p> <ul style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hjres373" title="H.J.Res. 373 (100th): A joint resolution to designate May 1988 as “National Trauma Awareness Month”.">H.J.Res. 373 (100th): A joint resolution to designate May 1988 as “National Trauma Awareness Month”.</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hjres402" title="H.J.Res. 402 (100th): A joint resolution to designate the week of February 7-13, 1988, as “ National Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week”.">H.J.Res. 402 (100th): A joint resolution to designate the week of February 7-13, 1988, as “ National Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week”.</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hr1" title="H.R. 1 (100th): Water Quality Act of 1987">H.R. 1 (100th): Water Quality Act of 1987</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/99/hr6" title="H.R. 6 (99th): Water Resources Development Act of 1986">H.R. 6 (99th): Water Resources Development Act of 1986</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/99/hr2092" title="H.R. 2092 (99th): A bill to amend the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 and the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979 to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1986 and 1987, and for other purposes.">H.R. 2092 (99th): A bill to amend the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 and the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979 to authorize appropriations for fiscal years …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/99/hjres636" title="H.J.Res. 636 (99th): A joint resolution designating June 26, 1986, as “National Interstate Highway Day”.">H.J.Res. 636 (99th): A joint resolution designating June 26, 1986, as “National Interstate Highway Day”.</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/99/hr4767" title="H.R. 4767 (99th): A bill to deauthorize the project for improvements at Racine Harbor, Wisconsin.">H.R. 4767 (99th): A bill to deauthorize the project for improvements at Racine Harbor, Wisconsin.</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687#enacted_ex=on">View All »</a></p> <p><i>Does 37 not sound like a lot? Very few bills are ever enacted — most legislators sponsor only a handful that are signed into law. But there are other legislative activities that we don’t track that are also important, including offering amendments, committee work and oversight of the other branches, and constituent services.</i></p> <p style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">We consider a bill enacted if one of the following is true: a) it is enacted itself, b) it has a companion bill in the other chamber (as identified by Congress) which was enacted, or c) if at least about half of its provisions were incorporated into bills that were enacted (as determined by an automated text analysis, applicable beginning with bills in the 110<sup>th</sup> Congress).</p> </section> <section id="sponsorship"> <h2><span>Bills Sponsored</span></h2> <h3>Issue Areas</h3> <p>Howard sponsored bills primarily in these issue areas:</p> <p style="margin-left: 1em; line-height: 155%"> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=5978">Economics and Public Finance</a> (26%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=6096">Government Operations and Politics</a> (26%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=6359">Transportation and Public Works</a> (19%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=6038">Environmental Protection</a> (12%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=6378">Water Resources Development</a> (5%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=5991">Education</a> (4%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=6342">Taxation</a> (4%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687&subject=5880">Arts, Culture, Religion</a> (3%)</span> </p> <h3>Recently Introduced Bills</h3> <p>Howard recently introduced the following legislation:</p> <ul style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hr4069" title="H.R. 4069 (100th): A bill to amend the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1988 and 1989, and for other purposes.">H.R. 4069 (100th): A bill to amend the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act to authorize appropriations …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hres365" title="H.Res. 365 (100th): A resolution providing amounts from the contingent fund of the House for expenses of investigations and studies by the Committee on Public Works and Transportation in the second session of the One Hundredth Congress.">H.Res. 365 (100th): A resolution providing amounts from the contingent fund of the House for …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hr3807" title="H.R. 3807 (100th): Local Government Infrastructure Financing Improvement Act of 1987">H.R. 3807 (100th): Local Government Infrastructure Financing Improvement Act of 1987</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hr3717" title="H.R. 3717 (100th): Bus Safety Act of 1987">H.R. 3717 (100th): Bus Safety Act of 1987</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hjres402" title="H.J.Res. 402 (100th): A joint resolution to designate the week of February 7-13, 1988, as “ National Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week”.">H.J.Res. 402 (100th): A joint resolution to designate the week of February 7-13, 1988, as …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hr3498" title="H.R. 3498 (100th): Toll Highways Act of 1987">H.R. 3498 (100th): Toll Highways Act of 1987</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/100/hjres373" title="H.J.Res. 373 (100th): A joint resolution to designate May 1988 as “National Trauma Awareness Month”.">H.J.Res. 373 (100th): A joint resolution to designate May 1988 as “National Trauma Awareness Month”.