CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anaerobic digestion - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d695f94b-058b-4d5b-8465-5f0127b4149b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anaerobic_digestion","wgTitle":"Anaerobic digestion","wgCurRevisionId":1255764407,"wgRevisionId":1255764407,"wgArticleId":1545608,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016","Commons category link from Wikidata","Anaerobic digestion","Biodegradable waste management","Biofuels", "Environmental engineering","Hydrogen production","Mechanical biological treatment","Power station technology","Sewerage","Sustainable technologies","Water technology","Gas technologies","Renewable energy","Food waste"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anaerobic_digestion","wgRelevantArticleId":1545608,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Anaerobic_digester","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q555853","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg/1200px-Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg/800px-Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg/640px-Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anaerobic digestion - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anaerobic_digestion rootpage-Anaerobic_digestion skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anaerobic+digestion" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anaerobic+digestion" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anaerobic+digestion" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anaerobic+digestion" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Process_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Process stages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Configuration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batch_or_continuous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batch_or_continuous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Batch or continuous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batch_or_continuous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solids_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solids_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Solids content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solids_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Complexity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Residence time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 Pressure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Inhibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feedstocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feedstocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Feedstocks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feedstocks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feedstocks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feedstocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moisture_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moisture_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Moisture content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moisture_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substrate_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substrate_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Substrate composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substrate_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waste_and_wastewater_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_and_wastewater_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Waste and wastewater treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_and_wastewater_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Power generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grid_injection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grid_injection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Grid injection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grid_injection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Vehicle fuel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertiliser_and_soil_conditioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertiliser_and_soil_conditioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fertiliser and soil conditioner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertiliser_and_soil_conditioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Cooking gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Products </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Products subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biogas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Biogas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Digestate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wastewater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wastewater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Wastewater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wastewater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Modern geographical distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents_involving_digesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents_involving_digesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Incidents involving digesters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents_involving_digesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anaerobic digestion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%C3%ABrobiese_vertering" title="Anaërobiese vertering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anaërobiese vertering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B6%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="هضم لاهوائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هضم لاهوائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanaat" title="Metanaat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metanaat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesti%C3%B3_anaer%C3%B2bia" title="Digestió anaeròbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Digestió anaeròbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobn%C3%AD_digesce" title="Anaerobní digesce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anaerobní digesce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanisering" title="Metanisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metanisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4rung" title="Gärung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gärung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaeroobne_lagunemine" title="Anaeroobne lagunemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anaeroobne lagunemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Αναερόβια πέψη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναερόβια πέψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesti%C3%B3n_anaer%C3%B3bica" title="Digestión anaeróbica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Digestión anaeróbica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestio_anaerobikoa" title="Digestio anaerobikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Digestio anaerobikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B6%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="هضم بی‌هوازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هضم بی‌هوازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thanisation" title="Méthanisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthanisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixesti%C3%B3n_anaerobia" title="Dixestión anaerobia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dixestión anaerobia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%84%B1_%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94" title="혐기성 소화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혐기성 소화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_narkewa" title="Anaerobic narkewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Anaerobic narkewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="अवायवीय अपघटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवायवीय अपघटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobna_digestija" title="Anaerobna digestija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anaerobna digestija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestione_anaerobica" title="Digestione anaerobica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Digestione anaerobica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83" title="Анаэробты ашу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анаэробты ашу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobinis_dumblo_p%C5%ABdymas" title="Anaerobinis dumblo pūdymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anaerobinis dumblo pūdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അവായവദഹനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അവായവദഹനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergisting_(mest)" title="Vergisting (mest) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergisting (mest)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerob_nedbrytning" title="Anaerob nedbrytning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anaerob nedbrytning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਗੋਬਰ ਗੈਸ ਪਲਾਂਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੋਬਰ ਗੈਸ ਪਲਾਂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentacja_metanowa" title="Fermentacja metanowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fermentacja metanowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest%C3%A3o_anaer%C3%B3bia" title="Digestão anaeróbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digestão anaeróbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Метановое брожение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метановое брожение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesenge" title="Jeesenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jeesenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anaerobic digestion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Анаеробна декомпозиција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анаеробна декомпозиција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4d%C3%A4tys" title="Mädätys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mädätys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6tning" title="Rötning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rötning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Метанове бродіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метанове бродіння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%AD%E6%B0%A7%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96" title="厭氧消化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厭氧消化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q555853#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anaerobic_digestion" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anaerobic_digestion" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anaerobic_digestion" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&oldid=1255764407" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anaerobic_digestion&id=1255764407&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnaerobic_digestion">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnaerobic_digestion">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anaerobic_digestion&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_methanation" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q555853" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digester&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic digester">Anaerobic digester</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anaerobic digester system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg/220px-Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg/330px-Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg/440px-Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Anaerobic digester system in Germany</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:1px solid #aaa; width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent;padding:0.2em;font-size:145%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wind turbines near Vendsyssel, Denmark (2004)"><img alt="A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/180px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/270px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/360px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Building insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_audit" title="Energy audit">Energy audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_implementation" title="Energy efficiency implementation">Energy efficiency implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_lamp" title="Energy saving lamp">Energy saving lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-energy_building_techniques" title="List of low-energy building techniques">List of low-energy building techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">Low-energy house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_habitat" title="Sustainable habitat">Sustainable habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Sustainable refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">Thermal energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_green_building" title="Tropical green building">Tropical green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_heating_building" title="Zero heating building">Zero heating building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_barrage" title="Tidal barrage">Tidal barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_farm" title="Tidal farm">Tidal farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Renewable energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine" title="Floating wind turbine">Floating wind turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting" title="Wind power forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_lens" title="Wind lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wind_energy" title="Outline of wind energy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_rights" title="Wind rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbelt" title="Windbelt">Windbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">Windpump</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Bicycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93electric_hybrid_vehicle" title="Human–electric hybrid vehicle">Human-electric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twike" title="Twike">Twike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Watercraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy" title="Category:Renewable energy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/16px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/24px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/32px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Anaerobic digestion is a sequence of processes by which <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> break down <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> material in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nnfcc-1">[1]</a> The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">manage waste</a> or to produce fuels. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> used industrially to produce food and drink products, as well as home fermentation, uses anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally in some soils and in lake and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, where it is usually referred to as "anaerobic activity".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This is the source of <a href="/wiki/Methane#Occurrence" title="Methane">marsh gas methane</a> as discovered by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Anaerobic digestion comprises four stages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidogenesis" title="Acidogenesis">Acidogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetogenesis" title="Acetogenesis">Acetogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">Methanogenesis</a></li></ul> The digestion process begins with <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of the input materials. Insoluble <a href="/wiki/Organic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic polymer">organic polymers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, are broken down to soluble derivatives that become available for other bacteria. <a href="/wiki/Acidogenesis" title="Acidogenesis">Acidogenic bacteria</a> then convert the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> into carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a>. In acetogenesis, bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide amongst other compounds. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The methanogenic <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Anaerobic digestion is used as part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>. As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with purpose-grown energy crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. The process produces a <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and traces of other 'contaminant' gases.<a href="#cite_note-nnfcc-1">[1]</a> This biogas can be used directly as fuel, in combined heat and power gas engines<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or upgraded to natural gas-quality <a href="/wiki/Biomethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomethane">biomethane</a>. The nutrient-rich <a href="/wiki/Digestate" title="Digestate">digestate</a> also produced can be used as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>. With the re-use of waste as a resource and new technological approaches that have lowered <a href="/wiki/Capital_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital costs">capital costs</a>, anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments in a number of countries, among these the United Kingdom (2011),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Germany,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Denmark (2011),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></div> Many microorganisms affect anaerobic digestion, including acetic acid-forming <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acetogen" title="Acetogen">acetogens</a>) and methane-forming <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a>). These organisms promote a number of chemical processes in converting the biomass to <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Gaseous oxygen is excluded from the reactions by physical containment. Anaerobes utilize electron acceptors from sources other than oxygen gas. These acceptors can be the organic material itself or may be supplied by inorganic <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> from within the input material. When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the organic material itself, the 'intermediate' end products are primarily <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, and organic acids, plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialised methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end products of methane, carbon dioxide, and trace levels of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In an anaerobic system, the majority of the chemical energy contained within the starting material is released by methanogenic archaea as methane.<a href="#cite_note-Fergusen,_T._2006_p49-15">[15]</a> Populations of anaerobic microorganisms typically take a significant period of time to establish themselves to be fully effective. Therefore, common practice is to introduce anaerobic microorganisms from materials with existing populations, a process known as "seeding" the digesters, typically accomplished with the addition of sewage sludge or cattle slurry.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_stages">Process stages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process stages">edit</a>]</div> The four key stages of anaerobic digestion involve <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acidogenesis" title="Acidogenesis">acidogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetogenesis" title="Acetogenesis">acetogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anaerobic_digestion-17">[17]</a> The overall process can be described by the chemical reaction, where organic material such as glucose is biochemically digested into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) by the anaerobic microorganisms. <div style="text-align: center; margin: 1em 10%; border: 1px solid; max-width: 450px;"> C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4 </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AD_Process_Flow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AD_Process_Flow.png/220px-AD_Process_Flow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AD_Process_Flow.png/330px-AD_Process_Flow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AD_Process_Flow.png/440px-AD_Process_Flow.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Anaerobic Digestion Process Flow: All process flows are dependent on the balance of between proteins, carbs and fats.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Hydrolysis</li></ul> In most cases, biomass is made up of large organic polymers. For the bacteria in anaerobic digesters to access the energy potential of the material, these chains must first be broken down into their smaller constituent parts. These constituent parts, or monomers, such as sugars, are readily available to other bacteria. The process of breaking these chains and dissolving the smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore, hydrolysis of these high-molecular-weight polymeric components is the necessary first step in anaerobic digestion.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> the complex organic molecules are broken down into <a href="/wiki/Simple_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sugar">simple sugars</a>, amino acids, and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>. Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogens. Other molecules, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with a chain length greater than that of acetate must first be <a href="/wiki/Catabolised" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolised">catabolised</a> into compounds that can be directly used by methanogens.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <ul><li>Acidogenesis</li></ul> The biological process of <a href="/wiki/Acidogenesis" title="Acidogenesis">acidogenesis</a> results in further breakdown of the remaining components by acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here, VFAs are created, along with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, as well as other byproducts.