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</li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Automated control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Automated_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Automated control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Automated_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronological_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chronological time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Solar time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Occupancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ultrasonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daylight_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daylight_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Daylight availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daylight_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daylight_sensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daylight_sensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Daylight sensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daylight_sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alarm_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alarm_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Alarm conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alarm_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Program logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_dimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_dimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Automatic dimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_dimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Use of sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_and_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standards and protocols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards_and_protocols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standards and protocols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_lighting_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_lighting_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bluetooth lighting control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_lighting_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_lighting_ecosystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_lighting_ecosystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Smart lighting ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_lighting_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_transmitting_with_smart_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_transmitting_with_smart_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Information transmitting with smart light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_transmitting_with_smart_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_lighting_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_lighting_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theatrical lighting control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_lighting_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart-lighting_emergency_ballast_for_fluorescent_lamps[17]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart-lighting_emergency_ballast_for_fluorescent_lamps[17]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Smart-lighting emergency ballast for fluorescent lamps<sup><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Smart-lighting_emergency_ballast_for_fluorescent_lamps[17]-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Smart-lighting emergency ballast for fluorescent lamps<sup><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Smart-lighting_emergency_ballast_for_fluorescent_lamps[17]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advances_in_photonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advances_in_photonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Advances in photonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advances_in_photonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_inventors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_inventors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable inventors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_inventors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtmanagementsystem" title="Lichtmanagementsystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtmanagementsystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_control_de_iluminaci%C3%B3n" title="Sistema de control de iluminación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de control de iluminación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سیستم کنترل روشنایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم کنترل روشنایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysstyring" title="Lysstyring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysstyring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controle_de_ilumina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Controle de iluminação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controle de iluminação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a 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Control System (theater)">Architectural Lighting Control System (theater)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intelligent network based lighting control</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg/220px-Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg/330px-Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg/440px-Las_Vegas_Convention_Center_Loop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="3596" /></a><figcaption>Las Vegas Convention Center Loop showing effects of lighting control system</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lighting control system</b> is intelligent network-based lighting control that incorporates communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with the use of one or more central computing devices. Lighting control systems are widely used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of commercial, industrial, and residential spaces. Lighting control systems are sometimes referred to under the term <b>smart lighting</b>. Lighting control systems serve to provide the right amount of light where and when it is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lighting control systems are employed to maximize the <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy savings</a> from the lighting system, satisfy <a href="/wiki/Building_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Building codes">building codes</a>, or comply with <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> programs. Lighting control systems may include a lighting technology designed for <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, convenience and security. This may include high efficiency fixtures and <a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">automated controls</a> that make adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy or daylight availability. <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a> is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect (e.g. illumination of a security breach). It includes <a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">task lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">accent lighting</a>, and general lighting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lighting_controls">Lighting controls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lighting controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>lighting controls</i> is typically used to indicate stand-alone control of the lighting within a space. This may include <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">occupancy sensors</a>, timeclocks, and <a href="/wiki/Photocells" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocells">photocells</a> that are hard-wired to control fixed groups of lights