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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Parthenon" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Parthenon" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_Parthenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Older Parthenon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_Parthenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Present building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sculpture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sculpture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Metopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frieze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frieze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Frieze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frieze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pediments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_pediment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_pediment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 East pediment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_pediment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_pediment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_pediment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 West pediment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_pediment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athena_Parthenos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athena_Parthenos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Athena Parthenos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athena_Parthenos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Late antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Christian church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Islamic mosque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Partial destruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 War of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Independent Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_the_marbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_the_marbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Dispute over the marbles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_the_marbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Printed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Parthenon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" > 123 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%96%E1%8A%95" title="ፓርቴኖን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓርቴኖን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%BEenon" title="Parþenon – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Parþenon" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="بارثينون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارثينون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parten%C3%B3n" title="Partenón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Partenón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A8non" title="Partènon – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Partènon" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="পাৰ্থেনন মন্দিৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাৰ্থেনন মন্দিৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parten%C3%B3n" title="Partenón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partenón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parten%C3%B3n" title="Partenón – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Partenón" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfenon" title="Parfenon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parfenon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پارتنون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پارتنون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parth%C3%A9non" title="Parthénon – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Parthénon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="পার্থানন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পার্থানন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Партэнон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партэнон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="पार्थेनन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पार्थेनन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Партенон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Партенон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕཱར་ཧྥེ་ནན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕཱར་ཧྥེ་ནན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parten%C3%B3" title="Partenó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partenó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthen%C3%B3n" title="Parthenón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parthenón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Παρθενώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρθενώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parten%C3%B3n" title="Partenón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partenón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenono" title="Partenono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Partenono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenoia" title="Partenoia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Partenoia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پارتنون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارتنون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parth%C3%A9non" title="Parthénon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parthénon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Partan%C3%B3n" title="An Partanón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Partanón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parten%C3%B3n" title="Partenón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partenón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C%EB%85%BC_%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%84" title="파르테논 신전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파르테논 신전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պարթենոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարթենոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="पार्थेनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पार्थेनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parteno" title="Parteno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parteno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyjarhofi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_A%C3%BEenu" title="Meyjarhofið í Aþenu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meyjarhofið í Aþenu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenone" title="Partenone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partenone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרתנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרתנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariten%C9%94%C9%94" title="Paritenɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Paritenɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಾರ್ತೆನಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾರ್ತೆನಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პართენონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პართენონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A9non" title="Parténon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Parténon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenons" title="Partenons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Partenons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenonas" title="Partenonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Partenonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthen%C3%B3n" title="Parthenón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parthenón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Партенон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Партенон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parth%C3%A9non" title="Parthénon – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Parthénon" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പാർഥിനോൺ ക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാർഥിനോൺ ക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="पार्थेनॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पार्थेनॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="معبد بارثينون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معبد بارثينون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پارتنون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پارتنون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯥꯔꯊꯦꯅꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯔꯊꯦꯅꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="पार्थेनन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पार्थेनन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="パルテノン神殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルテノン神殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenone" title="Partenone – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Partenone" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfenon" title="Parfenon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parfenon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਰਥੇਨੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਰਥੇਨੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86" title="پارتھینن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پارتھینن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="بارثنون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بارثنون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfenon" title="Parfenon – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Parfenon" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenonul" title="Partenonul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partenonul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پارتھینون – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پارتھینون" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenoni" title="Partenoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partenoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partinuni" title="Partinuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Partinuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthen%C3%B3n" title="Parthenón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parthenón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%86%D9%86" title="پارتێنۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارتێنۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Партенон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Партенон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பார்த்தினன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பார்த்தினன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfenon" title="Parfenon – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Parfenon" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="พาร์เธนอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พาร์เธนอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парфенон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парфенон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پارتھینون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارتھینون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenon" title="Partenon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partenon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfenon" title="Parfenon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Parfenon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Parthenon" title="Đền Parthenon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đền Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Parthenon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%86%9C%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="帕特农神庙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕特农神庙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פארטענאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארטענאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E8%BE%B2%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="巴特農神殿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴特農神殿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Temple of Athena" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parthenon (disambiguation)">Parthenon (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Temple of Athena (disambiguation)">Temple of Athena (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon, Rome</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Parthenon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Παρθενώνας</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/300px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/450px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/600px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">The Parthenon in 1978</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_71d9e33feb89385e3510e6571a8f53cd6625b2dc"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Parthenon&revid=1260807554&groups=_71d9e33feb89385e3510e6571a8f53cd6625b2dc" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Parthenon&revid=1260807554&groups=_71d9e33feb89385e3510e6571a8f53cd6625b2dc 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Temple</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parthenon&params=37.9715_N_23.7266_E_type:landmark">37°58′17″N 23°43′36″E / 37.9715°N 23.7266°E / 37.9715; 23.7266</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">447 BC<a href="#cite_note-academic.reed.edu-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ancientgreece.com-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">432 BC;<a href="#cite_note-academic.reed.edu-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ancientgreece.com-2">[2]</a> 2456 years ago</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Destroyed</th><td class="infobox-data">Partially in 1687</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">13.72 m (45.0 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Penprase2010-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a>: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pentelic_Marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic Marble">Pentelic Marble</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor area</th><td class="infobox-data">73 by 34 m (240 by 112 ft)<a href="#cite_note-:JN-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iktinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iktinos">Iktinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callicrates" title="Callicrates">Callicrates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other designers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> (sculptor)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Parthenon (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɑːrθəˌnɒn, -nən/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Παρθενών">Παρθενών</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Parthen%C5%8Dn#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Parthenōn">Parthenōn</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[par.tʰe.nɔ̌ːn]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Παρθενώνας">Παρθενώνας</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Parthenónas <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[parθeˈnonas]</a>) is a former <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">temple</a><a href="#cite_note-Neils2005-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Athenian Acropolis</a>, Greece, that was dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of classical <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in Ancient Greece">Greek art</a>, and the Parthenon is considered an enduring symbol of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, democracy, and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beard2010-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC in thanksgiving for the Hellenic victory over <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> invaders during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon also served as the city <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Construction started in 447 BC when the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> was at the peak of its power. It was completed in 438 BC; work on the artwork and decorations continued until 432 BC. For a time, it served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Empire">Athenian Empire</a>. In the final decade of the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman conquest</a> in the mid-15th century, it became a <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_mosque" title="Parthenon mosque">mosque</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a>, a Venetian bomb landed on the Parthenon, which the Ottomans had used as a munitions dump, during the 1687 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1687)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1687)">siege of the Acropolis</a>. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon. From 1800 to 1803,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin">the 7th Earl of Elgin</a> controversially removed many of the surviving sculptures and subsequently shipped them to England where they are now known as the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> or Parthenon marbles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> Since 1975, numerous large-scale restoration projects have been undertaken to preserve remaining artefacts and ensure its structural integrity.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The origin of the word "Parthenon" comes from the Greek word parthénos (παρθένος), meaning "maiden, girl" as well as "virgin, unmarried woman". The Liddell–Scott–Jones <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">Greek–English Lexicon</a> states that it may have referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house, but that in the Parthenon it seems to have been used for a particular room of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> There is some debate as to which room that was. The lexicon states that this room was the western <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> of the Parthenon. This has also been suggested by J.B. Bury.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> One theory is that the Parthenon was the room where the <a href="/wiki/Arrephoros" title="Arrephoros">arrephoroi</a>, a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year, wove a <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a> that was presented to Athena during <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaic Festival">Panathenaic Festivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Christopher Pelling asserts that the name "Parthenon" means the "temple of the virgin goddess", referring to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple.<a href="#cite_note-Br-19">[19]</a> It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens (parthénoi), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In that case, the room originally known as the Parthenon could have been a part of the temple known today as the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 5th-century BC accounts of the building, the structure is simply called ὁ νᾱός (ho naos; lit. "the temple"). Douglas Frame writes that the name "Parthenon" was a nickname related to the statue of Athena Parthenos, and only appeared a century after construction. He contends that "Athena's temple was never officially called the Parthenon and she herself most likely never had the cult title parthénos".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The ancient architects <a href="/wiki/Iktinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iktinos">Iktinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callicrates" title="Callicrates">Callicrates</a> appear to have called the building Ἑκατόμπεδος (Hekatómpedos; lit. "the hundred footer") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Harpocration-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harpocration" title="Harpocration">Harpocration</a> wrote that some people used to call the Parthenon the "<a href="/wiki/Hekatompedon_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekatompedon temple">Hekatompedos</a>", not due to its size but because of its beauty and fine proportions.<a href="#cite_note-Harpocration-23">[23]</a> The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building comes from the fourth century BC orator Demosthenes.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the 4th century BC and later, the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> referred to the building during the first century AD as the Hekatompedos Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> A 2020 study by Janric van Rookhuijzen supports the idea that the building known today as the Parthenon was originally called the <a href="/wiki/Hekatompedon_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekatompedon temple">Hekatompedon</a>. Based on literary and historical research, he proposes that "the treasury called the Parthenon should be recognized as the west part of the building now conventionally known as the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a>".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, the Roman name for Athena, particularly during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Parthénos was also applied to the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> (Parthénos Maria) when the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-freely-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoricParthenon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DoricParthenon.jpg/170px-DoricParthenon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DoricParthenon.jpg/255px-DoricParthenon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DoricParthenon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a> of the Parthenon</figcaption></figure> Although the Parthenon is architecturally a temple and is usually called so, some scholars have argued that it is not really a temple in the conventional sense of the word.<a href="#cite_note-Deacy-11-30">[30]</a> A small <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> has been excavated within the building, on the site of an older <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> probably dedicated to Athena as a way to get closer to the goddess,<a href="#cite_note-Deacy-11-30">[30]</a> but the Parthenon apparently never hosted the official cult of Athena Polias, patron of Athens. The <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> of Athena Polias, which was bathed in the sea and to which was presented the <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a>, was an olive-wood <a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">xoanon</a>, located in another temple on the northern side of the Acropolis, more closely associated with the Great Altar of Athena.