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</button> <ul id="toc-Crown_Prince_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overseas_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Overseas travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visit_of_colonial_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_of_colonial_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Visit of colonial Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_of_colonial_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquake_and_assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquake_and_assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Earthquake and assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquake_and_assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Accession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Early reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Second Sino-Japanese War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War:_advance_and_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War:_advance_and_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 War: advance and retreat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War:_advance_and_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Postwar reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Imperial status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Public figure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visit_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Visit to Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Visit to the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 Marine biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yasukuni_Shrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yasukuni_Shrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Yasukuni Shrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yasukuni_Shrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_state_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_state_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death and state funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_state_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accountability_for_Japanese_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accountability_for_Japanese_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Accountability for Japanese war crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accountability_for_Japanese_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence_for_wartime_culpability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_for_wartime_culpability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Evidence for wartime culpability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_for_wartime_culpability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Showa_Tenno_Dokuhaku_Roku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Showa_Tenno_Dokuhaku_Roku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Showa Tenno Dokuhaku Roku </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Showa_Tenno_Dokuhaku_Roku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinobu_Kobayashi's_diary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinobu_Kobayashi's_diary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Shinobu Kobayashi's diary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinobu_Kobayashi's_diary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michiji_Tajima's_notes_in_1952" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michiji_Tajima's_notes_in_1952"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Michiji Tajima's notes in 1952 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michiji_Tajima's_notes_in_1952-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_Interior_Minister_Yuzawa's_account_on_Hirohito's_role_in_Pearl_Harbor_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_Interior_Minister_Yuzawa's_account_on_Hirohito's_role_in_Pearl_Harbor_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Vice Interior Minister Yuzawa's account on Hirohito's role in Pearl Harbor raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_Interior_Minister_Yuzawa's_account_on_Hirohito's_role_in_Pearl_Harbor_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diary_of_Chief_Military_Aide-de-Camp_Takeji_Nara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diary_of_Chief_Military_Aide-de-Camp_Takeji_Nara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Diary of Chief Military Aide-de-Camp Takeji Nara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diary_of_Chief_Military_Aide-de-Camp_Takeji_Nara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hirohito's_preparations_for_war_described_in_Saburō_Hyakutake's_diary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hirohito's_preparations_for_war_described_in_Saburō_Hyakutake's_diary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.7 Hirohito's preparations for war described in Saburō Hyakutake's diary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hirohito's_preparations_for_war_described_in_Saburō_Hyakutake's_diary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents_that_suggest_limited_wartime_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents_that_suggest_limited_wartime_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.8 Documents that suggest limited wartime responsibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents_that_suggest_limited_wartime_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Emperor's_own_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Emperor's_own_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.8.1 The Emperor's own statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Emperor's_own_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_government_assessment_of_Hirohito" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_government_assessment_of_Hirohito"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.9 British government assessment of Hirohito </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_government_assessment_of_Hirohito-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Titles, styles, honours and arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Military appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Foreign military appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 National honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Foreign honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Scientific publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Books and academic journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 News articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hirohito</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%88%AE%E1%88%82%E1%89%B6" title="ሂሮሂቶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂሮሂቶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="हिरोहितो, जापान के सम्राट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिरोहितो, जापान के सम्राट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هيروهيتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيروهيتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هیروهیتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیروهیتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B" title="হিরোহিতো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিরোহিতো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiau-h%C3%B4_Thian-h%C3%B4ng" title="Chiau-hô Thian-hông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiau-hô Thian-hông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хірахіта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хірахіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хірахіта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хірахіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧི་རོ་ཧི་ཐོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧི་རོ་ཧི་ཐོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88" title="هيروهيطو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هيروهيطو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%AF" title="ހިރޯހިޓޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިރޯހިޓޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Χιροχίτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιροχίτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هیروهیتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیروهیتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u-f%C3%B2_thi%C3%AAn-f%C3%B2ng" title="Châu-fò thiên-fòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Châu-fò thiên-fòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%B2%9C%ED%99%A9" title="쇼와 천황 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼와 천황" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Հիրոհիտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիրոհիտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="הירוהיטו, קיסר יפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הירוהיטו, קיסר יפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A" title="ಹಿರೋಹಿಟೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿರೋಹಿಟೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ჰიროჰიტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიროჰიტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_wa_Japani" title="Hirohito wa Japani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hirohito wa Japani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEroh%C3%AEto" title="Hîrohîto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîrohîto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_jap%C3%A1n_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Hirohito japán császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hirohito japán császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B" title="ഹിരോഹിതോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിരോഹിതോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هيروهيتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيروهيتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%95u-hu%C3%B2_Ti%C4%95ng-hu%C3%B2ng" title="Ciĕu-huò Tiĕng-huòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciĕu-huò Tiĕng-huòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эзэн Хаан Шоова – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эзэн Хаан Шоова" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဟီရိုဟီတို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟီရိုဟီတို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="昭和天皇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="昭和天皇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A4%DF%8C%DF%99%DF%90%DF%A4%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%8F%DF%AB" title="ߤߌߙߐߤߌߕߏ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߤߌߙߐߤߌߕߏ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_av_Japan" title="Hirohito av Japan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hirohito av Japan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_av_Japan" title="Hirohito av Japan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hirohito av Japan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B" title="ਹੀਰੋਹੀਤੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਰੋਹੀਤੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ہیروہیتو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیروہیتو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هېروهېتو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېروهېتو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरोहितो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिरोहितो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86" title="ھیرۆھیتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیرۆھیتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito,_car_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Hirohito, car Shōwa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hirohito, car Shōwa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Hirohito" title="Emperador Hirohito – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Emperador Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B" title="இறோகித்தோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறோகித்தோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хирохито – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хирохито" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรพรรดิโชวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิโชวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ҳироҳито – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳироҳито" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Імператор Сьова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператор Сьова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ہیروہیتو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیروہیتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="昭和天皇 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="昭和天皇" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="昭和天皇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="昭和天皇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90" title="היראהיטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היראהיטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hirohito" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the emperor of Japan. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hirohito (disambiguation)">Hirohito (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Emperor Shōwa</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>昭和天皇</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 34 year-old Hirohito in military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/220px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/330px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/440px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1516" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Formal portrait, 1935</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_emperor" title="Enthronement of the Japanese emperor">Enthronement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1928</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">Sesshō of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regency</th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1921 – 25 December 1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Taishō</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Hirohito, Prince Michi (迪宮裕仁親王) (1901-04-29)29 April 1901 <a href="/wiki/Takanawa_Residence" title="Takanawa Residence">Tōgū Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aoyama,_Tokyo" title="Aoyama, Tokyo">Aoyama, Tokyo</a>, Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 January 1989(1989-01-07) (aged 87) <a href="/wiki/Fukiage_Palace" title="Fukiage Palace">Fukiage Palace</a>, Tokyo, Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1989 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Musashi_Imperial_Graveyard" title="Musashi Imperial Graveyard">Musashi Imperial Graveyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji" title="Hachiōji">Hachiōji</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nagako_Kuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagako Kuni">Nagako Kuni</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1924)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Shigeko Higashikuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiko,_Princess_Hisa" title="Sachiko, Princess Hisa">Sachiko, Princess Hisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuko_Takatsukasa" title="Kazuko Takatsukasa">Kazuko Takatsukasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsuko_Ikeda" title="Atsuko Ikeda">Atsuko Ikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihito,_Emperor_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akihito, Emperor of Japan">Akihito, Emperor of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahito,_Prince_Hitachi" title="Masahito, Prince Hitachi">Masahito, Prince Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takako_Shimazu" title="Takako Shimazu">Takako Shimazu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era name and dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a>:  25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Tsuig%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuigō">Tsuigō</a>: Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sadako_Kuj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadako Kujō">Sadako Kujō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Showa_shomei.