</a></li> </ul> <p> <a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=405687">View All »</a> | <a href="/congress/members/james_howard/405687/cosponsors">View Cosponsors »</a> <p style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">Most legislation has no activity after being introduced.</p> </p> </section> <div class="ads footer leaderboard" data-zone="footer"> <div class="explainer">(<a href="/advertising">About Ads</a> | <a href="/accounts/membership">Hide These Ads</a>)</div> </div> <section id="voting-record"> <h2><span>Voting Record</span></h2> <h3>Missed Votes</h3> <p>From Jan 1965 to Mar 1988, Howard missed 1,129 of 10,270 roll call votes, which is 11.0%. This is much worse than the median of 5.5% among the lifetime records of representatives serving in Mar 1988. The chart below reports missed votes over time.</p> <p><i> We don’t track why legislators miss votes, but it’s often due to medical absences, major life events, and running for higher office. </i></p> <style> .missedvotestable th { padding: 0 .5em; } </style> <div id="voting_record_chart_405687"> </div> <p style="text-align: center; margin-top: .5em; font-size: 90%;"><a href="#" onclick="$('#missedvotestable_405687').slideDown(); $(this).hide(); return false;">Show the numbers...</a></p> <table id="missedvotestable_405687" style="display: none" class="missedvotestable"> <tr> <th>Time Period</th> <th>Votes Eligible</th> <th>Missed Votes</th> <th>Percent</th> <th>Percentile</th> </tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1965, House, Q1"> 1965 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">28</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">14.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">73<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1965, House, Q2"> 1965 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">53</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1965, House, Q3"> 1965 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">98</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">40<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1965, House, Q4"> 1965 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">22</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">9.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">48<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1966, House, Q1"> 1966 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">30</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">22<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1966, House, Q2"> 1966 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">51</td> <td style="text-align: center">8</td> <td style="text-align: center">15.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">63<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1966, House, Q3"> 1966 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">72</td> <td style="text-align: center">23</td> <td style="text-align: center">31.9%</td> <td style="text-align: center">88<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="89th Congress, 1966, House, Q4"> 1966 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">40</td> <td style="text-align: center">23</td> <td style="text-align: center">57.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">78<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q1"> 1967 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">31</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q2"> 1967 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">57</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q3"> 1967 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">59</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">44<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q4"> 1967 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">98</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">40<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q1"> 1968 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">38</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">79<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q2"> 1968 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">79</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">48<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q3"> 1968 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">91</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">24<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q4"> 1968 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">25</td> <td style="text-align: center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center">20.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">74<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q1"> 1969 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">16</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">18.8%</td> <td style="text-align: center">85<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q2"> 1969 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">28</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">10.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">51<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q3"> 1969 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">45</td> <td style="text-align: center">15</td> <td style="text-align: center">33.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">97<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q4"> 1969 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">88</td> <td style="text-align: center">25</td> <td style="text-align: center">28.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">86<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q1"> 1970 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">35</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">27<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q2"> 1970 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">74</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">9.