independently. Adjustment occurs manually at each devices location. The efficiency of and market for residential lighting controls has been characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Consortium_for_Energy_Efficiency" title="Consortium for Energy Efficiency">Consortium for Energy Efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>lighting control system</i> refers to an intelligent networked system of devices related to lighting control. These devices may include <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">occupancy sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photocells" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocells">photocells</a>, light control switches or <a href="/wiki/Touchscreens" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchscreens">touchscreens</a>, and signals from other building systems (such as <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire alarm">fire alarm</a> or <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a>). Adjustment of the system occurs both at device locations and at central computer locations via software programs or other interface devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major advantage of a lighting control system over stand-alone lighting controls or conventional manual <a href="/wiki/Light_switch" title="Light switch">switching</a> is the ability to control individual lights or groups of lights from a single <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> device. This ability to control multiple light sources from a user device allows complex lighting scenes to be created. A room may have multiple scenes pre-set, each one created for different activities in the room. A major benefit of lighting control systems is reduced energy consumption. Longer lamp life is also gained when dimming and switching off lights when not in use. Wireless lighting control systems provide additional benefits including reduced installation costs and increased flexibility over where switches and sensors may be placed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimizing_energy_usage">Minimizing energy usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minimizing energy usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lighting applications represents 19% of the world's energy use and 6% of all <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse emissions">greenhouse emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, 65 percent of <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> is used by commercial and industrial sectors, and 22 percent of this is used for lighting. </p><p>Smart lighting enables households and users to remotely control cooling, heating, lighting and appliances, minimizing unnecessary light and energy use. This ability saves energy and provides a level of comfort and convenience. From outside the traditional lighting industry, the future success of lighting will require involvement of a number of stakeholders and stakeholder communities. The concept of smart lighting also involves utilizing natural light from the sun to reduce the use of man-made lighting, and the simple concept of people turning off lighting when they leave a room.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convenience">Convenience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Convenience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A smart lighting system can ensure that dark areas are illuminated when in use. The lights actively respond to the activities of the occupants based on sensors and intelligence (logic) that anticipates the lighting needs of an occupant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lights can be used to dissuade those from areas they should not be. A security breach, for example, is an event that could trigger floodlights at the breach point. Preventative measures include illuminating key access points (such as walkways) at night and automatically adjusting the lighting when a household is away to make it appear as though there are occupants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automated_control">Automated control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Automated control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lighting control systems typically provide the ability to automatically adjust a lighting device's output based on: </p> <ul><li>Chronological time (time of day)</li> <li>Solar time (<a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy" title="Occupancy">Occupancy</a> using <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">occupancy sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">Daylight</a> availability using <a href="/wiki/Photocell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocell">photocells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alarm">Alarm</a> conditions</li> <li>Program logic (combination of events)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronological_time">Chronological time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chronological time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronological time schedules incorporate specific times of the day, week, month or year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_time">Solar time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solar time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solar time schedules incorporate <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a> times, often used to switch outdoor lighting. Solar time scheduling requires that the location of the building be set. This is accomplished using the building's geographic location via either latitude and longitude or by picking the nearest city in a given database giving the approximate location and corresponding solar times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupancy">Occupancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occupancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Space occupancy is primarily determined with <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">occupancy sensors</a>. Smart lighting that utilizes occupancy sensors can work in unison with other lighting connected to the same network to adjust lighting per various conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahga_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahga-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows potential electricity savings from using occupancy sensors to control lighting in various types of spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultrasonic">Ultrasonic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advantages of ultrasonic devices are that they are sensitive to all types of motion and generally there are zero coverage gaps, since they can detect movements not within the line of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanna_p.480_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna_p.480-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daylight_availability">Daylight availability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Daylight availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric lighting energy use can be adjusted by automatically dimming and/or switching electric lights in response to the level of available <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">daylight</a>. Reducing the amount of electric lighting used when daylight is available is known as <a href="/wiki/Daylight_harvesting" title="Daylight harvesting">daylight harvesting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daylight_sensing">Daylight sensing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Daylight sensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to daylighting technology, daylight-linked automated response systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanna_p.476_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna_p.476-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching' or 'dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from to reduce occupants being disturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alarm_conditions">Alarm conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alarm conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alarm conditions typically include inputs from other building systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire alarm">fire alarm</a> or <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> system, which may trigger an emergency 'all lights on' or ' all lights flashing' command for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_logic">Program logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Program logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Program logic can tie all of the above elements together using constructs such as <a href="/wiki/If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if-then-else</a> statements and <a href="/wiki/Logical_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical operator">logical operators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">Digital Addressable Lighting Interface</a> (DALI) is specified in the IEC 62386 standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_dimming">Automatic dimming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Automatic dimming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of automatic light dimming is an aspect of smart lighting that serves to reduce energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manual light dimming also has the same effect of reducing energy use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_sensors">Use of sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use of sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the paper "Energy savings due to occupancy <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and personal controls: a pilot field study", Galasiu, A.D. and Newsham, G.R have confirmed that automatic lighting systems including occupancy sensors and individual (personal) controls are suitable for open-plan office environments and can save a significant amount of energy (about 32%) when compared to a conventional lighting system, even when the installed lighting power density of the automatic lighting system is ~50% higher than that of the conventional system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Components">Components</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complete sensor consists of a <a href="/wiki/Motion_detector" title="Motion detector">motion detector</a>, an electronic control unit, and a controllable switch/relay. The detector senses motion and determines whether there are occupants in the space.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanna_p.476_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna_p.476-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has a timer that signals the electronic control unit after a set period of inactivity. The control unit uses this signal to activate the switch/relay to turn equipment on or off. For lighting applications, there are three main sensor types: passive <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Khanna_p.480_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna_p.480-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hybrid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Motion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion detection">Motion-detecting</a> (microwave), heating-sensing (infrared), and sound-sensing; optical cameras, infrared motion, optical trip wires, door contact sensors, thermal cameras, micro radars, daylight sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_protocols">Standards and protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Standards and protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s there was a strong requirement to make commercial lighting more controllable so that it could become more energy efficient. Initially this was done with analog control, allowing <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimmer" title="Dimmer">dimmers</a> to be controlled from a central source. This was a step in the right direction, but cabling was complicated and therefore not cost effective. </p><p>Tridonic was an early company to go digital with their broadcast <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Serial_Interface" title="Digital Serial Interface">DSI</a>, in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Serial_Interface" title="Digital Serial Interface">DSI</a> was a basic protocol as it transmitted one control value to change the brightness of all the fixtures attached to the line. What made this protocol more attractive, and able to compete with the established analog option, was the simple wiring. </p><p>There are two types of lighting control systems which are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog electronics">Analog</a> lighting control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital</a> lighting control</li></ul> <p>Examples for analog lighting control systems are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-10_V_lighting_control" title="0-10 V lighting control">0-10V</a> based system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX192" title="AMX192">AMX192</a> based systems (often referred to as AMX) (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> standard).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D54_(protocol)" title="D54 (protocol)">D54</a> based systems (European standard).</li></ul> <p>In production lighting 0-10V system was replaced by analog multiplexed systems such as D54 and AMX192, which themselves have been almost completely replaced by <a href="/wiki/DMX512" title="DMX512">DMX512</a>. For dimmable fluorescent lamps (where it operates instead at 1-10 V, where 1 V is minimum and 0 V is off) the system is being replaced by DSI, which itself is in the process of being replaced by DALI. </p><p>Examples for digital lighting control systems are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">DALI</a> based system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Serial_Interface" title="Digital Serial Interface">DSI</a> based system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a> based systems</li></ul> <p>Those are all wired lighting control systems. </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> lighting control systems that are based on some standard protocols like <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZigBee" class="mw-redirect" title="ZigBee">ZigBee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Mesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth Mesh">Bluetooth Mesh</a>, and others. The standard for digital addressable lighting interface, mostly in professional and commercial deployments, is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/64812">IEC 62386-104</a>. This standard specifies the underlying technologies, which in wireless are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtual-extension.com/products/technology/">VEmesh</a>, which operates in the industrial Sub-1 GHz frequency band and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Mesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth Mesh">Bluetooth Mesh</a>, which operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. </p><p>Other notable protocols, standards and systems include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_for_Control_Networks" title="Architecture for Control Networks">Architecture for Control Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art-Net" title="Art-Net">Art-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_mesh_networking#Lighting" title="Bluetooth mesh networking">Bluetooth mesh Lighting model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynalite" title="Dynalite">Dynalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSTEON" class="mw-redirect" title="INSTEON">INSTEON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonworks">Lonworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI#Other_applications" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDM_(lighting)" title="RDM (lighting)">RDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Simple_Control_Protocol" title="Very Simple Control Protocol">VSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_lighting_control">Bluetooth lighting control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bluetooth lighting control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new type of control for lighting system is using <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> connection directly to the lighting system. It is recently introduced by <a href="/wiki/Philips_Hue" title="Philips Hue">Philips HUE</a> and company new name as <a href="/wiki/Signify_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signify (company)">Signify</a> formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Philips_Lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Lighting">Philips Lighting</a>. This system will need a smartphone or tablet where the user can install a special Philips Hue Bluetooth app. The Bluetooth bulbs don't need a Philips Hue bridge to function. There is no need to have a <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> or data connection for controlling the lights with that system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smart_lighting_ecosystem">Smart lighting ecosystem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Smart lighting ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smart lighting systems can be controlled using the internet to adjust lighting brightness and schedules.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahga_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahga-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One technology involves a smart lighting network that assigns IP addresses to light bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_transmitting_with_smart_light">Information transmitting with smart light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Information transmitting with smart light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schubert predicts that revolutionary lighting systems will provide an entirely new means of sensing and broadcasting information. By blinking far too rapidly for any human to notice, the light will pick up data from sensors and carry it from room to room, reporting such information as the location of every person within a high-security building. A major focus of the Future Chips Constellation is smart lighting, a revolutionary new field in photonics based on efficient light sources that are fully tunable in terms of such factors as spectral content, emission pattern, polarization, color temperature, and intensity. Schubert, who leads the group, says smart lighting will not only offer better, more efficient illumination; it will provide "totally new functionalities." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatrical_lighting_control">Theatrical lighting control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theatrical lighting control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a></div> <p>Architectural lighting control systems can integrate with a <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theater</a>'s on-off and <a href="/wiki/Dimmer" title="Dimmer">dimmer</a> controls, and are often used for <a href="/wiki/House_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="House lights">house lights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a>, and can include <a href="/wiki/Worklight" title="Worklight">worklights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">rehearsal</a> lighting, and <a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">lobby</a> lighting. Control stations can be placed in several locations in the building and range in complexity from single buttons that bring up preset options-looks, to in-wall or desktop <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> consoles. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> is related to residential and commercial lighting control systems. </p><p>The benefit of architectural lighting control systems in the theater is the ability for theater staff to turn worklights and house lights on and off without having to use a <a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">lighting control console</a>. Alternately, the light designer can control these same lights with light <a href="/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)" title="Cue (theatrical)">cues</a> from the lighting control console so that, for instance, the transition from houselights being up before a show starts and the first light cue of the show is controlled by one system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smart-lighting_emergency_ballast_for_fluorescent_lamps[17]"><span id="Smart-lighting_emergency_ballast_for_fluorescent_lamps.5B17.5D"></span>Smart-lighting emergency ballast for fluorescent lamps<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Smart-lighting emergency ballast for fluorescent lamps[17]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The function of a traditional emergency lighting system is the supply of a minimum illuminating level when a line voltage failure appears. Therefore, emergency lighting systems have to store energy in a battery module to supply lamps in case of failure. In this kind of lighting systems the internal damages, for example battery overcharging, damaged lamps and starting circuit failure must be detected and repaired by specialist workers. </p><p>For this reason, the smart lighting prototype can check its functional state every fourteen days and dump the result into a LED display. With these features they can test themselves checking their functional state and displaying their internal damages. Also the maintenance cost can be decreased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main idea is the substitution of the simple line voltage sensing block that appears in the traditional systems by a more complex one based on a microcontroller. This new circuit will assume the functions of line voltage sensing and inverter activation, by one side, and the supervision of all the system: lamp and battery state, battery charging, external communications, correct operation of the power stage, etc., by the other side. </p><p>The system has a great flexibility, for instance, it would be possible the communication of several devices with a master computer, which would know the state of each device all the time. </p><p>A new emergency lighting system based on an intelligent module has been developed. The micro-controller as a control and supervision device guarantees increase in the installation security and a maintenance cost saving. </p><p>Another important advantage is the cost saving for mass production specially whether a microcontroller with the program in ROM memory is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advances_in_photonics">Advances in photonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Advances in photonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advances achieved in <a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">photonics</a> are already transforming society just as electronics revolutionized the world in recent decades and it will continue to contribute more in the future. From the statistics, North America's optoelectronics market grew to more than $20 billion in 2003. The LED (<a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a>) market is expected to reach $5 billion in 2007, and the <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">solid-state lighting</a> market is predicted to be $50 billion in 15–20 years, as stated by E. Fred Schubert,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellfleet Senior Distinguished Professor of the Future Chips Constellation at Rensselaer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_inventors">Notable inventors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable inventors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolayevich_Lodygin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin">Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin</a> – carbon-rod