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mu rhythm) during action observation, and lead to more proficient imitation skills. Consistent with this hypothesis, the infants reared by their mothers were more likely to imitate lipsmacking (LS) -a natural, affiliative gesture -and exhibited greater mu rhythm desynchronization while viewing LS gestures than the nursery-reared infants. These effects were not found in response to tongue protrusion, a meaningless gesture, or a nonsocial control. These data suggest that socially enriched early experiences in the first days after birth increase brain sensitivity to socially relevant actions.","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Developmental Neuroscience","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"40453091"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Early Social Experience Affects Neural Activity to Affiliative Facial Gestures in Newborn Nonhuman Primates","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [39333585]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/19139311/Early_Social_Experience_Affects_Neural_Activity_to_Affiliative_Facial_Gestures_in_Newborn_Nonhuman_Primates" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="5628212" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5628212/Delayed_Imitation_of_Lipsmacking_Gestures_by_Infant_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_">Delayed Imitation of Lipsmacking Gestures by Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8075042" href="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner">Annika Paukner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Delayed Imitation of Lipsmacking Gestures by Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)","attachmentId":32697901,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5628212/Delayed_Imitation_of_Lipsmacking_Gestures_by_Infant_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5628212/Delayed_Imitation_of_Lipsmacking_Gestures_by_Infant_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="7715914" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7715914/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_how_infants_engage_with_faces">Neonatal imitation predicts how infants engage with faces</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Science, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In human infants, neonatal imitation and preferences for eyes are both associated with later social and communicative skills, yet the relationship between these abilities remains unexplored. Here we investigated whether neonatal imitation predicts facial viewing patterns in infant rhesus macaques. We first assessed infant macaques for lipsmacking (a core affiliative gesture) and tongue protrusion imitation in the first week of life. When infants were 10–28 days old, we presented them with an animated macaque avatar displaying a still face followed by lipsmacking or tongue protrusion movements. Using eye tracking technology, we found that macaque infants generally looked equally at the eyes and mouth during gesture presentation, but only lipsmacking-imitators showed significantly more looking at the eyes of the neutral still face. These results suggest that neonatal imitation performance may be an early measure of social attention biases and might potentially facilitate the identification of infants at risk for atypical social development.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation predicts how infants engage with faces","attachmentId":34242099,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7715914/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_how_infants_engage_with_faces","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7715914/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_how_infants_engage_with_faces"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="5095448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5095448/Lipsmacking_imitation_skill_in_newborn_macaques_is_predictive_of_social_partner_discrimination">Lipsmacking imitation skill in newborn macaques is predictive of social partner discrimination</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Newborn rhesus macaques imitate facial gestures even after a delay, revealing the flexible nature of their early communicative exchanges. In the present study we examined whether newborn macaques are also sensitive to the identities of the social partners with whom they are interacting. We measured infant monkeys’ (n = 90) lipsmacking and tongue protrusion gestures in a face-to-face interaction task with a human experimenter in the first week of life. After a one-minute delay, the same person who previously presented gestures or a different person returned and presented a still face to infants. We had two primary predictions: (1) infants would demonstrate higher rates of overall gesturing, and especially lipsmacking—an affiliative gesture—to a familiar person, compared to a novel person, and (2) infants’ imitative skills would positively correlate with gestures to familiar, but not unfamiliar, social partners, as both abilities may reflect a strong general social interest. We found that overall infants did not produce more gestures or more lipsmacking when approached by a familiar person compared to a novel person; however, we did find individual differences in infants’ social responsiveness: lipsmacking imitation was positively correlated with lipsmacking during the return period when the person was the same (p = .025), but not when the person was novel (p = .44). These findings are consistent with the notion that imitative skill is reflective of infants’ more general interest in social interactions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Lipsmacking imitation skill in newborn macaques is predictive of social partner discrimination","attachmentId":33372258,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5095448/Lipsmacking_imitation_skill_in_newborn_macaques_is_predictive_of_social_partner_discrimination","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5095448/Lipsmacking_imitation_skill_in_newborn_macaques_is_predictive_of_social_partner_discrimination"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="97723530" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97723530/Mouth_Movements_as_Possible_Cues_of_Social_Interest_at_Birth_New_Evidences_for_Early_Communicative_Behaviors">Mouth Movements as Possible Cues of Social Interest at Birth: New Evidences for Early Communicative Behaviors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50801206" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BahiaGuellai">Bahia Guellai</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Psychology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Previous studies evidenced that different interactive contexts modulate the visual attention of newborns. In the present study, we investigated newborns&#39; motor feedback as an additional cue to neonates&#39; expression of interest. Using videos of interactive faces and a familiarization-test procedure, three different groups of newborns were assigned to three different conditions (i.e., one condition with a talking face during familiarization and silently moving faces at test, silently moving/silently moving condition, or talking/static condition). Following studies on neonatal imitation, mouth movements were analyzed as indicators of social interest. We expected the occurrence of mouth movements in the newborns to differ according to different conditions: (a) whether or not the face in front of them was talking and (b) if the person had been already seen or was new. Results revealed that a talking face elicited more motor feedback from the