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">24<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q3"> 1970 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">76</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">20<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q4"> 1970 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">81</td> <td style="text-align: center">9</td> <td style="text-align: center">11.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">34<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q1"> 1971 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">22</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">26<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q2"> 1971 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">90</td> <td style="text-align: center">11</td> <td style="text-align: center">12.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">45<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q3"> 1971 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">74</td> <td style="text-align: center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.8%</td> <td style="text-align: center">43<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q4"> 1971 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">134</td> <td style="text-align: center">18</td> <td style="text-align: center">13.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">59<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q1"> 1972 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">64</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q2"> 1972 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">114</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">29<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q3"> 1972 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">101</td> <td style="text-align: center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">24<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q4"> 1972 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">50</td> <td style="text-align: center">12</td> <td style="text-align: center">24.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">67<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q1"> 1973 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">36</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">8.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">54<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q2"> 1973 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">191</td> <td style="text-align: center">22</td> <td style="text-align: center">11.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">67<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q3"> 1973 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">131</td> <td style="text-align: center">10</td> <td style="text-align: center">7.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">62<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q4"> 1973 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">182</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.8%</td> <td style="text-align: center">30<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q1"> 1974 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">79</td> <td style="text-align: center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">37<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q2"> 1974 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">170</td> <td style="text-align: center">81</td> <td style="text-align: center">47.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">99<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q3"> 1974 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">148</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q4"> 1974 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">141</td> <td style="text-align: center">70</td> <td style="text-align: center">49.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">98<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q1"> 1975 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">68</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">10.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">74<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q2"> 1975 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">199</td> <td style="text-align: center">21</td> <td style="text-align: center">10.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">67<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q3"> 1975 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">154</td> <td style="text-align: center">13</td> <td style="text-align: center">8.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">62<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q4"> 1975 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">191</td> <td style="text-align: center">25</td> <td style="text-align: center">13.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">86<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q1"> 1976 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">106</td> <td style="text-align: center">10</td> <td style="text-align: center">9.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">64<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q2"> 1976 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">267</td> <td style="text-align: center">39</td> <td style="text-align: center">14.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">75<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q3"> 1976 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">281</td> <td style="text-align: center">20</td> <td style="text-align: center">7.