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Showa_shomei.svg/35px-Showa_shomei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Showa_shomei.svg/53px-Showa_shomei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Showa_shomei.svg/70px-Showa_shomei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="170" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg" title="File:Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War.ogg">Hirohito's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="276" data-mwtitle="Imperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Imperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Imperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg/Imperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AImperial_Rescript_on_the_Termination_of_the_War.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Hirohito announcing the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> to Allied forces Recorded 14 August 1945</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hirohito<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989), posthumously honored as Emperor Shōwa,<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> was the 124th <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor of Japan</a> according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1926 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hirohito" title="Death and state funeral of Hirohito">his death</a> in 1989. He was the longest-reigning Japanese emperor and one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Longest-reigning_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest-reigning monarchs">longest-reigning monarchs</a>, reigning for 62 years during the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japan's militarization</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">imperial expansion in Asia</a>, involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">economic recovery and boom</a>. Hirohito was the first child of Crown Prince Yoshihito and Crown Princess Sadako (later <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Teimei" title="Empress Teimei">Empress Teimei</a>). After his father's accession to the throne in 1912, Hirohito was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> in 1916. In 1921, he made an official visit to Great Britain and Western Europe, the first overseas visit by a member of the Japanese royal family. Owing to his father's ill health, Hirohito became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in 1921. In 1924, he married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Nagako_Kuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Nagako Kuni">Princess Nagako Kuni</a>, with whom he had seven children. Hirohito became emperor upon his father's death in 1926, serving as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> during the 1930s as the military increasingly dominated Japanese politics. When Japan's <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> staged the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_incident" title="Mukden incident">Mukden incident</a> as a pretext for its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931, he made no objection. Following the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937, tensions steadily grew between Japan and the United States, and on 1 December 1941, Hirohito formally sanctioned the government's decision to go to war against the U.S. and its allies. One week later, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> began with Japan's <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">U.S. and British colonies in Southeast Asia</a>. Once the war had turned decisively against Japan, Hirohito called upon his forces to surrender in a <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">radio broadcast</a> on 15 August 1945. To this day, the extent of his involvement in military decision-making and his wartime culpability remain subjects of historical debate. Following <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan's surrender">Japan's surrender</a>, Emperor Hirohito was not prosecuted for war crimes at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_War_Crimes_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal">Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal</a> even though the Japanese had waged war in his name. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> believed that a cooperative emperor would facilitate a peaceful occupation of Japan and support U.S. postwar objectives, thereby leading him to exclude any evidence that could have incriminated Hirohito and his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a> Upon being pressured by the Allies into <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">renouncing his divinity</a> in 1946, Hirohito became "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" under the nation's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">new constitution</a>. In this role, he took on a more prominent public presence and oversaw Japan's reintegration into the international community. Hirohito died in 1989 and was succeeded as emperor by his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>. At the time of his death, he was the world's only monarch with the title "Emperor". <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg/220px-Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg/330px-Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg/440px-Michi-no-miya_Hirohito_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Hirohito as an infant in 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg/220px-Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg/330px-Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg/440px-Emperor_Taisho%27s_sons_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>'s four sons in 1921: Hirohito, <a href="/wiki/Takahito,_Prince_Mikasa" title="Takahito, Prince Mikasa">Takahito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Nobuhito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasuhito" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuhito">Yasuhito</a></figcaption></figure> Hirohito was born on 29 April 1901 at <a href="/wiki/Takanawa_Residence" title="Takanawa Residence">Tōgū Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aoyama,_Tokyo" title="Aoyama, Tokyo">Aoyama, Tokyo</a> during the reign of his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> the first son of 21-year-old Crown Prince Yoshihito (the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>) and 16-year-old Crown Princess Sadako, the future <a href="/wiki/Empress_Teimei" title="Empress Teimei">Empress Teimei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959337-5">[3]</a> He was the grandson of Emperor Meiji and <a href="/wiki/Yanagiwara_Naruko" title="Yanagiwara Naruko">Yanagiwara Naruko</a>. His childhood title was Prince Michi. Ten weeks after he was born, Hirohito was removed from the court and placed in the care of Count <a href="/wiki/Kawamura_Sumiyoshi" title="Kawamura Sumiyoshi">Kawamura Sumiyoshi</a>, who raised him as his grandchild. At the age of 3, Hirohito and his brother <a href="/wiki/Yasuhito" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuhito">Yasuhito</a> were returned to court when Kawamura died – first to the imperial mansion in <a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka</a>, then back to the Aoyama Palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailshirohitomakingof00herbpage22_22–23]-6">[4]</a> In 1908, he began elementary studies at the <a href="/wiki/Gakush%C5%ABin" title="Gakushūin">Gakushūin</a> (Peers School).<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Emperor Mutsuhito, then appointed General <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a> to be the Gakushūin's tenth president as well as the one in-charge on educating his grandson. The main aspect that they focused was on physical education and health, primarily because Hirohito was a sickly child, on par with the impartment or inculcation of values such as frugality, patience, manliness, self-control, and devotion to the duty at hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix201636–37-8">[6]</a> During 1912, at the age of 11, Hirohito was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> as a Second Lieutenant and in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> as an Ensign. He was also bestowed with the Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> When his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> died on 30 July 1912, <a href="/wiki/Yoshihito" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshihito">Yoshihito</a> assumed the throne and his eldest son, Hirohito became <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>. After learning about the death of his instructor, General Nogi, he along with his brothers were reportedly overcome with emotions. He would later acknowledge the lasting influence of Nogi in his life. At that time he was still two years away from completing primary school, henceforth his education was compensated by Fleet Admiral Togo Heihachiro and Naval Captain Ogasawara Naganari, wherein later on, would become his major opponents with regards to his national defense policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix201643-10">[8]</a> Shiratori Kurakichi, one of his middle-school instructors, was one of the personalities who deeply influenced the life of Hirohito. Kurakichi was a trained historian from <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, imbibing the positivist historiographic trend by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>. He was the one who inculcated in the mind of the young Hirohito that there is a connection between the divine origin of the imperial line and the aspiration of linking it to the myth of the racial superiority and homogeneity of the Japanese. The emperors were often a driving force in the modernization of their country. He taught Hirohito that the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> was created and governed through diplomatic actions (taking into accounts the interests of other nations benevolently and justly).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix201670–74-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown_Prince_era">Crown Prince era</h2></div> On 2 November 1916, Hirohito was formally proclaimed crown prince and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> ceremony was not required to confirm this status.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_travel">Overseas travel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg/220px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg/330px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg/440px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Oxford_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>The Crown Prince watches a boat race at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in the UK in 1921.</figcaption></figure> From 3 March to 3 September 1921 (Taisho 10), the Crown Prince made official visits to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (then a protectorate of the British Empire). This was the first visit to Western Europe by the Crown Prince.<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> Despite strong opposition in Japan, this was realized by the efforts of elder Japanese statesmen (<a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">Genrō</a>) such as <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg/220px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg/330px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg/440px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_in_Edinburgh_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>In May 1921, he visited <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> The departure of Prince Hirohito was widely reported in newspapers. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Katori" title="Japanese battleship Katori">Japanese battleship Katori</a> was used, and departed from <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, sailed to <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. In April, Hirohito was present in Malta for the opening of the Maltese Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> After sailing for two months, the Katori arrived in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> on 9 May, on the same day reaching the British capital, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Hirohito was welcomed in the UK as a partner of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> and met with <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg/220px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg/330px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg/440px-Crown_Prince_Hirohito_and_Lloyd_George_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Prince Hirohito and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> That evening, a banquet was held at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, where Hirohito met with George V and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a>. George V said that he treated his father like Hirohito,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] who was nervous in an unfamiliar foreign country, and that relieved his tension. The next day, he met <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Prince Edward</a> (the future Edward VIII) at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, and a banquet was held every day thereafter. In London, he toured the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's Marine Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, Army University, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_War_College" title="Royal Naval War College">Naval War College</a>. He also enjoyed theater at the <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Theatre">New Oxford Theatre</a> and the Delhi Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, he listened to Professor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robson_Tanner" title="Joseph Robson Tanner">J. R. Tanner's</a> lecture on "Relationship between the British Royal Family and its People", and was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorate</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-100-20-445-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> He visited <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, from 19 to 20 May, and was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. He stayed at the residence of <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart-Murray,_8th_Duke_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl">John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl</a>, for three days. On his stay with Stuart-Murray, the prince was quoted as saying, "The rise of <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> won't happen if you live a simple life like Duke Athol."