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-143-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/High_Priestess_of_Athena_Polias" title="High Priestess of Athena Polias">High Priestess of Athena Polias</a> supervised the city cult of Athena based in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>, and was the chief of the lesser officials, such as the <a href="/wiki/Plyntrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Plyntrides">plyntrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrephoroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrephoroi">arrephoroi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanephoroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanephoroi">kanephoroi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The colossal statue of Athena by <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> was not specifically related to any cult attested by ancient authors<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and is not known to have inspired any religious fervour.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-143-31">[31]</a> Preserved ancient sources do not associate it with any priestess, altar or cult name.<a href="#cite_note-Nagy-55-34">[34]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> when Sparta's forces were first preparing to invade Attica, <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, in an address to the Athenian people, said that the statue could be used as a gold reserve if that was necessary to preserve Athens, stressing that it "contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable", but adding that the gold would afterward have to be restored.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Athenian statesman thus implies that the metal, obtained from contemporary coinage,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> could be used again if absolutely necessary without any impiety.<a href="#cite_note-Nagy-55-34">[34]</a> According to Aristotle, the building also contained golden figures that he described as "Victories".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The classicist Harris Rackham noted that eight of those figures were melted down for coinage during the Peloponnesian War.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Other Greek writers have claimed that treasures such as Persian swords were also stored inside the temple.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some scholars, therefore, argue that the Parthenon should be viewed as a grand setting for a monumental votive statue rather than as a cult site.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Joan_Breton_Connelly" title="Joan Breton Connelly">Joan Breton Connelly</a> has argued for the coherency of the Parthenon's sculptural programme in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity through the ages: from the birth of Athena, through <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cosmic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/cosmic">cosmic</a> and epic battles, to the final great event of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athenian_Bronze_Age&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athenian Bronze Age (page does not exist)">Athenian Bronze Age</a>, the war of <a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumolpos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumolpos">Eumolpos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon's sculptured decoration, one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth, memory, values and identity.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> While some classicists, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> have doubted or rejected Connelly's thesis, an increasing number of historians, archaeologists, and classical scholars support her work. They include: J.J. Pollitt,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Brunilde Ridgway,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Nigel Spivey,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Caroline Alexander,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._E._Stallings" title="A. E. Stallings">A. E. Stallings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_Parthenon">Older Parthenon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Older Parthenon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Older_Parthenon" title="Older Parthenon">Older Parthenon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles,_Maxime_Collignon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles%2C_Maxime_Collignon.jpg/220px-Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles%2C_Maxime_Collignon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles%2C_Maxime_Collignon.jpg/330px-Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles%2C_Maxime_Collignon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles%2C_Maxime_Collignon.jpg/440px-Parthenon_ancient_%26_Pericles%2C_Maxime_Collignon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Older_Parthenon" title="Older Parthenon">Older Parthenon</a> (in black) was destroyed by the Achaemenids during the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a> in 480–479 BC, and then rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> (in grey).</figcaption></figure> The first endeavour to build a sanctuary for <a href="/wiki/Athena#Athena_Parthenos:_Virgin_Athena" title="Athena">Athena Parthenos</a> on the site of the present Parthenon was begun shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 490–488 BC) upon a solid <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> foundation that extended and levelled the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> summit. This building replaced a <a href="/wiki/Hekatompedon_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekatompedon temple">Hekatompedon temple</a> ("hundred-footer") and would have stood beside the <a href="/wiki/Old_Temple_of_Athena" title="Old Temple of Athena">archaic temple dedicated to Athena Polias</a> ("of the city"). The <a href="/wiki/Older_Parthenon" title="Older Parthenon">Older or Pre-Parthenon</a>, as it is frequently referred to, was still under construction when the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> sacked the city in 480 BC razing the Acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-venieri-acropolis-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The existence of both the proto-Parthenon and its destruction were known from <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the drums of its columns were visibly built into the curtain wall north of the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a>. Further physical evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kavvadias" title="Panagiotis Kavvadias">Panagiotis Kavvadias</a> of 1885–1890. The findings of this dig allowed <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_D%C3%B6rpfeld" title="Wilhelm Dörpfeld">Wilhelm Dörpfeld</a>, then director of the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a>, to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon, called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld, not immediately below the present edifice as previously assumed.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Dörpfeld's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consisted of two steps of Poros limestone, the same as the foundations, and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon. This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon, indicating that it was built for a different building, now completely covered over. This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885–1890 excavations, indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls, and implying a later date for the first temple.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perserschutt.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perserschutt.gif/170px-Perserschutt.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perserschutt.gif/255px-Perserschutt.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perserschutt.gif/340px-Perserschutt.gif 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Part of the archaeological remains called <a href="/wiki/Perserschutt" title="Perserschutt">Perserschutt</a>, or "Persian rubble": remnants of the destruction of Athens by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>. Photographed in 1866, just after excavation.</figcaption></figure> If the original Parthenon was indeed destroyed in 480, it invites the question of why the site was left as a ruin for thirty-three years. One argument involves the oath sworn by the Greek allies before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> in 479 BC<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> declaring that the sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians would not be rebuilt, an oath from which the Athenians were only absolved with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a> in 450.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The cost of reconstructing Athens after the Persian sack is at least as likely a cause. The excavations of <a href="/wiki/Bert_Hodge_Hill" title="Bert Hodge Hill">Bert Hodge Hill</a> led him to propose the existence of a second Parthenon, begun in the period of <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Kimon</a> after 468.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Hill claimed that the Karrha limestone step Dörpfeld thought was the highest of Parthenon I was the lowest of the three steps of Parthenon II, whose stylobate dimensions Hill calculated at 23.51 by 66.888 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (77.13 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a> × 219.45 ft). One difficulty in dating the proto-Parthenon is that at the time of the 1885 excavation, the archaeological method of <a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">seriation</a> was not fully developed; the careless digging and refilling of the site led to a loss of much valuable information. An attempt to make sense of the potsherds found on the Acropolis came with the two-volume study by Graef and Langlotz published in 1925–1933.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This inspired American archaeologist <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Dinsmoor" title="William Bell Dinsmoor">William Bell Dinsmoor</a> to give limiting dates for the temple platform and the five walls hidden under the re-terracing of the Acropolis. Dinsmoor concluded that the latest possible date for Parthenon I was no earlier than 495 BC, contradicting the early date given by Dörpfeld.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He denied that there were two proto-Parthenons, and held that the only pre-Periclean temple was what Dörpfeld referred to as Parthenon II. Dinsmoor and Dörpfeld exchanged views in the American Journal of Archaeology in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_building">Present building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Present building">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_restoration.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parthenon_restoration.gif/220px-Parthenon_restoration.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parthenon_restoration.gif/330px-Parthenon_restoration.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parthenon_restoration.gif/440px-Parthenon_restoration.gif 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing the Parthenon in 2011 and how it looked originally</figcaption></figure> In the mid-5th century BC, when the Athenian Acropolis became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> initiated the building project that lasted the entire second half of the century. The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today – the Parthenon, the <a href="/wiki/Propylaia_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" title="Propylaia (Acropolis of Athens)">Propylaia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a> and the temple of <a href="/wiki/Athena_Nike" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a> – were erected during this period. The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>, who also had charge of the sculptural decoration. The architects <a href="/wiki/Ictinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictinos">Ictinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callicrates" title="Callicrates">Callicrates</a> began their work in 447, and the building was substantially completed by 432. Work on the decorations continued until at least 431.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Parthenon was built primarily by men who knew how to work marble. These quarrymen had exceptional skills and were able to cut the blocks of marble to very specific measurements. The quarrymen also knew how to avoid the faults, which were numerous in the <a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a>. If the marble blocks were not up to standard, the architects would reject them. The marble was worked with iron tools – picks, points, punches, chisels, and drills. The quarrymen would hold their tools against the marble block and firmly tap the surface of the rock.<a href="#cite_note-auto-63">[63]</a> A big project like the Parthenon attracted stonemasons from far and wide who travelled to Athens to assist in the project. Slaves and foreigners worked together with the Athenian citizens in the building of the Parthenon, doing the same jobs for the same pay. Temple building was a specialized craft, and there were not many men in Greece qualified to build temples like the Parthenon, so these men would travel and work where they were needed.<a href="#cite_note-auto-63">[63]</a> Other craftsmen were necessary for the building of the Parthenon, specifically carpenters and metalworkers. Unskilled labourers also had key roles in the building of the Parthenon. They loaded and unloaded the marble blocks and moved the blocks from place to place. In order to complete a project like the Parthenon, many different labourers were needed.<a href="#cite_note-auto-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parthenon_plan.png/220px-Parthenon_plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parthenon_plan.png/330px-Parthenon_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parthenon_plan.png/440px-Parthenon_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="4192" /></a><figcaption>Floor plan of the Parthenon</figcaption></figure> The Parthenon is a <a href="/wiki/Peripteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripteral">peripteral</a> <a href="/wiki/Octastyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Octastyle">octastyle</a> <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> temple with <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> architectural features. It stands on a platform or <a href="/wiki/Stylobate" title="Stylobate">stylobate</a> of three steps. In common with other Greek temples, it is of <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> construction and is surrounded by columns ('peripteral') carrying an <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>. There are eight columns at either end ('octastyle') and seventeen on the sides. There is a double row of columns at either end. The colonnade surrounds an inner masonry structure, the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a>, which is divided into two compartments. The <a href="/wiki/Opisthodomos" title="Opisthodomos">opisthodomos</a> (the back room of the cella) contained the monetary contributions of the Delian League. At either end of the building, the <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a> is finished with a triangular <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> originally occupied by sculpted figures. The Parthenon has been described as "the culmination of the development of the Doric order".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Doric columns, for example, have simple capitals, fluted shafts, and no bases. Above the architrave of the entablature is a <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of carved pictorial panels (<a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a>), separated by formal architectural <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a>, also typical of the Doric order. The continuous <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> in low relief around the cella and across the lintels of the inner columns, in contrast, reflects the Ionic order. Architectural historian John R. Senseney suggests that this unexpected switch between orders was due to an aesthetic choice on the part of builders during construction, and was likely not part of the original plan of the Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Measured at the stylobate, the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 by 30.9 metres (228 by 101 ft). The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide (97.8 × 63.0 ft). On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter and are 10.4 metres (34 ft) high. The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter. The Parthenon had 46 outer columns and 23 inner columns in total, each column having 20 flutes. (A flute is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" class="extiw" title="wikt:concave">concave</a> shaft carved into the column form.) The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as <a href="/wiki/Imbrex_and_tegula" title="Imbrex and tegula">imbrices and tegulae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Parthenon is regarded as the finest example of Greek architecture. <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="John Julius Cooper">John Julius Cooper</a> wrote that "even in antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary, especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate, the taper of the <a href="/wiki/Naos_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naos (architecture)">naos</a> walls, and the <a href="/wiki/Entasis" title="Entasis">entasis</a> of the columns".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Entasis refers to the slight swelling, of 4 centimetres (1.6 in), in the center of the columns to counteract the appearance of columns having a waist, as the swelling makes them look straight from a distance. The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand. As in many other classical Greek temples,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> it has a slight parabolic upward curvature intended to shed rainwater and reinforce the building against earthquakes. The columns might therefore be supposed to lean outward, but they actually lean slightly inward so that if they carried on, they would meet almost exactly 2,400 metres (1.5 mi) above the centre of the Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Since they are all the same height, the curvature of the outer stylobate edge is transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> and roof above: "All follow the rule of being built to delicate curves", Gorham Stevens observed when pointing out that, in addition, the west front was built at a slightly higher level than that of the east front.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22%2C_2021.jpg/260px-The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22%2C_2021.jpg/390px-The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22%2C_2021.jpg/520px-The_East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_March_22%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The east facade in March 2021</figcaption></figure> It is not universally agreed what the intended effect of these "optical refinements" was. They may serve as a sort of "reverse optical illusion".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As the Greeks may have been aware, two <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> lines appear to bow, or curve outward, when intersected by converging lines. In this case, the ceiling and floor of the temple may seem to bow in the presence of the surrounding angles of the building. Striving for perfection, the designers may have added these curves, compensating for the illusion by creating their own curves, thus negating this effect and allowing the temple to be seen as they intended. It is also suggested that it was to enliven what might have appeared an inert mass in the case of a building without curves. But the comparison ought to be, according to Smithsonian historian Evan Hadingham, with the Parthenon's more obviously curved predecessors than with a notional rectilinear temple.<a href="#cite_note-SmithMag-73">[73]</a> Some studies of the Acropolis, including of the Parthenon and its facade, have conjectured that many of its proportions approximate the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> More recent studies have shown that the proportions of the Parthenon do not match the golden proportion.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sculpture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Parthenon Marbles" redirects here. For the works housed at the British Museum, see <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum,_London_(2014)_-_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/British_Museum%2C_London_%282014%29_-_07.JPG/260px-British_Museum%2C_London_%282014%29_-_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/British_Museum%2C_London_%282014%29_-_07.JPG/390px-British_Museum%2C_London_%282014%29_-_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/British_Museum%2C_London_%282014%29_-_07.JPG/520px-British_Museum%2C_London_%282014%29_-_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Group from the east pediment, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The cella of the Parthenon housed the <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos</a> sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> and dedicated in 439 or 438 BC. The appearance of this is known from other images. The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The temple was dedicated to Athena at that time, though construction continued until almost the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> in 432. By the year 438, the Doric metopes on the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> above the exterior colonnade and the Ionic frieze around the upper portion of the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> had been completed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Only a small number of the original sculptures remain <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a>. Most of the surviving sculptures are at the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a> in Athens and at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London (see <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a>). Additional pieces are at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In March 2022, the Acropolis Museum launched a new website with "photographs of all the frieze blocks preserved today in the Acropolis Museum, the British Museum and the Louvre".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metopes">Metopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metopes_of_the_Parthenon" title="Metopes of the Parthenon">Metopes of the Parthenon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_XL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Parthenon_XL.jpg/260px-Parthenon_XL.