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">53<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q4"> 1976 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q1"> 1977 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">100</td> <td style="text-align: center">19</td> <td style="text-align: center">19.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">89<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q2"> 1977 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">273</td> <td style="text-align: center">22</td> <td style="text-align: center">8.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">53<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q3"> 1977 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">198</td> <td style="text-align: center">47</td> <td style="text-align: center">23.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">95<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q4"> 1977 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">135</td> <td style="text-align: center">29</td> <td style="text-align: center">21.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">94<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q1"> 1978 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">150</td> <td style="text-align: center">10</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">44<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q2"> 1978 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">300</td> <td style="text-align: center">129</td> <td style="text-align: center">43.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">97<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q3"> 1978 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">308</td> <td style="text-align: center">15</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.9%</td> <td style="text-align: center">34<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q4"> 1978 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">76</td> <td style="text-align: center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">53<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q1"> 1979 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">63</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">46<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q2"> 1979 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">221</td> <td style="text-align: center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">21<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q3"> 1979 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">198</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">32<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q4"> 1979 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">190</td> <td style="text-align: center">21</td> <td style="text-align: center">11.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">58<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q1"> 1980 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">148</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">17<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q2"> 1980 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">197</td> <td style="text-align: center">17</td> <td style="text-align: center">8.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">53<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q3"> 1980 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">192</td> <td style="text-align: center">23</td> <td style="text-align: center">12.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">69<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q4"> 1980 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">67</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">8<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q1"> 1981 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">15</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">20.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">85<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q2"> 1981 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">90</td> <td style="text-align: center">9</td> <td style="text-align: center">10.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">68<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q3"> 1981 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">106</td> <td style="text-align: center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">55<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q4"> 1981 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">142</td> <td style="text-align: center">19</td> <td style="text-align: center">13.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">79<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q1"> 1982 Feb-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">48</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">37<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q2"> 1982 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">119</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">30<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q3"> 1982 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">193</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q4"> 1982 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">99</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">8<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q1"> 1983 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">43</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">33<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q2"> 1983 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">182</td> <td style="text-align: center">21</td> <td style="text-align: center">11.