<a href="#cite_note-100-20-445-16">[13]</a> In Italy, he met with King <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio Emanuele III">Vittorio Emanuele III</a> and others, attended official international banquets, and visited places such as the fierce battlefields of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency">Regency</h3></div> After returning (from Europe) to Japan, Hirohito became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> of Japan (<a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">Sesshō</a>) on 25 November 1921, in place of his ailing father, who was affected by mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2001123-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> In 1923 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the army and Commander in the navy, and army Colonel and Navy Captain in 1925. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visit_of_colonial_Taiwan">Visit of colonial Taiwan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei,_TAIWAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei%2C_TAIWAN.jpg/260px-1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei%2C_TAIWAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei%2C_TAIWAN.jpg/390px-1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei%2C_TAIWAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei%2C_TAIWAN.jpg/520px-1923%E5%B9%B4%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E6%96%BC%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81_Cavalry_welcome_then_Japanese_Crown_Prince_Hirohito_visited_Taipei%2C_TAIWAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry welcome Prince Hirohito in Taipei, in front of the Office of the Gov.-General.</figcaption></figure> Over 12 days in April 1923, Hirohito visited Taiwan, which had been a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese colony</a> since 1895.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> This was a voyage his father, the then Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Yoshihito" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshihito">Yoshihito</a> had planned in 1911 but never completed.<a href="#cite_note-takaoclub_hirohito-21">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg/260px-Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg/390px-Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg/520px-Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Taipei_Eating_Bowls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption>Bowls and utensils used by Hirohito on 24 April in Taipei during feast on local cuisine (Ntl. Taiwan Museum)</figcaption></figure> It was widely reported in Taiwanese newspapers that famous high-end restaurants served typical Chinese luxury dishes for the Prince, such as swallow's nest and shark fin, as Taiwanese cuisine. This was the first time an Emperor or a Crown Prince has ever eaten local cuisine on a colony, or had foreign dishes other than Western cuisine abroad, thus exceptional preparations were required: The eight chefs and other cooking staff were purified for a week (through fasting and ritual bathing) before the cooking of the feast could begin. This tasting of “Taiwanese cuisine” of the Prince Regent should be understood as part of an integration ceremony of incorporating the colony into the empire, which can be seen as the context and purpose of Hirohito's Taiwanese visit.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Having visited several sites outside of Taipei, Hirohito returned to the capital on the 24th and on 25 April, just one day before his departure, he visited the Beitou hotspring district of Taipei and its oldest facility. The original structure had been built in 1913 in the style of a traditional Japanese bathhouse. However, in anticipation of Hirohito's visit an additional residential wing was added to the earlier building, this time in the style of an Edwardian country house. The new building was subsequently opened to the public and was deemed the largest public bathhouse in the Japanese Empire.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-takaoclub_hirohito-21">[18]</a> Crown Prince Hirohito was a student of science, and he had heard that Beitou Creek was one of only two hot springs in the world that contained a rare radioactive mineral. So, he decided to walk into the creek to investigate. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg/180px-Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg/270px-Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg/360px-Memorial_Stone_Pilar_of_Hirohito%E2%80%99s_Visit_at_Longnice_Hot_Springs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="5712" /></a><figcaption>Stele of Hirohito's 25 April “river crossing” at Longnice bathhouse<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> in Beitou, 2024</figcaption></figure>Naturally, concerned for a royal family member's safety, his entourage scurried around, seeking flat rocks to use as stepping stones. After that, these stones were carefully mounted and given the official name: “His Imperial Highness Crown Prince of Japan's Stepping Stones for River Crossing,” with a stele alongside to tell the story.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Crown Prince Hirohito handed his Imperial Notice to Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Den_Kenjiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Den Kenjiro">Den Kenjiro</a> and departed from <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> on 26 April 1923.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earthquake_and_assassination_attempt">Earthquake and assassination attempt</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> devastated Tokyo on 1 September 1923, killing some 100,000 people and leveling vast areas. The city could be rebuilt drawing on the then massive timber reserves of Taiwan. In the aftermath of the tragical disaster, the military authorities saw an opportunity to annihilate the communist movement in Japan. During the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> an estimated 6000 people, mainly ethnic Koreans, were annihilated. The backlash culminated in an assassination attempt by <a href="/wiki/Daisuke_Namba" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisuke Namba">Daisuke Namba</a> on the Prince Regent on 27 December 1923 in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Toranomon_incident" title="Toranomon incident">Toranomon incident</a>, but the attempt failed.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-takaoclub_hirohito-21">[18]</a> During interrogation, the failed assassin claimed to be a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">communist</a> and was executed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG/180px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG/270px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG/360px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_empress_Kojun_of_japan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Prince Hirohito and his wife, Princess Nagako, in 1924</figcaption></figure> Prince Hirohito married his distant cousin <a href="/wiki/Princess_Nagako_Kuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Nagako Kuni">Princess Nagako Kuni</a>, the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kuniyoshi_Kuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni">Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni</a>, on 26 January 1924. They had two sons and five daughters<a href="#cite_note-survivors-29">[26]</a> (see <a href="#Issue">Issue</a>). The daughters who lived to adulthood left the imperial family as a result of the American reforms of the Japanese imperial household in October 1947 (in the case of Princess Shigeko) or under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law" title="Imperial Household Law">Imperial Household Law</a> at the moment of their subsequent marriages (in the cases of Princesses Kazuko, Atsuko, and Takako). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3></div> On 25 December 1926, Yoshihito died and Hirohito became emperor. The Crown Prince was said to have received the succession (senso).<a href="#cite_note-varley44-30">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a>'s end and the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>'s beginning (Enlightened Peace) were proclaimed. The deceased Emperor was posthumously renamed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a> within days. Following Japanese custom, the new Emperor was <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">never referred</a> to by his given name but rather was referred to simply as "His Majesty the Emperor" which may be shortened to "His Majesty." In writing, the Emperor was also referred to formally as "The Reigning Emperor." In November 1928, Hirohito's accession was confirmed in <a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor">ceremonies</a> (sokui)<a href="#cite_note-varley44-30">[27]</a> which are conventionally identified as "enthronement" and "coronation" (Shōwa no tairei-shiki); but this formal event would have been more accurately described as a public confirmation that he possessed the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Japan" title="Imperial Regalia of Japan">Imperial Regalia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959349-31">[28]</a> also called the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sacred_Treasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Sacred Treasures">Three Sacred Treasures</a>, which have been handed down through the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959136–137-32">[29]</a> However, his enthronement events were planned and staged under the economic conditions of a recession whereas the 55th Imperial Diet unanimously passed $7,360,000 for the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016186-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/170px-Emperor_Showa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/255px-Emperor_Showa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/340px-Emperor_Showa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito after his enthronement ceremony in 1928, dressed in <a href="/wiki/Sokutai" title="Sokutai">sokutai</a></figcaption></figure> The first part of Hirohito's reign took place against a background of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">financial crisis</a> and increasing military power within the government through both legal and extralegal means. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> held <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> power over the formation of cabinets since 1900. Between 1921 and 1944, there were 64 separate incidents of political violence. Hirohito narrowly escaped assassination by a hand <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> thrown by a <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean independence">Korean independence</a> activist, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bong-chang" title="Lee Bong-chang">Lee Bong-chang</a>, in Tokyo on 9 January 1932, in the <a href="/wiki/Sakuradamon_Incident_(1932)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakuradamon Incident (1932)">Sakuradamon Incident</a>. Another notable case was the assassination of moderate <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai Tsuyoshi</a> in 1932, marking the end of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>. The <a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a>, an attempted <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a>, followed in February 1936. It was carried out by junior Army officers of the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8Dha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōdōha">Kōdōha</a> faction who had the sympathy of many high-ranking officers including <a href="/wiki/Yasuhito,_Prince_Chichibu" title="Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu">Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu</a>, one of Hirohito's brothers. This revolt was occasioned by a loss of political support by the militarist faction in <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a> elections. The coup resulted in the murders of several high government and Army officials. When Chief <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp_to_the_Emperor_of_Japan" title="Aide-de-camp to the Emperor of Japan">Aide-de-camp</a> <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Shigeru Honjō</a> informed him of the revolt, Hirohito immediately ordered that it be put down and referred to the officers as "rebels" (bōto). Shortly thereafter, he ordered <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War of Japan">Army Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Kawashima" title="Yoshiyuki Kawashima">Yoshiyuki Kawashima</a> to suppress the rebellion within the hour. He asked for reports from Honjō every 30 minutes. The next day, when told by Honjō that the high command had made little progress in quashing the rebels, the Emperor told him "I Myself, will lead the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Konoe Division</a> and subdue them." The rebellion was suppressed following his orders on <a href="/wiki/February_26_incident#Events_of_February_29,_1936" title="February 26 incident">29 February</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg/220px-Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg/330px-Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg/440px-Hirohito_Sirayuki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>The Emperor on his favorite white horse, Shirayuki (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'white-snow')</figcaption></figure> Beginning from the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> in 1931 in which Japan staged a <a href="/wiki/False_flag_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="False flag operation">false flag operation</a> and made a false accusation against Chinese dissidents as a pretext to invade Manchuria, Japan occupied Chinese territories and established <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet governments</a>. Such aggression was recommended to Hirohito by his chiefs of staff and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a>, and Hirohito did not voice objection to the invasion of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi1991-35">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> A diary by chamberlain Kuraji Ogura says that he was reluctant to start war against China in 1937 because they had underestimated China's military strength and Japan should be cautious in its strategy. In this regard, Ogura writes Hirohito said that "once you start (a war), it cannot easily be stopped in the middle ... What's important is when to end the war" and "one should be cautious in starting a war, but once begun, it should be carried out thoroughly."