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The process of acidogenesis is similar to the way <a href="/wiki/Sour_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour milk">milk sours</a>. <ul><li>Acetogenesis</li></ul> The third stage of anaerobic digestion is <a href="/wiki/Acetogenesis" title="Acetogenesis">acetogenesis</a>. Here, simple molecules created through the acidogenesis phase are further digested by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid, as well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <ul><li>Methanogenesis</li></ul> The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>. Here, methanogens use the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide, and water. These components make up the majority of the biogas emitted from the system. Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and low pHs and occurs between pH 6.5 and pH 8.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The remaining, indigestible material the microbes cannot use and any dead bacterial remains constitute the digestate. <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Configuration">Configuration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Configuration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Comparison of common biogas technologies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg/390px-Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg/585px-Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg/780px-Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of common biogas technologies</figcaption></figure> Anaerobic digesters can be designed and engineered to operate using a number of different configurations and can be categorized into batch vs. continuous process mode, <a href="/wiki/Mesophilic_digester" title="Mesophilic digester">mesophilic</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Thermophilic_digester" title="Thermophilic digester">thermophilic</a> temperature conditions, high vs. low portion of solids, and single stage vs. multistage processes. Continuous process requires more complex design, but still, it may be more economical than batch process, because batch process requires more initial building money and a larger volume of the digesters (spread across several batches) to handle the same amount of waste as a continuous process digester.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Higher heat energy is required in a thermophilic system compared to a mesophilic system, but the thermophilic system requires much less time and has a larger gas output capacity and higher methane gas content, so one has to consider that trade-off carefully.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For solids content, low will handle up to 15% solid content. Above this level is considered high solids content and can also be known as dry digestion.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In a single stage process, one reactor houses the four anaerobic digestion steps. A multistage process utilizes two or more reactors for digestion to separate the methanogenesis and hydrolysis phases.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batch_or_continuous">Batch or continuous</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Batch or continuous">edit</a>]</div> Anaerobic digestion can be performed as a batch process or a continuous process. In a batch system, biomass is added to the reactor at the start of the process. The reactor is then sealed for the duration of the process. In its simplest form batch processing needs <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> with already processed material to start the anaerobic digestion. In a typical scenario, biogas production will be formed with a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a> pattern over time. Operators can use this fact to determine when they believe the process of digestion of the organic matter has completed. There can be severe odour issues if a batch reactor is opened and emptied before the process is well completed. A more advanced type of batch approach has limited the odour issues by integrating anaerobic digestion with <a href="/wiki/In-vessel_composting" title="In-vessel composting">in-vessel composting</a>. In this approach inoculation takes place through the use of recirculated degasified percolate. After anaerobic digestion has completed, the biomass is kept in the reactor which is then used for <a href="/wiki/In-vessel_composting" title="In-vessel composting">in-vessel composting</a> before it is opened<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> As the batch digestion is simple and requires less equipment and lower levels of design work, it is typically a cheaper form of digestion.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Using more than one batch reactor at a plant can ensure constant production of biogas. In continuous digestion processes, organic matter is constantly added (continuous complete mixed) or added in stages to the reactor (continuous <a href="/wiki/Plug_flow" title="Plug flow">plug flow</a>; first in – first out). Here, the end products are constantly or periodically removed, resulting in constant production of biogas. A single or multiple digesters in sequence may be used. Examples of this form of anaerobic digestion include <a href="/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor" title="Continuous stirred-tank reactor">continuous stirred-tank reactors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket" class="mw-redirect" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket">upflow anaerobic sludge blankets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expanded_granular_sludge_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded granular sludge bed">expanded granular sludge beds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internal_circulation_reactor" title="Internal circulation reactor">internal circulation reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Temperature">edit</a>]</div> The two conventional operational temperature levels for anaerobic digesters determine the species of methanogens in the digesters:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesophilic_digester" title="Mesophilic digester">Mesophilic digestion</a> takes place optimally around 30 to 38 °C, or at ambient temperatures between 20 and 45 °C, where mesophiles are the primary microorganisms present.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermophilic_digester" title="Thermophilic digester">Thermophilic digestion</a> takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.</li></ul> A limit case has been reached in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, with anaerobic digestion in temperature working conditions of less than 10 °C. The anaerobic process is very slow, taking more than three times the normal mesophilic time process.<a href="#cite_note-lrrd.org-33">[33]</a> In experimental work at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>, a 1,000-litre digester using <a href="/wiki/Psychrophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychrophiles">psychrophiles</a> harvested from "mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 litres of methane per day, about 20 to 30% of the output from digesters in warmer climates.<a href="#cite_note-NewSc2785p14-34">[34]</a> Mesophilic species outnumber thermophiles, and they are also more tolerant to changes in environmental conditions than thermophiles. Mesophilic systems are, therefore, considered to be more stable than thermophilic digestion systems. In contrast, while thermophilic digestion systems are considered less stable, their energy input is higher, with more biogas being removed from the organic matter in an equal amount of time. The increased temperatures facilitate faster reaction rates, and thus faster gas yields. Operation at higher temperatures facilitates greater pathogen reduction of the digestate. In countries where legislation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Animal_By-Products_Regulations" title="Animal By-Products Regulations">Animal By-Products Regulations</a> in the European Union, requires digestate to meet certain levels of pathogen reduction there may be a benefit to using thermophilic temperatures instead of mesophilic.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Additional pre-treatment can be used to reduce the necessary retention time to produce biogas. For example, certain processes shred the substrates to increase the surface area or use a thermal pretreatment stage (such as pasteurisation) to significantly enhance the biogas output. The pasteurisation process can also be used to reduce the pathogenic concentration in the digestate, leaving the anaerobic digester. Pasteurisation may be achieved by heat treatment combined with <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(sewage)" title="Maceration (sewage)">maceration</a> of the solids. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solids_content">Solids content</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solids content">edit</a>]</div> In a typical scenario, three different operational parameters are associated with the solids content of the feedstock to the digesters: <ul><li>High solids (dry—stackable substrate)</li> <li>High solids (wet—pumpable substrate)</li> <li>Low solids (wet—pumpable substrate)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Design of a dry/solid-state anaerobic digestion (AD) biogas plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg/220px-Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg/330px-Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg/440px-Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Design of a dry/solid-state anaerobic digestion (AD) biogas plant</figcaption></figure> High solids (dry) digesters are designed to process materials with a solids content between 25 and 40%. Unlike wet digesters that process pumpable slurries, high solids (dry – stackable substrate) digesters are designed to process solid substrates without the addition of water. The primary styles of dry digesters are continuous vertical plug flow and batch tunnel horizontal digesters. Continuous vertical plug flow digesters are upright, cylindrical tanks where feedstock is continuously fed into the top of the digester, and flows downward by gravity during digestion. In batch tunnel digesters, the feedstock is deposited in tunnel-like chambers with a gas-tight door. Neither approach has mixing inside the digester. The amount of pretreatment, such as contaminant removal, depends both upon the nature of the waste streams being processed and the desired quality of the digestate. Size reduction (grinding) is beneficial in continuous vertical systems, as it accelerates digestion, while batch systems avoid grinding and instead require structure (e.g. yard waste) to reduce compaction of the stacked pile. Continuous vertical dry digesters have a smaller footprint due to the shorter effective retention time and vertical design. Wet digesters can be designed to operate in either a high-solids content, with a <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">total suspended solids</a> (TSS) concentration greater than ~20%, or a low-solids concentration less than ~15%.<a href="#cite_note-eunomia.co.uk-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maximum-37">[37]</a> High solids (wet) digesters process a thick slurry that requires more energy input to move and process the feedstock. The thickness of the material may also lead to associated problems with abrasion. High solids digesters will typically have a lower land requirement due to the lower volumes associated with the moisture.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> High solids digesters also require correction of conventional performance calculations (e.g. gas production, retention time, kinetics, etc.) originally based on very dilute sewage digestion concepts, since larger fractions of the feedstock mass are potentially convertible to biogas.<a href="#cite_note-Methods-39">[39]</a> Low solids (wet) digesters can transport material through the system using standard pumps that require significantly lower energy input. Low solids digesters require a larger amount of land than high solids due to the increased volumes associated with the increased liquid-to-feedstock ratio of the digesters. There are benefits associated with operation in a liquid environment, as it enables more thorough circulation of materials and contact between the bacteria and their food. This enables the bacteria to more readily access the substances on which they are feeding, and increases the rate of gas production.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complexity">Complexity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Complexity">edit</a>]</div> Digestion systems can be configured with different levels of complexity.<a href="#cite_note-eunomia.co.uk-36">[36]</a> In a single-stage digestion system (one-stage), all of the biological reactions occur within a single, sealed reactor or holding tank. Using a single stage reduces construction costs, but results in less control of the reactions occurring within the system. Acidogenic bacteria, through the production of acids, reduce the pH of the tank. Methanogenic archaea, as outlined earlier, operate in a strictly defined pH range.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Therefore, the biological reactions of the different species in a single-stage reactor can be in direct competition with each other. Another one-stage reaction system is an <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_lagoon" title="Anaerobic lagoon">anaerobic lagoon</a>. These lagoons are pond-like, earthen basins used for the treatment and long-term storage of manures.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Here the anaerobic reactions are contained within the natural anaerobic sludge contained in the pool. In a two-stage digestion system (multistage), different digestion vessels are optimised to bring maximum control over the bacterial communities living within the digesters. Acidogenic bacteria produce organic acids and more quickly grow and reproduce than methanogenic archaea. Methanogenic archaea require stable pH and temperature to optimise their performance.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Under typical circumstances, hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and acidogenesis occur within the first reaction vessel. The organic material is then heated to the required operational temperature (either mesophilic or thermophilic) prior to being pumped into a methanogenic reactor. The initial hydrolysis or acidogenesis tanks prior to the methanogenic reactor can provide a buffer to the rate at which feedstock is added. Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In this instance, there may be a pasteurisation or sterilisation stage prior to digestion or between the two digestion tanks. Notably, it is not possible to completely isolate the different reaction phases, and often some biogas is produced in the hydrolysis or acidogenesis tanks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Residence_time">Residence time</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Residence time">edit</a>]</div> The residence time in a digester varies with the amount and type of feed material, and with the configuration of the digestion system. In a typical two-stage mesophilic digestion, residence time varies between 15 and 40 days,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> while for a single-stage thermophilic digestion, residence times is normally faster and takes around 14 days. The plug-flow nature of some of these systems will mean the full degradation of the material may not have been realised in this timescale. In this event, digestate exiting the system will be darker in colour and will typically have more odour.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In the case of an <a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion</a> (UASB), hydraulic residence times can be as short as 1 hour to 1 day, and solid retention times can be up to 90 days. In this manner, a UASB system is able to separate solids and hydraulic retention times with the use of a sludge blanket.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Continuous digesters have mechanical or hydraulic devices, depending on the level of solids in the material, to mix the contents, enabling the bacteria and the food to be in contact. They also allow excess material to be continuously extracted to maintain a reasonably constant volume within the digestion tanks.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressure">Pressure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pressure">edit</a>]</div> A recent development in anaerobic reactor design is High-pressure anaerobic digestion (HPAD) also referred to a <a href="/wiki/Autogenerative_high-pressure_digestion" title="Autogenerative high-pressure digestion">Autogenerative High Pressure Digestion</a> (AHPD). This technique produces a biogas with a elevated methane content. The produced carbon dioxide in biogas dissolves more into the water phase under pressure then methane does. Hence the produced biogas is richer in methane. Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> demonstrated that the bacterial community changes in composition under the influence of pressure.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Individual bacteria species have their optimum circumstances in which they grow and replicate the fastest. Commonly known are pH, temperature, salinity etc. but pressure is also one of them. Some species have adapted to life in the deep oceans where pressure is much higher than at sea level. This makes it possible in similar vein as other process parameters such as Temperature, Retention Time, pH to influence the anaerobic digestion process. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibition">Inhibition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inhibition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG/180px-Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG/270px-Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG/360px-Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1349" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg/180px-Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg/270px-Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg/360px-Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Farm-based <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> silage digester located near <a href="/wiki/Neum%C3%BCnster" title="Neumünster">Neumünster</a> in Germany, 2007 - the green, inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester. Right: Two-stage, low solids, <a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a> digestion component of a mechanical biological treatment system near <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>; the process water is seen in balance tank and <a href="/wiki/Sequencing_batch_reactor" title="Sequencing batch reactor">sequencing batch reactor</a>, 2005.</div></div></div></div> The anaerobic digestion process can be inhibited by several compounds, affecting one or more of the bacterial groups responsible for the different organic matter degradation steps. The degree of the inhibition depends, among other factors, on the concentration of the inhibitor in the digester. Potential inhibitors are ammonia,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> sulfide, light metal ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al), heavy metals, some organics (chlorophenols, halogenated aliphatics, N-substituted aromatics, long chain fatty acids), etc.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) has been shown to inhibit production of methane. Furthermore, it destabilises the microbial community, impacting the synthesis of acetic acid. Acetic acid is one of the driving forces in methane production. At an excess of 5000 mg/L TAN, pH adjustment is needed to keep the reaction stable.<a href="#cite_note-Yenigün-2013-52">[52]</a> A TAN concentration above 1700– 1800 mg/L inhibits methane production and yield decreases at greater TAN concentrations. High TAN concentrations cause the reaction to turn acidic and lead to a domino effect of inhibition.<a href="#cite_note-Yenigün-2013-52">[52]</a> Total ammonia nitrogen is the combination of free ammonia and ionized ammonia. TAN is produced through degrading material high in nitrogen, typically proteins and will naturally build in anaerobic digestion. This is depending on the organic feed stock fed to the system. In typical wastewater treatment practices, TAN reduction is done with via <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>. Nitrification is an aerobic process where TAN is consumed by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. These bacteria release nitrate and nitrite which are later converted to nitrogen gas through the denitrification process.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Hydrolysis and acidogenesis can also be impacted by TAN concentration. In mesophilic conditions, inhibition for hydrolysis was found to occur at 5500 mg/L TAN, while acidogenesis inhibition occurs at 6500 mg/L TAN.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feedstocks">Feedstocks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feedstocks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg/220px-Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg/330px-Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg/440px-Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Anaerobic lagoon and generators at the Cal Poly Dairy, United States</figcaption></figure> The most important initial issue when considering the application of anaerobic digestion systems is the feedstock to the process.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Almost any organic material can be processed with anaerobic digestion;<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> however, if biogas production is the aim, the level of putrescibility is the key factor in its successful application.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The more putrescible (digestible) the material, the higher the gas yields possible from the system. Feedstocks can include biodegradable waste materials, such as waste paper, grass clippings, leftover food, sewage, and animal waste.<a href="#cite_note-nnfcc-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woody</a> wastes are the exception, because they are largely unaffected by digestion, as most anaerobes are unable to degrade <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xylophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylophagous">Xylophagous</a> anaerobes (lignin consumers) or high temperature pretreatment, such as pyrolysis, can be used to break lignin down. Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with specially grown <a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">energy crops</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, for dedicated biogas production. In Germany and continental Europe, these facilities are referred to as "biogas" plants. A codigestion or cofermentation plant is typically an agricultural anaerobic digester that accepts two or more input materials for simultaneous digestion.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The length of time required for anaerobic digestion depends on the chemical complexity of the material. Material rich in easily digestible sugars breaks down quickly, whereas intact lignocellulosic material rich in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers can take much longer to break down.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Anaerobic microorganisms are generally unable to break down lignin, the recalcitrant aromatic component of biomass.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Anaerobic digesters were originally designed for operation using sewage sludge and manures. Sewage and manure are not, however, the material with the most potential for anaerobic digestion, as the biodegradable material has already had much of the energy content taken out by the animals that produced it. Therefore, many digesters operate with codigestion of two or more types of feedstock. For example, in a farm-based digester that uses dairy manure as the primary feedstock,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> the gas production may be significantly increased by adding a second feedstock, e.g., grass and corn (typical on-farm feedstock), or various organic byproducts, such as slaughterhouse waste, fats, oils and grease from restaurants, organic household waste, etc. (typical off-site feedstock).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Digesters processing dedicated energy crops can achieve high levels of degradation and biogas production.<a href="#cite_note-Maximum-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Low-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Slurry-only systems are generally cheaper, but generate far less energy than those using crops, such as maize and grass silage; by using a modest amount of crop material (30%), an anaerobic digestion plant can increase energy output tenfold for only three times the capital cost, relative to a slurry-only system.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moisture_content">Moisture content</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moisture content">edit</a>]</div> A second consideration related to the feedstock is moisture content. Drier, stackable substrates, such as food and yard waste, are suitable for digestion in tunnel-like chambers. Tunnel-style systems typically have near-zero wastewater discharge, as well, so this style of system has advantages where the discharge of digester liquids are a liability. The wetter the material, the more suitable it will be to handling with standard pumps instead of energy-intensive concrete pumps and physical means of movement. Also, the wetter the material, the more volume and area it takes up relative to the levels of gas produced. The moisture content of the target feedstock will also affect what type of system is applied to its treatment. To use a high-solids anaerobic digester for dilute feedstocks, bulking agents, such as compost, should be applied to increase the solids content of the input material.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Another key consideration is the carbon:nitrogen ratio of the input material. This ratio is the balance of food a microbe requires to grow; the optimal C:N ratio is 20–30:1.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Excess N can lead to ammonia inhibition of digestion.<a href="#cite_note-Low-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination">Contamination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contamination">edit</a>]</div> The level of contamination of the feedstock material is a key consideration when using wet digestion or plug-flow digestion. If the feedstock to the digesters has significant levels of physical contaminants, such as plastic, glass, or metals, then processing to remove the contaminants will be required for the material to be used.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> If it is not removed, then the digesters can be blocked and will not function efficiently. This contamination issue does not occur with dry digestion or solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) plants, since SSAD handles dry, stackable biomass with a high percentage of solids (40-60%) in gas-tight chambers called fermenter boxes.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It is with this understanding that mechanical biological treatment plants are designed. The higher the level of pretreatment a feedstock requires, the more processing machinery will be required, and, hence, the project will have higher capital costs. <a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> After sorting or screening to remove any physical contaminants from the feedstock, the material is often shredded, minced, and mechanically or hydraulically pulped to increase the surface area available to microbes in the digesters and, hence, increase the speed of digestion. The maceration of solids can be achieved by using a <a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">chopper pump</a> to transfer the feedstock material into the airtight digester, where anaerobic treatment takes place. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substrate_composition">Substrate composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Substrate composition">edit</a>]</div> Substrate composition is a major factor in determining the methane yield and methane production rates from the digestion of biomass. Techniques to determine the compositional characteristics of the feedstock are available, while parameters such as solids, elemental, and organic analyses are important for digester design and operation.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Methane yield can be estimated from the elemental composition of substrate along with an estimate of its degradability (the fraction of the substrate that is converted to biogas in a reactor).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In order to predict biogas composition (the relative fractions of methane and carbon dioxide) it is necessary to estimate <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">partitioning</a> between the aqueous and gas phases, which requires additional information (reactor temperature, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, and substrate composition) and a chemical speciation model.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Direct measurements of biomethanation potential are also made using gas evolution or more recent gravimetric assays.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg/290px-Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg/435px-Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg/580px-Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of an anaerobic digester as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> system. It produces a digested slurry (<a href="/wiki/Digestate" title="Digestate">digestate</a>) that can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> that can be used for energy.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> Using anaerobic digestion technologies can help to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in a number of key ways: <ul><li>Replacement of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a></li> <li>Reducing or eliminating the energy footprint of waste treatment plants</li> <li>Reducing methane emission from landfills</li> <li>Displacing industrially produced chemical fertilizers</li> <li>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">vehicle</a> movements</li> <li>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Electricity_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity grid">electrical grid</a> transportation losses</li> <li>Reducing usage of <a href="/wiki/LP_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="LP Gas">LP Gas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a></li> <li>An important component of the <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero Waste</a> initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_and_wastewater_treatment">Waste and wastewater treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Waste and wastewater treatment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/220px--Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm/Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Anaerobic digesters in a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage treatment plant">sewage treatment plant</a>. The methane gas is managed by burning through a <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">gas flare</a>.</figcaption></figure> Anaerobic digestion is particularly suited to organic material, and is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Industrial_effluent" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial effluent">industrial effluent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">sewage sludge treatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Anaerobic digestion, a simple process, can greatly reduce the amount of organic matter which might otherwise be destined to be dumped at sea,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> dumped in <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>, or burnt in <a href="/wiki/Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerator">incinerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pressure from environmentally related <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> on solid <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> disposal methods in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> has increased the application of anaerobic digestion as a process for reducing waste volumes and generating useful byproducts. It may either be used to process the source-separated fraction of municipal waste or alternatively combined with mechanical sorting systems, to process residual mixed municipal waste. These facilities are called mechanical biological treatment plants.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> If the putrescible waste processed in anaerobic digesters were disposed of in a landfill, it would break down naturally and often anaerobically. In this case, the gas will eventually escape into the atmosphere. As methane is about 20 times more potent as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> than carbon dioxide, this has significant negative environmental effects.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In countries that collect household waste, the use of local anaerobic digestion facilities can help to reduce the amount of waste that requires transportation to centralized landfill sites or incineration facilities. This reduced burden on transportation reduces carbon emissions from the collection vehicles. If localized anaerobic digestion facilities are embedded within an electrical distribution network, they can help reduce the electrical losses associated with transporting electricity over a national grid.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Anaerobic digestion can be used for the remediation sludge polluted with <a href="/wiki/PFAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PFAS">PFAS</a>. A 2024 study has shown that anaerobic digestion, combined with adsorption in <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> and voltage application can remove up to 61% of PFAS from sewage sludge.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_generation">Power generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Power generation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_efficiency_on_United_States_farms" title="Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms">Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms</a></div> In developing countries, simple home and farm-based anaerobic digestion systems offer the potential for low-cost energy for cooking and lighting.<a href="#cite_note-lrrd.org-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> From 1975, <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_in_China" title="Bioenergy in China">China</a> and India have both had large, government-backed schemes for adaptation of small biogas plants for use in the household for cooking and lighting. At present, projects for anaerobic digestion in the developing world can gain financial support through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism" title="Clean Development Mechanism">Clean Development Mechanism</a> if they are able to show they provide reduced carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Methane and power produced in anaerobic digestion facilities can be used to replace energy derived from fossil fuels, and hence reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">emissions of greenhouse gases</a>, because the carbon in biodegradable material is part of a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>. The carbon released into the atmosphere from the combustion of biogas has been removed by plants for them to grow in the recent past, usually within the last decade, but more typically within the last growing season. If the plants are regrown, taking the carbon out of the atmosphere once more, the system will be <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In contrast, carbon in fossil fuels has been sequestered in the earth for many millions of years, the combustion of which increases the overall levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Power generation through anaerobic digestors is best suited to large-scale operations, rather than small farms, as large operations have the volume of manure that is able to make the systems financially viable.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Biogas from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">sewage sludge treatment</a> is sometimes used to run a <a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">gas engine</a> to produce electrical power, some or all of which can be used to run the sewage works.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Some waste heat from the engine is then used to heat the digester. The waste heat is, in general, enough to heat the digester to the required temperatures. The power potential from sewage works is limited – in the UK, there are about 80 MW total of such generation, with the potential to increase to 150 MW, which is insignificant compared to the average power demand in the UK of about 35,000 MW. The scope for biogas generation from nonsewage waste biological matter – energy crops, food waste, abattoir waste, etc. - is much higher, estimated to be capable of about 3,000 MW.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Farm biogas plants using animal waste and energy crops are expected to contribute to reducing CO2 emissions and strengthen the grid, while providing UK farmers with additional revenues.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some countries offer incentives in the form of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">feed-in tariffs</a> for feeding electricity onto the power grid to subsidize green energy production.<a href="#cite_note-nnfcc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In Oakland, California at the <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_Municipal_Utility_District" title="East Bay Municipal Utility District">East Bay Municipal Utility District</a>'s main wastewater treatment plant (EBMUD), <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> is currently codigested with primary and secondary municipal wastewater solids and other high-strength wastes. Compared to municipal wastewater solids digestion alone, food waste codigestion has many benefits. Anaerobic digestion of food waste pulp from the EBMUD food waste process provides a higher normalized energy benefit, compared to municipal wastewater solids: 730 to 1,300 kWh per dry ton of food waste applied compared to 560 to 940 kWh per dry ton of municipal wastewater solids applied.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grid_injection">Grid injection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grid injection">edit</a>]</div> Biogas grid-injection is the injection of biogas into the <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas grid">natural gas grid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The raw biogas has to be previously upgraded to biomethane. This upgrading implies the removal of contaminants such as hydrogen sulphide or siloxanes, as well as the carbon dioxide. Several technologies are available for this purpose, the most widely implemented being <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption (PSA)</a>, water or <a href="/wiki/Amine_gas_treating" title="Amine gas treating">amine scrubbing</a> (absorption processes) and, in recent years, <a href="/wiki/Membrane_technology" title="Membrane technology">membrane separation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As an alternative, the electricity and the heat can be used for <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">on-site generation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy. Typical energy losses in natural gas transmission systems range from 1–2%, whereas the current energy losses on a large electrical system range from 5–8%.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In October 2010, Didcot Sewage Works became the first in the UK to produce <a href="/wiki/Biomethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomethane">biomethane</a> gas supplied to the national grid, for use in up to 200 homes in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> By 2017, UK electricity firm <a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a> plan to have digester fed by locally sourced grass<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> fueling 6000 homes<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_fuel">Vehicle fuel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vehicle fuel">edit</a>]</div> After upgrading with the above-mentioned technologies, the biogas (transformed into biomethane) can be used as vehicle fuel in adapted vehicles. This use is very extensive in Sweden, where over 38,600 gas vehicles exist, and 60% of the vehicle gas is biomethane generated in anaerobic digestion plants.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertiliser_and_soil_conditioner">Fertiliser and soil conditioner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fertiliser and soil conditioner">edit</a>]</div> The solid, fibrous component of the digested material can be used as a soil conditioner to increase the organic content of soils. Digester liquor can be used as a fertiliser to supply vital nutrients to soils instead of chemical fertilisers that require large amounts of energy to produce and transport. The use of manufactured fertilisers is, therefore, more <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a> than the use of anaerobic digester liquor fertiliser. In countries such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, where many soils are organically depleted, the markets for the digested solids can be equally as important as the biogas.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking_gas">Cooking gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cooking gas">edit</a>]</div> By using a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bio-digester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bio-digester (page does not exist)">bio-digester</a>, which produces the bacteria required for decomposing, cooking gas is generated. The organic waste like fallen leaves, kitchen waste, food waste etc. are fed into a crusher unit, where it is mixed with a small amount of water. The mixture is then fed into the bio-digester, where the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> decomposes it to produce cooking gas. This gas is piped to kitchen stove. A 2 cubic meter bio-digester can produce 2 cubic meters of cooking gas. This is equivalent to 1 kg of LPG. The notable advantage of using a bio-digester is the sludge which is a rich organic manure.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Products">edit</a>]</div> The three principal products of anaerobic digestion are biogas, digestate, and water.<a href="#cite_note-eunomia.co.uk-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas">Biogas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biogas">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Typical composition of biogas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #cfb;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Compound</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #cfb;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">Formula</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #cfb;" width="100">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> </td> <td>CH 4 </td> <td>50–75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> </td> <td>CO 2 </td> <td>25–50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td>N 2 </td> <td>0–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td>H 2 </td> <td>0–1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> </td> <td>H 2S </td> <td>0–3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td>O 2 </td> <td>0–0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 0.85em; padding: 4px 0 4px 6px; text-align: left; background-color: #f2f2f2;">Source: www.kolumbus.fi, 2007<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG/220px-Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG/330px-Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG/440px-Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Biogas holder with lightning protection rods and backup <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">gas flare</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogas_pipes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Biogas_pipes.JPG/130px-Biogas_pipes.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Biogas_pipes.JPG/195px-Biogas_pipes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Biogas_pipes.JPG/260px-Biogas_pipes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Biogas carrying pipes</figcaption></figure> Biogas is the ultimate waste product of the bacteria feeding off the input biodegradable feedstock<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a> stage of anaerobic digestion is performed by <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, a micro-organism on a distinctly different branch of the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> tree of life to bacteria), and is mostly methane and carbon dioxide,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> with a small amount hydrogen and trace hydrogen sulfide. (As-produced, biogas also contains water vapor, with the fractional water vapor volume a function of biogas temperature).