filament incandescent lamp (1874)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> – carbonized-thread filament <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a> (1878)<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> – long-lasting incandescent lamp with high-resistance filament (1880)<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_Wigham" title="John Richardson Wigham">John Richardson Wigham</a> – electric <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> illumination (1885)<sup id="cite_ref-cil_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cil-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-LEMELSON-MIT_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEMELSON-MIT-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Howard Borden, Gerald Pighini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Atalla">Mohamed Atalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> – <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borden_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borden-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blue_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue LED">blue LED</a> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Light_in_school_buildings" title="Light in school buildings">Light in school buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_for_the_elderly" title="Lighting for the elderly">Lighting for the elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">Lighting control console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">Over-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor" title="Passive infrared sensor">Passive infrared sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-point_lighting" title="Three-point lighting">Three-point lighting</a>, technique used in both still photography and in film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic sensors">Ultrasonic sensors</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Lists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighting_design_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lighting design applications">List of lighting design applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Timeline of lighting technology">Timeline of lighting technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting_control_system&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiLouie2008" class="citation book cs1">DiLouie, Craig (2008). <i>Lighting controls handbook</i>. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkqVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Photonics, Volume 3: Photonics Technology and Instrumentation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118225547" title="Special:BookSources/9781118225547"><bdi>9781118225547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photonics%2C+Volume+3%3A+Photonics+Technology+and+Instrumentation&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781118225547&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkqVBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting+control+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borden-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borden_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordenPighini1969" class="citation journal cs1">Borden, Howard C.; Pighini, Gerald P. (February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hparchive.com/Journals/HPJ-1969-02.pdf">"Solid-State Displays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard_Journal" title="Hewlett-Packard Journal">Hewlett-Packard Journal</a></i>: 2–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hewlett-Packard+Journal&rft.atitle=Solid-State+Displays&rft.pages=2-12&rft.date=1969-02&rft.aulast=Borden&rft.aufirst=Howard+C.&rft.au=Pighini%2C+Gerald+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhparchive.com%2FJournals%2FHPJ-1969-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting+control+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/press-release/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NobelPrize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NobelPrize.org">NobelPrize.org</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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controller">Hardware controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Interconnection" title="Home automation">Interconnection <br />type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cable (<a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">xDSL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Powerline</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyriaNed" title="MyriaNed">MyriaNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Net" title="One-Net">One-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)" title="Thread (network protocol)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">Consumer IR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX" title="KNX">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Classifications_of_domestic_network_technologies" title="Home automation">Network<br />technologies,<br />by function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device<br />interconnection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control and<br />automation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllJoyn" title="AllJoyn">AllJoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_SCS" title="Bus SCS">Bus SCS</a> with <a href="/wiki/OpenWebNet" title="OpenWebNet">OpenWebNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus (protocol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBus" title="CEBus">CEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol" title="European Home Systems Protocol">EHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP500_Alliance" title="IP500 Alliance">IP500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxom (page does not exist)">Luxom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Net" title="One-Net">One-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal powerline bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data<br />networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/155px-Patch_Panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/233px-Patch_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/310px-Patch_Panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Tasks" title="Home automation">Tasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Audio_and_video" title="Home automation">Audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lighting control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Other_systems" title="Home automation">Other systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Robotics" title="Home automation">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Security" title="Home automation">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Thermostat automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_home_hub" title="Smart home hub">Smart home hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Costs" title="Home automation">Costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">Mesh networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Organizations" title="Home automation">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_of_the_future" title="Home of the future">Home of the future</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">Floor plan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">House navigation system</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/INTEGER_Millennium_House" title="INTEGER Millennium House">INTEGER Millennium House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/House_for_the_Future,_Cardiff" title="House for the Future, Cardiff">The House for the Future</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Houses" title="Xanadu Houses">Xanadu Houses</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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