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">71<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q3"> 1983 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">130</td> <td style="text-align: center">11</td> <td style="text-align: center">8.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">79<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q4"> 1983 Oct-Nov </td> <td style="text-align: center">143</td> <td style="text-align: center">26</td> <td style="text-align: center">18.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">93<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q1"> 1984 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">53</td> <td style="text-align: center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center">11.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">72<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q2"> 1984 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">223</td> <td style="text-align: center">13</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.8%</td> <td style="text-align: center">46<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q3"> 1984 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">96</td> <td style="text-align: center">16</td> <td style="text-align: center">16.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">89<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q4"> 1984 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">36</td> <td style="text-align: center">20</td> <td style="text-align: center">55.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">98<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1985, House, Q1"> 1985 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">36</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">5.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">36<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1985, House, Q2"> 1985 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">154</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">29<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1985, House, Q3"> 1985 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">101</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">38<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1985, House, Q4"> 1985 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">148</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">20<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1986, House, Q1"> 1986 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">61</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.9%</td> <td style="text-align: center">38<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1986, House, Q2"> 1986 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">128</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">35<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1986, House, Q3"> 1986 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">202</td> <td style="text-align: center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">38<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="99th Congress, 1986, House, Q4"> 1986 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">60</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">62<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="100th Congress, 1987, House, Q1"> 1987 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">39</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">34<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="100th Congress, 1987, House, Q2"> 1987 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">187</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">8<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="100th Congress, 1987, House, Q3"> 1987 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">95</td> <td style="text-align: center">20</td> <td style="text-align: center">21.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">94<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="100th Congress, 1987, House, Q4"> 1987 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">167</td> <td style="text-align: center">25</td> <td style="text-align: center">15.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">89<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="100th Congress, 1988, House, Q1"> 1988 Feb-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">43</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">53<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> </table>  </section> <section> <h2><span>Primary Sources</span></h2> <p>The information on this page is originally sourced from a variety of materials, including:</p> <ul style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li><a href="https://github.com/unitedstates/congress-legislators">unitedstates/congress-legislators</a>, a community project gathering congressional information</li> <li><a href="http://voteview.com/dwnl.htm">United States Congressional Roll Call Voting Records, 1789-1990</a> by Howard L. Rosenthal and Keith T. Poole. </li> <li>Martis’s “The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress”, via Keith Poole’s roll call votes data set, for political party affiliation for Members of Congress from 1789 through about year 2000</li> <li><a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000840">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a> for the photo</li> <li><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS">GovInfo.gov</a>, for sponsored bills</li> </ul> </section> </div> <div id="pronunciation_modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="pronunciationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h2 class="modal-title" id="pronunciationModalTitle">Pronunciation Guide</h2> <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-close-white" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <center> <p>Rep. James Howard [D-NJ3, 1965-1988] is pronounced:</p> <p style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace;"></p> <p>The letters stand for sounds according to the following table:</p> <p>Capital letters indicate a stressed syllable.