<a href="#cite_note-Methods-39">[39]</a> Most of the biogas is produced during the middle of the digestion, after the bacterial population has grown, and tapers off as the putrescible material is exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The gas is normally stored on top of the digester in an inflatable gas bubble or extracted and stored next to the facility in a gas holder. The methane in biogas can be burned to produce both heat and electricity, usually with a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microturbine" title="Microturbine">microturbine</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] often in a <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> arrangement where the electricity and waste heat generated are used to warm the digesters or to heat buildings. Excess electricity can be sold to suppliers or put into the local grid. Electricity produced by anaerobic digesters is considered to be renewable energy and may attract subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Biogas does not contribute to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations because the gas is not released directly into the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide comes from an organic source with a short carbon cycle. Biogas may require treatment or 'scrubbing' to refine it for use as a fuel.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a>, a toxic product formed from sulfates in the feedstock, is released as a trace component of the biogas. National environmental enforcement agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> or the English and Welsh <a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a>, put strict limits on the levels of gases containing hydrogen sulfide, and, if the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the gas are high, gas scrubbing and cleaning equipment (such as <a href="/wiki/Amine_gas_treating" title="Amine gas treating">amine gas treating</a>) will be needed to process the biogas to within regionally accepted levels.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Alternatively, the addition of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous chloride">ferrous chloride</a> FeCl2 to the digestion tanks inhibits hydrogen sulfide production.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Siloxane" title="Siloxane">siloxanes</a> can also contaminate the biogas; such compounds are frequently found in household waste and wastewater. In digestion facilities accepting these materials as a component of the feedstock, low-molecular-weight siloxanes volatilise into biogas. When this gas is combusted in a gas engine, turbine, or boiler, siloxanes are converted into silicon dioxide (SiO2), which deposits internally in the machine, increasing wear and tear.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes and other biogas contaminants are available at the present time.<a href="#cite_note-BiogasSiloxaneRemoval-123">[123]</a> In certain applications, in situ treatment can be used to increase the methane purity by reducing the offgas carbon dioxide content, purging the majority of it in a secondary reactor.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In countries such as Switzerland, Germany, and Sweden, the methane in the biogas may be compressed for it to be used as a vehicle transportation fuel or input directly into the gas mains.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In countries where the driver for the use of anaerobic digestion are renewable electricity subsidies, this route of treatment is less likely, as energy is required in this processing stage and reduces the overall levels available to sell.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestate">Digestate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Digestate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digestate" title="Digestate">digestate</a></div> Digestate is the solid remnants of the original input material to the digesters that the microbes cannot use. It also consists of the mineralised remains of the dead bacteria from within the digesters. Digestate can come in three forms: fibrous, liquor, or a sludge-based combination of the two fractions. In two-stage systems, different forms of digestate come from different digestion tanks. In single-stage digestion systems, the two fractions will be combined and, if desired, separated by further processing.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-generation-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaerobic_digestate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anaerobic_digestate.JPG/220px-Anaerobic_digestate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anaerobic_digestate.JPG/330px-Anaerobic_digestate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anaerobic_digestate.JPG/440px-Anaerobic_digestate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Acidogenic anaerobic <a href="/wiki/Digestate" title="Digestate">digestate</a></figcaption></figure> The second byproduct (acidogenic digestate) is a stable, organic material consisting largely of lignin and cellulose, but also of a variety of mineral components in a matrix of dead bacterial cells; some plastic may be present. The material resembles domestic compost and can be used as such or to make low-grade building products, such as fibreboard.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The solid digestate can also be used as feedstock for ethanol production.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The third byproduct is a liquid (methanogenic digestate) rich in nutrients, which can be used as a fertiliser, depending on the quality of the material being digested.<a href="#cite_note-generation-128">[128]</a> Levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) should be chemically assessed. This will depend upon the quality of the original feedstock. In the case of most clean and source-separated biodegradable waste streams, the levels of PTEs will be low. In the case of wastes originating from industry, the levels of PTEs may be higher and will need to be taken into consideration when determining a suitable end use for the material. Digestate typically contains elements, such as lignin, that cannot be broken down by the anaerobic microorganisms. Also, the digestate may contain ammonia that is phytotoxic, and may hamper the growth of plants if it is used as a soil-improving material. For these two reasons, a maturation or composting stage may be employed after digestion. Lignin and other materials are available for degradation by aerobic microorganisms, such as fungi, helping reduce the overall volume of the material for transport. During this maturation, the ammonia will be oxidized into nitrates, improving the fertility of the material and making it more suitable as a soil improver. Large composting stages are typically used by dry anaerobic digestion technologies.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wastewater">Wastewater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wastewater">edit</a>]</div> The final output from anaerobic digestion systems is water, which originates both from the moisture content of the original waste that was treated and water produced during the microbial reactions in the digestion systems. This water may be released from the dewatering of the digestate or may be implicitly separate from the digestate. The wastewater exiting the anaerobic digestion facility will typically have elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a> (BOD) and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD). These measures of the reactivity of the effluent indicate an ability to pollute. Some of this material is termed 'hard COD', meaning it cannot be accessed by the anaerobic bacteria for conversion into biogas. If this effluent were put directly into watercourses, it would negatively affect them by causing <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>. As such, further treatment of the wastewater is often required. This treatment will typically be an oxidation stage wherein air is passed through the water in a sequencing batch reactors or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> unit.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SGDL0001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SGDL0001.JPG/130px-SGDL0001.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SGDL0001.JPG/195px-SGDL0001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/SGDL0001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Gas street lamp</figcaption></figure> Reported scientific interest in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufactured gas">manufacturing of gas</a> produced by the natural decomposition of organic matter dates from the 17th century, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> (1627-1691) and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> (1677-1761) noted that disturbing the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> of streams and lakes released flammable gas.<a href="#cite_note-Fergusen,_T._2006_p49-15">[15]</a> In 1778, the Italian physicist <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (1745-1827), the father of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Trasatti-1999-137">[137]</a> scientifically identified that gas as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gijzen-2002-138">[138]</a> In 1808 Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> proved the presence of methane in the gases produced by <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anaerobic_digestion-17">[17]</a> The first known anaerobic digester was built in 1859 at a <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marsh-2008-139">[139]</a> In 1895, the technology was developed in <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, where a septic tank was used to generate gas for the <a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas_destructor_lamp" title="Sewer gas destructor lamp">sewer gas destructor lamp</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>. Also in England, in 1904, the first dual-purpose tank for both <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> and sludge treatment was installed in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_London" title="Hampton, London">Hampton, London</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emscherbrunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emscherbrunnen.jpg/220px-Emscherbrunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emscherbrunnen.jpg/330px-Emscherbrunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emscherbrunnen.jpg/440px-Emscherbrunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Imhoff tank</figcaption></figure> By the early 20th century, anaerobic digestion systems began to resemble the technology as it appears today.<a href="#cite_note-Klinkner-2014-140">[140]</a> In 1906, Karl Imhoff created the <a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a>;<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> an early form of anaerobic digester and model wastewater treatment system throughout the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Grando-2017-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> After 1920, closed tank systems began to replace the previously common use of anaerobic lagoons – covered earthen basins used to treat volatile solids. Research on anaerobic digestion began in earnest in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Around the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, production from biofuels slowed as petroleum production increased and its uses were identified.<a href="#cite_note-Black-145">[145]</a> While fuel shortages during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> re-popularized anaerobic digestion, interest in the technology decreased again after the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-Klinkner-2014-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verma-2002-146">[146]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> sparked interest in anaerobic digestion.<a href="#cite_note-Klinkner-2014-140">[140]</a> In addition to high energy prices, factors affecting the adoption of anaerobic digestion systems include receptivity to innovation, pollution penalties, policy incentives, and the availability of subsidies and funding opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bangalore-2016-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_geographical_distribution">Modern geographical distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern geographical distribution">edit</a>]</div> Today, anaerobic digesters are commonly found alongside farms to reduce nitrogen run-off from manure, or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the costs of sludge disposal.<a href="#cite_note-Klinkner-2014-140">[140]</a> Agricultural anaerobic digestion for energy production has become most popular in Germany, where there were 8,625 digesters in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2017-149">[149]</a> In the United Kingdom, there were 259 facilities by 2014, and 500 projects planned to become operational by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In the United States, there were 191 operational plants across 34 states in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Bangalore-2016-148">[148]</a> Policy may explain why adoption rates are so different across these countries. <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariffs_in_Germany" title="Feed-in tariffs in Germany">Feed-in tariffs in Germany</a> were enacted in 1991, also known as FIT, providing long-term contracts compensating investments in renewable energy generation. Consequently, between 1991 and 1998 the number of anaerobic digester plants in Germany grew from 20 to 517. In the late 1990s, energy prices in Germany varied and investors became unsure of the market's potential. The German government responded by amending FIT four times between 2000 and 2011, increasing tariffs and improving the profitability of anaerobic digestion, and resulting in reliable returns for biogas production and continued high adoption rates across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Bangalore-2016-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auer-2017-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents_involving_digesters">Incidents involving digesters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Incidents involving digesters">edit</a>]</div> Anaerobic digesters have caused <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kills</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/River_Mole,_Devon" title="River Mole, Devon">River Mole, Devon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/River_Teifi" title="River Teifi">River Teifi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afon_Llynfi_(Wye)" title="Afon Llynfi (Wye)">Afon Llynfi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and loss of human life (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth_explosion" title="Avonmouth explosion">Avonmouth explosion</a>) There have been explosions of Anaerobic Digesters in the US<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay,_Maine" title="Jay, Maine">Jay, Maine</a> Pixelle Specialty Solutions' Androscoggin Mill;<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Pensacola (<a href="/wiki/Cantonment,_Florida" title="Cantonment, Florida">Cantonment</a>) 22 January 2017 (Kamyr digester explosion);<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/EPDM_rubber" title="EPDM rubber">EPDM</a> failure March 2013 <a href="/wiki/Aumsville,_Oregon" title="Aumsville, Oregon">Aumsville, Oregon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> February 6, 1987, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> two workers at a wastewater treatment plant were re-draining a sewage digester when an explosion lifted the 30-ton floating cover, killing both workers instantly;<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Southwest Wastewater Treatment Plant in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>),<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> in the UK (for example at <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth_explosion" title="Avonmouth explosion">Avonmouth</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Harper_Adams_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Adams College">Harper Adams College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Shropshire" title="Newport, Shropshire">Newport, Shropshire</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>), plus In Europe, there were about 800 accidents on biogas plants between 2005 and 2015, e.g. in France (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Fargeau" title="Saint-Fargeau">Saint-Fargeau</a>)<a href="#cite_note-SF_and_R-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> (though few of them were 'serious' with direct consequences for the human population).<a href="#cite_note-VCM_et_al-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Fortunately, according to one source, 'less than a dozen of them had consequences on humans'- for example, the incident at Rhadereistedt, Germany (4 dead).<a href="#cite_note-SF_and_R-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety analyses</a> have included<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> a 2016 study compiled a database of 169 accidents involving ADs.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-VCM_et_al-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digester_types" title="Anaerobic digester types">Anaerobic digester types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">Anaerobic organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonmouth_explosion" title="Avonmouth explosion">Avonmouth explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_air_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide air capture">Carbon dioxide air capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_anaerobic_and_aerobic_digestion" title="Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion">Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with energy">Environmental issues with energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Methane_Initiative" title="Global Methane Initiative">Global Methane Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia (environmental)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane capture">Methane capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology_of_decomposition" title="Microbiology of decomposition">Microbiology of decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_point" title="Pasteur point">Pasteur point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources">Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion</a> (UASB)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nnfcc-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nnfcc_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nnfcc_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nnfcc_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nnfcc_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion">"Anaerobic Digestion"</a>. NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet. <a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anaerobic+Digestion&rft.series=NNFCC+Renewable+Fuels+and+Energy+Factsheet&rft.pub=National+Non-Food+Crops+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnfcc.co.uk%2Fpublications%2Fnnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyama,_Tadashiro1963" class="citation journal cs1">Koyama, Tadashiro (1963). "Gaseous metabolism in lake sediments and paddy soils and the production of atmospheric methane and hydrogen". Journal of Geophysical Research. 68 (13): 3971–3973. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963JGR....68.3971K">1963JGR....68.3971K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJZ068i013p03971">10.1029/JZ068i013p03971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Gaseous+metabolism+in+lake+sediments+and+paddy+soils+and+the+production+of+atmospheric+methane+and+hydrogen&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3971-3973&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJZ068i013p03971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963JGR....68.3971K&rft.au=Koyama%2C+Tadashiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamatmat,_Mario_MacalalagBhagwat,_Ashok_M.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Pamatmat, Mario Macalalag; Bhagwat, Ashok M. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216221344/http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_18/issue_4/0611.pdf">"Anaerobic metabolism in Lake Washington sediments"</a> (PDF). Limnology and Oceanography. 18 (4): 611–627. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973LimOc..18..611P">1973LimOc..18..611P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1973.18.4.0611">10.4319/lo.1973.18.4.0611</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_18/issue_4/0611.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+metabolism+in+Lake+Washington+sediments&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-627&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1973.18.4.0611&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973LimOc..18..611P&rft.au=Pamatmat%2C+Mario+Macalalag&rft.au=Bhagwat%2C+Ashok+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faslo.org%2Flo%2Ftoc%2Fvol_18%2Fissue_4%2F0611.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZehnder,_Alexander_J._B.1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zehnder" title="Alexander Zehnder">Zehnder, Alexander J. B.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterpollutionmi00mitc">"Ecology of methane formation"</a>. In Mitchell, Ralph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterpollutionmi00mitc/page/349">Water Pollution Microbiology</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterpollutionmi00mitc/page/349">349–376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-01902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-01902-2"><bdi>978-0-471-01902-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecology+of+methane+formation&rft.btitle=Water+Pollution+Microbiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=349-376&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-471-01902-2&rft.au=Zehnder%2C+Alexander+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterpollutionmi00mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor,_A._N.Keeney,_D.R.1973" class="citation journal cs1">MacGregor, A. N.; Keeney, D.R. (1973). "Methane formation by lake sediments during in vitro incubations". Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 9 (6): 1153–1158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JAWRA...9.1153M">1973JAWRA...9.1153M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.1973.tb05854.x">10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb05854.