<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Nonetheless, according to Herbert Bix, Hirohito's main concern seems to have been the possibility of an attack by the Soviet Union given his questions to his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohito" title="Prince Kan'in Kotohito">Prince Kan'in Kotohito</a>, and army minister, <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama" title="Hajime Sugiyama">Hajime Sugiyama</a>, about the time it could take to crush Chinese resistance and how could they prepare for the eventuality of a Soviet incursion. Based on Bix's findings, Hirohito was displeased by Prince Kan'in's evasive responses about the substance of such contingency plans but nevertheless still approved the decision to move troops to <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016319-39">[36]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujiwara" title="Akira Fujiwara">Akira Fujiwara</a>, Hirohito endorsed the policy of qualifying the invasion of China as an "incident" instead of a "war"; therefore, he did not issue any notice to observe international law in this conflict (unlike what his predecessors did in previous conflicts officially recognized by Japan as wars), and the Deputy Minister of the Japanese Army instructed the chief of staff of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_China_Garrison_Army" title="Japanese China Garrison Army">Japanese China Garrison Army</a> on 5 August not to use the term "prisoners of war" for Chinese captives. This instruction led to the removal of the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The works of <a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Yoshimi" title="Yoshiaki Yoshimi">Yoshiaki Yoshimi</a> and Seiya Matsuno show that Hirohito also authorized, by specific orders (rinsanmei), the use of chemical weapons against the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Later in his life, Hirohito looked back on his decision to give the go-ahead to wage a 'defensive' war against China and opined that his foremost priority was not to wage war with China but to prepare for a war with the Soviet Union, as his army had reassured him that the China war would end within three months, but that decision of his had haunted him since he forgot that the Japanese forces in China were drastically fewer than that of the Chinese, hence the shortsightedness of his perspective was evident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016320-42">[39]</a> On 1 December 1937, Hirohito had given formal instruction to General <a href="/wiki/Iwane_Matsui" title="Iwane Matsui">Iwane Matsui</a> to capture and occupy the enemy capital of Nanking. He was very eager to fight this battle since he and his council firmly believed that all it would take is a one huge blow to bring forth the surrender of Chiang Kai-shek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016339-43">[40]</a> He even gave an Imperial Rescript to Iwane when he returned to Tokyo a year later, despite the brutality that his officers had inflicted on the Chinese populace in Nanking; thus Hirohito had seemingly turned a blind eye to and condoned these monstrosities. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">invasion of Wuhan</a>, from August to October 1938, Hirohito authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> despite the resolution adopted by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> on 14 May condemning Japanese use of toxic gas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hirohito" title="Special:EditPage/Hirohito">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg/220px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg/330px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg/440px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Political-military map of the Asia-Pacific region in 1939</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparations">Preparations</h4></div> In July 1939, Hirohito quarrelled with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Chichibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chichibu">Prince Chichibu</a>, over whether to support the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, and reprimanded the army minister, <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991106–108Wetzler199825,_231-45">[42]</a> But after the success of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> in Europe, Hirohito consented to the alliance. On 27 September 1940, ostensibly under Hirohito's leadership, Japan became a contracting partner of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. The objectives to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of China and Southeast Asia, no increase in U.S. or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire."<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> On 5 September, Prime Minister Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to Hirohito, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. On this evening, Hirohito had a meeting with the chief of staff of the army, Sugiyama, chief of staff of the navy, <a href="/wiki/Osami_Nagano" title="Osami Nagano">Osami Nagano</a>, and Prime Minister Konoe. Hirohito questioned Sugiyama about the chances of success of an open war with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the Occident</a>. As Sugiyama answered positively, Hirohito scolded him: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">—At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China Incident</a>, the army told me that we could achieve peace immediately after dealing them one blow with three divisions ... but you can't still beat Chiang Kai-shek even today! Sugiyama, you were army minister at that time. —China is a vast area with many ways in and ways out, and we met unexpectedly big difficulties ... —You say the interior of China is huge; isn't the Pacific Ocean even bigger than China? ... Didn't I caution you each time about those matters? Sugiyama, are you lying to me?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2001411,_745-47">[44]</a></blockquote> Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague, "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/220px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/330px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/440px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito riding Shirayuki during an Army inspection on 8 January 1938</figcaption></figure> Nevertheless, all speakers at the Imperial Conference were united in favor of war rather than diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Baron <a href="/wiki/Yoshimichi_Hara" title="Yoshimichi Hara">Yoshimichi Hara</a>, President of the Imperial Council and Hirohito's representative, then questioned them closely, producing replies to the effect that war would be considered only as a last resort from some, and silence from others. On 8 October, Sugiyama signed a 47-page report to the Emperor (sōjōan) outlining in minute detail plans for the advance into Southeast Asia. During the third week of October, Sugiyama gave Hirohito a 51-page document, "Materials in Reply to the Throne," about the operational outlook for the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199852–54-51">[48]</a> As war preparations continued, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> found himself increasingly isolated, and he resigned on 16 October. He justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary, Kenji Tomita, by stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Of course His Majesty is a pacifist, and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war was a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: "You were worried about it yesterday, but you do not have to worry so much." Thus, gradually, he began to lean toward war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more toward. In short, I felt the Emperor was telling me: my prime minister does not understand military matters, I know much more. In short, the Emperor had absorbed the view of the army and navy high commands.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></blockquote> The army and the navy recommended the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</a>, one of Hirohito's uncles, as prime minister. According to the Shōwa "Monologue", written after the war, Hirohito then said that if the war were to begin while a member of the imperial house was prime minister, the imperial house would have to carry the responsibility and he was opposed to this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991118-53">[50]</a> Instead, Hirohito chose the hard-line General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>, who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution, and asked him to make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial Conferences. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/220px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/330px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg/440px-Imperial_general_headquaters_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>The Emperor as head of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> on 29 April 1943.</figcaption></figure> On 2 November Tōjō, Sugiyama, and Nagano reported to Hirohito that the review of eleven points had been in vain. Emperor Hirohito gave his consent to the war and then asked: "Are you going to provide justification for the war?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016421-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199847–50-55">[52]</a> The decision for war against the United States was presented for approval to Hirohito by General Tōjō, Naval Minister Admiral <a href="/wiki/Shigetar%C5%8D_Shimada" title="Shigetarō Shimada">Shigetarō Shimada</a>, and Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" title="Shigenori Tōgō">Shigenori Tōgō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> to Hirohito.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199829,_35-57">[54]</a> On 5 November Emperor Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for a war against the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and had many meetings with the military and Tōjō until the end of the month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016424,_430–31-58">[55]</a> He initially showed hesitance towards engaging in war, but eventually approved the decision to strike Pearl Harbor despite opposition from certain advisors.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito-59">[56]</a> In the period leading up to Pearl Harbor, he expanded his control over military matters and participated in the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual of him. Additionally, he sought additional information regarding the attack plans.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito-59">[56]</a> An aide reported that he openly showed joy upon learning of the success of the surprise attacks.<a href="#cite_note-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito-59">[56]</a> On 25 November <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>, United States Secretary of War, noted in his diary that he had discussed with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> the severe likelihood that Japan was about to launch a surprise attack and that the question had been "how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves." On the following day, 26 November 1941, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> presented the Japanese ambassador with the <a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a>, which as one of its conditions demanded the complete withdrawal of all Japanese troops from <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> and China. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo said to his cabinet, "This is an ultimatum." On 1 December an Imperial Conference sanctioned the "War against the United States, United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands."<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War:_advance_and_retreat">War: advance and retreat</h4></div> On 8 December (7 December in Hawaii), 1941, in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong Garrison</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet" title="United States Fleet">United States Fleet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, and began the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Malaya">invasion of Malaya</a>. With the nation fully committed to the war, Hirohito took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale. According to Akira Yamada and Akira Fujiwara, Hirohito made major interventions in some military operations. For example, he pressed Sugiyama four times, on 13 and 21 January and 9 and 26 February, to increase troop strength and launch an attack on <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>. On 9 February 19 March, and 29 May, Hirohito ordered the Army Chief of staff to examine the possibilities for an attack on <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> in China, which led to Operation Gogo.