</p> </center> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <footer id="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <nav class="col-6 col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/about">About GovTrack</a></li> <li><a href="/about-our-data">About the Data</a></li> <li><a href="/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/legal">Privacy & Legal</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="col-6 col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="/posts/news"><i class="fas fa-list fa-fw"></i>Site News</a></li> <li><a rel="me" href="https://mastodon.social/@GovTrack"><i class="fab fa-mastodon fa-fw"></i>Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/govtrack.us"><i class="fab fa-bluesky fa-fw"></i>Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.patreon.com/govtrack"><i class="fas fa-dollar-sign fa-fw"></i><span>Patreon</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/govtrack"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw"></i><span>GitHub</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> <section class="col-12 col-md-8"> <p>GovTrack helps everyone learn about and track the activities of the United States Congress. 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.list-group-item').removeClass('active'); item.addClass('active'); }) var party_colors = { 'Democrat': 'rgba(20, 20, 255, .75)', 'Republican': 'rgba(255, 20, 20, .75)', 'Independent': 'rgba(100, 100, 100, .85)' } var chart = new Highcharts.Chart({ chart: { renderTo: 'sponsorship_analysis_chart', type: 'scatter', zoomType: 'xy', backgroundColor: 'none', height: 350, marginTop: 5 }, title: { text: '' }, credits: { enabled: false }, xAxis: { title: { text: 'Ideology Score' }, labels: { enabled: false }, gridLineWidth: 1 }, yAxis: { min: 0, title: { text: 'Leadership Score' }, labels: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function() { return this.point.name; } }, legend: { layout: 'horizontal', align: 'center', verticalAlign: 'top' }, plotOptions: { scatter: { marker: { states: { hover: { enabled: true, lineColor: 'rgb(100,100,100)' } } }, states: { hover: { marker: { enabled: false } } } } }, series: [{ marker: { symbol: "triangle", radius: 7 }, dataLabels: { enabled: true, formatter: function() { return this.point.name; } }, name: 'Howard', color: 'rgba(223, 83, 223, 1)', data: [{x: 0.262350576535, y: 0.658377954745, name: "Howard"}] } , { marker: { symbol: "circle", radius: 3 }, name: 'Democrats', color: party_colors['Democrat'], cursor: "pointer", point: { events: { click: function () { location.href = this.link; } } }, data: [ { x: 0.590836159745, y: 0.340781957658, name: "Hubbard\n<br>206 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/carroll_hubbard/405724" } , { x: 0.459656264397, y: 0.552852133008, name: "Mazzoli\n<br>42 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/romano_mazzoli/407306" } , { x: 0.379736391878, y: 0.128181473157, name: "Nowak\n<br>2 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/henry_nowak/408244" } , { x: 0.445174314691, y: 0.206005208779, name: "Smith [IA4]\n<br>37 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/neal_smith/410076" } , { x: 0.177748433287, y: 0.63784204705, name: "Bates\n<br>455 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/jim_bates/401231" } , { x: 0.317582960797, y: 0.898680104404, name: "Florio\n<br>1430 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_florio/404170" } , { x: 0.507530186936, y: 0.50223201316, name: "Lipinski\n<br>429 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_lipinski/400243" } , { x: 0.500985132853, y: 0.195387081318, name: "Mollohan\n<br>8 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/alan_mollohan/400281" } , { x: 0.627588594435, y: 0.626851944195, name: "Rowland [GA8]\n<br>250 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_rowland/409442" } , { x: 0.0712871921897, y: 0.475390532023, name: "Crockett\n<br>211 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/george_crockett/403031" } , { x: 0.361455450415, y: 0.757700458902, name: "AuCoin\n<br>300 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/les_aucoin/400987" } , { x: 0.367047347412, y: 0.418664972411, name: "Frost\n<br>260 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/jonas_frost/400143" } , { x: 0.435134487139, y: 0.277725915899, name: "Sunia\n<br>11 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/fofo_sunia/410531" } , { x: 0.771550506643, y: 0.780323594917, name: "Montgomery\n<br>784 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/gillespie_montgomery/407838" } , { x: 0.391947008371, y: 0.479049704405, name: "McCloskey\n<br>296 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/francis_mccloskey/407351" } , { x: 0.239493606895, y: 0.689870396798, name: "Wolpe\n<br>690 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/howard_wolpe/411834" } , { x: 0.147106044254, y: 0.729365790579, name: "Frank\n<br>461 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/barney_frank/400140" } , { x: 0.361284652009, y: 0.635899857751, name: "Dicks\n<br>213 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/norman_dicks/400109" } , { x: 0.408882139403, y: 0.759134391005, name: "Foley\n<br>826 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_foley/404193" } , { x: 0.32693547133, y: 0.576627356393, name: "Swift\n<br>268 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/allan_swift/410567" } , { x: 0.318807372908, y: 0.5240420918, name: "Akaka\n<br>70 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/daniel_akaka/300001" } , { x: 