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Water+Resources+Association&rft.atitle=Methane+formation+by+lake+sediments+during+in+vitro+incubations&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1153-1158&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.1973.tb05854.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973JAWRA...9.1153M&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Keeney%2C+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005194523/http://www.waste.nl/content/download/472/3779/file/WB89-InfoSheet(Anaerobic%20Digestion).pdf">"Anaerobic digestion reference sheet"</a> (PDF). waste.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waste.nl/content/download/472/3779/file/WB89-InfoSheet(Anaerobic%20Digestion).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=waste.nl&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+digestion+reference+sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waste.nl%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F472%2F3779%2Ffile%2FWB89-InfoSheet%28Anaerobic%2520Digestion%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabaei2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tabatabaei, Meisam (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/15129/1/Importance%20of%20the%20methanogenic%20archaea%20populations%20in%20anaerobic%20wastewater%20treatments.pdf">"Importance of the methanogenic archaea populations in anaerobic wastewater treatments"</a> (PDF). Process Biochemistry. 45 (8): 1214–1225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.procbio.2010.05.017">10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Process+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Importance+of+the+methanogenic+archaea+populations+in+anaerobic+wastewater+treatments&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1214-1225&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.procbio.2010.05.017&rft.aulast=Tabatabaei&rft.aufirst=Meisam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsasir.upm.edu.my%2Fid%2Feprint%2F15129%2F1%2FImportance%2520of%2520the%2520methanogenic%2520archaea%2520populations%2520in%2520anaerobic%2520wastewater%2520treatments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/biogas/agricultural-biogas/">"Agricultural Biogas"</a>. clarke-energy.com. Retrieved 8 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clarke-energy.com&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Biogas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarke-energy.com%2Fgas-type%2Fbiogas%2Fagricultural-biogas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-engines/">"Jenbacher Gas Engines"</a>. clarke-energy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clarke-energy.com&rft.atitle=Jenbacher+Gas+Engines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarke-energy.com%2Fgas-engines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/anaerobic-digestion-strat-action-plan.pdf">"Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan"</a> (PDF). defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defra.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+Digestion+Strategy+and+Action+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fanaerobic-digestion-strat-action-plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=da&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fjp.dk%2Findland%2Farticle2649820.ece">"Jyllands-Posten"</a>. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012 – via Google Translate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jyllands-Posten&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fsl%3Dauto%26tl%3Den%26js%3Dn%26prev%3D_t%26hl%3Dda%26ie%3DUTF-8%26layout%3D2%26eotf%3D1%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fjp.dk%252Findland%252Farticle2649820.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/agstar/agstar-data-and-trends">"AgSTAR Data and Trends"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AgSTAR+Data+and+Trends&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fagstar%2Fagstar-data-and-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720181907/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/evaluation-of-opportunities-for-converting-indigenous-uk-wastes-to-fuels-and-energy-report-nnfcc-09-012">"Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy"</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a>. NNFCC 09-012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/evaluation-of-opportunities-for-converting-indigenous-uk-wastes-to-fuels-and-energy-report-nnfcc-09-012">the original</a> on 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+Opportunities+for+Converting+Indigenous+UK+Wastes+to+Fuels+and+Energy&rft.pub=National+Non-Food+Crops+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnfcc.co.uk%2Ftools%2Fevaluation-of-opportunities-for-converting-indigenous-uk-wastes-to-fuels-and-energy-report-nnfcc-09-012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Adapted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_M.1967" class="citation book cs1">Beychok, M. (1967). <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_Wastes_from_Petroleum_and_Petrochemical_Plants" title="Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants">Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants</a> (First ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67019834">67019834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aqueous+Wastes+from+Petroleum+and+Petrochemical+Plants&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67019834&rft.au=Beychok%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fergusen,_T._2006_p49-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusen,_T._2006_p49_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusen,_T._2006_p49_15-1">b</a> Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. (2006) Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202051145/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80434e/80434E0k.htm">"The biogas plant"</a>. unu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80434e/80434E0k.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unu.edu&rft.atitle=The+biogas+plant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2F80434e%2F80434E0k.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anaerobic_digestion-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anaerobic_digestion_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anaerobic_digestion_17-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waste.nl/content/download/472/3779/file/WB89-InfoSheet(Anaerobic%20Digestion).pdf">Anaerobic digestion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005194523/http://www.waste.nl/content/download/472/3779/file/WB89-InfoSheet(Anaerobic%20Digestion).pdf">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, waste.nl. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleat,_R.Mah,_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Sleat, R.; Mah, R. (2006). "Hydrolytic Bacteria". Anaerobic digestion of biomass. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydrolytic+Bacteria&rft.btitle=Anaerobic+digestion+of+biomass&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Sleat%2C+R.&rft.au=Mah%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoone,_D.Mah,_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Boone, D.; Mah, R. (2006). Transitional bacteria in anaerobic digestion of biomass. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitional+bacteria+in+anaerobic+digestion+of+biomass&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Boone%2C+D.&rft.au=Mah%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sop.inria.fr/relation_ext/slides/water_treatment.pdf">"What is anaerobic digestion?"</a> (PDF). sop.inria.fr. Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sop.inria.fr&rft.atitle=What+is+anaerobic+digestion%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-sop.inria.fr%2Frelation_ext%2Fslides%2Fwater_treatment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012031436/http://www.biotank.co.uk/anaerobic_digestion.htm">"Anaerobic digestion"</a>. biotank.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biotank.co.uk/anaerobic_digestion.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biotank.co.uk&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+digestion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biotank.co.uk%2Fanaerobic_digestion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091741/http://greenthefuture.com/DIGESTER_HOWITWORKS_PROCESS.html">"How It Works"</a>. greenthefuture.com. Anaerobic Digester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenthefuture.com/DIGESTER_HOWITWORKS_PROCESS.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greenthefuture.com&rft.atitle=How+It+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenthefuture.com%2FDIGESTER_HOWITWORKS_PROCESS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nova-gas.com/analyzers/landfill-biogas">"Landfill Gas & Biogas Analyzers | Nova Gas"</a>. Nova Gas. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nova+Gas&rft.atitle=Landfill+Gas+%26+Biogas+Analyzers+%7C+Nova+Gas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nova-gas.com%2Fanalyzers%2Flandfill-biogas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAboweiAyotamunoEze2009" class="citation journal cs1">A, Igoni Hilkia; Abowei, M. F. N.; Ayotamuno, M. J.; Eze, C. L. (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/1160">"Comparative Evaluation of Batch and Continuous Anaerobic Digesters in Biogas Production from Municipal Solid Waste using Mathematical Models"</a>. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1682-1130">1682-1130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Engineering+International%3A+CIGR+Journal&rft.atitle=Comparative+Evaluation+of+Batch+and+Continuous+Anaerobic+Digesters+in+Biogas+Production+from+Municipal+Solid+Waste+using+Mathematical+Models&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.issn=1682-1130&rft.aulast=A&rft.aufirst=Igoni+Hilkia&rft.au=Abowei%2C+M.+F.+N.&rft.au=Ayotamuno%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Eze%2C+C.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cigrjournal.org%2Findex.php%2FEjounral%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aloki.hu/pdf/0903_293302.pdf">"COMPARING OF MESOPHILIC AND THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC FERMENTED SEWAGE SLUDGE BASED ON CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTS"</a> (PDF). aloki.hu. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMPARING+OF+MESOPHILIC+AND+THERMOPHILIC+ANAEROBIC+FERMENTED+SEWAGE+SLUDGE+BASED+ON+CHEMICAL+AND+BIOCHEMICAL+TESTS&rft.pub=aloki.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faloki.hu%2Fpdf%2F0903_293302.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theecoambassador.com/SolidAnaerobicDigestion.html">"Low and High Solid Anaerobic Digestion Technology"</a>. www.theecoambassador.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theecoambassador.com&rft.atitle=Low+and+High+Solid+Anaerobic+Digestion+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theecoambassador.com%2FSolidAnaerobicDigestion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtert.eu/default.asp?Menue=13&ShowDok=17">"Anaerobic Digestion Systems"</a>. www.wtert.eu. 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wtert.eu&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+Digestion+Systems&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtert.eu%2Fdefault.asp%3FMenue%3D13%26ShowDok%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aikantechnology.com/how-it-works/batch-processing.html">aikantechnology.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206123235/http://www.aikantechnology.com/how-it-works/batch-processing.html">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 10. Feb. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energy.ca.gov/research/renewable/biomass/anaerobic_digestion/index.html">Anaerobic digestion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090613112417/http://www.energy.ca.gov/research/renewable/biomass/anaerobic_digestion/index.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, energy.ca.gov. Retrieved 18.06.09. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paques.nl/?pid=42&parentid=41">BIOPAQ IC</a>, paques.nl. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envirochemie.com/envirochemie/en_US/29.php">Biological processes with Biomar technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227091809/http://www.envirochemie.com/envirochemie/en_US/29.php">Archived</a> 27 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> envirochemie.com. Retrieved 24.10.2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongKwonWoo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Y.C.; Kwon, S.J.; Woo, J.H. (April 2004). "Mesophilic and thermophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion compared with single-stage mesophilic- and thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge". Water Res. 38 (7): 1653–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004WatRe..38.1653S">2004WatRe..38.1653S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2003.12.019">10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15026219">15026219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Res.&rft.atitle=Mesophilic+and+thermophilic+temperature+co-phase+anaerobic+digestion+compared+with+single-stage+mesophilic-+and+thermophilic+digestion+of+sewage+sludge&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1653-62&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15026219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.watres.2003.12.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004WatRe..38.1653S&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Y.C.&rft.au=Kwon%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Woo%2C+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lrrd.org-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lrrd.org_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrrd.org_33-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/12/mart19192.htm">Transfer of low-cost plastic biodigester technology at household level in Bolivia</a>, lrrd.org </li> <li id="cite_note-NewSc2785p14-34"><a href="#cite_ref-NewSc2785p14_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Sujata (6 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827854.000-cold-climates-no-bar-to-biogas-production.html">"Biogas comes in from the cold"</a>. New Scientist. London: Sunita Harrington. p. 14. Retrieved 4 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Biogas+comes+in+from+the+cold&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sujata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20827854.000-cold-climates-no-bar-to-biogas-production.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/animalbyproducts/index_en.htm">Animal by-products introduction</a>, ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-eunomia.co.uk-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eunomia.co.uk_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eunomia.co.uk_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eunomia.co.uk_36-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eunomia.co.uk/NI%20AD%20final%20report.pdf">Feasibility study concerning anaerobic digestion in Northern Ireland</a>, eunomia.co.uk, Retrieved 19.08.07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128093059/http://eunomia.co.uk/NI%20AD%20final%20report.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maximum-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maximum_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maximum_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewellCummingsRichards1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jewell, W.; Cummings, R.; Richards, B. (1993). "Methane fermentation of energy crops: Maximum conversion kinetics and in situ biogas purification". Biomass and Bioenergy. 5 (3–4): 261–278. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993BmBe....5..261J">1993BmBe....5..261J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2893%2990076-G">10.1016/0961-9534(93)90076-G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=Methane+fermentation+of+energy+crops%3A+Maximum+conversion+kinetics+and+in+situ+biogas+purification&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=261-278&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%2893%2990076-G&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993BmBe....5..261J&rft.aulast=Jewell&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+R.&rft.au=Richards%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-plant-design/">"Anaerobic Digestion Plant Design"</a>. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anaerobic+Digestion+Plant+Design&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanaerobic-digestion.com%2Fanaerobic-digestion-plant-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methods-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Methods_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Methods_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsCummingsWhiteJewell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, B.; Cummings, R.; White, T.; Jewell, W. (1991). "Methods for kinetic analysis of methane fermentation in high solids biomass digesters". Biomass and Bioenergy. 1 (2): 65–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991BmBe....1...65R">1991BmBe....1...65R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990028-B">10.1016/0961-9534(91)90028-B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F60787">1813/60787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=Methods+for+kinetic+analysis+of+methane+fermentation+in+high+solids+biomass+digesters&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F60787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990028-B&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991BmBe....1...65R&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+R.&rft.au=White%2C+T.&rft.au=Jewell%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzoMunekataDominguezPateiro2018" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzo, Jose M.; Munekata, Paulo E.; Dominguez, Ruben; Pateiro, Mirian; Saraiva, Jorge A.; Franco, Daniel (2018). "Main Groups of Microorganisms of Relevance for Food Safety and Stability". Innovative Technologies for Food Preservation. pp. 53–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-811031-7.00003-0">10.1016/B978-0-12-811031-7.00003-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811031-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811031-7"><bdi>978-0-12-811031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Main+Groups+of+Microorganisms+of+Relevance+for+Food+Safety+and+Stability&rft.btitle=Innovative+Technologies+for+Food+Preservation&rft.pages=53-107&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-811031-7.00003-0&rft.isbn=978-0-12-811031-7&rft.aulast=Lorenzo&rft.aufirst=Jose+M.&rft.au=Munekata%2C+Paulo+E.&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Ruben&rft.au=Pateiro%2C+Mirian&rft.au=Saraiva%2C+Jorge+A.&rft.au=Franco%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZdRJfMKORwC&dq=acidogens+reduce+ph&pg=PP1">Biomethanation in advances in biochemical engineering and biotechnology</a>, books.google.com. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/envqual/eq0387.htm">Anaerobic Lagoons for Storage/Treatment of Livestock Manure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116021557/http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/envqual/eq0387.htm">Archived</a> 16 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, missouri.edu. Retrieved 8.11.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinMcMahonMackieRaskin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin, ME; McMahon, KD; Mackie, RI; Raskin, L (1998). "Methanogenic population dynamics during start-up of anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste and biosolids". Biotechnol Bioeng. 57 (3): 342–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-0290%2819980205%2957%3A3%3C342%3A%3Aaid-bit11%3E3.0.co%3B2-i">10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980205)57:3<342::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-i</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10099211">10099211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnol+Bioeng&rft.atitle=Methanogenic+population+dynamics+during+start-up+of+anaerobic+digesters+treating+municipal+solid+waste+and+biosolids&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=342-55&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-0290%2819980205%2957%3A3%3C342%3A%3Aaid-bit11%3E3.0.co%3B2-i&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10099211&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=McMahon%2C+KD&rft.au=Mackie%2C+RI&rft.au=Raskin%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.archive.mlodeuu.com/ahvla-en/animalh/disease-control/by-prods">Animal By-Products Regulations</a>, defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 24.10.07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182207/http://www.defra.gov.archive.mlodeuu.com/ahvla-en/animalh/disease-control/by-prods">Archived</a> 16 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/app/xn/xd.aspx?it=enweb&xd=4reportspubs%5C4_8focus%5Chimetfocus.xml">HIMET—A Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process for Converting Waste to Energy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030224122741/http://gastechnology.org/webroot/app/xn/xd.aspx?it=enweb&xd=4reportspubs%5C4_8focus%5Chimetfocus.xml">Archived</a> 24 February 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, gastechnology.org. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurtshuk1996" class="citation cs2">Jurtshuk, Peter (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7919/">"Bacterial Metabolism"</a>, Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413278">21413278</a>, retrieved 21 October 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+Metabolism&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21413278&rft.isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2&rft.aulast=Jurtshuk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK7919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Finstein, M. S. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oaktech-environmental.com/documents/ProceedingsSWANA2006Nashville.pdf">ArrowBio process integrates preprocessing and advanced anaerobic digestion to recover recyclables and generate electricity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054046/http://www.oaktech-environmental.com/documents/ProceedingsSWANA2006Nashville.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, oaktech-environmental.com. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Biomass conversion: the interface of biotechnology, chemistry and materials science. Berlin: Springer. 2012. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28418-2"><bdi>978-3-642-28418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biomass+conversion%3A+the+interface+of+biotechnology%2C+chemistry+and+materials+science&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-642-28418-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoLiZhang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang Z (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/845017954/Hydraulic_retention_time_and_pressure_affect_anaerobic_digestion_process_treating_synthetic_glucose_wastewater_.pdf">"Hydraulic retention time and pressure affect anaerobic digestion process treating synthetic glucose wastewater"</a> (PDF). Bioresource Technology. 370 128531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023BiTec.37028531Z">2023BiTec.37028531Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2022.128531">10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36574891">36574891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255118892">255118892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.atitle=Hydraulic+retention+time+and+pressure+affect+anaerobic+digestion+process+treating+synthetic+glucose+wastewater&rft.volume=370&rft.artnum=128531&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2022.128531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255118892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36574891&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023BiTec.37028531Z&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F845017954%2FHydraulic_retention_time_and_pressure_affect_anaerobic_digestion_process_treating_synthetic_glucose_wastewater_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> N. Eldem, Ö. Akgiray, İ. Öztürk, E. Soyer, B. Çallı (2004). "Ammonia and pH inhibition in anaerobic treatment of wastewaters, Part II: Model development." J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A. Vol.A39, No.9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-200026303">https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-200026303</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenChengCreamer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Ye; Cheng, Jay J.; Creamer, Kurt S. (2008). "Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review". Bioresource Technology. 99 (10): 4044–4064. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BiTec..99.4044C">2008BiTec..99.4044C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2007.01.057">10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17399981">17399981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+anaerobic+digestion+process%3A+A+review&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4044-4064&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17399981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2007.01.057&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008BiTec..99.4044C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Ye&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Jay+J.&rft.au=Creamer%2C+Kurt+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yenigün-2013-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yenigün-2013_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yenigün-2013_52-1">b</a> Yenigün, O., & Demirel, B. (2013). Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review. Process Biochemistry, 48(5-6), 901-911. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, Metcalf & Eddy | AECOM, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, NY, ©2013; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340118-8">978-0-07-340118-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Niu, Q., Qiao, W., Qiang, H., Hojo, T., & Li, Y. Y. (2013). Mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure at a wide range of ammonia concentration: stability, inhibition and recovery. Bioresource Technology, 137, 358-367. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anaerobicdigestion.co.uk/feedstocks/">Feedstocks</a>. Anaerobic Digestion UK. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=31,">Alfagy.com, retrieved 16.08.09</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707110727/http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=31,">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisbiorefine.org/proc/anaerobic.pdf">Anaerobic digestion feedstock classification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034038/http://www.wisbiorefine.org/proc/anaerobic.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, wisbiorefine.org. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Lemmer, A. & Oeschsner, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltnet.lv-h.de/en/volltext/Lt20016/LT20016E_412_413.pdf">Co-fermentation of grass and forage maize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128093059/http://ltnet.lv-h.de/en/volltext/Lt20016/LT20016E_412_413.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Energy, Landtechnik, 5/11, p 56, ltnet.lv-h.de </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Morton Barlaz, Amy Banister, Gary Hater, Jeffrey Chanton and Roger Green, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anaerobic-digestion.com/old-rope-anaerobic-digestion-article">Money For Old Rope – An Anaerobic Digestion Article With Historic Significance</a>, waste-management-world.com. via anaerobic-digestion.com Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner,_Ronald1989" class="citation journal cs1">Benner, Ronald (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1989.34.3.0647">"Book Review: Biology of anaerobic microorganisms"</a>. Limnology and Oceanography. 34 (3): 647. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989LimOc..34..647B">1989LimOc..34..647B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1989.34.3.0647">10.4319/lo.1989.34.3.0647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Biology+of+anaerobic+microorganisms&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=647&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1989.34.3.0647&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989LimOc..34..647B&rft.au=Benner%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4319%252Flo.1989.34.3.0647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalifornia_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="California Department of Food and Agriculture">California Department of Food and Agriculture</a> (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningagclips.com/cdfa-invests-in-dairy-methane-reduction-projects/">"CDFA invests in dairy methane reduction projects"</a>. Morning Ag Clips. Retrieved 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Ag+Clips&rft.atitle=CDFA+invests+in+dairy+methane+reduction+projects&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.au=California+Department+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningagclips.com%2Fcdfa-invests-in-dairy-methane-reduction-projects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnaerobic_Digestion_Initiative_Advisory_Committee_(ADIAC)" class="citation web cs1">Anaerobic Digestion Initiative Advisory Committee (ADIAC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213185207/http://bcfarmbiogas.ca/Feedstockenergy/feedstock">"Feedstock"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcfarmbiogas.ca/Feedstockenergy/feedstock">the original</a> on 13 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feedstock&rft.au=Anaerobic+Digestion+Initiative+Advisory+Committee+%28ADIAC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcfarmbiogas.ca%2FFeedstockenergy%2Ffeedstock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Low-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Low_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Low_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsCummingsJewell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, B.; Cummings, R. J.; Jewell, W. J. (1991). "High rate low solids methane fermentation of sorghum, corn and cellulose". Biomass and Bioenergy. 1 (5): 249–260. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991BmBe....1..249R">1991BmBe....1..249R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990036-C">10.1016/0961-9534(91)90036-C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F60789">1813/60789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=High+rate+low+solids+methane+fermentation+of+sorghum%2C+corn+and+cellulose&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=249-260&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F60789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990036-C&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991BmBe....1..249R&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Jewell%2C+W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsCummingsJewellHerndon1991" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, B.; Cummings, R. J.; Jewell, W. J.; Herndon, F. G. (1991). "High solids anaerobic methane fermentation of sorghum and cellulose". Biomass and Bioenergy. 1 (1): 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991BmBe....1...47R">1991BmBe....1...47R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990051-D">10.1016/0961-9534(91)90051-D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=High+solids+anaerobic+methane+fermentation+of+sorghum+and+cellulose&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990051-D&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991BmBe....1...47R&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Jewell%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Herndon%2C+F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/farm-scale-anaerobic-digestion-plant-efficiency-nnfcc-11-015">Farm-Scale Anaerobic Digestion Plant Efficiency, NNFCC 11-015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514144653/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/farm-scale-anaerobic-digestion-plant-efficiency-nnfcc-11-015">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?doi=XfhO-iP3em4C&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=high+solids+anaerobic+digestion+bulking&source=web&ots=fEDEUaGKK4&sig=B9CbvsX37xfMDLF4ILVhMKp2D-U#PPP1,M1">Management of Urban Biodegradable Waste</a>, books.google.com. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bvsde.ops-oms.org/bvsaar/cdlodos/pdf/anaerobiccodigestion495.pdf">Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and rice straw</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128093058/http://www.bvsde.ops-oms.org/bvsaar/cdlodos/pdf/anaerobiccodigestion495.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, bvsde.ops-oms.org. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.ucla.edu/stenstro/r/r10">Anaerobic digestion of classified municipal solid wastes</a>, seas.ucla.edu. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchinasAchinasEuverink2017" class="citation journal cs1">Achinas, Spyridon; Achinas, Vasileios; Euverink, Gerrit Jan Willem (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.03.002">"A Technological Overview of Biogas Production from Biowaste"</a>. Engineering. 3 (3): 299–307. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Engin...3..299A">2017Engin...3..299A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.03.002">10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering&rft.atitle=A+Technological+Overview+of+Biogas+Production+from+Biowaste&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-307&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.03.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Engin...3..299A&rft.aulast=Achinas&rft.aufirst=Spyridon&rft.au=Achinas%2C+Vasileios&rft.au=Euverink%2C+Gerrit+Jan+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FJ.ENG.2017.03.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/economic-assessment-of-anaerobic-digestion-technology-and-its-suitability-to-uk-farming-and-waste-systems-report-2nd-edition-nnfcc-10-010">Economic Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion Technology & its Suitability to UK Farming & Waste Systems (Report, 2nd Edition), NNFCC 10-010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409201012/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/economic-assessment-of-anaerobic-digestion-technology-and-its-suitability-to-uk-farming-and-waste-systems-report-2nd-edition-nnfcc-10-010">Archived</a> 9 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Jerger, D. & Tsao, G. (2006) Feed composition in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p65 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_E._RittmannPerry_L._McCarty2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce E. Rittmann; Perry L. McCarty (2001). Environmental Biotechnology. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-234553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-234553-7"><bdi>978-0-07-234553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Biotechnology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-234553-7&rft.au=Bruce+E.+Rittmann&rft.au=Perry+L.+McCarty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillBarth1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, D. T.; Barth, C. L. (1977). "A Dynamic Model for Simulation of Animal Waste Digestion". Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation). 49 (10): 2129–2143. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25039421">25039421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+%28Water+Pollution+Control+Federation%29&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+Model+for+Simulation+of+Animal+Waste+Digestion&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2129-2143&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25039421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Barth%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerRennuitTrioloRichards2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hafner, Sasha D.; Rennuit, Charlotte; Triolo, Jin M.; Richards, Brian K. (December 2015). "Validation of a simple gravimetric method for measuring biogas production in laboratory experiments". Biomass and Bioenergy. 83: 297–301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BmBe...83..297H">2015BmBe...83..297H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biombioe.2015.10.003">10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=Validation+of+a+simple+gravimetric+method+for+measuring+biogas+production+in+laboratory+experiments&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=297-301&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biombioe.2015.10.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BmBe...83..297H&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Sasha+D.&rft.au=Rennuit%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Triolo%2C+Jin+M.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Brian+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph., Zurbrügg, C. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/compendium_e/index_EN">Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - (2nd Revised Edition)</a>. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Raio, M. (28 August 2018). Zero Waste Our New Future?. Zero Waste Our New Future?. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pgVFpgTQPzNlxiCiSMvI8Kem-YtEW81R/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pgVFpgTQPzNlxiCiSMvI8Kem-YtEW81R/view?usp=sharing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wasteresearch.co.uk/ade/efw/anaerobic.htm">Anaerobic Digestion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828124113/http://www.wasteresearch.co.uk/ade/efw/anaerobic.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, wasteresearch.co.uk. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-9246063.html">Sea Dumping of Sewage Sludge</a>, encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22.02.2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/ocean-dumping-ban-act-1988-enve-02/">Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988)</a>, bookrags.com. Retrieved 22.02.2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Juniper (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juniper.co.uk/Publications/downloads.html">MBT: A Guide for Decision Makers – Processes, Policies & Markets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817181127/http://www.juniper.co.uk/Publications/downloads.html">Archived</a> 17 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, juniper.co.uk, (Project funding supplied by Sita Environmental Trust). Retrieved 22.11.06. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Svoboda, I (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1057/0002224.pdf">Anaerobic digestion, storage, olygolysis, lime, heat and aerobic treatment of livestock manures</a>, scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 17.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en/Products_and_Services/">Haase Mechanical Biological Treatment and Wet Anaerobic Digestion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822114030/http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en/Products_and_Services/">Archived</a> 22 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, haase-energietechnik.de. Retrieved 23.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/2005/02/01/global_warming_methane_could_be_far_worse_than_carbon_dioxide.htm">Global warming methane could be far more potent than carbon dioxide</a> newmediaexplorer.org. Retrieved 17.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/04-05/demand_side_management/framework5.htm">Renewable Energy Framework</a>, esru.strath.ac.uk. Retrieved 8.11.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeligiannisGkalipidouGatidouKostakis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Deligiannis, Michalis; Gkalipidou, Evdokia; Gatidou, Georgia; Kostakis, Marios G.; Triantafyllos Gerokonstantis, Dimitrios; Arvaniti, Olga S.; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Vyrides, Ioannis; Hale, Sarah E. (August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2024.131013">"Study on the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and the role of granular activated carbon addition"</a>. Bioresource Technology. 406: 131013. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024BiTec.40631013D">2024BiTec.40631013D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2024.131013">10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F3141527">11250/3141527</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-8524">0960-8524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+fate+of+per-+and+polyfluoroalkyl+substances+during+thermophilic+anaerobic+digestion+of+sewage+sludge+and+the+role+of+granular+activated+carbon+addition&rft.volume=406&rft.pages=131013&rft.date=2024-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F3141527&rft.issn=0960-8524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2024.131013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024BiTec.40631013D&rft.aulast=Deligiannis&rft.aufirst=Michalis&rft.au=Gkalipidou%2C+Evdokia&rft.au=Gatidou%2C+Georgia&rft.au=Kostakis%2C+Marios+G.&rft.au=Triantafyllos+Gerokonstantis%2C+Dimitrios&rft.au=Arvaniti%2C+Olga+S.&rft.au=Thomaidis%2C+Nikolaos+S.&rft.au=Vyrides%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Hale%2C+Sarah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.biortech.2024.131013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Friends of the Earth (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/anaerobic_digestion.pdf">Anaerobic digestion Briefing Paper</a>, foe.co.uk. Retrieved 17.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Cardiff University (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wasteresearch.co.uk/ade/efw/anaerobic.htm">Anaerobic Digestion Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828124113/http://www.wasteresearch.co.uk/ade/efw/anaerobic.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, wasteresearch.co.uk. Retrieved 17.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Doelle, H. W. (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol4/issue3/issues/02/">Biotechnology and Human Development in Developing Countries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823122143/http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol4/issue3/issues/02/">Archived</a> 23 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ejbiotechnology.info. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiempocyberclimate.org/newswatch/feature060212.htm">The Clean Development Mechanism in Nepal in The Tiempo Climate Newswatch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829164521/http://www.tiempocyberclimate.org/newswatch/feature060212.htm">Archived</a> 29 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, tiempocyberclimate.org </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/renewable-energy/re-anaerobic-digestion-intro/re-anaerobic-digestion-benefits.htm">Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion</a>, afbini.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011132/http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/renewable-energy/re-anaerobic-digestion-intro/re-anaerobic-digestion-benefits.htm">Archived</a> 9 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sources/renewables/news-events/press-materials/background/biomass/page24314.html">Questions about biomass energy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630015109/http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sources/renewables/news-events/press-materials/background/biomass/page24314.html">Archived</a> 30 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dti.gov.uk. Retrieved 17.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazenby2022" class="citation web cs1">Lazenby, Ruthie (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/Rethinking_Manure_Biogas.pdf">"RETHINKING MANURE BIOGAS: Policy Considerations to Promote Equity and Protect the Climate and Environment"</a> (PDF). Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Agriculture+and+Food+Systems%2C+Vermont+Law+and+Graduate+School&rft.atitle=RETHINKING+MANURE+BIOGAS%3A+Policy+Considerations+to+Promote+Equity+and+Protect+the+Climate+and+Environment&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Lazenby&rft.aufirst=Ruthie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vermontlaw.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-08%2FRethinking_Manure_Biogas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claverton-energy.com/38-hhv-caterpillar-bio-gas-engine-fitted-to-long-reach-sewage-works.html">38% HHV Caterpillar Bio-gas Engine Fitted to Sewage Works | Claverton Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819175323/https://claverton-energy.com/38-hhv-caterpillar-bio-gas-engine-fitted-to-long-reach-sewage-works.html">Archived</a> 19 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, claverton-energy.com </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sysadvance.com/energy/methagen-ad/">"METHAGEN AD"</a>. Sysadvance. Retrieved 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sysadvance&rft.atitle=METHAGEN+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsysadvance.com%2Fenergy%2Fmethagen-ad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=31">Alfagy.