newborns than a silent one and that the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mouth Movements as Possible Cues of Social Interest at Birth: New Evidences for Early Communicative Behaviors","attachmentId":99268458,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97723530/Mouth_Movements_as_Possible_Cues_of_Social_Interest_at_Birth_New_Evidences_for_Early_Communicative_Behaviors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97723530/Mouth_Movements_as_Possible_Cues_of_Social_Interest_at_Birth_New_Evidences_for_Early_Communicative_Behaviors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="16364477" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16364477/Imitation_in_newborn_infants_Exploring_the_range_of_gestures_imitated_and_the_underlying_mechanisms">Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138938" href="https://washington.academia.edu/AndrewMeltzoff">Andrew Meltzoff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Psychology, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study evaluated the psychological mechanisms underlying imitation of facial actions in young infants. A novel aspect of the study was that it used a nonoral gesture that had not been tested before (head movement), as well as a tongue-protrusion gesture. Results showed imitation of both displays. Imitation was not limited to the intervals during which the experimenter&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s movements were displayed; Ss also imitated from memory after the display had stopped. The results established that newborn imitation is not constrained to a few privileged oral movements. The findings support Meltzoff and Moore&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s hypothesis that early imitation is mediated by an active cross-modal matching process. A common representational code may unite the perception and production of basic human acts.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms","attachmentId":42809230,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16364477/Imitation_in_newborn_infants_Exploring_the_range_of_gestures_imitated_and_the_underlying_mechanisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16364477/Imitation_in_newborn_infants_Exploring_the_range_of_gestures_imitated_and_the_underlying_mechanisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="5627896" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627896/Neonatal_Imitation_in_Rhesus_Macaques">Neonatal Imitation in Rhesus Macaques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8075042" href="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner">Annika Paukner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS Biology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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Macaques","attachmentId":32697809,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5627903/Interindividual_Differences_in_Neonatal_Imitation_and_the_Development_of_Action_Chains_in_Rhesus_Macaques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627903/Interindividual_Differences_in_Neonatal_Imitation_and_the_Development_of_Action_Chains_in_Rhesus_Macaques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="31819986" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31819986/Facial_and_Vocal_Imitation_in_Infants">Facial and Vocal Imitation in Infants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46587714" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/SyarifHidayatN">Syarif Hidayat Nasir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Imitation has long been considered an innate capacity of human being. However, the recent research has changed this thought drastically. These new results on imitation suggest that new-borns cannot imitate, and thus leave the field with a big gap: if imitation is not innate, when do infants start to imitate? Throughout this research we will try to answer this question by mainly focusing on facial and vocal gestures in infants aged 2 to 6 months old.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Facial and Vocal Imitation in Infants","attachmentId":52115671,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31819986/Facial_and_Vocal_Imitation_in_Infants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31819986/Facial_and_Vocal_Imitation_in_Infants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="511322" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/511322/Giving_a_nod_to_social_cognition_Developmental_constraints_on_the_emergence_of_conventional_gestures_and_infant_signs">Giving a nod to social cognition: Developmental constraints on the emergence of conventional gestures and infant signs.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="178243" href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/ClaireVallotton">Claire Vallotton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Developmental researchers recognize that multiple component skills and social processes underlie children’s communication. Infants’ gestures have catalyzed consideration of non-verbal behaviors as markers of early communicative and social competence. The current study examines infant sign and conventional gesture production to inform debate on developmental and contextual constraints on communicative competence. Based on observations over eight months, we describe the emergence timing of gestures and signs in ten infants’ spontaneous behavior. We test whether two features of gestures and signs, relative frequency of caregiver use and motoric complexity, explain variation in emergence timing. We find that while these features may constrain whether infants produce particular gestures or signs, additional explanatory mechanisms must account for the late emergence of some conventional gestures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Giving a nod to social cognition: Developmental constraints on the emergence of conventional gestures and infant signs.","attachmentId":40874735,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/511322/Giving_a_nod_to_social_cognition_Developmental_constraints_on_the_emergence_of_conventional_gestures_and_infant_signs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/511322/Giving_a_nod_to_social_cognition_Developmental_constraints_on_the_emergence_of_conventional_gestures_and_infant_signs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="21522072" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21522072/Neonatal_imitation_and_early_social_experience_predict_gaze_following_abilities_in_infant_monkeys">Neonatal imitation and early social experience predict gaze following abilities in infant monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Individuals vary in their social skills and motivation, the causes of which remain largely unknown. Here we investigated whether an individual's propensity to interact with others measured within days after birth, and differences in infants' early social environment, may predict a later social skill. Specifically, we tested whether neonatal imitation—newborns' capacity to match modelled actions—and social experience in the first months of life predict gaze following (directing attention to locations where others look), in infant macaques (Macaca mulatta; n = 119). Facial gesture imitation in the first week of life predicted gaze following at 7 months of age. Imitators were better at gaze following than non-imitators, suggesting neonatal imitation may be an early marker predicting socio-cognitive functioning. In addition, infants with rich social environments outperformed infants with less socialization, suggesting early social experiences also support the development of infants' gaze following competence. The present study offers compelling evidence that an individual difference present from birth predicts a functional social cognitive skill in later infancy. In addition, this foundational skill—gaze following—is plastic, and can be improved through social interactions, providing infants with a strong foundation for later social interaction and learning.