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Parthenon_XL.jpg/390px-Parthenon_XL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Parthenon_XL.jpg/520px-Parthenon_XL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the West metopes</figcaption></figure> The frieze of the Parthenon's entablature contained 92 <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a>, 14 each on the east and west sides, 32 each on the north and south sides. They were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods).<a href="#cite_note-Parthenon-80">[80]</a> According to the building records, the metope sculptures date to the years 446–440. The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a> (the mythical battle between the Olympian gods and the <a href="/wiki/Gigantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes">Giants</a>). The metopes of the west end show the <a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a> (the mythical battle of the Athenians against the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>). The metopes of the south side show the Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a> (battle of the <a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a> aided by <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> against the half-man, half-horse <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a>). Metopes 13–21 are missing, but drawings from 1674 attributed to Jaques Carrey indicate a series of humans; these have been variously interpreted as scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Lapith" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapith">Lapith</a> wedding, scenes from the early history of Athens, and various myths.<a href="#cite_note-Barringer2008-81">[81]</a> On the north side of the Parthenon, the metopes are poorly preserved, but the subject seems to be the <a href="/wiki/Iliou_persis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliou persis">sack of Troy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> The mythological figures of the metopes of the East, North, and West sides of the Parthenon had been deliberately mutilated by <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Christian iconoclasts</a> in late antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The metopes present examples of the <a href="/wiki/Severe_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe Style">Severe Style</a> in the anatomy of the figures' heads, in the limitation of the corporal movements to the contours and not to the muscles, and in the presence of pronounced veins in the figures of the <a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a>. Several of the metopes still remain on the building, but, with the exception of those on the northern side, they are severely damaged. Some of them are located at the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a>, others are in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, and one is at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In March 2011, archaeologists announced that they had discovered five <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a> of the Parthenon in the south wall of the Acropolis, which had been extended when the Acropolis was used as a fortress. According to Eleftherotypia daily, the archaeologists claimed the metopes had been placed there in the 18th century when the Acropolis wall was being repaired. The experts discovered the metopes while processing 2,250 photos with modern photographic methods, as the white <a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a> they are made of differed from the other stone of the wall. It was previously presumed that the missing metopes were destroyed during the Morosini explosion of the Parthenon in 1687.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frieze">Frieze</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Frieze">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon Frieze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg/260px-1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg/390px-1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg/520px-1868_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Phidias_Showing_the_Frieze_of_the_Parthenon_to_his_Friends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends, 1868 painting by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></figcaption></figure> The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> running around the exterior of the cella walls. The <a href="/wiki/Relief#Bas-relief_or_low_relief" title="Relief">bas-relief</a> frieze was carved in situ and is dated from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 443–438.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaic Festival">Panathenaic procession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dipylon_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipylon Gate">Dipylon Gate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kerameikos" title="Kerameikos">Kerameikos</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>. In this procession held every year, with a special procession taking place every four years, Athenians and foreigners participated in honouring the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> by offering her sacrifices and a new <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a> dress, woven by selected noble Athenian girls called ergastines. The procession is more crowded (appearing to slow in pace) as it nears the gods on the eastern side of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Breton_Connelly" title="Joan Breton Connelly">Joan Breton Connelly</a> offers a mythological interpretation for the frieze, one that is in harmony with the rest of the temple's sculptural programme which shows Athenian genealogy through a series of succession myths set in the remote past. She identifies the central panel above the door of the Parthenon as the pre-battle sacrifice of the daughter of the king <a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a>, a sacrifice that ensured Athenian victory over <a href="/wiki/Eumolpos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumolpos">Eumolpos</a> and his Thracian army. The great procession marching toward the east end of the Parthenon shows the post-battle thanksgiving sacrifice of cattle and sheep, honey and water, followed by the triumphant army of Erechtheus returning from their victory. This represents the first Panathenaia set in mythical times, the model on which historic Panathenaic processions were based.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This interpretation has been rejected by <a href="/wiki/William_St_Clair" title="William St Clair">William St Clair</a>, who considers that the frieze shows the celebration of the birth of Ion, who was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> This interpretation has been rejected by <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Titi" title="Catharine Titi">Catharine Titi</a>, who agrees with St Clair that the mood is one of celebration (rather than sacrifice) but argues that the celebration of the birth of Ion requires the presence of an infant but there is no infant on the frieze.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pediments">Pediments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pediments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon" title="Pediments of the Parthenon">Pediments of the Parthenon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg/260px-Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg/390px-Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg/520px-Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_Metope_and_pediment_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4933" data-file-height="3525" /></a><figcaption>Part of the east pediment still found on the Parthenon (although part of it, like Dionysus, is a copy)</figcaption></figure> Two pediments rise above the portals of the Parthenon, one on the east front, one on the west. The triangular sections once contained massive sculptures that, according to the second-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, recounted the birth of Athena and the mythological battle between Athena and <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> for control of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_pediment">East pediment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: East pediment">edit</a>]</div> The east pediment originally contained 10 to 12 sculptures depicting the Birth of Athena. Most of those pieces were removed and lost during renovations in either the eighth or the twelfth century.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Only two corners remain today with figures depicting the passage of time over the course of a full day. <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">Tethrippa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> is in the left corner and <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> is on the right. The horses of Helios's chariot are shown with livid expressions as they ascend into the sky at the start of the day. Selene's horses struggle to stay on the pediment scene as the day comes to an end.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_pediment">West pediment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: West pediment">edit</a>]</div> The supporters of Athena are extensively illustrated at the back of the left chariot, while the defenders of Poseidon are shown trailing behind the right chariot. It is believed that the corners of the pediment are filled by Athenian water deities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Kephisos</a> river, the <a href="/wiki/Ilissos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilissos">Ilissos</a> river, and nymph <a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Callirhoe (Greek mythology)">Kallirhoe</a>. This belief emerges from the fluid character of the sculptures' body position which represents the effort of the artist to give the impression of a flowing river.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum.org-95">[95]</a> Next to the left river god, there are the sculptures of the mythical king of Athens (<a href="/wiki/Cecrops_I" title="Cecrops I">Cecrops or Kekrops</a>) with his daughters ( <a href="/wiki/Aglaurus,_daughter_of_Cecrops" title="Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops">Aglaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandrosos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandrosos">Pandrosos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herse_of_Athens" title="Herse of Athens">Herse</a>). The statue of Poseidon was the largest sculpture in the pediment until it broke into pieces during <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Morosini" title="Francesco Morosini">Francesco Morosini</a>'s effort to remove it in 1688. The posterior piece of the torso was found by Lusieri in the groundwork of a Turkish house in 1801 and is currently held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The anterior portion was revealed by Ross in 1835 and is now held in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a> of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Every statue on the west pediment has a fully completed back, which would have been impossible to see when the sculpture was on the temple; this indicates that the sculptors put great effort into accurately portraying the human body.<a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum.org-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athena_Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Athena Parthenos">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a></div> The only piece of sculpture from the Parthenon known to be from the hand of Phidias<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> was the statue of Athena housed in the naos. This massive <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine sculpture</a> is now lost and known only from copies, vase painting, gems, literary descriptions, and coins.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Late antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg/260px-Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg/390px-Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg/520px-Attica_06-13_Athens_50_View_from_Philopappos_-_Acropolis_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption>The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis dominates the city skyline of Athens.</figcaption></figure> A major fire broke out in the Parthenon shortly after the middle of the third century AD.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> which destroyed the roof and much of the sanctuary's interior.<a href="#cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a> pirates sacked Athens in 276, and destroyed most of the public buildings there, including the Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-O'Donovan-102">[102]</a> Repairs were made in the fourth century AD, possibly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AcropolisRestoration-103">[103]</a> A new wooden roof overlaid with clay tiles was installed to cover the sanctuary. It sloped at a greater angle than the original roof and left the building's wings exposed.<a href="#cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">[101]</a> The Parthenon survived as a temple dedicated to Athena for nearly 1,000 years until <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a>, decreed in 435 that all <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> temples in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> be closed.<a href="#cite_note-Freely69-104">[104]</a> It is debated exactly when during the 5th century that the closure of the Parthenon as a temple was put into practice. It is suggested to have occurred in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 481–484, on the order of <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Emperor Zeno</a>, because the temple had been the focus of Pagan Hellenic opposition against Zeno in Athens in support of <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a>, who had promised to restore Hellenic rites to the temples that were still standing.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> At some point in the fifth century, Athena's great <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> was looted by one of the emperors and taken to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where it was later destroyed, possibly during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Constantinople (1204)">siege and sack of Constantinople</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204 AD.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_church">Christian church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christian church">edit</a>]</div> The Parthenon was converted into a Christian church in the final decades of the fifth century<a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-107">[107]</a> to become the Church of the Parthenos Maria (Virgin Mary) or the Church of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mother of God</a>). The orientation of the building was changed to face towards the east; the main entrance was placed at the building's western end, and the Christian altar and <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> were situated towards the building's eastern side adjacent to an <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> built where the temple's <a href="/wiki/Pronaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronaos">pronaos</a> was formerly located.<a href="#cite_note-Freely70-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurwit293-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A large central portal with surrounding side-doors was made in the wall dividing the cella, which became the church's <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, and from the rear chamber, the church's <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freely70-108">[108]</a> The spaces between the columns of the opisthodomos and the <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> were walled up, though a number of doorways still permitted access.<a href="#cite_note-Freely70-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a> were painted on the walls, and many Christian inscriptions were carved into the Parthenon's columns.<a href="#cite_note-AcropolisRestoration-103">[103]</a> These renovations inevitably led to the removal and dispersal of some of the sculptures. Sometime after the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church, the metopes of the north, west and east facades of the Parthenon were defaced by Christians in order to remove images of pagan deities. The damage was so extensive that the images on the affected metopes often can't be confidently identified.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The Parthenon became the fourth most important Christian pilgrimage destination in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldelis-113">[113]</a> In 1018, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> went on a pilgrimage to Athens after his final victory over the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> for the sole purpose of worshipping at the Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldelis-113">[113]</a> In medieval Greek accounts it is called the Temple of Theotokos Atheniotissa and often indirectly referred to as famous without explaining exactly which temple they were referring to, thus establishing that it was indeed well known.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldelis-113">[113]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin occupation">Latin occupation</a>, it became for about 250 years a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church of <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Our Lady</a>. During this period a tower, used either as a watchtower or <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a> and containing a spiral staircase, was constructed at the southwest corner of the cella, and vaulted tombs were built beneath the Parthenon's floor.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The rediscovery of the Parthenon as an ancient monument dates back to the period of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_of_Ancona" title="Cyriacus of Ancona">Cyriacus of Ancona</a> was the first after antiquity to describe the Parthenon, of which he had read many times in ancient texts. Thanks to him, Western Europe was able to have the first design of the monument, which Ciriaco called "temple of the goddess Athena", unlike previous travellers, who had called it "church of Virgin Mary":<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> ...mirabile Palladis Divae marmoreum templum, divum quippe opus Phidiae ("...the wonderful temple of the goddess Athena, a divine work of Phidias"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_mosque">Islamic mosque</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islamic mosque">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg/260px-Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg/390px-Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg/520px-Parthenon_%E2%80%93_28_May_1838_%E2%80%93_Skene_James_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8738" data-file-height="5618" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the Parthenon by <a href="/wiki/James_Skene" title="James Skene">James Skene</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> In 1456, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Turkish forces invaded Athens and laid siege to a <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> army defending the Acropolis until June 1458, when it surrendered to the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Turks may have briefly restored the Parthenon to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> Christians for continued use as a church.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some time before the end of the fifteenth century, the Parthenon became a <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_mosque" title="Parthenon mosque">mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated it for use as a mosque are unclear; one account states that <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> ordered its conversion as punishment for an Athenian plot against Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-120">[120]</a> The apse was repurposed into a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> the tower previously constructed during the Roman Catholic occupation of the Parthenon was extended upwards to become a minaret,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a> was installed,<a href="#cite_note-Freely70-108">[108]</a> the Christian altar and iconostasis were removed, and the walls were whitewashed to cover icons of Christian saints and other Christian imagery.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Despite the alterations accompanying the Parthenon's conversion into a church and subsequently a mosque, its structure had remained basically intact.<a href="#cite_note-Rathus-124">[124]</a> In 1667, the Turkish traveller <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> expressed marvel at the Parthenon's sculptures and figuratively described the building as "like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He composed a poetic supplication stating that, as "a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself, [it] should remain standing for all time".<a href="#cite_note-Holt-126">[126]</a> The French artist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Carrey" title="Jacques Carrey">Jacques Carrey</a> in 1674 visited the Acropolis and sketched the Parthenon's sculptural decorations.<a href="#cite_note-Bowie-127">[127]</a> Early in 1687, an engineer named Plantier sketched the Parthenon for the Frenchman Graviers d'Ortières.<a href="#cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">[101]</a> These depictions, particularly Carrey's, provide important, and sometimes the only, evidence of the condition of the Parthenon and its various sculptures prior to the devastation it suffered in late 1687 and the subsequent looting of its art objects.<a href="#cite_note-Bowie-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_destruction">Partial destruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Partial destruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg/170px-MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg/255px-MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg/340px-MotarFragmentFromParthenon-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of an exploded shell found on top of a wall in the Parthenon, thought to originate from the time of the Venetian siege</figcaption></figure> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War (1684–1699)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> sent an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Morosini" title="Francesco Morosini">Francesco Morosini</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1687)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1687)">attack Athens</a> and capture the Acropolis. The Ottoman Turks fortified the Acropolis and used the Parthenon as a <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">gunpowder magazine</a> – despite having been forewarned of the dangers of this use by the 1656 explosion that severely damaged the <a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propylaea (Acropolis of Athens)">Propylaea</a> – and as a shelter for members of the local Turkish community.