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707110257/http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=31">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Be Green – Make Gas" </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90&Itemid=77">CHP Feed-In Tariffs & Green Energy Financial Support</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707110306/http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90&Itemid=77">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, www.alfagy.com </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEast_Bay_Municipal_Utility_District2008" class="citation book cs1">East Bay Municipal Utility District (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/EBMUDFinalReport.pdf">Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste</a> (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaerobic+Digestion+of+Food+Waste&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2008&rft.au=East+Bay+Municipal+Utility+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FEBMUDFinalReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/anaerobic-digestion">"Organics: Anaerobic Digestion"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Organics%3A+Anaerobic+Digestion&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fanaerobic-digestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgrid.com/corporate/About+Us/climate/press/020209.htm">Half Britain's homes could be heated by renewable gas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208061528/http://www.nationalgrid.com/corporate/About+Us/climate/press/020209.htm">Archived</a> 8 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, nationalgrid.com </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/publi-task37/upgrading_rz_low_final.pdf">Petersson A., Wellinger A. (2009). Biogas upgrading technologies - developments and innovations. IEA Bioenergy Task 37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2008/07/biogas-flows-through-germanys-grid-big-time-53075">Biogas flows through Germany's grid 'big time'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314003328/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2008/07/biogas-flows-through-germanys-grid-big-time-53075">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, renewableenergyworld.com </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922135637/http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/energy_loss__transmission_loss.html">"energy loss, transmission loss"</a>. Energy Dictionary. EnergyVortex.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/energy_loss__transmission_loss.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy+Dictionary&rft.atitle=energy+loss%2C+transmission+loss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energyvortex.com%2Fenergydictionary%2Fenergy_loss__transmission_loss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2010" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Dhruti (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11433162">"Oxfordshire town sees human waste used to heat homes"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005042825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11433162">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Oxfordshire+town+sees+human+waste+used+to+heat+homes&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Dhruti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-11433162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathiesen2015" class="citation news cs1">Mathiesen, Karl (20 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/20/ecotricity-offers-anaerobic-digestion-of-grass-as-answer-to-fracking">"Grass-to-gas plant could be UK's answer to fracking, says Ecotricity"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Grass-to-gas+plant+could+be+UK%27s+answer+to+fracking%2C+says+Ecotricity&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft.aulast=Mathiesen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2Fapr%2F20%2Fecotricity-offers-anaerobic-digestion-of-grass-as-answer-to-fracking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergenson2015" class="citation web cs1">Bergenson, Angie (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenfuelnews.com/green-energy-plant-could-be-uks-alternative-to-fracking/8521901/">"Green energy plant could be UK's alternative to fracking"</a>. Hydrogen Fuel News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hydrogen+Fuel+News&rft.atitle=Green+energy+plant+could+be+UK%27s+alternative+to+fracking&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.aulast=Bergenson&rft.aufirst=Angie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogenfuelnews.com%2Fgreen-energy-plant-could-be-uks-alternative-to-fracking%2F8521901%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngvaeurope.eu/sweden">Natural & bioGas Vehicle Association (NVGA). Sweden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121045307/http://www.ngvaeurope.eu/sweden">Archived</a> 21 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compostnetwork.info/index.php?id=44">Introduction and Spanish organic waste situation</a>, compostnetwork.info. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay2012" class="citation news cs1">Vijay, Hema (28 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/article3698431.ece">"Satisfaction of reducing your carbon footprint"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Satisfaction+of+reducing+your+carbon+footprint&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft.aulast=Vijay&rft.aufirst=Hema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-propertyplus%2Farticle3698431.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121600/http://www.e-wef.org/timssnet/products/tnt_products.cfm?primary_id=MOP1131&Action=LONG&subsystem=ORD">"Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Manual of Practice-MOP 11 Fifth Edition (Abstract)"</a>. e-wef.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-wef.org/timssnet/products/tnt_products.cfm?primary_id=MOP1131&Action=LONG&subsystem=ORD">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-wef.org&rft.atitle=Operation+of+Municipal+Wastewater+Treatment+Plants+Manual+of+Practice-MOP+11+Fifth+Edition+%28Abstract%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-wef.org%2Ftimssnet%2Fproducts%2Ftnt_products.cfm%3Fprimary_id%3DMOP1131%26Action%3DLONG%26subsystem%3DORD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-an-introduction">Anaerobic Digestion – An Introduction and Commercial Status in the US – As of 2006</a>, anaerobic-digestion.com. Retrieved 07.12.14 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106022729/http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html">"Basic Information on Biogas"</a>. www.kolumbus.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kolumbus.fi&rft.atitle=Basic+Information+on+Biogas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolumbus.fi%2Fsuomen.biokaasukeskus%2Fen%2Fenperus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoubíkMazancováBanoutVerner2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roubík, Hynek; Mazancová, Jana; Banout, Jan; Verner, Vladimír (20 January 2016). "Addressing problems at small-scale biogas plants: a case study from central Vietnam". Journal of Cleaner Production. 112, Part 4: 2784–2792. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCPro.112.2784R">2016JCPro.112.2784R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.09.114">10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Addressing+problems+at+small-scale+biogas+plants%3A+a+case+study+from+central+Vietnam&rft.volume=112%2C+Part+4&rft.pages=2784-2792&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.09.114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JCPro.112.2784R&rft.aulast=Roub%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Hynek&rft.au=Mazancov%C3%A1%2C+Jana&rft.au=Banout%2C+Jan&rft.au=Verner%2C+Vladim%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110112833/http://biogas-digester.com/beginners-guide-to-biogas-energy-explained.html">"The Absolute Beginner's Guide to Biogas Energy"</a>. biogas-digester.com. 5 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogas-digester.com/beginners-guide-to-biogas-energy-explained.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biogas-digester.com&rft.atitle=The+Absolute+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Biogas+Energy&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiogas-digester.com%2Fbeginners-guide-to-biogas-energy-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_workplace/farms_ranches/index.cfm/mytopic=30003">How Anaerobic Digestion (Methane Recovery) Works</a>, eere.energy.gov. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/anaerobic_digestion.pdf">Anaerobic digestion briefing sheet</a>, foe.co.uk. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-technology.com/contractors/cogeneration/jenbacher/">GE Energy – Jenbacher Gas Engines for Power Generation</a>, power-technology.com. Retrieved 19 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071449/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/renewablefuel/pdf/ukbio0507-work3.pdf">"UK Biomass Strategy 2007: Working paper 3 - Anaerobic Digestion"</a> (PDF). defra.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/renewablefuel/pdf/ukbio0507-work3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defra.gov.uk&rft.atitle=UK+Biomass+Strategy+2007%3A+Working+paper+3+-+Anaerobic+Digestion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fclimatechange%2Fuk%2Fenergy%2Frenewablefuel%2Fpdf%2Fukbio0507-work3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210200436/http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/renewable-energy/re-anaerobic-digestion-intro/re-anaerobic-digestion-what-is.htm">"What is anaerobic digestion?"</a>. afbini.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/renewable-energy/re-anaerobic-digestion-intro/re-anaerobic-digestion-what-is.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afbini.gov.uk&rft.atitle=What+is+anaerobic+digestion%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afbini.gov.uk%2Findex%2Fservices%2Fspecialist-advice%2Frenewable-energy%2Fre-anaerobic-digestion-intro%2Fre-anaerobic-digestion-what-is.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5976373">US 5976373</a>, "Removal of hydrogen sulfide from anaerobic digester gas", issued 2 November 1999<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5976373&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Removal+of+hydrogen+sulfide+from+anaerobic+digester+gas&rft.date=2 November 1999">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-JensMatzMärkl1995" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Jens, T.; Matz, G.; Märkl, H. (June 1995). "On-line measurement of dissolved and gaseous hydrogen sulphide in anaerobic biogas reactors". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 43 (2): 341–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00172836">10.1007/BF00172836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21901">21901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=On-line+measurement+of+dissolved+and+gaseous+hydrogen+sulphide+in+anaerobic+biogas+reactors&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-345&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00172836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meyer-Jens&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Matz%2C+G.&rft.au=M%C3%A4rkl%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelesPierece2004" class="citation web cs1">Wheles, E.; Pierece, E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scsengineers.com/Papers/Pierce_2004Siloxanes_Update_Paper.pdf">"Siloxanes in landfill and digester gas"</a> (PDF). scsengineers.com. Retrieved 17 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scsengineers.com&rft.atitle=Siloxanes+in+landfill+and+digester+gas&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wheles&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Pierece%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scsengineers.com%2FPapers%2FPierce_2004Siloxanes_Update_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128093101/http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/Biogas%20upgrading.pdf">"Biogas Upgrading and Utilisation"</a> (PDF). iea-biogas.net. IEA Bioenergy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/Biogas%20upgrading.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iea-biogas.net&rft.atitle=Biogas+Upgrading+and+Utilisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-biogas.net%2FDokumente%2FBiogas%2520upgrading.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiogasSiloxaneRemoval-123"><a href="#cite_ref-BiogasSiloxaneRemoval_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowerWetzel,_J.Lombard,_X.2006" class="citation web cs1">Tower, P.; Wetzel, J.; Lombard, X. (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924111945/http://appliedfiltertechnology.com/_literature_37854/New_Landfill_Gas_Treatment_Tech_Dramatically_Lowers_Energy_Production_Costs">"New Landfill Gas Treatment Technology Dramatically Lowers Energy Production Costs"</a>. Applied Filter Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appliedfiltertechnology.com/_literature_37854/New_Landfill_Gas_Treatment_Tech_Dramatically_Lowers_Energy_Production_Costs">the original</a> on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Landfill+Gas+Treatment+Technology+Dramatically+Lowers+Energy+Production+Costs&rft.pub=Applied+Filter+Technology&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Tower&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Wetzel%2C+J.&rft.au=Lombard%2C+X.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappliedfiltertechnology.com%2F_literature_37854%2FNew_Landfill_Gas_Treatment_Tech_Dramatically_Lowers_Energy_Production_Costs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988">, appliedfiltertechnology.com </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsHerndonJewellCummings1994" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, B.; Herndon, F. G.; Jewell, W. J.; Cummings, R. J.; White, T. E. (1994). "In situ methane enrichment in methanogenic energy crop digesters". Biomass and Bioenergy. 6 (4): 275–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994BmBe....6..275R">1994BmBe....6..275R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2894%2990067-1">10.1016/0961-9534(94)90067-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F60790">1813/60790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=In+situ+methane+enrichment+in+methanogenic+energy+crop+digesters&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=275-282&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F60790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%2894%2990067-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994BmBe....6..275R&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Herndon%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Jewell%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=White%2C+T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015020533/http://www.nfuonline.com/x9498.xml">"Biogas as a road transport fuel"</a>. nfuonline.com. 28 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfuonline.com/x9498.xml">the original</a> on 15 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nfuonline.com&rft.atitle=Biogas+as+a+road+transport+fuel&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfuonline.com%2Fx9498.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217033514/http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en/Products_and_Services/Waste_Treatment/Biogas_Engineering/FE-488-e_Biogas_CHP.pdf">"Biogas Energy Centre"</a> (PDF). haase-energietechnik.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en/Products_and_Services/Waste_Treatment/Biogas_Engineering/FE-488-e_Biogas_CHP.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biogas+Energy+Centre&rft.pub=haase-energietechnik.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haase-energietechnik.de%2Fen%2FProducts_and_Services%2FWaste_Treatment%2FBiogas_Engineering%2FFE-488-e_Biogas_CHP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055626/http://www.waste.nl/page/248">"Fact sheet Anaerobic Digestion"</a>. waste.nl. 3 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waste.nl/page/248">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=waste.nl&rft.atitle=Fact+sheet+Anaerobic+Digestion&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waste.nl%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-generation-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-generation_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-generation_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climategen.org/blog/biomass-and-biogas/">"Biomass and biogas"</a>. Climate Generation. 25 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Generation&rft.atitle=Biomass+and+biogas&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climategen.org%2Fblog%2Fbiomass-and-biogas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexmarshall.me.uk/index_files/documents/ResponsetoConsultationonthesourcesegregationrequirementinParagraph7AofSchedule3totheWasteMan.pdf">Oaktech Consultation Response to UK Source Segregation Requirement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080856/http://www.alexmarshall.me.uk/index_files/documents/ResponsetoConsultationonthesourcesegregationrequirementinParagraph7AofSchedule3totheWasteMan.pdf">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, alexmarshall.me.uk. Retrieved 19.08.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/09608524/1995/00000052/00000003/art00039">UK Strategy for centralised anaerobic digestion</a>, ingentaconnect.com. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYueTeaterLiuMacLellan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yue, Zhengbo; Teater, Charles; Liu, Yan; MacLellan, James; Liao, Wei (2010). "A sustainable pathway of cellulosic ethanol production integrating anaerobic digestion with biorefining". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 105 (6): 1031–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbit.22627">10.1002/bit.22627</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19998279">19998279</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25085927">25085927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+and+Bioengineering&rft.atitle=A+sustainable+pathway+of+cellulosic+ethanol+production+integrating+anaerobic+digestion+with+biorefining&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1031-9&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25085927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19998279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbit.22627&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Zhengbo&rft.au=Teater%2C+Charles&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yan&rft.au=MacLellan%2C+James&rft.au=Liao%2C+Wei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ows.be/pub/Vitoria_InfoEnviro.mei07.pdf">Vitoria Plant Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128093059/http://www.ows.be/pub/Vitoria_InfoEnviro.mei07.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ows.be. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kompogas.ch/en/">Kompogas Homepage</a>, kompogas.ch. Retrieved 24.10.07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209103141/http://www.kompogas.ch/en/">Archived</a> 9 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDostaGalíMacéMata-Álvarez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dosta, Joan; Galí, Alexandre; Macé, Sandra; Mata-Álvarez, Joan (February 2007). "Modelling a sequencing batch reactor to treat the supernatant from anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste". Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. 82 (2): 158–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JCTB...82..158D">2007JCTB...82..158D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjctb.1645">10.1002/jctb.1645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Technology+%26+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Modelling+a+sequencing+batch+reactor+to+treat+the+supernatant+from+anaerobic+digestion+of+the+organic+fraction+of+municipal+solid+waste&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-64&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjctb.1645&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JCTB...82..158D&rft.aulast=Dosta&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Gal%C3%AD%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Mac%C3%A9%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Mata-%C3%81lvarez%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarke-energy.co.uk/clarke_waste/water_treatment.htm">Clarke Energy Reverse Osmosis Unit</a>, clarke-energy.co.uk. Retrieved 24.10.07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216112152/http://www.clarke-energy.co.uk/clarke_waste/water_treatment.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524072038/http://www.virtualviz.com/wastewater.htm">BOD Effluent Treatment</a>, virtualviz.com. Retrieved 24.10.07. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trasatti-1999-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Trasatti-1999_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrasatti1999" class="citation journal cs1">Trasatti, Sergio (18 January 1999). "1799–1999: Alessandro Volta's 'Electric Pile': Two hundred years, but it doesn't seem like it". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 460: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-0728%2898%2900302-7">10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00302-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electroanalytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=1799%E2%80%931999%3A+Alessandro+Volta%27s+%27Electric+Pile%27%3A+Two+hundred+years%2C+but+it+doesn%27t+seem+like+it&rft.volume=460&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1999-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-0728%2898%2900302-7&rft.aulast=Trasatti&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gijzen-2002-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Gijzen-2002_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGijzen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gijzen, H.J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/45/10/321">"Anaerobic digestion for sustainable development: a natural approach"</a>. Water Science and Technology. 45 (10): 321–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwst.2002.0364">10.2166/wst.2002.0364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12188565">12188565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+digestion+for+sustainable+development%3A+a+natural+approach&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=321-328&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwst.2002.0364&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12188565&rft.aulast=Gijzen&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwst.iwaponline.com%2Fcontent%2F45%2F10%2F321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh-2008-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh-2008_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh, George (November–December 2008). "Rise of the Anaerobic Digestor". Renewable Energy Focus. 