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> While some authors, like journalists <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jennings" title="Peter Jennings">Peter Jennings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Todd_Brewster" title="Todd Brewster">Todd Brewster</a>, say that throughout the war, Hirohito was "outraged" at Japanese war crimes and the political dysfunction of many societal institutions that proclaimed their loyalty to him, and sometimes spoke up against them,<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[59]</a> others, such as historians <a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Herbert P. Bix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Felton" title="Mark Felton">Mark Felton</a>, as well as the expert on China's international relations Michael Tai, point out that Hirohito personally sanctioned the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a>" (Sankō Sakusen), a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> strategy implemented in China from 1942 to 1945 and which was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016365-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> As the tide of war began to turn against Japan (around late 1942 and early 1943), the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that Hirohito worked closely with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. The chief of staff of the General Affairs section of the Prime Minister's office, Shuichi Inada, remarked to Tōjō's private secretary, Sadao Akamatsu: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There has never been a cabinet in which the prime minister, and all the ministers, reported so often to the throne. In order to effect the essence of genuine direct imperial rule and to relieve the concerns of the Emperor, the ministers reported to the throne matters within the scope of their responsibilities as per the prime minister's directives ... In times of intense activities, typed drafts were presented to the Emperor with corrections in red. First draft, second draft, final draft and so forth, came as deliberations progressed one after the other and were sanctioned accordingly by the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg/260px-Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg/390px-Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg/520px-Showa-family1941_12_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito with his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Djun" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Kōjun">Empress Kōjun</a> and their children on 7 December 1941</figcaption></figure> In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Japanese advances were stopped in the summer of 1942 with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">battle of Midway</a> and the landing of the American forces on <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> in August. Hirohito played an increasingly influential role in the war; in eleven major episodes he was deeply involved in supervising the actual conduct of war operations. Hirohito pressured the High Command to order an early attack on the Philippines in 1941–42, including the fortified Bataan peninsula. He secured the deployment of army air power in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> campaign. Following Japan's withdrawal from Guadalcanal he demanded a new offensive in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, which was duly carried out but failed badly. Unhappy with the navy's conduct of the war, he criticized its withdrawal from the central <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and demanded naval battles against the Americans for the losses they had inflicted in the Aleutians. The battles were disasters. Finally, it was at his insistence that plans were drafted for the recapture of <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> and, later, for an offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> With the Army and Navy bitterly feuding, he settled disputes over the allocation of resources. He helped plan military offenses.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> In September 1944, Hirohito declared that it must be his citizens' resolve to smash the evil purposes of the Westerners so that their imperial destiny might continue, but all along, it is just a mask for the urgent need of Japan to scratch a victory against the counter-offensive campaign of the Allied Forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016480–481-69">[66]</a> On 18 October 1944, the Imperial headquarters had resolved that the Japanese must make a stand in the vicinity of Leyte to prevent the Americans from landing in the Philippines. This view was widely frowned upon and disgruntled the policymakers from both the army and navy sectors. Hirohito was quoted that he approved of such since if they won in that campaign, they would be finally having a room to negotiate with the Americans. As high as their spirits could go, the reality check for the Japanese would also come into play since the forces they have sent in Leyte, was practically the ones that would efficiently defend the island of Luzon, hence the Japanese had struck a huge blow in their own military planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016481-70">[67]</a> The media, under tight government control, repeatedly portrayed him as lifting the popular morale even as the Japanese cities came under heavy air attack in 1944–45 and food and housing shortages mounted. Japanese retreats and defeats were celebrated by the media as successes that portended "Certain Victory."<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Only gradually did it become apparent to the Japanese people that the situation was very grim owing to growing shortages of food, medicine, and fuel as U.S. submarines began wiping out Japanese shipping. Starting in mid 1944, American raids on the major cities of Japan made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort, <a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a>—each with the formal approval of Hirohito. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing disaster.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surrender">Surrender</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hirohito" title="Special:EditPage/Hirohito">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hirohito%22">"Hirohito"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hirohito%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hirohito%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hirohito%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hirohito%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hirohito%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24,_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24%2C_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24%2C_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24%2C_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24%2C_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24%2C_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Emperor_Hirohito_of_Japan_or_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor_on_the_ship_Musashi_1943-06-24%2C_from-_%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%BF5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito on the battleship Musashi, 24 June 1943</figcaption></figure> In early 1945, in the wake of the losses in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a>, Emperor Hirohito began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but ex-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe advised continuing the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and urged a negotiated surrender. In February 1945, during the first private audience with Hirohito he had been allowed in three years,<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] Konoe advised Hirohito to begin negotiations to end the war. According to Grand Chamberlain <a href="/wiki/Hisanori_Fujita" title="Hisanori Fujita">Hisanori Fujita</a>, Hirohito, still looking for a tennozan (a great victory) in order to provide a stronger bargaining position, firmly rejected Konoe's recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] With each passing week victory became less likely. In April, the Soviet Union issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally Germany surrendered in early May 1945. In June, the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the last man. This strategy was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, at which, as was normal, Hirohito did not speak. The following day, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan">Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Kido" title="Kōichi Kido">Kōichi Kido</a> prepared a draft document which summarized the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. Extremists in Japan were also calling for a death-before-dishonor mass suicide, modeled on the "<a href="/wiki/47_Ronin" class="mw-redirect" title="47 Ronin">47 Ronin</a>" incident. By mid-June 1945, the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator for a negotiated surrender but not before Japan's bargaining position had been improved by repulse of the anticipated Allied invasion of mainland Japan. On 22 June, Hirohito met with his ministers saying, "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them." The attempt to negotiate a peace via the Soviet Union came to nothing. There was always the threat that extremists would carry out a coup or foment other violence. On 26 July 1945, the Allies issued the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> demanding <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a>. The Japanese government council, the Big Six, considered that option and recommended to Hirohito that it be accepted only if one to four conditions were agreed upon, including a guarantee of Hirohito's continued position in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese society</a>. That changed after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> and the Soviet declaration of war. On 9 August, Emperor Hirohito told <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Kido" title="Kōichi Kido">Kōichi Kido</a>: "The Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us."<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> On 10 August, the cabinet drafted an "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_ending_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Rescript ending the War">Imperial Rescript ending the War</a>" following Hirohito's indications that the declaration did not compromise any demand which prejudiced his prerogatives as a sovereign ruler. On 12 August 1945, Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yasuhiko_Asaka" title="Prince Yasuhiko Asaka">Prince Yasuhiko Asaka</a>, asked whether the war would be continued if the <a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a> (national polity) could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied "Of course."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991129-76">[73]</a> On 14 August, Hirohito made the decision to surrender "unconditionally"<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> and the Suzuki government notified the Allies that it had accepted the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>. On 15 August, a recording of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito's surrender speech</a> was broadcast over the radio (the first time Hirohito was heard on the radio by the Japanese people) announcing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. During the historic broadcast Hirohito stated: "Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." The speech also noted that "the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage" and ordered the Japanese to "endure the unendurable." The speech, using formal, archaic Japanese, was not readily understood by many commoners. According to historian Richard Storry in A History of Modern Japan, Hirohito typically used "a form of language familiar only to the well-educated" and to the more traditional <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> families.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> A faction of the army opposed to the surrender attempted a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> on the evening of 14 August, prior to the broadcast. They seized the Imperial Palace (the <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Kyūjō incident</a>), but the physical recording of Hirohito's speech was hidden and preserved overnight. The coup failed, and the speech was broadcast the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-Rescript-79">[76]</a> In his first ever press conference given in Tokyo in 1975, when he was asked what he thought of the bombing of Hiroshima, Hirohito answered: "It's very regrettable that nuclear bombs were dropped and I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima but it couldn't be helped because that happened in wartime" (<a href="/wiki/Shikata_ga_nai" title="Shikata ga nai">shikata ga nai</a>, meaning "it cannot be helped").<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999606-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_reign">Postwar reign</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and White photo of two men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/220px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/330px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/440px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Faillace" title="Gaetano Faillace">Gaetano Faillace</a>'s photograph of General MacArthur and Hirohito at Allied General Headquarters in Tokyo, 27 September 1945</figcaption></figure> After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, there was a large amount of pressure that came from both Allied countries and Japanese leftists that demanded Hirohito step down and be indicted as a war criminal.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> Australia, Britain and 70 percent of the American public wanted Hirohito tried as a Class-A war criminal.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> did not like the idea, as he thought that an ostensibly cooperating emperor would help establish a peaceful allied occupation regime in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000545-86">[83]</a> MacArthur saw Hirohito as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. As a result, any possible evidence that would incriminate Hirohito and his family were excluded from the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-85">[82]</a> MacArthur created a plan that separated Hirohito from the militarists, retained Hirohito as a constitutional monarch but only as a figurehead, and used Hirohito to retain control over Japan to help achieve American postwar objectives in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000545-86">[83]</a> As Hirohito appointed his uncle and daughter's father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</a> as the Prime Minister to replace Kantarō Suzuki, who resigned owing to responsibility for the surrender, to assist the American occupation, there were attempts by numerous leaders to have him put on trial for alleged <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. Many members of the imperial family, such as <a href="/wiki/Yasuhito,_Prince_Chichibu" title="Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu">Princes Chichibu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Takamatsu</a>, and Higashikuni, pressured Hirohito to abdicate so that one of the Princes could serve as regent until his eldest son, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> came of age.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] On 27 February 1946, Hirohito's youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mikasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mikasa">Prince Mikasa</a>, even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged Hirohito to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. According to Minister of Welfare Ashida's diary, "Everyone seemed to ponder Mikasa's words. Never have I seen His Majesty's face so pale."<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Before the war crime trials actually convened, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a>, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and Japanese officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the Imperial family from being indicted, but also to influence the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated Hirohito. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied General Headquarters in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999325-89">[86]</a> Thus, "months before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo tribunal">Tokyo tribunal</a> commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999585-90">[87]</a> by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that Hirohito would be spared from indictment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999583-91">[88]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a>, "This successful campaign to absolve Hirohito of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal, he was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999326-92">[89]</a> According to Bix, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war."<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirohito_Signing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hirohito_Signing.JPG/200px-Hirohito_Signing.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hirohito_Signing.JPG/300px-Hirohito_Signing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hirohito_Signing.JPG/400px-Hirohito_Signing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Hirohito signing Japan's 1947 constitution</figcaption></figure> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_J._Bass" title="Gary J. Bass">Gary J. Bass</a> presented evidence supporting Hirohito's responsibility in the war, noting that had he been prosecuted as some judges and others advocated, a compelling case could have been constructed against him. However, the Americans were apprehensive that removing the emperor from power and subjecting him to trial could trigger widespread chaos and collapse of Japan, given his revered status among the Japanese populace.<a href="#cite_note-:2-94">[91]</a> Additionally, the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> brought about harsh political circumstances. Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a> were losing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">Truman administration</a> to consider the potential <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">loss of China</a> as an ally and strategic partner. As a result, ensuring Japan's strength and stability became imperative for securing a reliable postwar ally.<a href="#cite_note-:2-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_status">Imperial status</h3></div> Hirohito was not put on trial, but he was forced<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999308–318-95">[92]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">explicitly reject</a> the quasi-official claim that Hirohito of Japan was an <a href="/wiki/Arahitogami" title="Arahitogami">arahitogami</a>, i.e., an incarnate divinity. This was motivated by the fact that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Japanese constitution of 1889</a>, Hirohito had a divine power over his country which was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> belief that the Japanese Imperial Family were the descendants of the sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>. Hirohito was however persistent in the idea that the Emperor of Japan should be considered a descendant of the gods. In December 1945, he told his vice-grand-chamberlain Michio Kinoshita: "It is permissible to say that the idea that the Japanese are descendants of the gods is a false conception; but it is absolutely impermissible to call <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chimerical" class="extiw" title="wikt:chimerical">chimerical</a> the idea that the Emperor is a descendant of the gods."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler19983-96">[93]</a> In any case, the "renunciation of divinity" was noted more by foreigners than by Japanese, and seems to have been intended for the consumption of the former.<a href="#cite_note-97">[d]</a> The theory of a constitutional monarchy had already had some proponents in Japan. In 1935, when Tatsukichi Minobe advocated the theory that sovereignty resides in the state, of which the Emperor is just an organ (the tennō kikan setsu), it caused a furor. He was forced to resign from the House of Peers and his post at the Tokyo Imperial University, his books were banned, and an attempt was made on his life.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Not until 1946 was the tremendous step made to alter the Emperor's title from "imperial sovereign" to "<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a>."<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-99">[95]</a> Although the Emperor had supposedly repudiated claims to divinity, his public position was deliberately left vague, partly because <a href="/wiki/General_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="General MacArthur">General MacArthur</a> thought him probable to be a useful partner to get the Japanese to accept the occupation and partly owing to behind-the-scenes maneuvering by <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> to thwart attempts to cast him as a European-style monarch. Nevertheless, Hirohito's status as a limited constitutional monarch was formalized with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">1947 constitution</a>–officially, an amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It defined the Emperor as "the symbol of the state and the unity of the people." His role was redefined as entirely ceremonial and representative, without even nominal governmental powers. He was limited to performing matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and in most cases his actions in that realm were carried out in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet. Following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and the end of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a>, both in 1979, Hirohito found himself the last monarch in the world to bear any variation of the highest royal title "emperor." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_figure">Public figure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG/260px-Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG/390px-Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG/520px-Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito visiting <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> in 1947. The domed <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial">Hiroshima Peace Memorial</a> can be seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. He and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts and making public appearances at special events and ceremonies. For example, in 1947, the Emperor made a public visit to Hiroshima and held a speech in front of a massive crowd encouraging the city's citizens. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> of the United Kingdom (1971) and United States President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1975). He was not only the first reigning Japanese emperor to visit foreign countries, but also the first to meet an American president.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> His status and image became strongly positive in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visit_to_Europe">Visit to Europe</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg/180px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg/270px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg/360px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_and_Nixon_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a> (27 September 1971)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland,_Keizer_en_Ke,_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland%2C_Keizer_en_Ke%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg/170px-Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland%2C_Keizer_en_Ke%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland%2C_Keizer_en_Ke%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg/255px-Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland%2C_Keizer_en_Ke%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland%2C_Keizer_en_Ke%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg/340px-Tweedaags_bezoek_Keizer_Hirohito_en_Keizerin_Nagako_a_an_Nederland%2C_Keizer_en_Ke%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-0238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako arriving in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (8 October 1971)</figcaption></figure> The talks between Emperor Hirohito and President Nixon were not planned at the outset, because initially the stop in the United States was only for refueling to visit Europe. However, the meeting was decided in a hurry at the request of the United States. Although the Japanese side accepted the request, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">Takeo Fukuda</a> made a public telephone call to the Japanese ambassador to the United States <a href="/wiki/Nobuhiko_Ushiba" title="Nobuhiko Ushiba">Nobuhiko Ushiba</a>, who promoted talks, saying, "that will cause me a great deal of trouble. We want to correct the perceptions of the other party." At that time, Foreign Minister Fukuda was worried that President Nixon's talks with Hirohito would be used to repair the deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93U.S._relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan–U.S. relations">Japan–U.S. relations</a>, and he was concerned that the premise of the symbolic emperor system could fluctuate.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> There was an early visit with deep royal exchanges in Denmark and Belgium. In France, Hirohito was warmly welcomed, and reunited with <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdicated</a> in 1936 and was virtually in exile, and they chatted for a while. However, protests were held in Britain and the Netherlands by veterans who had served in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asian theatre of World War II</a> and civilian victims of the brutal occupation there. In the Netherlands, raw eggs and vacuum flasks were thrown. The protest was so severe that Empress Nagako, who accompanied the Emperor, was exhausted. In the United Kingdom, protestors stood in silence and turned their backs when Hirohito's carriage passed them while others wore red gloves to symbolize the dead.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> The satirical magazine <a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a> used a racist <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a> to refer to Hirohito's visit ("nasty <a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a> in the air").<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> In <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the Japanese monarch's visit was met with hostile far-left protests, participants of which viewed Hirohito as the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and referred to him as "Hirohitler", and prompted a wider comparative discussion of the memory and perception of Axis war crimes. The protests against Hirohito's visit also condemned and highlighted what they perceived as mutual Japanese and West German complicity in and enabling of the American <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">war effort</a> against communism in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Regarding these protests and opposition, Emperor Hirohito was not surprised to have received a report in advance at a press conference on 12 November after returning to Japan and said that "I do not think that welcome can be ignored" from each country.<a href="#cite_note-otazune193-108">[104]</a> Also, at a press conference following their golden wedding anniversary three years later, along with the Empress, he mentioned this visit to Europe as his most enjoyable memory in 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-otazune193-108">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visit_to_the_United_States">Visit to the United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg/220px-Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg/330px-Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg/440px-Ford_and_Emperor1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>Empress Nagako, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a>, Emperor Hirohito, and President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> at the White House before a state dinner held in honor of the Japanese head of state for the first time, 2 October 1975</figcaption></figure> In 1975, Hirohito and Nagako visited the United States for 14 days from 30 September to 14 October, at the invitation of President Gerald Ford. The visit was the first such event in US–Japanese history.<a href="#cite_note-109">[e]</a> The United States Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard honored the state visit. Before and after the visit, a series of terrorist attacks in Japan were caused by anti-American left-wing organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Anti-Japan_Armed_Front" title="East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front">East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front</a>. After arriving in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> on 30 September 1975, Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako stayed in the United States for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> The official meeting with President Ford occurred on 2 October.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> On 3 October, Hirohito visited <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> On 6 October, Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako visited Vice President and Mrs. Rockefeller at their home in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> In a speech at the White House state dinner, Hirohito read, "Thanks to the United States for helping to rebuild Japan after the war." During his stay in Los Angeles, he visited <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>, and a smiling photo next to <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> adorned the newspapers,<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> and there was talk about the purchase of a Mickey Mouse watch. Two types of commemorative stamps and stamp sheets were issued on the day of their return to Japan[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which demonstrated that the visit had been a significant undertaking. This was the last visit of Emperor Shōwa to the United States. The official press conference held by the Emperor and Empress before and after their visit also marked a breakthrough.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_biology">Marine biology</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg/220px-Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg/330px-Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg/440px-Emperor_Showa_in_laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito in his laboratory (1950)</figcaption></figure> Hirohito was deeply interested in and well-informed about marine biology, and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> contained a laboratory from which Hirohito published several papers in the field under his personal name "Hirohito".