0.302934447261, y: 0.70199439518, name: "Brown [CA36]\n<br>327 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/george_brown/400572" } , { x: 0.292798505175, y: 0.290292174203, name: "Dwyer\n<br>230 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/bernard_dwyer/403689" } , { x: 0.260006185026, y: 0.605412708822, name: "Feighan\n<br>607 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/edward_feighan/404019" } , { x: 0.584948250743, y: 0.214391863761, name: "Hatcher\n<br>122 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/charles_hatcher/405209" } , { x: 0.332170406699, y: 0.628046803122, name: "Lehman [CA18]\n<br>597 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/richard_lehman/406729" } , { x: 0.122411444274, y: 0.860588522592, name: "Leland\n<br>1309 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/george_leland/406740" } , { x: 0.517269835379, y: 0.719729965084, name: "Neal\n<br>747 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/stephen_neal/408109" } , { x: 0.215584655998, y: 0.71794882775, name: "Oberstar\n<br>261 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_oberstar/400299" } , { x: 0.324912126395, y: 0.777669470017, name: "Smith [FL16]\n<br>1229 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/lawrence_smith/410066" } , { x: 0.299049324339, y: 0.633666479919, name: "Torricelli\n<br>261 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_torricelli/300156" } , { x: 0.264351157425, y: 0.311056195566, name: "Coyne\n<br>111 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_coyne/400543" } , { x: 0.218060831282, y: 0.742497723346, name: "Fazio\n<br>497 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/victor_fazio/404013" } , { x: 0.300598666435, y: 0.955940068163, name: "Biaggi\n<br>951 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/mario_biaggi/401418" } , { x: 0.0809318365711, y: 0.791695857875, name: "Weiss\n<br>673 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/theodore_weiss/411426" } , { x: 0.121247433333, y: 0.600248531466, name: "Ackerman\n<br>536 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/gary_ackerman/400003" } , { x: 0.408097983281, y: 0.290920798797, name: "Alexander\n<br>120 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_alexander/400761" } , { x: 0.439272258531, y: 0.768102327699, name: "Anderson\n<br>525 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/glenn_anderson/400844" } , { x: 0.460251355329, y: 0.556087957677, name: "Andrews\n<br>402 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/michael_andrews/400882" } , { x: 0.46149281226, y: 0.744613744832, name: "Annunzio\n<br>179 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/frank_annunzio/400895" } , { x: 0.505459636632, y: 0.571529094186, name: "Anthony\n<br>53 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/beryl_anthony/400898" } , { x: 0.567177178681, y: 0.71422447926, name: "Applegate\n<br>541 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/douglas_applegate/400906" } , { x: 0.658012925323, y: 0.364902579033, name: "Barnard\n<br>167 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/druie_barnard/401155" } , { x: 0.545275487643, y: 0.783966448586, name: "Bennett\n<br>718 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/charles_bennett/401363" } , { x: 0.0981026889185, y: 0.36318943316, name: "Berman\n<br>150 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/howard_berman/400025" } , { x: 0.611203960237, y: 0.333032648971, name: "Bevill\n<br>0 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/tom_bevill/401417" } , { x: 0.468884969311, y: 0.70780424894, name: "Boner\n<br>195 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_boner/401582" } , { x: 0.228929608151, y: 0.643696432987, name: "Bonior\n<br>546 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/david_bonior/400527" } , { x: 0.139178615165, y: 0.817031197824, name: "Boxer\n<br>985 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/barbara_boxer/300011" } , { x: 0.429243474215, y: 0.571346569615, name: "Bryant\n<br>455 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_bryant/401947" } , { x: 0.417154579784, y: 0.676504780362, name: "Carper\n<br>554 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_carper/300019" } , { x: 0.115673425572, y: 0.762695179563, name: "Clay\n<br>1158 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_clay/402626" } , { x: 0.341327876906, y: 0.840406734159, name: "Coelho\n<br>1316 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/anthony_coelho/402710" } , { x: 0.153092694407, y: 0.594641552169, name: "Conyers\n<br>588 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_conyers/400080" } , { x: 0.752597296364, y: 0.134229680652, name: "Daniel\n<br>49 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/wilbur_daniel/403178" } , { x: 0.536119552302, y: 0.849832461242, name: "de la Garza\n<br>1263 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/eligio_de_la_garza/403308" } , { x: 0.289657968588, y: 0.481360391655, name: "de Lugo\n<br>236 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ron_de_lugo/403314" } , { x: 0.00814617312565, y: 0.506129686731, name: "Dellums\n<br>356 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ronald_dellums/403364" } , { x: 0.150498890941, y: 0.642716298446, name: "Dixon\n<br>209 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/julian_dixon/400580" } , { x: 0.321570008487, y: 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0.178549440061, y: 0.578867300114, name: "Garcia\n<br>327 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_garcia/404422" } , { x: 0.290107759721, y: 0.662353436576, name: "González\n<br>246 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/henry_gonzalez/404634" } , { x: 0.279817098886, y: 0.84645589734, name: "Guarini\n<br>595 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/frank_guarini/404856" } , { x: 