9 (6): 28–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1755-0084%2808%2970063-2">10.1016/S1755-0084(08)70063-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy+Focus&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+Anaerobic+Digestor&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1755-0084%2808%2970063-2&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klinkner-2014-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klinkner-2014_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klinkner-2014_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klinkner-2014_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klinkner-2014_140-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Klinkner, Blake Anthony (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.umassd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=umlr">"Anaerobic Digestion as a Renewable Energy Source and Waste Management Technology: What Must be Done for This Technology to Realize Success in the United States?"</a>. UMass Law Review. 9: 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UMass+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+Digestion+as+a+Renewable+Energy+Source+and+Waste+Management+Technology%3A+What+Must+be+Done+for+This+Technology+to+Realize+Success+in+the+United+States%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Klinkner&rft.aufirst=Blake+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.umassd.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1027%26context%3Dumlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413083033/https://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/Imhoff.htm">"Course ENV 149"</a>. Water.me.vccs.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/Imhoff.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water.me.vccs.edu&rft.atitle=Course+ENV+149&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.me.vccs.edu%2Fcourses%2FENV149%2FImhoff.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grando-2017-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Grando-2017_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrando2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grando; et al. (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddd.uab.cat/record/196228">"Technology overview of biogas production in anaerobic digestion plants: A European evaluation of research and development"</a>. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 80: 44–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RSERv..80...44L">2017RSERv..80...44L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.05.079">10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Technology+overview+of+biogas+production+in+anaerobic+digestion+plants%3A+A+European+evaluation+of+research+and+development&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=44-53&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.05.079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017RSERv..80...44L&rft.au=Grando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddd.uab.cat%2Frecord%2F196228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagenhals1924" class="citation journal cs1">Wagenhals; et al. (1924). "Sewage treatment in the United States: A report on the study of 15 representative sewage treatment plants". Public Health. 38: 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0033-3506%2824%2980014-8">10.1016/S0033-3506(24)80014-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health&rft.atitle=Sewage+treatment+in+the+United+States%3A+A+report+on+the+study+of+15+representative+sewage+treatment+plants&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0033-3506%2824%2980014-8&rft.au=Wagenhals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumenik,_F.2007" class="citation web cs1">Humenik, F.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf04/humenik.pdf">"Agstar Conference 2004"</a> (PDF). epa.gov. Retrieved 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=Agstar+Conference+2004&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Humenik%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fagstar%2Fdocuments%2Fconf04%2Fhumenik.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack" class="citation news cs1">Black, Brian C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-world-war-i-ushered-in-the-century-of-oil-74585">"How World War I ushered in the century of oil"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+World+War+I+ushered+in+the+century+of+oil&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-world-war-i-ushered-in-the-century-of-oil-74585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verma-2002-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Verma-2002_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2002" class="citation book cs1">Verma, Shefali (2002). Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Wastes. New York: Columbia University. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaerobic+Digestion+of+Biodegradable+Organics+in+Municipal+Solid+Wastes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Shefali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop,_C.Shumway,_C.Wandschneider,_P.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bishop, C.; Shumway, C.; Wandschneider, P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/467630/summary">"Agent heterogeneity in adoption of anaerobic digestion technology: Integrating economic, diffusion, and behavioral innovation theories"</a>. Land Economics. 86 (3): 585–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3368%2Fle.86.3.585">10.3368/le.86.3.585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16916841">16916841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Land+Economics&rft.atitle=Agent+heterogeneity+in+adoption+of+anaerobic+digestion+technology%3A+Integrating+economic%2C+diffusion%2C+and+behavioral+innovation+theories&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=585-608&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3368%2Fle.86.3.585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16916841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bishop%2C+C.&rft.au=Shumway%2C+C.&rft.au=Wandschneider%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F467630%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bangalore-2016-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bangalore-2016_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bangalore-2016_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bangalore-2016_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangalore2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bangalore; et al. (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2016.05.062">"Policy incentives and adoption of agricultural anaerobic digestion: A survey of Europe and the United States"</a>. Renewable Energy. 97: 559–571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016REne...97..559B">2016REne...97..559B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2016.05.062">10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.062</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy&rft.atitle=Policy+incentives+and+adoption+of+agricultural+anaerobic+digestion%3A+A+survey+of+Europe+and+the+United+States&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=559-571&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.renene.2016.05.062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016REne...97..559B&rft.au=Bangalore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.renene.2016.05.062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auer-2017-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2017_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2017_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Auer; et al. (2017). "Agricultural anaerobic digestion power plants in Ireland and Germany: Policy and practice". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97 (3): 719–723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSFA...97..719A">2017JSFA...97..719A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.8005">10.1002/jsfa.8005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F8085">10197/8085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553887">27553887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32434338">32434338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Science+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Agricultural+anaerobic+digestion+power+plants+in+Ireland+and+Germany%3A+Policy+and+practice&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=719-723&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F8085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32434338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JSFA...97..719A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27553887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsfa.8005&rft.au=Auer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker,_C.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coker, C. (2017). "Status of organics recycling in the U.K.". Biocycle. 58 (5): 33–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biocycle&rft.atitle=Status+of+organics+recycling+in+the+U.K.&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Coker%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/north-devon-company-fined-for-pollution-that-devastated-fish-population">North Devon company fined for pollution that devastated fish population</a> Environment Agency, 29 July 2021, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: The North Devon company that caused a pollution incident leading to a devastating fish kill on the River Mole near South Molton has been fined £2,000 and ordered to pay £9,836 in costs. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/17878181.pollution-anaerobic-digestion-plant-killed-18-000-fish-teifi/">Pollution from anaerobic digestion plant killed 18,000 fish in the ...</a>, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: Around 18,000 fish are thought to have been killed on a five-mile stretch of the Teifi when 44,000 gallons of pollutant leaked from an anaerobic digestion plant. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countryfile.com/wildlife/insects-invertebrates/natural-resources-wales-to-make-decision-soon-on-whether-to-prosecute-over-river-llynfi-pollution-incident/">Natural Resources Wales to make decision 'soon' on whether to prosecute over River Llynfi pollution incident</a> Fergus Collins, www.countryfile.com, 1 October 2020, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: In July (2020), several miles of the Afon Llynfi at the northern edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park was stripped of all life by a sudden and severe pollution incident. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digester-plant-explosion-blamed-on-gas-storage-epdm-failure/">Anaerobic Digester Plant Explosions – Explosive Risk at Biogas Facilities</a> 21 December 2020 blog.anaerobic-digestion.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/local/the-explosion-at-the-androscoggin-maine-mill-in-jay-happened-1-year-ago-today-pixelle-specialty-solutions-pulp-digester-injured-layoffs-employees/97-dc5aca84-5b19-4246-9592-9f8b3e3fc53b">It's been 1 year since explosion at Maine mill</a> "...explosion at the Androscoggin Mill ...remarkably, nobody was injured. — on April 15, 2020" newscentermaine.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papnews.com/pulp-digester-exploded-pensacola-mill/">Pulp digester exploded at IP's Pensacola mill</a> International Paper's containerboard mill in Cantonment, Florida experienced an explosion from a pulp digester that scattered wood fiber, water and pulping liquor over the surrounfing area. 27 Jan 2017 /www.papnews.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tpomag.com/online_exclusives/2013/03/epdm_failure_causes_anaerobic_digester_explosion">EPDM failure causes anaerobic digester explosion</a> Briana Jones March 11, 2013 www.tpomag.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/in-house/full8733.html">Digester Explosion Kills Two Workers at Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pennsylvania FACE 8733</a> www.cdc.gov, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powderbulksolids.com/wire-cloth/2-hurt-tank-explosion-missouri-wastewater-plant">2 Hurt in Tank Explosion at Missouri Wastewater Plant</a> 12 February 2019 www.powderbulksolids.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harper-adams.ac.uk/news/202267/vicechancellor-thanks-staff-for-quick-response-to-ad-incident">Vice-Chancellor thanks staff for quick response to AD incident</a> 6 June 2014 www.harper-adams.ac.uk, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2014/05/30/shropshire-sludge-power-plant-collapses/">Sludge power plant collapses in Shropshire</a> 30 May 2014 www.shropshirestar.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-SF_and_R-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SF_and_R_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SF_and_R_162-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biogasworld.com/news/safety-precautions-anaerobic-digestion-systems/">Risks and safety measures for anaerobic digestion: How can you make your plant safer?</a> www.biogasworld.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/51342/">Explosion dans un méthaniseur d'une exploitation agricole: 4 April 2018</a> www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-VCM_et_al-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VCM_et_al_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VCM_et_al_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson_MorenoPapasideroScarponiGuglielmi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Casson Moreno, Valeria; Papasidero, Salvatore; Scarponi, Giordano Emrys; Guglielmi, Daniele; Cozzani, Valerio (October 2016). "Analysis of accidents in biogas production and upgrading". Renewable Energy. 96: 1127–1134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016REne...96.1127C">2016REne...96.1127C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2015.10.017">10.1016/j.renene.2015.10.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+accidents+in+biogas+production+and+upgrading&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=1127-1134&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.renene.2015.10.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016REne...96.1127C&rft.aulast=Casson+Moreno&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft.au=Papasidero%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Scarponi%2C+Giordano+Emrys&rft.au=Guglielmi%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Cozzani%2C+Valerio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubos_KotekPetr_TravnicekPetr_Blecha2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lubos Kotek; Petr Travnicek; Petr Blecha (2015). "Accident analysis of european biogas stations". Chemical Engineering Transactions. 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3303%2FCET1543323">10.3303/CET1543323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Transactions&rft.atitle=Accident+analysis+of+european+biogas+stations&rft.volume=43&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3303%2FCET1543323&rft.au=Lubos+Kotek&rft.au=Petr+Travnicek&rft.au=Petr+Blecha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/fiche_detaillee/31000_en/?lang=en">Hydrogen sulphide emissions in a biogas plant 8 November 2005</a>www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biogasworld.com/news/safety-precautions-anaerobic-digestion-systems/">Risks and safety measures for anaerobic digestion: How can you make your plant safer?</a> 2020-12-18 www.biogasworld.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-systems/anaerobic-digestion-uk/">Anaerobic Digestion UK Including Regulations and Objectives</a> anaerobic-digestion.com, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283992800_Lessons_for_safe_design_and_operation_of_anaerobic_digesters">Lessons for safe design and operation of anaerobic digesters</a> January 2013 Loss Prevention Bulletin via www.researchgate.net, accessed 19 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson_MorenoPapasideroScarponiGuglielmi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Casson Moreno, Valeria; Papasidero, Salvatore; Scarponi, Giordano Emrys; Guglielmi, Daniele; Cozzani, Valerio (October 2016). "Analysis of accidents in biogas production and upgrading". Renewable Energy. 96: 1127–1134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016REne...96.1127C">2016REne...96.1127C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2015.10.017">10.1016/j.renene.2015.10.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+accidents+in+biogas+production+and+upgrading&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=1127-1134&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.renene.2015.10.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016REne...96.1127C&rft.aulast=Casson+Moreno&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft.au=Papasidero%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Scarponi%2C+Giordano+Emrys&rft.au=Guglielmi%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Cozzani%2C+Valerio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_methanation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biological methanation">Biological methanation</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adbioresources.org/">"Official Website of the Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association"</a>. Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association (ADBA).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+the+Anaerobic+Digestion+and+Bioresources+Association&rft.pub=Anaerobic+Digestion+and+Bioresources+Association+%28ADBA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adbioresources.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biogas-info.co.uk/">"UK's Official Information Portal on Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK%27s+Official+Information+Portal+on+Anaerobic+Digestion+and+Biogas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biogas-info.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/">"American Biogas Council"</a>. 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Biogas+Council&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbiogascouncil.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225093646/http://www.extension.org/pages/Introduction_to_Biogas_and_Anaerobic_Digestion">"Introduction to Biogas and Anaerobic Digestion], information from eXtension's Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.org/pages/Introduction_to_Biogas_and_Anaerobic_Digestion">the original</a> on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Biogas+and+Anaerobic+Digestion%5D%2C+information+from+eXtension%27s+Livestock+and+Poultry+Environmental+Learning+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.org%2Fpages%2FIntroduction_to_Biogas_and_Anaerobic_Digestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnaerobic+digestion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wastewater" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wastewater" title="Template talk:Wastewater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wastewater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" title="Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">Marine dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sewerage" title="Category:Sewerage">Category: Sewerage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555853#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4155803-0">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&oldid=1255764407">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&oldid=1255764407</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anaerobic_digestion" title="Category:Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biodegradable_waste_management" title="Category:Biodegradable waste management">Biodegradable waste management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuels" title="Category:Biofuels">Biofuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_engineering" title="Category:Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrogen_production" title="Category:Hydrogen production">Hydrogen production</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Category:Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Power station technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sewerage" title="Category:Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_technologies" title="Category:Sustainable technologies">Sustainable technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_technology" title="Category:Water technology">Water technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gas_technologies" title="Category:Gas technologies">Gas technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy" title="Category:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_waste" title="Category:Food waste">Food waste</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 15:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_digestion&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rt6fq","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.528","walltime":"1.780","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8391,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":279908,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5999,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":424097,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1444.499 1 -total"," 53.28% 769.674 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.39% 294.543 42 Template:Cite_web"," 15.82% 228.556 36 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.21% 118.631 1 Template:Sustainable_energy"," 7.96% 114.983 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.46% 78.883 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.68% 67.626 2 Template:Fix"," 3.91% 56.550 9 Template:Cite_book"," 3.55% 51.318 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.854","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8059757,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bb4bcc5b5-9759d","timestamp":"20241127134337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anaerobic digestion","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anaerobic_digestion","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q555853","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q555853","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-25T23:03:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T15:16:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg","headline":"processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen"}</script> </body> </html>