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation and early social experience predict gaze following abilities in infant monkeys","attachmentId":41978519,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21522072/Neonatal_imitation_and_early_social_experience_predict_gaze_following_abilities_in_infant_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21522072/Neonatal_imitation_and_early_social_experience_predict_gaze_following_abilities_in_infant_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40453091,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40453091,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_40453091" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="4547901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4547901/Gestures_and_socio_emotional_communicative_development_in_chimpanzee_infants">Gestures and socio-emotional communicative development in chimpanzee infants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98236" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BardKim">Kim Bard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Primatology, 2014</p><div 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Imitation","attachmentId":80194572,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70443873/Neural_Correlates_of_Infantile_Imitation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70443873/Neural_Correlates_of_Infantile_Imitation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="98845674" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98845674/Early_communicative_gestures_in_human_and_chimpanzee_1_year_olds_observed_across_diverse_socioecological_settings">Early communicative gestures in human and chimpanzee 1-year-olds observed across diverse socioecological settings</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98236" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BardKim">Kim Bard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Learning &amp; Behavior</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Early communicative gestures in human and chimpanzee 1-year-olds observed across diverse socioecological settings","attachmentId":100087172,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98845674/Early_communicative_gestures_in_human_and_chimpanzee_1_year_olds_observed_across_diverse_socioecological_settings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98845674/Early_communicative_gestures_in_human_and_chimpanzee_1_year_olds_observed_across_diverse_socioecological_settings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="75156420" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75156420/Faces_and_Voices_Processing_in_Human_and_Primate_Brains_Rhythmic_and_Multimodal_Mechanisms_Underlying_the_Evolution_and_Development_of_Speech">Faces and Voices Processing in Human and Primate Brains: Rhythmic and Multimodal Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Development of Speech</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39619872" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/Ma%C3%ABvaMichon">Maëva Michon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Psychology , 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Faces and Voices Processing in Human and Primate Brains: Rhythmic and Multimodal Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Development of Speech","attachmentId":83038992,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75156420/Faces_and_Voices_Processing_in_Human_and_Primate_Brains_Rhythmic_and_Multimodal_Mechanisms_Underlying_the_Evolution_and_Development_of_Speech","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75156420/Faces_and_Voices_Processing_in_Human_and_Primate_Brains_Rhythmic_and_Multimodal_Mechanisms_Underlying_the_Evolution_and_Development_of_Speech"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="33926653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33926653/Testing_the_arousal_hypothesis_of_neonatal_imitation_in_infant_rhesus_macaques">Testing the arousal hypothesis of neonatal imitation in infant rhesus macaques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOSE ONE, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Testing the arousal hypothesis of neonatal imitation in infant rhesus macaques","attachmentId":53895064,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33926653/Testing_the_arousal_hypothesis_of_neonatal_imitation_in_infant_rhesus_macaques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33926653/Testing_the_arousal_hypothesis_of_neonatal_imitation_in_infant_rhesus_macaques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="28685802" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28685802/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_infant_rhesus_macaque_Macaca_mulatta_social_and_anxiety_related_behaviours_at_one_year">Neonatal imitation predicts infant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) social and anxiety-related behaviours at one year</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation predicts infant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) social and anxiety-related behaviours at one year","attachmentId":49535862,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28685802/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_infant_rhesus_macaque_Macaca_mulatta_social_and_anxiety_related_behaviours_at_one_year","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28685802/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_infant_rhesus_macaque_Macaca_mulatta_social_and_anxiety_related_behaviours_at_one_year"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="4105528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4105528/Visual_attention_during_neonatal_imitation_in_newborn_macaque_monkeys">Visual attention during neonatal imitation in newborn macaque monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Psychobiology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Visual attention during neonatal imitation in newborn macaque monkeys","attachmentId":33372244,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4105528/Visual_attention_during_neonatal_imitation_in_newborn_macaque_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4105528/Visual_attention_during_neonatal_imitation_in_newborn_macaque_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="122639272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122639272/Comprehensive_Longitudinal_Study_Challenges_the_Existence_of_Neonatal_Imitation_in_Humans">Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in Humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50892891" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SallyClark3">Sally Clark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current biology : CB, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in 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href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Frontiers in Mirror Neuron Research (Book), 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation and its sensory-motor mechanism","attachmentId":37063764,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11575282/Neonatal_imitation_and_its_sensory_motor_mechanism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11575282/Neonatal_imitation_and_its_sensory_motor_mechanism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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