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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_spelling_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Previous spelling systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Previous_spelling_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Previous spelling systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Previous_spelling_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1972_British_Malaya_and_Borneo/Brunei,_Malaysia_and_Singapore_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1972_British_Malaya_and_Borneo/Brunei,_Malaysia_and_Singapore_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-1972 British Malaya and Borneo/Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1972_British_Malaya_and_Borneo/Brunei,_Malaysia_and_Singapore_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-1972_Dutch_East_Indies/Indonesia_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1972_Dutch_East_Indies/Indonesia_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-1972 Dutch East Indies/Indonesia orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1972_Dutch_East_Indies/Indonesia_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malay orthography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajsk%C3%A1_abeceda" title="Malajská abeceda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malajská abeceda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="الفبای مالایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای مالایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Малајска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Малајска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรรูมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรรูมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A3_Lai" title="Bảng chữ cái tiếng Mã Lai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái tiếng Mã Lai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="馬來語字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬來語字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_alphabet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing systems used in Malaysia and Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about what is sometimes called "Rumi script". For other uses of "Rumi", see <a href="/wiki/Rumi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rumi (disambiguation)">Rumi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The modern <b>Malay</b> and <b>Indonesian alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: <span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm">Tulisan Rumi</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Roman script / Roman writing</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Aksara Latin</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Latin script') consists of the 26 letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the more common of the two alphabets used today to write the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a> (a modified <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>). The Latin Malay alphabet is the official Malay script in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, while it is co-official with <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. </p><p>Historically, various scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rencong_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong script">Rencong</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surat_Ulu_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat Ulu script (page does not exist)">Surat Ulu</a> were used to write <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a>, until they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> during <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> missions in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. </p><p>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial powers">colonial powers</a> brought the Latin alphabet to the Malay Archipelago. As the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay-speaking countries</a> were divided between two colonial administrations (the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>), two major different spelling <a href="/wiki/Orthographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographies">orthographies</a> were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> respectively, influenced by the orthographies of their respective colonial tongues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">Van Ophuijsen Spelling System</a> used in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia was based on the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch alphabet</a>. It was replaced by the simpler <a href="/wiki/Republican_Spelling_System" title="Republican Spelling System">Republican Spelling System</a> in 1947. </p><p>In 1972, as part of the effort of harmonizing spelling differences between the two countries, Indonesia and Malaysia each adopted a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">spelling reform</a> plan, called the <a href="/wiki/Perfected_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfected Spelling System">Perfected Spelling System</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan</i></span>) in Indonesia and the <a href="/wiki/New_Rumi_Spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rumi Spelling">New Rumi Spelling</a> (<span title="Standard Malay-language text"><i lang="zsm">Ejaan Rumi Baharu</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Malaysia. </p><p>Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in Indonesian and other neighbouring Malay varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_names_and_pronunciations">Letter names and pronunciations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Letter names and pronunciations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Indonesian_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System">Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan</i>, abbreviated as EYD), <a href="/wiki/New_Rumi_Spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rumi Spelling">New Rumi Spelling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Ejaan Rumi Baharu</i>). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"> <caption>Indonesian/Malay Latin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>17</th> <th>18</th> <th>19</th> <th>20</th> <th>21</th> <th>22</th> <th>23</th> <th>24</th> <th>25</th> <th>26 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Upper case</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case</a> </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Malay alphabet has a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with a notable <a href="/wiki/Defective_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Defective orthography">defectiveness</a>: /ə/ and /e/ are both written as E/e. The names of the letters, however, differ between <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and rest of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay-speaking countries</a>; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> largely follows the letter names of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch alphabet</a>, making its implementation more faithful to the actual phonemic values of each letter. The letters otherwise represent the same sounds in all <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay-speaking countries</a>. </p><p>The letters F, Q, V, X and Z are not used in spelling native Malay/Indonesian words. F and Z occur in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from Arabic (e. g. <i>fatah</i> 'conquest, opening', <i>zaman</i> 'era, period, time') and from European languages (e. g. <i>faktor</i> 'factor', <i>zoologi</i> 'zoology'). V is used in loanwords from European languages (e. g. <i>valuta</i> 'currency', <i>provinsi</i> 'province'). The letter Q is very rare: it is used for Arabic ﻕ in some loanwords, particularly related to religion: <i>Qur'an, Al-Qur'an</i> (spelling these words with the apostrophe is recommended by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, the variants <i>Quran</i> and <i>Alquran</i> are deprecated; Malaysia uses <i>Quran, Al-Quran</i>), <i>qari/qariah</i> 'male/female Quran reader', <i>qanun</i> '<a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">law established by Muslim sovereigns</a> or by Aceh autonomous provincial government' (also <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">qanun (instrument)</a>). But many loanwords from Arabic words with ﻕ use <i>k</i> instead: <i>makam</i> 'tomb', <i>mutlak</i> 'absolute, complete'. Some words are spelled with <i>q</i> in Malaysia but with <i>k</i> in Indonesia: <i>qasidah/kasidah</i> '<a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasida</a>'. European loanwords use the letter <i>k</i> instead of <i>q</i>: <i>kualiti</i> (Malaysian)/<i>kualitas</i> (Indonesian) 'quality', <i>frekuensi</i> 'frequency'. The letter X is also very rare: it is used at the beginning of loanwords, e. g. <i>xilofon</i> 'xylophone', but replaced by <i>ks</i> at the middle and at the end of loanwords: <i>taksi</i> 'taxi', <i>lateks</i> 'latex', <i>teks</i> 'text' (some consonant clusters are regularly simplified at the end of loanwords: <i>-st>-s, -nt>-n, -kt>-k</i>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name (in IPA) </th> <th colspan="3">Sound </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Standard Indonesian </th> <th rowspan="2">Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore </th> <th colspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <th>Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore </th> <th>Standard Indonesian </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Aa</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>a</i> (/a/)</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>e</i> (/e/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><b>a</b> as in f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td><b>a</b> as in sof<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Bb</td> <td><i>bé</i> (/be/)</td> <td><i>bi</i> (/bi/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><b>b</b> as in <b>b</b>ed </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Cc</td> <td><i>cé</i> (/t͡ʃe/)</td> <td><i>si</i> (/si/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span></td> <td><b>ch</b> as in <b>ch</b>eck </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Dd</td> <td><i>dé</i> (/de/)</td> <td><i>di</i> (/di/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><b>d</b> as in <b>d</b>ay </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">Ee</td> <td rowspan="3"><i>é</i> (/e/)</td> <td rowspan="3"><i>i</i> (/i/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></td> <td><b>e</b> as in tol<b>e</b>rant </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><b>e</b> as in h<b>e</b>y </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td><b>e</b> as in g<b>e</b>t </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ff</td> <td colspan="2"><i>éf</i> (/ef/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><b>f</b> as in e<b>f</b>fort </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Gg</td> <td><i>gé</i> (/ge/)</td> <td><i>ji</i> (/d͡ʒi/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><b>g</b> as in <b>g</b>ain </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Hh</td> <td><i>ha</i> (/ha/)</td> <td><i>héc</i> (/het͡ʃ/, /heʃ/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><b>h</b> as in <b>h</b>arm </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Ii</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>i</i> (/i/)</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>ay</i> (/aj/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><b>i</b> as in mach<b>i</b>ne, but shorter </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span></td> <td><b>i</b> as in <b>i</b>gloo </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Jj</td> <td colspan="2"><i>jé</i> (/d͡ʒe/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span></td> <td><b>j</b> as in <b>j</b>am </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kk</td> <td><i>ka</i> (/ka/)</td> <td><i>ké</i> (/ke/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td>unaspirated <b>k</b> as in s<b>k</b>ate </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ll</td> <td colspan="2"><i>él</i> (/el/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><b>l</b> as in <b>l</b>et </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Mm</td> <td colspan="2"><i>ém</i> (/em/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><b>m</b> as in <b>m</b>all </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nn</td> <td colspan="2"><i>én</i> (/en/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><b>n</b> as in <b>n</b>et </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Oo</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><i>o</i> (/o/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><b>o</b> as in <b>o</b>we </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td><b>o</b> as in b<b>ough</b>t, but shorter </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Pp</td> <td><i>pé</i> (/pe/)</td> <td><i>pi</i> (/pi/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td>unaspirated <b>p</b> as in s<b>p</b>eak </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Qq</td> <td><i>ki</i> (/ki/)</td> <td><i>kiu</i> (/kiu/ or /kju/)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><b>q</b> as in <b>Q</b>atar </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Rr</td> <td><i>ér</i> (/er/)</td> <td><i>ar</i> (/ar/ or /a:/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td>Spanish <b>rr</b> as in pue<b>rr</b>o </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ss</td> <td colspan="2"><i>és</i> (/es/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><b>s</b> as in <b>s</b>un </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Tt</td> <td><i>té</i> (/te/)</td> <td><i>ti</i> (/ti/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td>unaspirated <b>t</b> as in s<b>t</b>ill </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Uu</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>u</i> (/u/)</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>yu</i> (/ju/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><b>u</b> as in r<b>u</b>le, but shorter </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></td> <td><b>oo</b> as in f<b>oo</b>t </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Vv</td> <td><i>fé</i> (/fe/)</td> <td><i>vi</i> (/vi/)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><b>v</b> as in <b>v</b>an </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ww</td> <td><i>wé</i> (/we/)</td> <td><i>dabel yu</i> (/dabəlˈju/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></td> <td><b>w</b> as in <b>w</b>et </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Xx</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><i>éks</i> (/eks/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span></td> <td><b>x</b> as in bo<b>x</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><b>x</b> as in <b>x</b>enon </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Yy</td> <td><i>yé</i> (/je/)</td> <td><i>way</i> (/wai̯/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><b>y</b> as in <b>y</b>arn </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Zz</td> <td><i>zét</i> (/zet/)</td> <td><i>zed</i> (/zed/)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><b>z</b> as in <b>z</b>ebra </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (where Malay is native): <i>tujuh</i> is pronounced (and was spelt) <i>tujoh</i>, <i>rambut</i> as <i>rambot</i>, <i>kain</i> as <i>kaen</i>, <i>pilih</i> as <i>pileh</i>, etc., [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran. Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia. </p><p>In addition, there are <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Digraph </th> <th colspan="3">Sound </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">IPA</th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore</th> <th>Indonesia </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ai</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai̯/</span></td> <td><b>uy</b> as in b<b>uy</b> (ui) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">au</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au̯/</span></td> <td><b>ou</b> as in <b>ou</b>ch (ou) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ei</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei̯/</span></td> <td><b>ei</b> as in surv<b>ey</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">oi</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi̯/</span></td> <td><b>oy</b> as in b<b>oy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">eu</td> <td>-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">gh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>similar to Dutch and German <b>ch</b>, but voiced </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">kh</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td><b>ch</b> as in lo<b>ch</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ng</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></td> <td><b>ng</b> as in si<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ny</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></td> <td>Spanish <b>ñ</b>; similar to <b>ny</b> as in ca<b>ny</b>on with a nasal sound </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">sy</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><b>sh</b> as in <b>sh</b>oe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_spelling_systems">Previous spelling systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Previous spelling systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1972_British_Malaya_and_Borneo/Brunei,_Malaysia_and_Singapore_orthography"><span id="Pre-1972_British_Malaya_and_Borneo.2FBrunei.2C_Malaysia_and_Singapore_orthography"></span>Pre-1972 British Malaya and Borneo/Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-1972 British Malaya and Borneo/Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling" title="Za'aba Spelling">Za'aba Spelling</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore: 1927 <a href="/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling" title="Za'aba Spelling">Za'aba Spelling</a> system </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Upper case</a> </th> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ĕ">Ĕ</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td style="width:3%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case</a> </th> <td>a</td> <td>ă</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ĕ</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1972_Dutch_East_Indies/Indonesia_orthography"><span id="Pre-1972_Dutch_East_Indies.2FIndonesia_orthography"></span>Pre-1972 Dutch East Indies/Indonesia orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-1972 Dutch East Indies/Indonesia orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indonesia: 1901 <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">Van Ophuijsen Spelling System</a> and 1947 <a href="/wiki/Soewandi_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Soewandi Spelling System">Soewandi Spelling System</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Upper case</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ē">Ē</a> (pre-1947)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">Oe</a> (1901)/<a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> (1947)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case</a> </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ē (pre-1947)</td> <td>é</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>oe (1901)/u (1947)</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_table">Comparison table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Sound </th> <th colspan="2">Letter(s) </th> <th colspan="2">Post-1972 replacement </th></tr> <tr> <th>1927 <a href="/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling" title="Za'aba Spelling">Za'aba</a><br />(Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore) </th> <th>1901 <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">Van Ophuijsen</a>, <br />1947 <a href="/wiki/Soewandi_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Soewandi Spelling System">Soewandi</a><br />(Indonesia) </th> <th>Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore </th> <th>Indonesia </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span></td> <td>ch<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>tj</td> <td colspan="2">c </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td>dh</td> <td>-</td> <td>d, z</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td>dz</td> <td>-</td> <td>d, z</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></td> <td>ă, ĕ</td> <td>e, ē (pre-1947)</td> <td colspan="2">e </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td>e</td> <td>-</td> <td colspan="2">e </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td>e</td> <td>é</td> <td colspan="2">e </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span><br /><small>(monophthong)</small></td> <td>ï</td> <td>-</td> <td>i</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>dj</td> <td>-</td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>ch<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>-</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>nj</td> <td>-</td> <td>ny </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span></td> <td>th</td> <td>-</td> <td>s</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td>sh</td> <td>sj</td> <td colspan="2">sy </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>oe</td> <td>-</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>j</td> <td>-</td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "ch" digraph was used for a different purpose in Indonesia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "ch" digraph was used for a different purpose in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Spelling_System" title="Congress Spelling System">Congress Spelling System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_orthography" title="Javanese orthography">Javanese orthography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before <a href="/wiki/Perfected_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfected Spelling System">a spelling reform in 1972</a>, Indonesia would disambiguate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> as <i>é</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> as <i>e</i>, and Malaysia <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> as <i>e</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> as <i>ĕ</i>. The spelling reform removed the diacritics, leaving plain <i>e</i> to represent both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPusat_Rujukan_Persuratan_Melayu2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=ejaan+rumi+baharu&d=8"><i>Ejaan Rumi Baharu Bahasa Malaysia</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ejaan+Rumi+Baharu+Bahasa+Malaysia&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Pusat+Rujukan+Persuratan+Melayu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprpm.dbp.gov.my%2FSearch.aspx%3Fk%3Dejaan%2Brumi%2Bbaharu%26d%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+orthography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomotoYamashitaOsaka2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nomoto, Hiroki; Yamashita, Nahoko; Osaka, Ayano (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/nomoto/ejaan.pdf">"Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Institute of Language Research</i> (in Malay). <b>19</b>: 21–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15026%2F81116">10.15026/81116</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10108%2F81116">10108/81116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Language+Research&rft.atitle=Senarai+komprehensif+perbezaan+ejaan+Malaysia+dan+ejaan+Indonesia%5D&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=21-31&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10108%2F81116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15026%2F81116&rft.aulast=Nomoto&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+Nahoko&rft.au=Osaka%2C+Ayano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tufs.ac.jp%2Fts%2Fpersonal%2Fnomoto%2Fejaan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+orthography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm">"Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو)"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Malay+%28Bahasa+Melayu+%2F+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmalay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+orthography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_orthography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguanaut.com/malay_alphabet.htm">Malay alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm">Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007102635/http://homepage3.nifty.com/inj/ucapan.htm">Coba-coba(Cuba-cuba) Indonesian & Malay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/PUEBI.pdf">Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (PUEBI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504013228/http://www.educ.upm.edu.my/~yahya/Download/PanduanUmumEjaanBahasaMelayu.pdf">Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese alphabet">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_alphabet" title="Occitan alphabet">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography#Alphabet" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belarusian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Łacinka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukrainian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latynka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Iranian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian alphabet">Latvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian alphabet">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish alphabet">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semitic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Berber <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Alatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">selected East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li>Mongolian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Latin_alphabet" title="Mongolian Latin alphabet">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabets">Mongolian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Javanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Carakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_orthography" title="Javanese orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tagalog <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_alphabet" title="Mapudungun alphabet">Mapudungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil alphabet">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">constructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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