Relationship between vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study

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Our study indicates that patients at a high risk for PTB can be extracted by a simple method using conventional culture method."><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:33593322, PMC7888155, doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9, Sho Tano, Takuji Ueno, Hidenori Oguchi, Adult, Asymptomatic Infections / epidemiology*, Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Female, Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture / epidemiology, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Premature Birth / epidemiology*, Retrospective Studies, Streptococcal Infections / epidemiology*, Streptococcal Infections / microbiology, Streptococcus agalactiae*, Vagina / microbiology*, Vaginitis / epidemiology*, Vaginitis / microbiology, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Relationship between vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33593322/"><meta property="og:description" content="The present study found that vaginal GBS colonization in the early stage of pregnancy was associated with PTB. 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Our study indicates that patients at a high risk for PTB can be extracted by a simple method using conventional culture method."><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0d576970-ea4f-4f8d-9bab-bf51569c42d2/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Relationship between vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Tano S;Ueno T;Mayama M;Yamada T;Takeda T;Uno K;Yoshihara M;Ukai M;Suzuki T;Kishigami Y;Oguchi H;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="02/16/2021"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="BMC pregnancy and childbirth"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="33593322"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33593322/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="21"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1471-2393"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33593322/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="r1PRqtxqugi2MCI38RQZOs6lDvDCKF7KzPPnd2Wl9CfMSD3g0dhGJnPlPJ8fY56X"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="r1PRqtxqugi2MCI38RQZOs6lDvDCKF7KzPPnd2Wl9CfMSD3g0dhGJnPlPJ8fY56X"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="r1PRqtxqugi2MCI38RQZOs6lDvDCKF7KzPPnd2Wl9CfMSD3g0dhGJnPlPJ8fY56X"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="r1PRqtxqugi2MCI38RQZOs6lDvDCKF7KzPPnd2Wl9CfMSD3g0dhGJnPlPJ8fY56X"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="33593322"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2021 Feb 16;21(1):141.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Relationship between vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tano+S&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sho Tano">Sho Tano</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ueno+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takuji Ueno">Takuji Ueno</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mayama+M&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michinori Mayama">Michinori Mayama</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Yamada+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takuma Yamada">Takuma Yamada</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Takeda+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takehiko Takeda">Takehiko Takeda</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Uno+K&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kaname Uno">Kaname Uno</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Yoshihara+M&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Masato Yoshihara">Masato Yoshihara</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ukai+M&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mayu Ukai">Mayu Ukai</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Suzuki+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Teppei Suzuki">Teppei Suzuki</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kishigami+Y&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yasuyuki Kishigami">Yasuyuki Kishigami</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Oguchi+H&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hidenori Oguchi">Hidenori Oguchi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/33593322/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">33593322</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC7888155&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888155/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC7888155 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Relationship between vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Sho Tano</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> BMC Pregnancy Childbirth<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2021">2021</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/33593322/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> 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Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tano+S&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sho Tano">Sho Tano</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ueno+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takuji Ueno">Takuji Ueno</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mayama+M&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michinori Mayama">Michinori Mayama</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Yamada+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takuma Yamada">Takuma Yamada</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Takeda+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takehiko Takeda">Takehiko Takeda</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Uno+K&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kaname Uno">Kaname Uno</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Yoshihara+M&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Masato Yoshihara">Masato Yoshihara</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ukai+M&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mayu Ukai">Mayu Ukai</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Suzuki+T&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Teppei Suzuki">Teppei Suzuki</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kishigami+Y&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yasuyuki Kishigami">Yasuyuki Kishigami</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Oguchi+H&cauthor_id=33593322" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hidenori Oguchi">Hidenori Oguchi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. tano.sho@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, TOYOTA Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Heiwa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8513, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">33593322</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC7888155&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888155/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC7888155 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1186/s12884-021-03624-9 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/33593322/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/33593322/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> Although infection and inflammation within the genital tract during pregnancy is considered a major risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), there are few studies on association between vaginal microorganisms in the early stage of pregnancy and PTB. The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between vaginal Group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization, a leading cause of infection during pregnancy, in the early stage of pregnancy and PTB. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Methods: </strong> This single-center, retrospective cohort study utilized data from 2009 to 2017 obtained at TOYOTA Memorial Hospital. Women with singleton pregnancies who underwent vaginal culture around 14 weeks of gestation during their routine prenatal check-up were included. Vaginal sampling for Gram staining and culture was performed regardless of symptoms. GBS colonization was defined as positive for GBS latex agglutination assay. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with PTB. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Results: </strong> Overall 1079 singleton pregnancies were included. GBS (5.7%) and Candida albicans (5.5%) were the most frequently observed microorganisms. The incidence of PTB (before 34 and before 37 weeks of gestation) were significantly higher in the GBS-positive group than in the GBS-negative group (6.6% vs 0.5%, p = 0.001 and 9.8% vs 4.3%, p = 0.047). Our multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that GBS colonization was a factor associated with PTB before 34 and before 37 weeks of gestation (Odds ratio [OR] 15.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.73-61.74), and OR 2.42; 95%CI 1.01-5.91, respectively). </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Conclusions: </strong> The present study found that vaginal GBS colonization in the early stage of pregnancy was associated with PTB. Our study indicates that patients at a high risk for PTB can be extracted by a simple method using conventional culture method. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> Group B Streptococcus; Preterm birth; Vaginal flora. </p> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2b1/7888155/6ff91bd9ddd2/12884_2021_3624_Fig1_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="709" data-image-height="460" data-image-alt="Fig. 1" data-pmc-id="PMC7888155" data-figure-id="Fig1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2b1/7888155/6a89c66a3ec8/12884_2021_3624_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="709"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="460"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Flow chart describing subjects in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Flow chart describing subjects in this study. *Of the 19 patients, 3 were… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Flow chart describing subjects in this study. *Of the 19 patients, 3 were GBS-positive in early stage of pregnancy. **Of the 27 patients, 1 was GBS-positive in early stage of pregnancy</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2b1/7888155/3c0d434d6bdc/12884_2021_3624_Fig2_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="784" data-image-height="633" data-image-alt="Fig. 2" data-pmc-id="PMC7888155" data-figure-id="Fig2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a2b1/7888155/5250a8935711/12884_2021_3624_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="784"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="633"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time from the onset of… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Time from the onset of preterm PROM to delivery. PROM, Premature rupture of… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Time from the onset of preterm PROM to delivery. PROM, Premature rupture of membranes; GBS, Group B Streptococcus</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/30690012/" ref="article_id=30690012&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="30690012" data-ga-label=""> Differentiating Streptococcus pseudoporcinus from GBS: could this have implications in pregnancy? </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Grundy M, Suwantarat N, Rubin M, Harris R, Hanlon A, Tekle T, Ellis B, Carroll K, Witter F.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Grundy M, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 May;220(5):490.e1-490.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.01.219. 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Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7134569/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC7134569" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/18177778/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="18177778" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Kindinger LM, et al. The interaction between vaginal microbiota, cervical length, and vaginal progesterone treatment for preterm birth risk. 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Pediatrics. 2011. 10.1542/peds.2010-2217. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3081183/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC3081183" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/21518717/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="21518717" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/33593322/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 23 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> MeSH terms </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Adult" 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Relationship between vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study - PubMed