<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> His contributions included the description of several dozen species of <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a> new to science.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yasukuni_Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</h3></div> Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> after it was revealed to him that Class-A war criminals had secretly been enshrined after its post-war rededication. This boycott lasted from 1978 until his death and has been continued by his successors, <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> On 20 July 2006, <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shimbun">Nihon Keizai Shimbun</a> published a front-page article about the discovery of a memorandum detailing the reason that Hirohito stopped visiting Yasukuni. The memorandum, kept by former chief of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a> Tomohiko Tomita, confirms for the first time that the enshrinement of 14 <a href="/wiki/Class-A_war_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-A war criminal">Class-A war criminals</a> in Yasukuni was the reason for the boycott. Tomita recorded in detail the contents of his conversations with Hirohito in his diaries and notebooks. According to the memorandum, in 1988, Hirohito expressed his strong displeasure at the decision made by Yasukuni Shrine to include Class-A war criminals in the list of war dead honored there by saying, "At some point, Class-A criminals became enshrined, including <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Shiratori" title="Toshio Shiratori">Shiratori</a>. I heard Tsukuba acted cautiously." Tsukuba is believed to refer to Fujimaro Tsukuba, the former chief Yasukuni priest at the time, who decided not to enshrine the war criminals despite having received in 1966 the list of war dead compiled by the government. "What's on the mind of Matsudaira's son, who is the current head priest?" "Matsudaira had a strong wish for peace, but the child didn't know the parent's heart. That's why I have not visited the shrine since. This is my heart." Matsudaira is believed to refer to Yoshitami Matsudaira, who was the grand steward of the Imperial Household immediately after the end of World War II. His son, Nagayoshi, succeeded Fujimaro Tsukuba as the chief priest of Yasukuni and decided to enshrine the war criminals in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_state_funeral">Death and state funeral</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hirohito" title="Death and state funeral of Hirohito">Death and state funeral of Hirohito</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showa_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Showa_Shrine.jpg/220px-Showa_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Showa_Shrine.jpg/330px-Showa_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Showa_Shrine.jpg/440px-Showa_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Shōwa's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Musashi_Imperial_Graveyard" title="Musashi Imperial Graveyard">Musashi Imperial Graveyard</a>, Hachiōji, Tokyo</figcaption></figure> On 22 September 1987, Hirohito underwent surgery on his <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> after having digestive problems for several months. The doctors discovered that he had <a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cancer" title="Duodenal cancer">duodenal cancer</a>. Hirohito appeared to be making a full recovery for several months after the surgery. About a year later, however, on 19 September 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. The Emperor died at 6:33 am on 7 January 1989 at the age of 87. The announcement from the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Hirohito was survived by his wife, his five surviving children, ten grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.<a href="#cite_note-survivors-29">[26]</a> At the time of his death, he was both the oldest and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs" title="List of longest-reigning monarchs">longest-reigning living monarch</a> in the world at that time, a distinction which passed to the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince of Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph II">Franz Joseph II</a>, until his own death in November of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> The Emperor was succeeded by his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1989–2019), whose <a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_emperor" title="Enthronement of the Japanese emperor">enthronement ceremony</a> was held on 12 November 1990 at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Hirohito's death ended the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>. On the next day, 8 January 1989, a new <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">era</a> began: the <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a>, effective at midnight the following day. From 7 January until 31 January, Hirohito's formal appellation was "Departed Emperor" (大行天皇, Taikō-tennō). His definitive <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a>, Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇, Shōwa-tennō), was determined on 13 January and formally released on 31 January by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 24 February, Hirohito's state funeral was held at the <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Gyo-en" title="Shinjuku Gyo-en">Shinjuku Gyo-en</a>, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was formal but not conducted in a strictly <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> manner. A large number of world leaders attended the funeral. Hirohito is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Musashi_Imperial_Graveyard" title="Musashi Imperial Graveyard">Musashi Imperial Graveyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji" title="Hachiōji">Hachiōji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> alongside his late parents, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Teimei" title="Empress Teimei">Empress Teimei</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Nagako" title="Empress Nagako">Empress Nagako</a>, who died in 2000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accountability_for_Japanese_war_crimes">Accountability for Japanese war crimes</h3></div> The issue of Emperor Hirohito's war responsibility is contested.<a href="#cite_note-matsuno2729-122">[117]</a> During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> frequently depicted Hirohito to equate with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> as the three <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> dictators.<a href="#cite_note-Warriors-Scholars-123">[118]</a> After the war, since the U.S. thought that the retention of the emperor would help establish a peaceful allied occupation regime in Japan, and help the U.S. achieve their postwar objectives, they depicted Hirohito as a "powerless figurehead" without any implication in wartime policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000545-86">[83]</a> Starting with the publication of specific archival records in the 1960s and continuing after Hirohito's death in 1989, a growing body of evidence and historical studies started to dispute the theory that he was a powerless figurehead.<a href="#cite_note-Warriors-Scholars-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atomic-Heritage-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> In recent years, the debate over the Emperor's role in the war has focused on the exact extent of his involvement in political and military affairs (as it is now widely accepted that he had at least some degree of involvement).<a href="#cite_note-Wetzler_2020-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a> Historian Peter Wetzler said that: <blockquote>"The debate, however, about Hirohito's participation in political and military affairs during the Second World War -whether or not (at first) and to what extent (later)- still continues. It will animate authors for years to come. Now most historians acknowledge that the Emperor was deeply involved, like all nation-state leaders at that time."<a href="#cite_note-Wetzler_2020-126">[121]</a></blockquote> Jennifer Lind, associate professor of government at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> and a specialist in Japanese war memory, states that: <blockquote>"Over the years, these different pieces of evidence have trickled out and historians have amassed this picture of culpability and how he was reflecting on that. This is another piece of the puzzle that very much confirms that the picture that was taking place before, which is that he was extremely culpable, and after the war he was devastated about this."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a></blockquote> As new evidence surfaced over the years, historians concluded that he bore at least some amount of culpability for the war's outbreak and the crimes perpetrated by Japan's military during that period.<a href="#cite_note-Wetzler_2020-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evidence_for_wartime_culpability">Evidence for wartime culpability</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_taboo" title="Chrysanthemum taboo">Chrysanthemum taboo</a></div> Historians who point to a higher degree of the Emperor's involvement in the war have stated that Hirohito was directly responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">atrocities committed by the imperial forces</a> in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II. They have said that he and some members of the imperial family, such as his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Chichibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chichibu">Prince Chichibu</a>, his cousins the princes <a href="/wiki/Prince_Takeda_Tsuneyoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi">Takeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Fushimi_Hiroyasu" title="Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu">Fushimi</a>, and his uncles the princes <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohito" title="Prince Kan'in Kotohito">Kan'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Asaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Asaka">Asaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko">Higashikuni</a>, should have been tried for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999-128">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta said that the <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (Sankō Sakusen), a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy adopted in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> and sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians. In <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Herbert P. Bix</a> said the Sankō Sakusen far surpassed <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> not only in terms of numbers, but in brutality. According to Bix, "[t]hese military operations caused death and suffering on a scale incomparably greater than the totally unplanned orgy of killing in Nanking, which later came to symbolize the war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2001365-130">[125]</a> While the Nanking Massacre was unplanned, Bix said "Hirohito knew of and approved annihilation campaigns in China that included burning villages thought to harbor guerrillas."<a href="#cite_note-Tajima-notes-131">[126]</a> Likewise, in August 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported that top U.S. government officials were fully aware of the emperor's intimate role during the war.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Yuki_Tanaka_(historian)" title="Yuki Tanaka (historian)">Yuki Tanaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a> Research Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_City_University" title="Hiroshima City University">Hiroshima City University</a>, the war records at the Defense Agency National Institute provide evidence that Hirohito was heavily involved in creating war policies.<a href="#cite_note-Tanaka_2023-133">[128]</a> Tanaka further stated that Japanese statesmen <a href="/wiki/Kido_K%C5%8Dichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kido Kōichi">Kido Kōichi</a>'s wartime journal undeniably proves that Hirohito had a crucial role in the decision to wage a war against the Allied nations in December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Tanaka_2023-133">[128]</a> According to Francis Pike, Hirohito was deeply engaged in military operations and commissioned a war room beneath the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> to closely monitor Japan's military activities.<a href="#cite_note-Pike-134">[129]</a> Pike further noted that the extensive resources required for regular updates to the Emperor often drew complaints from military officials.<a href="#cite_note-Pike-134">[129]</a> To celebrate significant military victories, he rode his white horse in parades in front of the Imperial Palace.<a href="#cite_note-Pike-134">[129]</a> According to Peter Wetzler, he was actively involved in the decision to launch the war as well as in other political and military decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler19983-96">[93]</a> Poison gas weapons, such as <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>, were produced by <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a> and authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the chief of staff of the army. Hirohito authorized the use of toxic gas 375 times during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a> from August to October 1938.<a href="#cite_note-matsuno2729-122">[117]</a> He rewarded <a href="/wiki/Shiro_Ishii" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiro Ishii">Shiro Ishii</a>, who was the head of the medical experimentation unit and Unit 731, with a special service medal.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mikasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mikasa">Prince Mikasa</a>, the younger brother of Hirohito, informed the <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a> that during 1944, he compiled a thorough report detailing the wartime atrocities perpetrated by Japanese soldiers in China.<a href="#cite_note-tribune-136">[131]</a> He clarified that he didn't directly discuss the report with Hirohito;however, he added that "when I met with him, I did report on the China situation in bits and pieces."