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkinson2-128">[128]</a> On 26 September 1687 a Venetian mortar round, fired from the <a href="/wiki/Philopappos_Monument" title="Philopappos Monument">Hill of Philopappos</a>, blew up the magazine.<a href="#cite_note-AcropolisRestoration-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The explosion blew out the building's central portion and caused the cella's walls to crumble into rubble.<a href="#cite_note-Rathus-124">[124]</a> According to Greek architect and archaeologist Kornilia Chatziaslani:<a href="#cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">[101]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...three of the sanctuary's four walls nearly collapsed and three-fifths of the sculptures from the frieze fell. Nothing of the roof apparently remained in place. Six columns from the south side fell, eight from the north, as well as whatever remained from the eastern porch, except for one column. The columns brought down with them the enormous marble architraves, triglyphs, and metopes.</blockquote> About three hundred people were killed in the explosion, which showered marble fragments over nearby Turkish defenders<a href="#cite_note-Tomkinson2-128">[128]</a> and sparked fires that destroyed many homes.<a href="#cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_(3388138127).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Parthenon_%283388138127%29.jpg/260px-Parthenon_%283388138127%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Parthenon_%283388138127%29.jpg/390px-Parthenon_%283388138127%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Parthenon_%283388138127%29.jpg/520px-Parthenon_%283388138127%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>The southern side of the Parthenon, which sustained considerable damage in the 1687 explosion (photo taken in 2009)</figcaption></figure> Accounts written at the time conflict over whether this destruction was deliberate or accidental; one such account, written by the German officer Sobievolski, states that a Turkish deserter revealed to Morosini the use to which the Turks had put the Parthenon; expecting that the Venetians would not target a building of such historic importance. Morosini was said to have responded by directing his artillery to aim at the Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tomkinson2-128">[128]</a> Subsequently, Morosini sought to loot sculptures from the ruin and caused further damage in the process. Sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and Athena's horses fell to the ground and smashed as his soldiers tried to detach them from the building's west pediment.<a href="#cite_note-Hurwit293-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 1688 the Venetians abandoned Athens to avoid a confrontation with a large force the Turks had assembled at <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>; at that time, the Venetians had considered blowing up what remained of the Parthenon along with the rest of the Acropolis to deny its further use as a fortification to the Turks, but that idea was not pursued.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkinson2-128">[128]</a> Once the Turks had recaptured the Acropolis, they used some of the rubble produced by this explosion to erect a smaller mosque within the shell of the ruined Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkinson3-131">[131]</a> For the next century and a half, parts of the remaining structure were looted for building material and especially valuable objects.<a href="#cite_note-Grafton-132">[132]</a> The 18th century was a period of <a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">Ottoman stagnation</a>—so that many more Europeans found access to Athens, and the picturesque ruins of the Parthenon were much drawn and painted, spurring a rise in <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellenism</a> and helping to arouse sympathy in Britain and France for Greek independence. Amongst those early travellers and archaeologists were <a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(1713%E2%80%931788)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (1713–1788)">James Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Revett" title="Nicholas Revett">Nicholas Revett</a>, who were commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dilettanti" title="Society of Dilettanti">Society of Dilettanti</a> to survey the ruins of classical Athens. They produced the first measured drawings of the Parthenon, published in 1787 in the second volume of Antiquities of Athens Measured and Delineated. From 1801 to 1812, agents of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin">Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin</a>, removed about half the surviving Parthenon sculptures, sending them to Britain in efforts to establish a private museum. Elgin stated he removed the sculptures with permission of the Ottoman officials who exercised authority in Athens at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:8-133">[133]</a> The legality of Elgin's actions has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_Independence">War of Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: War of Independence">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821–1833) which ended the 355-year Ottoman rule of Athens, the Acropolis was besieged twice, first <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–22)">by the Greeks</a> in 1821–22 and then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">by the Ottoman forces</a> in 1826–27. During the first siege, the besieged Ottoman forces attempted to melt the lead in the columns of the Parthenon to cast bullets. During the second siege, the Parthenon was significantly damaged by Ottoman artillery fire.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Greece">Independent Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Independent Greece">edit</a>]</div> When independent Greece gained control of Athens in 1832, the visible section of the minaret was demolished; only its base and spiral staircase up to the level of the <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> remain intact.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Soon all the medieval and Ottoman buildings on the Acropolis were destroyed. The image of the small mosque within the Parthenon's cella has been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">Joly de Lotbinière</a>'s photograph, published in Lerebours's Excursions Daguerriennes in 1842: the first photograph of the Acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The area became a historical precinct controlled by the Greek government. In the later 19th century, the Parthenon was widely considered by Americans and Europeans to be the pinnacle of human architectural achievement, and became a popular destination and subject of artists, including <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Robinson_Gifford" title="Sanford Robinson Gifford">Sanford Robinson Gifford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Today it attracts millions of tourists every year, who travel up the path at the western end of the Acropolis, through the restored <a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propylaea (Acropolis of Athens)">Propylaea</a>, and up the Panathenaic Way to the Parthenon, which is surrounded by a low fence to prevent damage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Life-size pediment sculptures from the Parthenon in the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_over_the_marbles">Dispute over the marbles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dispute over the marbles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></div> The dispute centres around those of the Parthenon Marbles removed by Elgin, which are in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> A few sculptures from the Parthenon are also in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris, in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, and elsewhere, while more than half are in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a> in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-Br-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrIT-141">[141]</a> A few can still be seen on the building itself. In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government">Greek government</a> formally asked the UK government to return the sculptures in the British Museum to Greece, and subsequently listed the dispute with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. The British Museum has consistently refused to return the sculptures,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and successive British governments have been unwilling to force the museum to do so (which would require legislation). In 2021, UNESCO called upon the UK government to resolve the issue at the intergovernmental level.<a href="#cite_note-:202-143">[143]</a> Discussions between UK and Greek officials are ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-:172-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:212-145">[145]</a> Four pieces of the sculptures have been repatriated to Greece: 3 from the Vatican, and 1 from a museum in Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Restoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg/260px-Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg/390px-Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg/520px-Parthenon._Photo_taken_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Parthenon in January 2023</figcaption></figure> In 1981, an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> caused damage to the east façade.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Air pollution and <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> have damaged the marble and stonework.<a href="#cite_note-contemporary_review-148">[148]</a> An organized effort to preserve and restore buildings on the Acropolis began in 1975, when the Greek government established the Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments (ESMA). That group of interdisciplinary specialist scholars oversees the academic understanding of the site to guide restoration efforts.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefact</a> remaining on the site, and architects assisted with <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer models</a> to determine their original locations. Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a>. A crane was installed for moving marble blocks; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roofline when not in use.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In some cases, prior re-constructions were found to be incorrect. These were dismantled, and a careful process of restoration began.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Originally, various blocks were held together by elongated iron H pins that were completely coated in lead, which protected the iron from corrosion. Stabilizing pins added in the 19th century were not so coated, and corroded. Since the corrosion product (rust) is expansive, the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The last remaining slabs from the western section of the Parthenon frieze were removed from the monument in 1993 for fear of further damage.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> They have now been transported to the new <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-contemporary_review-148">[148]</a> Until cleaning of the remaining sculptures was completed in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> black crusts and coatings were present on the marble surface.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Between 20 January and the end of March 2008, 4200 items (sculptures, inscriptions small <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> objects), including some 80 artefacts dismantled from the monuments in recent years, were removed from the old museum on the Acropolis to the new Acropolis Museum.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2019, Greece's Central Archaeological Council approved a restoration of the interior cella's north wall (along with parts of others). The project will reinstate as many as 360 ancient stones, and install 90 new pieces of <a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a>, minimizing the use of new material as much as possible. The eventual result of these restorations will be a partial restoration of some or most of each wall of the interior cella.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">List of Ancient Greek temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_of_Scotland" title="National Monument of Scotland">National Monument of Scotland</a>, Edinburgh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Fragment" title="Palermo Fragment">Palermo Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)" title="Parthenon (Nashville)">Parthenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> – Full-scale replica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walhalla_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhalla temple">Walhalla temple</a> <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> – Exterior modelled on the Parthenon, but the interior is a hall of fame for distinguished Germans</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-academic.reed.edu-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academic.reed.edu_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academic.reed.edu_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon.html">Parthenon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305115918/http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Academic.reed.edu. Retrieved on 4 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientgreece.com-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancientgreece.com_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancientgreece.com_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Parthenon/">The Parthenon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702195954/http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Parthenon/">Archived</a> 2 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ancientgreece.com. Retrieved on 4 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Penprase2010-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Penprase2010_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPenprase2010" class="citation book cs1">Penprase, Bryan E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXOxGOpawuMC&pg=PA221">The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6803-6"><bdi>978-1-4419-6803-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Stars%3A+How+Celestial+Observations+Have+Shaped+Civilization&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6803-6&rft.aulast=Penprase&rft.aufirst=Bryan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXOxGOpawuMC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakoulas" class="citation web cs1">Sakoulas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancient-greece.org/architecture/parthenon.html">"The Parthenon"</a>. Ancient-Greece.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231044650/https://ancient-greece.org/architecture/parthenon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient-Greece.org&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon&rft.aulast=Sakoulas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fancient-greece.org%2Farchitecture%2Fparthenon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:JN-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:JN_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1920" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Benjamin Franklin (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606130252/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58665/58665-h/58665-h.htm">The Parthenon at Athens, Greece and at Nashville, Tennessee</a>. Nashville, Tennessee: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+at+Athens%2C+Greece+and+at+Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Stephen+Hutcheson+and+the+Online+Distributed&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F58665%2F58665-h%2F58665-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Neils2005-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Neils2005_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletta2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Barletta" title="Barbara Barletta">Barletta, Barbara A.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gA81kINAI9cC&pg=PA67">"The Architecture and Architects of the Classical Parthenon"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jenifer_Neils" title="Jenifer Neils">Jenifer Neils</a> (ed.). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82093-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82093-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82093-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Parthenon (Plate 1, Fig. 17) is probably the most celebrated of all Greek temples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+and+Architects+of+the+Classical+Parthenon&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82093-6&rft.aulast=Barletta&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgA81kINAI9cC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sacks, David. "Parthenon". Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, David Sacks, Facts On File, 3rd edition, 2015. Accessed 15 July 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard2010-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Beard2010_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6MlnesZaRoC&pg=PA118">The Parthenon</a>. Profile Books. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-063-4"><bdi>978-1-84765-063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84765-063-4&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6MlnesZaRoC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiti2023" class="citation book cs1">Titi, Catharine (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6">The Parthenon Marbles and International Law</a>. pp. 42, 45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6">10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9"><bdi>978-3-031-26356-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258846977">258846977</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529083331/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+and+International+Law&rft.pages=42%2C+45&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258846977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6&rft.isbn=978-3-031-26356-9&rft.aulast=Titi&rft.aufirst=Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryMeiggs1956" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956). A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 367–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Greece+to+the+death+of+Alexander+the+Great%2C+3rd+ed&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=367-369&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Meiggs%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1981" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Miriam (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorterhistoryof0000robe">A Shorter History of Greek Art</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorterhistoryof0000robe/page/90">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28084-6"><bdi>978-0-521-28084-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shorter+History+of+Greek+Art&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28084-6&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorterhistoryof0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisonLundgreen2009" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Claire Cullen; Lundgreen, Birte (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qm5CAQAAIAAJ&q=Parthenon+used+primarily+as+a+treasury">Pheidias:The Sculptures and Ancient Sources</a>. Vol. 105. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905670-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905670-21-5"><bdi>978-1-905670-21-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pheidias%3AThe+Sculptures+and+Ancient+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Institute+of+Classical+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-905670-21-5&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Claire+Cullen&rft.au=Lundgreen%2C+Birte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqm5CAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DParthenon%2Bused%2Bprimarily%2Bas%2Ba%2Btreasury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203024816/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/l/lord_elgin_and_the_parthenon_s.aspx">"Lord Elgin and the Parthenon Sculptures"</a>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/l/lord_elgin_and_the_parthenon_s.aspx">the original</a> on 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Elgin+and+the+Parthenon+Sculptures&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Farticle_index%2Fl%2Flord_elgin_and_the_parthenon_s.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417040258/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/03-04/parthenon-sculptures-british-museum-controversy/">"How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles"</a>. History Magazine. 28 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/03-04/parthenon-sculptures-british-museum-controversy/">the original</a> on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Parthenon+Lost+Its+Marbles&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Farchaeology-and-history%2Fmagazine%2F2017%2F03-04%2Fparthenon-sculptures-british-museum-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ysma.gr/en/restoration/reasons-of-interventions/">"Reasons of Interventions"</a>. ysma.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010210527/https://www.ysma.gr/en/restoration/reasons-of-interventions/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ysma.gr&rft.atitle=Reasons+of+Interventions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysma.gr%2Fen%2Frestoration%2Freasons-of-interventions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015/">"Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630164336/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Unlocking+Mysteries+of+the+Parthenon&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Funlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=parqenw/n">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, παρθεν-ών"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD-%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dparqenw%2Fn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Jeffrey M. Hurwit. The Athenian Acropolis. (2000 Cambridge University Press), 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Br-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Br_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Br_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Parthenon". Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parthenon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">edition needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Whitley, The Archaeology of Ancient Greece, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> François Queyrel, Le Parthénon. Un monument dans l'Histoire, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2020, pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHélène2021" class="citation web cs1">Hélène (4 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175840/https://kosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu/everlasting-glory-in-athens/">"Everlasting Glory in Athens"</a>. The Kosmos Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu/everlasting-glory-in-athens/">the original</a> on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kosmos+Society&rft.atitle=Everlasting+Glory+in+Athens&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.au=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu%2Feverlasting-glory-in-athens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harpocration-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harpocration_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harpocration_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1389.tlg001.perseus-grc1:e.hekatompedon">"Harpocration, Valerius, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, λεττερ ε, ἙΚΑΤΟΜΠΕΔΟΝ"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306133213/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1389.tlg001.perseus-grc1:e.hekatompedon">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Harpocration%2C+Valerius%2C+Lexicon+in+decem+oratores+Atticos%2C+%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81+%CE%B5%2C+%E1%BC%99%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg1389.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3Ae.hekatompedon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Demosthenes, Against Androtion 22.13 οἱ τὰ προπύλαια καὶ τὸν παρθενῶν᾽. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Pericles 13.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rookhuijzen2020" class="citation journal cs1">van Rookhuijzen, Jan Z. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.3764/aja.124.1.0003">"The Parthenon Treasury on the Acropolis of Athens"</a>. American Journal of Archaeology. 124 (1): 3–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.124.1.0003">10.3764/aja.124.1.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F407955">1874/407955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213405037">213405037</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724195408/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.3764/aja.124.1.0003">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon+Treasury+on+the+Acropolis+of+Athens&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-35&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F407955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213405037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.124.1.0003&rft.aulast=van+Rookhuijzen&rft.aufirst=Jan+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.3764%2Faja.124.1.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampouris2021" class="citation web cs1">Kampouris, Nick (3 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2021/10/03/the-parthenon-has-had-the-wrong-name-for-centuries-new-theory-claims/">"The Parthenon Has Had the Wrong Name for Centuries, Theory Claims"</a>. GreekReporter.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GreekReporter.com&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon+Has+Had+the+Wrong+Name+for+Centuries%2C+Theory+Claims&rft.date=2021-10-03&rft.aulast=Kampouris&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2021%2F10%2F03%2Fthe-parthenon-has-had-the-wrong-name-for-centuries-new-theory-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, 1878. </li> <li id="cite_note-freely-29"><a href="#cite_ref-freely_29-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69">Freely 2004, p. 69</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117082922/https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> 17 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> (527–565)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> in the last decade of the sixth century." </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacy-11-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deacy-11_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deacy-11_30-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Deacy" title="Susan Deacy">Susan Deacy</a>, Athena, Routledge, 2008, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkert-143-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert-143_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert-143_31-1">b</a> Burkert, Greek Religion, Blackwell, 1985, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Joan Breton Connelly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAspxHK-T1UC&dq=priestess+of+athena&pg=PA143">Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806122840/https://books.google.com/books?id=sAspxHK-T1UC&dq=priestess+of+athena&pg=PA143">Archived</a> 6 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> MC. Hellmann, L'Architecture grecque. Architecture religieuse et funéraire, Picard, 2006, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagy-55-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy-55_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy-55_34-1">b</a> B. Nagy, "Athenian Officials on the Parthenon Frieze", AJA, Vol. 96, No. 1 (January 1992), p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Thucydides 2.13.5. Retrieved 3 August 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> S. Eddy, "The Gold in the Athena Parthenos", AJA, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 107–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0046:chapter=47&highlight=parthenon">"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 47"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721202334/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0046:chapter=47&highlight=parthenon">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Athenian+Constitution%2C+chapter+47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0046%3Achapter%3D47%26highlight%3Dparthenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0046:chapter=47&highlight=parthenon">"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 47 (Note 1)"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 21 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Athenian+Constitution%2C+chapter+47+%28Note+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0046%3Achapter%3D47%26highlight%3Dparthenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> B. Holtzmann and A. Pasquier, Histoire de l'art antique : l'art grec, École du Louvre, Réunion des musées nationaux, and Documentation française, 1998, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2014" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Joan Breton (2014). The Parthenon Enigma: a New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47659-3"><bdi>978-0-307-47659-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Enigma%3A+a+New+Understanding+of+the+West%27s+Most+Iconic+Building+and+the+People+Who+Made+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-307-47659-3&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Joan+Breton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921094655/http://www.joanbretonconnelly.com/">"Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly"</a>. Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joanbretonconnelly.com/">the original</a> on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Joan+Breton+Connelly&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Joan+Breton+Connelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joanbretonconnelly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2014" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Joan Breton (28 January 2014). The Parthenon Enigma (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59338-2"><bdi>978-0-307-59338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Enigma&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59338-2&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Joan+Breton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Mendelsohn, Daniel (7 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/14/deep-frieze">"Deep Frieze"</a>. The New Yorker. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710195758/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/14/deep-frieze">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Deep+Frieze&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F04%2F14%2Fdeep-frieze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard" class="citation news cs1">Beard, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/03/06/latest-scheme-parthenon/">"The Latest Scheme for the Parthenon | Mary Beard"</a>. 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The New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710194256/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/parthenon-enigma-exchange/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=%27The+Parthenon+Enigma%27%E2%80%94An+Exchange+%7C+Peter+Green&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Norman&rft.au=Wuletich-Brinberg%2C+Sybil&rft.au=Wills%2C+Garry&rft.au=Green%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F05%2F22%2Fparthenon-enigma-exchange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Decoding-the-Parthenon-7857">"Decoding the Parthenon by J.J. Pollitt"</a>. The New Criterion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803034940/http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Decoding-the-Parthenon-7857">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Criterion&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+Parthenon+by+J.J.+Pollitt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcriterion.com%2Farticles.cfm%2FDecoding-the-Parthenon-7857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908034047/http://bulletin.brynmawr.edu/features/rethinking-the-wests-most-iconic-building/">"Rethinking the West's Most Iconic Building"</a>. Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulletin.brynmawr.edu/features/rethinking-the-wests-most-iconic-building/">the original</a> on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Alumnae+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+West%27s+Most+Iconic+Building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.brynmawr.edu%2Ffeatures%2Frethinking-the-wests-most-iconic-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivey2014" class="citation journal cs1">Spivey, Nigel (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wix.com/ugd/2b5cdc_ea1cd7caf3404a2f8e9e7ebfec55b4bb.pdf">"Art and Archaeology"</a> (PDF). Greece & Rome. 61 (2): 287–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383514000138">10.1017/S0017383514000138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232181203">232181203</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919050305/http://media.wix.com/ugd/2b5cdc_ea1cd7caf3404a2f8e9e7ebfec55b4bb.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Art+and+Archaeology&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-290&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383514000138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232181203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spivey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wix.com%2Fugd%2F2b5cdc_ea1cd7caf3404a2f8e9e7ebfec55b4bb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2014" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Caroline (23 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/books/review/the-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly.html">"If It Pleases the Gods"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=If+It+Pleases+the+Gods&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F26%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624171950/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/deep-frieze-meaning_803982.html">"Deep Frieze Meaning"</a>. The Weekly Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/deep-frieze-meaning_803982.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=Deep+Frieze+Meaning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2Farticles%2Fdeep-frieze-meaning_803982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-venieri-acropolis-51"><a href="#cite_ref-venieri-acropolis_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoanna_Venieri" class="citation web cs1">Ioanna Venieri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024154934/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2384">"Acropolis of Athens"</a>. Hellenic Ministry of Culture. 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Kawerau, Die Ausgabung der Acropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, 1906. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> NM Tod, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions II, 1948, no. 204, lines 46–51, The authenticity of this is disputed, however; see also P. Siewert, Der Eid von Plataia (Munich 1972), pp. 98–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1995" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Minott (23 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608024611/http://people.reed.edu/~mkerr/papers/Parth95.html">"'The Sole Witness': The Periclean Parthenon"</a>. Reed College Portland, Oregon, US. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.reed.edu/~mkerr/papers/Parth95.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Sole+Witness%27%3A+The+Periclean+Parthenon&rft.pub=Reed+College+Portland%2C+Oregon%2C+US&rft.date=1995-10-23&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Minott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.reed.edu%2F~mkerr%2Fpapers%2FParth95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> B. H. Hill, "The Older Parthenon", AJA, XVI, 1912, pp. 535–558. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> B. Graef, E. Langlotz, Die Antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, Berlin 1925–1933. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> W. Dinsmoor, "The Date of the Older Parthenon", AJA, XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 408–448. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> W. Dörpfeld, "Parthenon I, II, III", AJA, XXXIX, 1935, 497–507, and W. Dinsmoor, AJA, XXXIX, 1935, 508–509 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2023" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Alexander (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/">The Parthenon Marbles Dispute</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509967179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509967179"><bdi>978-1509967179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+Dispute&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1509967179&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fparthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-2">c</a> Woodford, S. (2008). The Parthenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "Parthenon". Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10 September 2021. Accessed 16 July 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenseney2021" class="citation journal cs1">Senseney, John R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article/80/1/12/116120/The-Architectural-Origins-of-the-Parthenon-Frieze">"The Architectural Origins of the Parthenon Frieze"</a>. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 80 (1). University of California Press: 12–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjsah.2021.80.1.12">10.1525/jsah.2021.80.1.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233818539">233818539</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717183120/https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article/80/1/12/116120/The-Architectural-Origins-of-the-Parthenon-Frieze">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Architectural+Origins+of+the+Parthenon+Frieze&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjsah.2021.80.1.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233818539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Senseney&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fjsah%2Farticle%2F80%2F1%2F12%2F116120%2FThe-Architectural-Origins-of-the-Parthenon-Frieze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIdMAAAAYAAJ">American Architect and Architecture</a>. American Architect. 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Architect+and+Architecture&rft.pub=American+Architect&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIdMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Tegula.html">"LacusCurtius • Roman Architecture – Roof Tiles (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Roman+Architecture+%E2%80%93+Roof+Tiles+%28Smith%27s+Dictionary%2C+1875%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FTegula.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> John Julius Norwich, Great Architecture of the World, 2001, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> And in the surviving foundations of the preceding Older Parthenon (Penrose, Principles of Athenian Architecture 2nd ed. ch. II.3, plate 9). </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926042450/https://www.architecturerevived.com/how-greek-temples-correct-visual-distortion/">"How Greek Temples Correct Visual Distortion – Architecture Revived"</a>. 15 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecturerevived.com/how-greek-temples-correct-visual-distortion/">the original</a> on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Greek+Temples+Correct+Visual+Distortion+%E2%80%93+Architecture+Revived&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturerevived.com%2Fhow-greek-temples-correct-visual-distortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Penrose op. cit. pp. 32–34, found the difference motivated by economies of labour; Gorham P. Stevens, "Concerning the Impressiveness of the Parthenon" American Journal of Archaeology 66.3 (July 1962: 337–338). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Archaeologists discuss similarly curved architecture and offer the theory. Nova, "Secrets of the Parthenon", PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://video.yahoo.com/watch/1849622/6070405">http://video.yahoo.com/watch/1849622/6070405</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithMag-73"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithMag_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadingham2008" class="citation cs2">Hadingham, Evan (February 2008), Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Magazine, p. 42</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+Mysteries+of+the+Parthenon&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.date=2008-02&rft.aulast=Hadingham&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Van Mersbergen, Audrey M., "Rhetorical Prototypes in Architecture: Measuring the Acropolis", Philosophical Polemic Communication Quarterly, Vol. 46, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Markowsky1992" class="citation journal cs1">George Markowsky (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408200850/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/maa/markowsky.pdf">"Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio"</a> (PDF). 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Strolling Through Athens: 112–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006212756/https://www.academia.edu/2543561">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strolling+Through+Athens&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon&rft.pages=112-119&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=Sideris&rft.aufirst=Athanasios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2543561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parthenonfrieze.gr/en/?sn=2">"The Parthenon Frieze"</a>. Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports, Acropolis Museum, Acropolis Restoration Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007011357/https://parthenonfrieze.gr/en/?sn=2">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023. 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Art, myth, and ritual in classical Greece. Cambridge. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64647-5"><bdi>978-0-521-64647-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174134120">174134120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+myth%2C+and+ritual+in+classical+Greece&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174134120&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64647-5&rft.aulast=Barringer&rft.aufirst=Judith+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Pollini 2007, pp. 212–216; Brommer 1979, pp. 23, 30, pl. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140847/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/tenth-metope-south-facade-parthenon">Tenth metope from the south façade of the Parthenon</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/tenth-metope-south-facade-parthenon">the original</a> on 31 January 2018, retrieved 30 January 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tenth+metope+from+the+south+fa%C3%A7ade+of+the+Parthenon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Ftenth-metope-south-facade-parthenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greece.greekreporter.com/2011/03/04/archaeologists-discover-new-metopes-of-parthenon/Discovery">"Discovery Reveals Ancient Greek Theaters Used Moveable Stages Over 2,000 Years Ago"</a>. greece.greekreporter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071035/https://greece.greekreporter.com/2017/07/12/discovery-reveals-ancient-greek-theaters-used-moveable-stages-over-2000-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greece.greekreporter.com&rft.atitle=Discovery+Reveals+Ancient+Greek+Theaters+Used+Moveable+Stages+Over+2%2C000+Years+Ago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreece.greekreporter.com%2F2011%2F03%2F04%2Farchaeologists-discover-new-metopes-of-parthenon%2FDiscovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> 438 was the year of the dedication of the Parthenon and is usually taken as an upper limit for completion of the frieze, see I Jenkins, The Parthenon Frieze and Perikles' cavalry of 1000, p149–150, in Hurwit, 2005, for a discussion of the dating problem. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_la_CroixTanseyKirkpatrick1991" class="citation book cs1">De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/158">Gardner's Art Through the Ages</a> (9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/158">158–59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-503769-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-503769-2"><bdi>0-15-503769-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages&rft.pages=158-59&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Thomson%2FWadsworth&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-15-503769-2&rft.aulast=De+la+Croix&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Tansey%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardnersartthrou00gard%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Connelly, Parthenon and Parthenoi, pp. 53–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Connelly, The Parthenon Enigma, chapters 4, 5, and 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Clair2022" class="citation book cs1">St Clair, William (24 August 2022). Barnes, Lucy; St Clair, David (eds.). The Classical Parthenon: Recovering the Strangeness of the Ancient World. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0279">10.11647/obp.0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80064-344-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80064-344-4"><bdi>978-1-80064-344-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251787123">251787123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Parthenon%3A+Recovering+the+Strangeness+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251787123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0279&rft.isbn=978-1-80064-344-4&rft.aulast=St+Clair&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1B.html">"PAUSANIAS, DESCRIPTION OF GREECE 1.17–29 – Theoi Classical Texts Library"</a>. www.theoi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721184032/https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1B.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=PAUSANIAS%2C+DESCRIPTION+OF+GREECE+1.17%E2%80%9329+%E2%80%93+Theoi+Classical+Texts+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FPausanias1B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Jeffrey M. Hurwit. "Helios Rising: The Sun, the Moon, and the Sea in the Sculptures of the Parthenon". American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 121, no. 4, 2017, pp. 527–558. JSTOR, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.121.4.0527">10.3764/aja.121.4.0527</a>. Accessed 22 July 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/780/">"The Parthenon Sculptures by Mark Cartwright 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024003306/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/780/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon+Sculptures+by+Mark+Cartwright+2014&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F780%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=1325893001&objectid=461663">"The British Museum: The Parthenon sculptures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829122957/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=1325893001&objectid=461663">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+Museum%3A+The+Parthenon+sculptures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details%2Fcollection_image_gallery.aspx%3Fpartid%3D1%26assetid%3D1325893001%26objectid%3D461663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/hesperia/148069.pdf">"Athenians and Eleusinians in the West Pediment of the Parthenon"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809032712/http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/hesperia/148069.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athenians+and+Eleusinians+in+the+West+Pediment+of+the+Parthenon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascsa.edu.gr%2Fpdf%2Fuploads%2Fhesperia%2F148069.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishmuseum.org-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum.org_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum.org_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-99">"statue; pediment | British Museum"</a>. The British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215231207/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-99">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=statue%3B+pediment+%26%23124%3B+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FG_1816-0610-99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalagia1998" class="citation book cs1">Palagia, Olga (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFNuxcVKLIkC&q=poseidon+torso+morosini&pg=PA47">The Pediments of the Parthenon by Olga Palagia</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11198-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11198-1"><bdi>978-90-04-11198-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091750/https://books.google.com/books?id=GFNuxcVKLIkC&q=poseidon+torso+morosini&pg=PA47#v=snippet&q=poseidon%20torso%20morosini&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pediments+of+the+Parthenon+by+Olga+Palagia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11198-1&rft.aulast=Palagia&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFNuxcVKLIkC%26q%3Dposeidon%2Btorso%2Bmorosini%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapatin2001" class="citation book cs1">Lapatin, Kenneth D.S. (2001). Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Oxford: OUP. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815311-5"><bdi>978-0-19-815311-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chryselephantine+Statuary+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815311-5&rft.aulast=Lapatin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> N. Leipen, Athena Parthenos: a huge reconstruction, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028205240/http://www.ekt.gr/parthenonfrieze_text_version/introduction/history.jsp?lang=en">"Introduction to the Parthenon Frieze"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Documentation_Centre_(Greece)" title="National Documentation Centre (Greece)">National Documentation Centre</a> (Greek Ministry of Culture). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekt.gr/parthenonfrieze_text_version/introduction/history.jsp?lang=en">the original</a> on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Parthenon+Frieze&rft.pub=National+Documentation+Centre+%28Greek+Ministry+of+Culture%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekt.gr%2Fparthenonfrieze_text_version%2Fintroduction%2Fhistory.jsp%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (23 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69">Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-595-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091648/https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016. <q>According to one authority, John Travlos, this occurred when Athens was sacked by the Heruli in AD 267, at which time the two-tiered colonnade in the cella was destroyed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+Through+Athens%3A+Fourteen+Unforgettable+Walks+Through+Europe%27s+Oldest+City&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-595-2&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQME9WXUnookC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatziaslani-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chatziaslani_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatziaslani_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatziaslani_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatziaslani_101-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatziaslani_101-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatziaslani_101-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatziaslani" class="citation web cs1">Chatziaslani, Kornilia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_8.aspx">"Morosini in Athens"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morosini+in+Athens&rft.pub=Archaeology+of+the+City+of+Athens&rft.aulast=Chatziaslani&rft.aufirst=Kornilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eie.gr%2Farchaeologia%2FEn%2Fchapter_more_8.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Donovan-102"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Donovan_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donovan" class="citation web cs1">O'Donovan, Connell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connellodonovan.com/heruli.html">"Pirates, marauders, and homos, oh my!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222154148/http://www.connellodonovan.com/heruli.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pirates%2C+marauders%2C+and+homos%2C+oh+my%21&rft.aulast=O%27Donovan&rft.aufirst=Connell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connellodonovan.com%2Fheruli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcropolisRestoration-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AcropolisRestoration_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcropolisRestoration_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcropolisRestoration_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828211740/http://www.ysma.gr/en/parthenon">"The Parthenon"</a>. Acropolis Restoration Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ysma.gr/en/parthenon">the original</a> on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon&rft.pub=Acropolis+Restoration+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysma.gr%2Fen%2Fparthenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freely69-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Freely69_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (23 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69">Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-595-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091648/https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+Through+Athens%3A+Fourteen+Unforgettable+Walks+Through+Europe%27s+Oldest+City&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-595-2&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQME9WXUnookC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrombley2014" class="citation book cs1">Trombley (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZefAwAAQBAJ&dq=statue+allat-athena&pg=PA145">Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370-529, Volume I</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27677-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27677-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27677-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117082923/https://books.google.se/books?id=HZefAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=statue+allat-athena&source=bl&ots=J8DvCAWQZN&sig=6CwrxUq7hCUokhhLY5j60U_yebU&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi11Zq2o6fbAhXkIJoKHU-fB3EQ6AEITTAM">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Religion+and+Christianization+c.+370-529%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27677-2&rft.au=Trombley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZefAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dstatue%2Ballat-athena%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremin2007" class="citation book cs1">Cremin, Aedeen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0llBlzF6UgC&pg=PA170">Archaeologica</a>. Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2822-1"><bdi>978-0-7112-2822-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologica&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-2822-1&rft.aulast=Cremin&rft.aufirst=Aedeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0llBlzF6UgC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2022" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022183745/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674659629">New Rome: Empire in the East</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674659629" title="Special:BookSources/9780674659629"><bdi>9780674659629</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674659629">the original</a> on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Rome%3A+Empire+in+the+East&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780674659629&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674659629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freely70-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freely70_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freely70_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freely70_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freely70_108-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (23 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA70">Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-595-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091752/https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+Through+Athens%3A+Fourteen+Unforgettable+Walks+Through+Europe%27s+Oldest+City&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-595-2&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQME9WXUnookC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurwit293-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwit293_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwit293_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis2009" class="citation book cs1">Hollis, Edward (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/secretlivesofbui0000holl">The secret lives of buildings: from the ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in thirteen stories</a>. Internet Archive. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8785-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8785-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-8785-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+lives+of+buildings%3A+from+the+ruins+of+the+Parthenon+to+the+Vegas+Strip+in+thirteen+stories&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books%2FHenry+Holt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8785-7&rft.aulast=Hollis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretlivesofbui0000holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwit2000" class="citation book cs1">Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (13 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293">The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present</a>. CUP Archive. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42834-7"><bdi>978-0-521-42834-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091726/https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenian+Acropolis%3A+History%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Archaeology+from+the+Neolithic+Era+to+the+Present&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=2000-01-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42834-7&rft.aulast=Hurwit&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pQ4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab2005" class="citation book cs1">Schwab, Katherine A (2005). "Celebrations of Victory: The Metopes of the Parthenon". In Neils, Jennifer (ed.). The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82093-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82093-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celebrations+of+Victory%3A+The+Metopes+of+the+Parthenon&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon%2C+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82093-6&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Katherine+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Robert Ousterhout (2005) "'Bestride the Very Peak of Heaven': The Parthenon after Antiquity." In Neils (ed). The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present. pp. 306–307 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaldelis-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldelis_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldelis_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldelis_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2007" class="citation web cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824170528/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/UMICH/modgreek/Home/_TOPNAV_WTGC/Lectures%20at%20U-M/ParthenonKaldellis.pdf">"A Heretical (Orthodox) History of the Parthenon"</a> (PDF). University of Michigan. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsa.umich.edu/UMICH/modgreek/Home/_TOPNAV_WTGC/Lectures%20at%20U-M/ParthenonKaldellis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 August 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Heretical+%28Orthodox%29+History+of+the+Parthenon&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsa.umich.edu%2FUMICH%2Fmodgreek%2FHome%2F_TOPNAV_WTGC%2FLectures%2520at%2520U-M%2FParthenonKaldellis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwit1999" class="citation book cs1">Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (19 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA295">The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present</a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521417860" title="Special:BookSources/9780521417860"><bdi>9780521417860</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628091649/https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA295#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenian+Acropolis%3A+History%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Archaeology+from+the+Neolithic+Era+to+the+Present&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1999-11-19&rft.isbn=9780521417860&rft.aulast=Hurwit&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pQ4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> E.W. Bodnar, Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens, Brussels-Berchem, 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1992" class="citation book cs1">Babinger, Franz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA159">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 159–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01078-6"><bdi>978-0-691-01078-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628092247/https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01078-6&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkinson" class="citation web cs1">Tomkinson, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729151054/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?pageID=216&la=eng">"Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)"</a>. Anagnosis Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=216">the original</a> on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Athens+I%3A+Early+Ottoman+Athens+%281456%E2%80%931689%29&rft.pub=Anagnosis+Books&rft.aulast=Tomkinson&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagnosis.gr%2Findex.php%3Fla%3Deng%26pageID%3D216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> "In 1466 the Parthenon was referred to as a church, so it seems likely that for some time at least, it continued to function as a cathedral, being restored to the use of the Greek archbishop." </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkinson" class="citation web cs1">Tomkinson, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729151054/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?pageID=216&la=eng">"Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)"</a>. Anagnosis Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=216">the original</a> on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Athens+I%3A+Early+Ottoman+Athens+%281456%E2%80%931689%29&rft.pub=Anagnosis+Books&rft.aulast=Tomkinson&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagnosis.gr%2Findex.php%3Fla%3Deng%26pageID%3D216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> "Some time later – we do not know exactly when – the Parthenon was itself converted into a mosque." </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ooge1909" class="citation book cs1">D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/acropolisofathen00dooguoft">The acropolis of Athens</a>. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317. <q>The conversion of the Parthenon into a mosque is first mentioned by another anonymous writer, the Paris Anonymous, whose manuscript dating from the latter half of the fifteenth century was discovered in the library of Paris in 1862.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acropolis+of+Athens&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Macmillan&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=D%27Ooge&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facropolisofathen00dooguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1893" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Walter (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aMrAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA547">"A History of the Akropolis of Athens"</a>. The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts. 8 (4): 546–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F495887">10.2307/495887</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495887">495887</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628092248/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aMrAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA547#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Archaeology+and+of+the+History+of+the+Fine+Arts&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Akropolis+of+Athens&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=546-547&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F495887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F495887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3aMrAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis2009" class="citation book cs1">Hollis, Edward (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/secretlivesofbui0000holl">The secret lives of buildings: from the ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in thirteen stories</a>. Internet Archive. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8785-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8785-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-8785-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+lives+of+buildings%3A+from+the+ruins+of+the+Parthenon+to+the+Vegas+Strip+in+thirteen+stories&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books%2FHenry+Holt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8785-7&rft.aulast=Hollis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretlivesofbui0000holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno1974" class="citation book cs1">Bruno, Vincent J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNItkhYRrc0C&pg=PA172">The Parthenon</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31440-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31440-3"><bdi>978-0-393-31440-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628093156/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNItkhYRrc0C&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31440-3&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNItkhYRrc0C%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ooge1909" class="citation book cs1">D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/acropolisofathen00dooguoft">The acropolis of Athens</a>. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acropolis+of+Athens&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Macmillan&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=D%27Ooge&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facropolisofathen00dooguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rathus-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rathus_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rathus_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichner-Rathus2012" class="citation book cs1">Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JPlYOG52w2UC&pg=PT324">Understanding Art</a> (10 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83695-5"><bdi>978-1-111-83695-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628093157/https://books.google.com/books?id=JPlYOG52w2UC&pg=PT324">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Art&rft.pages=305&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83695-5&rft.aulast=Fichner-Rathus&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJPlYOG52w2UC%26pg%3DPT324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2004" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00ston">A Traveller's History of Athens</a>. Interlink Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00ston/page/209">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-533-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-533-2"><bdi>978-1-56656-533-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Traveller%27s+History+of+Athens&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-533-2&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravellershistor00ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Holt, Frank L. (November–December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801063702/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200806/i.marble.maiden.htm">"I, Marble Maiden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a>. 59 (6): 36–41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200806/i.marble.maiden.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=I%2C+Marble+Maiden&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200806%2Fi.marble.maiden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowie-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowie_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowie_127-1">b</a> T. Bowie, D. Thimme, The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures, 1971. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomkinson2-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomkinson2_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomkinson2_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomkinson2_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomkinson2_128-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkinson" class="citation web cs1">Tomkinson, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221546/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=217">"Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689)"</a>. Anagnosis Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=217">the original</a> on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venetian+Athens%3A+Venetian+Interlude+%281684%E2%80%931689%29&rft.pub=Anagnosis+Books&rft.aulast=Tomkinson&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagnosis.gr%2Findex.php%3Fla%3Deng%26pageID%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Theodor E. Mommsen, The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October–December 1941), pp. 544–556. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalagia1998" class="citation book cs1">Palagia, Olga (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFNuxcVKLIkC&pg=PA10">The Pediments of the Parthenon</a> (2 ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11198-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11198-1"><bdi>978-90-04-11198-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628093213/https://books.google.com/books?id=GFNuxcVKLIkC&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pediments+of+the+Parthenon&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11198-1&rft.aulast=Palagia&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFNuxcVKLIkC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomkinson3-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Tomkinson3_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkinson" class="citation web cs1">Tomkinson, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=218">"Ottoman Athens II: Later Ottoman Athens (1689–1821)"</a>. Anagnosis Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806130324/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?pageID=218&la=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Athens+II%3A+Later+Ottoman+Athens+%281689%E2%80%931821%29&rft.pub=Anagnosis+Books&rft.aulast=Tomkinson&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagnosis.gr%2Findex.php%3Fla%3Deng%26pageID%3D218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grafton-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Grafton_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010" class="citation book cs1">Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA693">The Classical Tradition</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 693. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628093157/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA693#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.pages=693&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Most%2C+Glenn+W.&rft.au=Settis%2C+Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC%26pg%3DPA693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-133"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Parliament._House_of_Commons._Select_Committee_on_the_Earl_of_Elgin's_Collection_of_Sculptured_Marbles.1816" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383">Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles</a>. London: Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+from+the+Select+Committee+of+the+House+of+Commons+on+the+Earl+of+Elgin%27s+collection+of+sculptured+marbles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+J.+Murray%2C+by+W.+Bulmer+and+Co.&rft.date=1816&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Parliament.+House+of+Commons.+Select+Committee+on+the+Earl+of+Elgin%27s+Collection+of+Sculptured+Marbles.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125008272383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2023" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Alexander (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/">The Parthenon Marbles Dispute</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509967179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509967179"><bdi>978-1509967179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+Dispute&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1509967179&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fparthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2023" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Alexander (2023). The Parthenon Marbles Dispute. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509967179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509967179"><bdi>978-1509967179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+Dispute&rft.place=London&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1509967179&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldem2011" class="citation book cs1">Eldem, Edhem (2011). "From Blissful Indifference to Anguished Concern: Ottoman Perceptions of Antiquities, 1799–1869". In Barani, Zainab; Celik, Zeynep; Eldem, Edhem (eds.). Scramble for the Past. A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753–1914. Istanbul, SALT. pp. 281–328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Blissful+Indifference+to+Anguished+Concern%3A+Ottoman+Perceptions+of+Antiquities%2C+1799%E2%80%931869&rft.btitle=Scramble+for+the+Past.+A+Story+of+Archaeology+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1753%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=281-328&rft.pub=Istanbul%2C+SALT&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Eldem&rft.aufirst=Edhem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1884" class="citation book cs1">Murray, John (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac4GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA317">Handbook for travellers in Greece, Volume 2</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+travellers+in+Greece%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAc4GAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Neils, The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present, p. 336 – the picture was taken in October 1839. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1994" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Gerald L. (1994). Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonne of Works at Olana State Historic Site, Volume I. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521385404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521385404"><bdi>978-0521385404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederic+Edwin+Church%3A+Catalogue+Raisonne+of+Works+at+Olana+State+Historic+Site%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=342-343&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0521385404&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071050/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.121547.html">"Collection: Ruins of the Parthenon"</a>. National Gallery of Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.121547.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+Ruins+of+the+Parthenon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcollection%2Fart-object-page.121547.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrIT-141"><a href="#cite_ref-BrIT_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/09/europe/EU_GEN_Greece_Acropolis_Museum.php">Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221053500/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/09/europe/EU_GEN_Greece_Acropolis_Museum.php">Archived</a> 21 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Herald Tribune. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/parthenon-sculptures-trustees-statement">"The Parthenon sculptures: The Trustees' statement"</a>. The British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191122014500/https://www.britishmuseum.org/parthenon-sculptures-trustees-statement">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+sculptures%3A+The+Trustees%27+statement&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fparthenon-sculptures-trustees-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:202-143"><a href="#cite_ref-:202_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379856/PDF/379856eng.pdf.multi">"Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation Twenty-Second SessionParis, UNESCO Headquarters, Room XI27-29 September 2021DECISIONS"</a>. UNESCO. September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Intergovernmental+Committee+for+Promoting+the+Return+of+Cultural+Property+to+its+Countries+of+Origin+or+its+Restitution+in+Case+of+Illicit+Appropriation+Twenty-Second+SessionParis%2C+UNESCO+Headquarters%2C+Room+XI27-29+September+2021DECISIONS&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000379856%2FPDF%2F379856eng.pdf.multi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:172-144"><a href="#cite_ref-:172_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2022" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Helena (3 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/03/greece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles">"Greece in 'preliminary' talks with British Museum about Parthenon marbles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208001447/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/03/greece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Greece+in+%27preliminary%27+talks+with+British+Museum+about+Parthenon+marbles&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2022%2Fdec%2F03%2Fgreece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:212-145"><a href="#cite_ref-:212_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/british-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04/">"British Museum says in 'constructive' discussions over Parthenon marbles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 4 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201112458/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/british-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Museum+says+in+%27constructive%27+discussions+over+Parthenon+marbles&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flifestyle%2Fbritish-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictnews.org/outside/pope-returns-greeces-parthenon-sculptures-in-ecumenical-nod">"Pope returns Greece's Parthenon Sculptures in ecumenical nod"</a>. ICT News. Associated Press. 16 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710201544/https://ictnews.org/outside/pope-returns-greeces-parthenon-sculptures-in-ecumenical-nod">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICT+News&rft.atitle=Pope+returns+Greece%27s+Parthenon+Sculptures+in+ecumenical+nod&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictnews.org%2Foutside%2Fpope-returns-greeces-parthenon-sculptures-in-ecumenical-nod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goddess-athena.org/Museum/Temples/Parthenon/index.htm">"The Parthenon at Athens"</a>. www.goddess-athena.org. Retrieved 29 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+at+Athens&rft.pub=www.goddess-athena.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goddess-athena.org%2FMuseum%2FTemples%2FParthenon%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-contemporary_review-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-contemporary_review_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-contemporary_review_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1629_279/ai_80194454/pg_6">"The Parthenon Marbles – Past And Future, Contemporary Review"</a>. Contemporary Review. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+%E2%80%93+Past+And+Future%2C+Contemporary+Review&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2242%2Fis_1629_279%2Fai_80194454%2Fpg_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ysma.gr/en/the-service/organizational-structure/ysma/">"Acropolis Restoration Service"</a>. YSMA. Retrieved 18 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YSMA&rft.atitle=Acropolis+Restoration+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysma.gr%2Fen%2Fthe-service%2Forganizational-structure%2Fysma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514072231/https://apnews.com/article/1f1d2e199842a47b79d9b7ceed29e624">"Crane Shifts Masonry of Ancient Parthenon in Restoration Program"</a>. AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Crane+Shifts+Masonry+of+Ancient+Parthenon+in+Restoration+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F1f1d2e199842a47b79d9b7ceed29e624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081003065234/http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/papers/Athens2007/FP111.pdf">"The Surface Conservation Project"</a> (pdf file). Once they had been conserved, the West Frieze blocks were moved to the museum, and copies cast in artificial stone were reinstalled in their places. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadingham,_Evan2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Hadingham, Evan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/parthenon.html">"Unlocking the Mysteries of the Parthenon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514030520/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/parthenon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Unlocking+the+Mysteries+of+the+Parthenon&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Hadingham%2C+Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fparthenon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekt.gr/parthenonfrieze/index.jsp?lang=en">National Documentation Centre – Ministry of Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905052605/http://www.ekt.gr/parthenonfrieze/index.jsp?lang=en">Archived</a> 5 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, see History of the Frieze </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/nlv83719nh172g71/">"Springer Proceedings in Physics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 7 November 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Springer+Proceedings+in+Physics&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnlv83719nh172g71%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618114315/http://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_corrosion/teachers-pupils/index.html">"Preserving And Protecting Monuments"</a>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 14 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_corrosion/teachers-pupils/index.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preserving+And+Protecting+Monuments&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov%2Fprojects%2FSW_corrosion%2Fteachers-pupils%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culture.gr/war/NMA%20FINAL1t.ppt">"Outdoor transfer of artefacts from the old to the new acropolis museum"</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outdoor+transfer+of+artefacts+from+the+old+to+the+new+acropolis+museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gr%2Fwar%2FNMA%2520FINAL1t.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221134430/http://www.newacropolismuseum.gr/webnews/newslist.asp?offset=0&nid=64&lid=2">"News"</a>. New Acropolis Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newacropolismuseum.gr/webnews/newslist.asp?offset=0&nid=64&lid=2">the original</a> on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News&rft.pub=New+Acropolis+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newacropolismuseum.gr%2Fwebnews%2Fnewslist.asp%3Foffset%3D0%26nid%3D64%26lid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakis2019" class="citation news cs1">Sakis, Ioannidis (5 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greece-is.com/news/parthenons-inner-sanctum-restored/">"Parthenon's Inner Sanctum to be Restored"</a>. Greece Is. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131211337/https://www.greece-is.com/news/parthenons-inner-sanctum-restored/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+Is&rft.atitle=Parthenon%27s+Inner+Sanctum+to+be+Restored&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft.aulast=Sakis&rft.aufirst=Ioannidis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greece-is.com%2Fnews%2Fparthenons-inner-sanctum-restored%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Printed sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk">Greek Religion</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekreligion0000burk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Breton_Connelly" title="Joan Breton Connelly">Connelly, Joan Breton</a> (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819223523/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ed67/f6cacd1b7d89e8aa82ecf24ff665f295f922.pdf">"Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a>. 100 (1): 53–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F506297">10.2307/506297</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/506297">506297</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41120274">41120274</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ed67/f6cacd1b7d89e8aa82ecf24ff665f295f922.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Parthenon+and+Parthenoi%3A+A+Mythological+Interpretation+of+the+Parthenon+Frieze&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-80&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41120274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F506297%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F506297&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Joan+Breton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fed67%2Ff6cacd1b7d89e8aa82ecf24ff665f295f922.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Breton_Connelly" title="Joan Breton Connelly">Connelly, Joan Breton</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parthenonenigma0000conn">The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People who Made It</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47659-3"><bdi>978-0-307-47659-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Enigma%3A+A+New+Understanding+of+the+West%27s+Most+Iconic+Building+and+the+People+who+Made+It&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-307-47659-3&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Joan+Breton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparthenonenigma0000conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ooge1909" class="citation book cs1">D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acropolisofathen00dooguoft">The Acropolis of Athens</a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acropolis+of+Athens&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=D%27Ooge&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facropolisofathen00dooguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1998" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, Sir James George (1998). "The King of the Woods". The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283541-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283541-3"><bdi>978-0-19-283541-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+of+the+Woods&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough%3A+A+Study+in+Magic+and+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283541-3&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=Sir+James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2004). Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks through Europe's Oldest City (2 ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-595-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+Through+Athens%3A+Fourteen+Unforgettable+Walks+through+Europe%27s+Oldest+City&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-595-2&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis2009" class="citation book cs1">Hollis, Edward (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretlivesofbui0000holl">The Secret Lives of Buildings: From the Ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in Thirteen Stories</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8785-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8785-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-8785-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Buildings%3A+From+the+Ruins+of+the+Parthenon+to+the+Vegas+Strip+in+Thirteen+Stories&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8785-7&rft.aulast=Hollis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretlivesofbui0000holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwit2000" class="citation book cs1">Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2000). The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42834-7"><bdi>978-0-521-42834-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenian+Acropolis%3A+History%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Archeology+from+the+Neolithic+Era+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42834-7&rft.aulast=Hurwit&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwit2005" class="citation book cs1">Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2005). "The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia". In Judith M. Barringer; Jeffrey M. Hurwit; Jerome Jordan Pollitt (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perikleanathensi0000unse">Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70622-4"><bdi>978-0-292-70622-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Parthenon+and+the+Temple+of+Zeus+at+Olympia&rft.btitle=Periklean+Athens+and+Its+Legacy%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70622-4&rft.aulast=Hurwit&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperikleanathensi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeils2005" class="citation book cs1">Neils, Jenifer (2005). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82093-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82093-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82093-6&rft.aulast=Neils&rft.aufirst=Jenifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Parthenon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parthenon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling1997" class="citation book cs1">Pelling, Christopher (1997). "Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings". Greek Tragedy and the Historian. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814987-3"><bdi>978-0-19-814987-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tragedy+and+Religion%3A+Constructs+and+Readings&rft.btitle=Greek+Tragedy+and+the+Historian&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814987-3&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarbell" class="citation book cs1">Tarbell, F. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greek-art-12.asp">A History of Ancient Greek Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225091050/https://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greek-art-12.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek+Art&rft.aulast=Tarbell&rft.aufirst=F.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellopos.net%2Felpenor%2Fgreek-texts%2Fancient-greece%2Fhistory-of-ancient-greek-art-12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley2001" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, James (2001). "The Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens". The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62733-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Democracy%3A+Classical+Athens&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62733-7&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Online sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221053500/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/09/europe/EU_GEN_Greece_Acropolis_Museum.php">"Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures"</a>. International Herald Tribune. 9 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/09/europe/EU_GEN_Greece_Acropolis_Museum.php">the original</a> on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Greek+Premier+Says+New+Acropolis+Museum+to+Boost+Bid+for+Parthenon+Sculptures&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2006%2F10%2F09%2Feurope%2FEU_GEN_Greece_Acropolis_Museum.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Parthenon">"Parthenon"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702142021/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Parthenon">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Parthenon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DParthenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoanna_Venieri" class="citation web cs1">Ioanna Venieri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024154934/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2384">"Acropolis of Athens – History"</a>. Acropolis of Athens. Οδυσσεύς. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2384">the original</a> on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acropolis+of+Athens&rft.atitle=Acropolis+of+Athens+%E2%80%93+History&rft.au=Ioanna+Venieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodysseus.culture.gr%2Fh%2F3%2Feh351.jsp%3Fobj_id%3D2384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNova_–_PBS" class="citation web cs1">Nova – PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLCW0zKR4xk">"Secrets of the Parthenon – History"</a>. Acropolis of Athens. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109065429/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=MLCW0zKR4xk">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acropolis+of+Athens&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+the+Parthenon+%E2%80%93+History&rft.au=Nova+%E2%80%93+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMLCW0zKR4xk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary.</a> The Parthenon. Harvard University: 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01085-X">0-674-01085-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinzenz_Brinkmann" title="Vinzenz Brinkmann">Vinzenz Brinkmann</a> (ed.): Athen. Triumph der Bilder. Exhibition catalogue <a href="/wiki/Liebieghaus" title="Liebieghaus">Liebieghaus</a> Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt, Germany, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7319-0300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7319-0300-0">978-3-7319-0300-0</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921094655/http://www.joanbretonconnelly.com/">Connelly, Joan Breton Connelly.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Parthenon-Enigma-Understanding-Iconic-Building/dp/0307476596/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1439926583&sr=1-1&keywords=the+parthenon+enigma">"The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728071037/https://www.amazon.com/Parthenon-Enigma-Understanding-Iconic-Building/dp/0307476596/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1439926583&sr=1-1&keywords=the+parthenon+enigma">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Knopf: 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-47659-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-47659-6">0-307-47659-6</a>.</li> <li>Cosmopoulos, Michael (editor). The Parthenon and its Sculptures. Cambridge University: 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83673-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83673-5">0-521-83673-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltzman2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holtzman, Bernard (2003). L'Acropole d'Athènes : Monuments, Cultes et Histoire du sanctuaire d'Athèna Polias (in French). Paris, France: Picard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7084-0687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7084-0687-2"><bdi>978-2-7084-0687-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Acropole+d%27Ath%C3%A8nes+%3A+Monuments%2C+Cultes+et+Histoire+du+sanctuaire+d%27Ath%C3%A8na+Polias&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Picard&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-7084-0687-2&rft.aulast=Holtzman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988"></li> <li>King, Dorothy "The Elgin Marbles" Hutchinson / Random House, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-180013-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-180013-7">0-09-180013-7</a></li> <li>Osada, T. (ed.) The Parthenon Frieze. The Ritual Communication between the Goddess and the Polis. Parthenon Project Japan 2011–2014 Phoibos Verlag, Wien, Austria 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85161-124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85161-124-3">978-3-85161-124-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueyrel2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Queyrel, François (2008). Le Parthénon: un monument dans l'histoire (in French). Bartillat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84100-435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84100-435-5"><bdi>978-2-84100-435-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Parth%C3%A9non%3A+un+monument+dans+l%27histoire&rft.pub=Bartillat&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-84100-435-5&rft.aulast=Queyrel&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParthenon" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Papachatzis, Nikolaos D. Pausaniou Ellados Periegesis – Attika Athens, 1974.</li> <li>Tournikio, Panayotis. Parthenon. Abrams: 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-6314-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-6314-0">0-8109-6314-0</a>.</li> <li>Traulos, Ioannis N. I Poleodomike ekselikses ton Athinon Athens, 1960.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7254-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/960-7254-01-5">960-7254-01-5</a></li> <li>Woodford, Susan. The Parthenon. Cambridge University, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22629-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22629-5">0-521-22629-5</a></li> <li>Catharine Titi, The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, Springer, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9">978-3-031-26356-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" class="extiw" title="commons:Parthenon">Parthenon</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/parthenon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/parthenon">parthenon</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Parthenon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parthenon">Parthenon</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Parthenon <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Parthenon&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Parthenon">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Parthenon&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=912">The Acropolis of Athens: The Parthenon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918073307/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=912">Archived</a> 18 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (official site with a schedule of its opening hours, tickets, and contact information)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yppo.gr/4/e40.jsp?obj_id=123">(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) The Acropolis Restoration Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124083019/http://www.yppo.gr/4/e40.jsp?obj_id=123">Archived</a> 24 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parthenonfrieze.gr">(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) The Parthenon Frieze</a> (in Greek)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/404">UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Acropolis, Athens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nashville.gov/parthenon/index.htm">Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County – The Parthenon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128110846/http://www.nashville.gov/Parthenon/index.htm">Archived</a> 28 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622161447/http://www.metrum.org/key/athens/index.htm">The Athenian Acropolis by Livio C. Stecchini</a> (Takes the heterodox view of the date of the proto-Parthenon, but a useful summary of the scholarship) (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acropolisfriends.gr/index.php?lang=en">The Friends of the Acropolis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/lectures/ParthenonMarbles/marbles.shtm">Illustrated Parthenon Marbles</a> – Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, <a href="/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College" title="Hampden–Sydney College">Hampden–Sydney College</a>, Virginia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travels.co.ua/engl/greece/athens/acropolis/parthenon/index.html">Parthenon:description, photo album</a></li> <li>View a digital reconstruction of the Parthenon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sketchfab.com/models/4552d90409924583b1fadfc9953134cb">in virtual reality from Sketchfab</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Videos">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_Acropolis_Parthenon_day.ogg" title="File:Athens Acropolis Parthenon day.ogg">A Wikimedia video of the main sights of the Athenian Acropolis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLCW0zKR4xk">Secrets of the Parthenon</a> video by <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>, on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGitmYl6U90">Parthenon by Costas Gavras</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyzTAG9V-_o">The history of Acropolis and Parthenon from the Greek tv show Η Μηχανή του Χρόνου (Time machine)</a> (in Greek), on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN44e3jmDSA">The Acropolis of Athens in ancient Greece – Dimensions and proportions of Parthenon on Youtube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.ias.edu/amiaslecture-connelly">Institute for Advanced Study: The Parthenon Sculptures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phidias" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon" title="Pediments of the Parthenon">Pediments of the Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acropolis_of_Athens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Template:Acropolis of Athens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Template talk:Acropolis of Athens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acropolis of Athens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acropolis_of_Athens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Extant structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylaia_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" title="Propylaia (Acropolis of Athens)">Propylaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Temple of Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_of_Herodes_Atticus" title="Odeon of Herodes Atticus">Odeon of Herodes Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestal_of_Agrippa" title="Pedestal of Agrippa">Pedestal of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Eumenes" title="Stoa of Eumenes">Stoa of Eumenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepieion_of_Athens" title="Asclepieion of Athens">Sanctuary of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglaureion" title="Aglaureion">Aglaureion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Thrasyllos" title="Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos">Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beul%C3%A9_Gate" title="Beulé Gate">Beulé Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Sanctuaries_of_the_Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Cave Sanctuaries of the Acropolis of Athens">Cave Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatos_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" title="Peripatos (Acropolis of Athens)">Peripatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscaping_of_the_Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Landscaping of the Acropolis of Athens">Infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_(14220794964).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_%2814220794964%29.jpg/150px-The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_%2814220794964%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_%2814220794964%29.jpg/225px-The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_%2814220794964%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_%2814220794964%29.jpg/300px-The_Acropolis_of_Athens_viewed_from_the_Hill_of_the_Muses_%2814220794964%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Former structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgic_wall" title="Pelasgic wall">Pelasgic wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekatompedon" title="Hekatompedon">Hekatompedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Parthenon" title="Older Parthenon">Older Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Temple_of_Athena" title="Old Temple of Athena">Old Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brauroneion" title="Brauroneion">Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkotheke" title="Chalkotheke">Chalkotheke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandroseion" title="Pandroseion">Pandroseion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrephorion" title="Arrephorion">Arrephorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Athena_Polias" title="Altar of Athena Polias">Altar of Athena Polias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinion" title="Eleusinion">Eleusinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Pandion" title="Sanctuary of Pandion">Sanctuary of Pandion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Zeus_Polieus" title="Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus">Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_of_Pericles" title="Odeon of Pericles">Odeon of Pericles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Tower_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" title="Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens)">Frankish Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Nikias" title="Choragic Monument of Nikias">Choragic Monument of Nikias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klepsydra_(Akropolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Klepsydra (Akropolis)">Klepsydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Atheniotissa" title="Church of Panagia Atheniotissa">Church of Panagia Atheniotissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Roma_and_Augustus" title="Temple of Roma and Augustus">Temple of Roma and Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon_mosque" title="Parthenon mosque">Parthenon mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictinus" title="Ictinus">Ictinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicrates" title="Callicrates">Callicrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnesikles" title="Mnesikles">Mnesikles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)">Mardonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Morosini" title="Francesco Morosini">Francesco Morosini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin">Lord Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Lusieri" title="Giovanni Battista Lusieri">Giovanni Battista Lusieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hunt_(priest)" title="Philip Hunt (priest)">Reverend Philip Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Carrey" title="Jacques Carrey">Jacques Carrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois-S%C3%A9bastien_Fauvel" title="Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel">Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ross" title="Ludwig Ross">Ludwig Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Pittakis" title="Kyriakos Pittakis">Kyriakos Pittakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kavvadias" title="Panagiotis Kavvadias">Panagiotis Kavvadias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Balanos" title="Nikolaos Balanos">Nikolaos Balanos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Acropolis_Museum" title="Old Acropolis Museum">Old Acropolis Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Center_for_the_Acropolis_Studies" title="Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies">Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_Promachos" title="Athena Promachos">Athena Promachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopes_of_the_Parthenon" title="Metopes of the Parthenon">Metopes of the Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediments_of_the_Parthenon" title="Pediments of the Parthenon">Pediments of the Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korai_of_the_Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Korai of the Acropolis of Athens">Korai of the Acropolis of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor_Kore" title="Antenor Kore">Antenor Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydikos_Kore" title="Euthydikos Kore">Euthydikos Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritios_Boy" title="Kritios Boy">Kritios Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_670" title="Kore 670">Kore 670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos_Kore" title="Peplos Kore">Peplos Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moschophoros" title="Moschophoros">Moschophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_Athena" title="Mourning Athena">Mourning Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Fixing_her_Sandal" title="Nike Fixing her Sandal">Nike Fixing her Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Rider" title="Persian Rider">Persian Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne_and_Itys_(sculpture)" title="Procne and Itys (sculpture)">Procne and Itys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnian_Athena" title="Lemnian Athena">Lemnian Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_Marsyas_Group" title="Athena Marsyas Group">Athena Marsyas Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_of_Callimachus" title="Nike of Callimachus">Nike of Callimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Bodied_Daemon_(ACMA_35)" title="Three-Bodied Daemon (ACMA 35)">Three-Bodied Daemon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Achaemenid destruction of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Athens_(267_AD)" title="Sack of Athens (267 AD)">Sack of Athens (267 AD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1687)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1687)">Siege of the Acropolis (1687)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%931822)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)">Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%931827)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)">Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perserschutt" title="Perserschutt">Perserschutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(tree)" title="Moria (tree)">Moria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10288#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10288#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10288#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242092481">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068909-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098340">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947956g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947956g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000141664&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=4291">Greece</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/2990">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282116405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20001001">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/168254096">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&oldid=1260807554#Sculpture">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&oldid=1260807554#Sculpture</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parthenon" title="Category:Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:438_BC" title="Category:438 BC">438 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_religious_buildings_and_structures" title="Category:5th-century BC religious buildings and structures">5th-century BC religious buildings and structures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temples_of_Athena" title="Category:Temples of Athena">Temples of Athena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Category:Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_buildings_and_structures_in_Athens" title="Category:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens">Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_Athens" title="Category:Landmarks in Athens">Landmarks in Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destroyed_Greek_temples" title="Category:Destroyed Greek temples">Destroyed Greek temples</a></li><li><a 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