0.0942452970703, y: 0.815411677059, name: "Hawkins\n<br>1036 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/augustus_hawkins/405236" } , { x: 0.577302927473, y: 0.353619986483, name: "Hefner\n<br>180 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/willie_hefner/405313" } , { x: 0.320509121694, y: 0.814558016503, name: "Hertel\n<br>899 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/dennis_hertel/405409" } , { x: 0.295441409256, y: 0.858347377926, name: "Hoyer\n<br>1423 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: 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} , { x: 0.639238453594, y: 0.236539516103, name: "Rowland [CT5]\n<br>68 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_rowland/409443" } , { x: 0.709522395029, y: 0.227492708978, name: "Sweeney\n<br>25 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/david_sweeney/410553" } , { x: 0.734472403112, y: 0.409056096175, name: "Buechner\n<br>416 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_buechner/401986" } , { x: 0.734111959562, y: 0.189213765065, name: "Inhofe\n<br>113 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_inhofe/300055" } , { x: 0.459037988478, y: 0.507328990143, name: "Morella\n<br>566 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/constance_morella/400524" } , { x: 0.733113388972, y: 0.259443003693, name: "Hastert\n<br>146 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/dennis_hastert/400169" } , { x: 0.771906881326, y: 0.159376041541, name: "Holloway\n<br>87 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: 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link: "/congress/members/joel_hefley/400174" } , { x: 0.61888646602, y: 0.165862654583, name: "Konnyu\n<br>106 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ernest_konnyu/406463" } , { x: 0.678856593779, y: 0.187871943985, name: "Smith [TX21]\n<br>111 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/lamar_smith/400381" } , { x: 0.660069862075, y: 0.50012839853, name: "Weldon\n<br>575 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/curtis_weldon/400428" } , { x: 0.605808607799, y: 0.260872489624, name: "Houghton\n<br>150 cosponsors (100th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/amory_houghton/400188" } ] } ] }); var chart = new Highcharts.Chart({ chart: { renderTo: 'voting_record_chart_405687', type: 'spline', height: 225, marginTop: 5, }, title: { text: 'Missed Votes, Jan 4, 1965 - Mar 23, 1988' }, legend: { enabled: false }, credits: { enabled: false }, xAxis: { labels: { rotation: -90, align: "right" , step: 4 }, categories: ["1965 Jan\u002DMar", "1965 Apr\u002DJun", "1965 Jul\u002DSep", "1965 Oct\u002DOct", "1966 Jan\u002DMar", "1966 Apr\u002DJun", "1966 Jul\u002DSep", "1966 Oct\u002DOct", "1967 Jan\u002DMar", "1967 Apr\u002DJun", "1967 Jul\u002DSep", "1967 Oct\u002DDec", "1968 Jan\u002DMar", "1968 Apr\u002DJun", "1968 Jul\u002DSep", "1968 Oct\u002DOct", "1969 Jan\u002DMar", "1969 Apr\u002DJun", "1969 Jul\u002DSep", "1969 Oct\u002DDec", "1970 Jan\u002DMar", "1970 Apr\u002DJun", "1970 Jul\u002DSep", "1970 Oct\u002DDec", "1971 Jan\u002DMar", "1971 Apr\u002DJun", "1971 Jul\u002DSep", "1971 Oct\u002DDec", "1972 Jan\u002DMar", "1972 Apr\u002DJun", "1972 Jul\u002DSep", "1972 Oct\u002DOct", "1973 Jan\u002DMar", "1973 Apr\u002DJun", "1973 Jul\u002DSep", "1973 Oct\u002DDec", "1974 Jan\u002DMar", "1974 Apr\u002DJun", "1974 Jul\u002DSep", "1974 Oct\u002DDec", "1975 Jan\u002DMar", "1975 Apr\u002DJun", "1975 Jul\u002DSep", "1975 Oct\u002DDec", "1976 Jan\u002DMar", "1976 Apr\u002DJun", "1976 Jul\u002DSep", "1976 Oct\u002DOct", "1977 Jan\u002DMar", "1977 Apr\u002DJun", "1977 Jul\u002DSep", "1977 Oct\u002DDec", "1978 Jan\u002DMar", "1978 Apr\u002DJun", "1978 Jul\u002DSep", "1978 Oct\u002DOct", "1979 Jan\u002DMar", "1979 Apr\u002DJun", "1979 Jul\u002DSep", "1979 Oct\u002DDec", "1980 Jan\u002DMar", "1980 Apr\u002DJun", "1980 Jul\u002DSep", "1980 Oct\u002DDec", "1981 Jan\u002DMar", "1981 Apr\u002DJun", "1981 Jul\u002DSep", "1981 Oct\u002DDec", "1982 Feb\u002DMar", "1982 Apr\u002DJun", "1982 Jul\u002DSep", "1982 Oct\u002DDec", "1983 Jan\u002DMar", "1983 Apr\u002DJun", "1983 Jul\u002DSep", "1983 Oct\u002DNov", "1984 Jan\u002DMar", "1984 Apr\u002DJun", "1984 Jul\u002DSep", "1984 Oct\u002DOct", "1985 Jan\u002DMar", "1985 Apr\u002DJun", "1985 Jul\u002DSep", "1985 Oct\u002DDec", "1986 Jan\u002DMar", "1986 Apr\u002DJun", "1986 Jul\u002DSep", "1986 Oct\u002DOct", "1987 Jan\u002DMar", "1987 Apr\u002DJun", "1987 Jul\u002DSep", "1987 Oct\u002DDec", "1988 Feb\u002DMar" ] }, yAxis: { title: { text: 'Missed Votes (%)' }, minorGridLineWidth: 0, gridLineWidth: 0, alternateGridColor: null, min: 0, max: 100, plotBands: [{ from: 0, to: 3.1857908091344798, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.1)', label: { text: '25th Percentile', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }, { from: 3.1857908091344798, to: 5.526453640649555, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.3)', label: { text: 'Median', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }, { from: 5.526453640649555, to: 9.68037725962798, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.1)', label: { text: '75th Percentile', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }, { from: 9.68037725962798, to: 13.86851754845469, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.3)', label: { text: '90th Percentile', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }] }, tooltip: { formatter: function() { return this.x +': '+ this.y +'% votes missed'; } }, plotOptions: { spline: { lineWidth: 2, marker: { radius: 3 }, states: { hover: { lineWidth: 2 } } } }, series: [{ name: 'Howard - Missed Votes %', 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Rep. James Howard [D-NJ3, 1965-1988], former Representative for New Jersey's 3rd Congressional District - GovTrack.us