<a href="#cite_note-tribune-136">[131]</a> Additionally, he recalled showing Hirohito a Chinese-produced film depicting Japanese atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-tribune-136">[131]</a> Officially, the imperial constitution, adopted under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, gave full power to the Emperor. Article 4 prescribed that, "The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution." Likewise, according to article 6, "The Emperor gives sanction to laws and orders them to be promulgated and executed," and article 11, "The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and the Navy." The Emperor was thus the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> According to Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi of <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, Hirohito's authority up to 1945 depended on three elements: <blockquote> First, he was a constitutional monarch subject to legal restrictions and binding conventions, as he has so often stressed. Second, he was supreme commander of Japanese armed forces, though his orders were often ignored and sometimes defied. Third, he wielded absolute moral authority in Japan by granting imperial honors that conveyed incontestable prestige and by issuing imperial rescripts that had coercive power greater than law. [¶] In the postwar era, the Japanese Government, some Japanese historians, and Hirohito himself have downplayed or ignored these second and third elements, where were strongest up to 1945; and they have overemphasized the first, which was weakest. Hirohito was no despot. But he did retain 'absolute' power in the sense of ultimate and final authority to sanction a particular policy decision by agreeing with it, or to force its reformulation or abandonment by disagreeing with it. When he really wanted to put his foot down, he did –– even to the army."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199119–20-138">[133]</a></blockquote> Wakabayashi further adds: <blockquote>...as a matter of course, [Hirohito] wanted to keep what his generals conquered -- though he was less greedy than some of them. None of this should surprise us. Hirohito would no more have granted Korea independence or returned Manchuria to China than Roosevelt would have granted Hawaii independence or returned Texas to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117-139">[134]</a></blockquote> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Herbert Bix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujiwara" title="Akira Fujiwara">Akira Fujiwara</a>, Peter Wetzler, and <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yamada" title="Akira Yamada">Akira Yamada</a> assert that post-war arguments favoring the view that Hirohito was a mere figurehead overlook the importance of numerous "behind the chrysanthemum curtain" meetings where the real decisions were made between the Emperor, his chiefs of staff, and the cabinet. Using primary sources and the monumental work of Shirō Hara as a basis,<a href="#cite_note-140">[f]</a> Fujiwara<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> and Wetzler<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler1998-142">[136]</a> have produced evidence suggesting that the Emperor actively participated in making political and military decisions and was neither bellicose nor a pacifist but an opportunist who governed in a pluralistic decision-making process. Historian Peter Wetzler states that the emperor was thoroughly informed of military matters, and comensurate with his position and Japanese methods of forming policies, he participated in making political and military decisions as the constitutional emperor of Imperial Japan and head of the imperial house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199832-143">[137]</a> For his part, American historian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Herbert P. Bix</a> maintains that Emperor Hirohito worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military and might have been the prime mover behind most of Japan's military aggression during the Shōwa era.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The view promoted by the Imperial Palace and American occupation forces immediately after World War II portrayed Emperor Hirohito as a purely ceremonial figure who behaved strictly according to protocol while remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. This view was endorsed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a> in a speech on the day of Hirohito's death in which Takeshita asserted that the war "had broken out against [Hirohito's] wishes." Takeshita's statement provoked outrage in nations in East Asia and Commonwealth nations such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-Chira1989-144">[138]</a> According to historian Fujiwara, "The thesis that the Emperor, as an organ of responsibility, could not reverse cabinet decision is a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> fabricated after the war."<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> According to Yinan He, associate professor of international relations at <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied countries</a> and Japanese leftists demanded the emperor to abdicate and be tried as a war criminal.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> However, conservative Japanese elites concocted <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoistic</a> myths that exonerated the nation's ruling class and downplayed Japan's wartime culpability.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> Such revisionist campaigns depicted the Emperor as a peace-seeking diplomat, while blaming the militarists for hijacking the government and leading the country into a disastrous war.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> This narrative sought to exonerate the Emperor by shifting responsibility onto a small group of military leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> Furthermore, numerous Japanese conservative elites lobbied the United States to spare the emperor from war crimes investigations and advocated instead for the prosecution of General Hideki Tojo, who held office as prime minister for most of the Pacific War.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> This narrative also narrowly focuses on the U.S.–Japan conflict, completely ignores the wars Japan waged in Asia, and disregards the atrocities committed by Japanese troops during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> Japanese elites created the narrative in an attempt to avoid tarnishing the national image and regain the international acceptance of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentar%C5%8D_Awaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentarō Awaya (page does not exist)">Kentarō Awaya</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11604570" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q11604570">Wikidata</a>] said that post-war Japanese public opinion supporting protection of the Emperor was influenced by United States propaganda promoting the view that the Emperor together with the Japanese people had been fooled by the military.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> In the years immediately after Hirohito's death, scholars who spoke out against the emperor were threatened and attacked by right-wing extremists. <a href="/wiki/Susan_Chira" title="Susan Chira">Susan Chira</a> reported, "Scholars who have spoken out against the late Emperor have received threatening phone calls from Japan's extremist right wing."<a href="#cite_note-Chira1989-144">[138]</a> One example of actual violence occurred in 1990 when the mayor of Nagasaki, <a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Motoshima" title="Hitoshi Motoshima">Hitoshi Motoshima</a>, was shot and critically wounded by a member of the ultranationalist group, <a href="/wiki/Seikijuku" title="Seikijuku">Seikijuku</a>. A year before, in 1989, Motoshima had broken what was characterized as "one of [Japan's] most sensitive taboos" by asserting that Emperor Hirohito bore responsibility for World War II.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> Regarding Hirohito's exemption from trial before the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_of_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal of the Far East">International Military Tribunal of the Far East</a>, opinions were not unanimous. Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Webb_(judge)" title="William Webb (judge)">William Webb</a>, the president of the tribunal, declared: "This immunity of the Emperor is contrasted with the part he played in launching the war in the Pacific, is, I think, a matter which the tribunal should take into consideration in imposing the sentences."<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Likewise, the French judge, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bernard_(magistrate)" title="Henri Bernard (magistrate)">Henri Bernard</a>, wrote about Hirohito's accountability that the declaration of war by Japan "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices."<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> An account from the Vice Interior Minister in 1941, Michio Yuzawa, asserts that Hirohito was "at ease" with the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> "once he had made a decision."<a href="#cite_note-Yuzawa-memo-151">[145]</a> Since his death in 1989, historians have discovered evidence that prove Hirohito's culpability for the war, and that he was not a passive figurehead manipulated by those around him.<a href="#cite_note-Yinan-He-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Showa_Tenno_Dokuhaku_Roku">Showa Tenno Dokuhaku Roku</h4></div> In December 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Bungeishunj%C5%AB" title="Bungeishunjū">Bungeishunjū</a> published the Showa tenno dokuhaku roku (Dokuhaku roku), which recorded conversations Hirohito held with five Imperial Household Ministry officials between March and April 1946, containing twenty-four sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi19915-152">[146]</a>The Dokuhaku roku recorded Hirohito speaking retroactively on topics arranged chronologically from 1919 to 1946, right before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_War_Crimes_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo War Crimes Trials">Tokyo War Crimes Trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi19915-152">[146]</a> In Hirohito's monologue: <blockquote>It doesn't matter much if an incident occurs in Manchuria, as it is rural; however, if something were to happen in the Tientsin-Peking area, Anglo-American intervention would likely worsen and could lead to a clash.<a href="#cite_note-Bix_1992_343–344-153">[147]</a></blockquote> While he could justify the aggression of his military in China's northeastern provinces, he lacked confidence in Japan's capacity to win a war against the United States and Britain. He was also more aware than his military commanders of Japan's vulnerability to an economic blockade by Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-Bix_1992_343–344-153">[147]</a> Japan signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> in 1940 and another agreement in December 1941 that forbade Japan from signing a separate peace treaty with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> In the Dokuhaku roku, Hirohito said: <blockquote>(In 1941,) we thought we could achieve a draw with the US, or at best win by a six to four margin; but total victory was nearly impossible ... When the war actually began, however, we gained a miraculous victory at Pearl Harbor and our invasions of Malaya and Burma succeeded far quicker than expected. So, if not for this (agreement), we might have achieved peace when we were in an advantageous position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a></blockquote> The passage in the Dokuhaku roku refutes the theory that Hirohito wanted an early conclusion to the war owing to his value for peace. Instead, it provides evidence that he desired its end because of Japan's early military victories in Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> In September 1944, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a> proposed that a settlement and concessions, such as the return of Hong Kong, should be given to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, so that Japanese troops in China could be diverted to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199115–16-155">[149]</a> Hirohito rejected the proposal and did not want to give concessions to China because he feared it would signal Japanese weakness, create defeatism at home, and trigger independence movements in occupied countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199116-156">[150]</a> As the war shifted unfavorably for Japan, his sentiments were recorded in the Dokuhaku roku as follows: <blockquote> I hoped to give the enemy one good bashing somewhere, and then seize a chance for peace. Yet I didn't want to ask for peace before Germany did because then we would lose trust in the international community for having violated that corollary agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199118-157">[151]</a></blockquote> As the war front progressed northward, Hirohito persistently hoped for the Japanese military to deliver a "good bashing" at some point during the war, which meant securing a decisive victory and then leveraging that success to negotiate the most favorable terms possible for Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–19-158">[152]</a> In the autumn of 1944, he hoped for a victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, but Japan suffered defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> On 14 February 1945, <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> wrote a proposal to Hirohito, urging him to quell extremist elements within the military and end the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> Konoe argued that although surrendering to America might preserve imperial rule, it would not survive a communist revolution he believed was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> Hirohito was troubled by the ambiguity surrounding America's commitment to upholding imperial rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> He considered the advice of Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu" title="Yoshijirō Umezu">Yoshijirō Umezu</a>, who advocated for continuing the fight to the bitter end, believing that the Americans could be lured into a trap on Taiwan, where they could be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> However, the Americans avoided Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> Despite the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a> and acknowledging Japan's imminent unconditional surrender following this defeat, Hirohito persisted in seeking another battlefield where a "good bashing" could be achieved, considering locations such as <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi199117–18-154">[148]</a> In August 1945, Hirohito agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> because he thought that the American occupation of Japan would uphold imperial rule in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi19915-152">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shinobu_Kobayashi's_diary">Shinobu Kobayashi's diary</h4></div> Shinobu Kobayashi was the Emperor's chamberlain from April 1974 until June 2000. Kobayashi kept a diary with near-daily remarks of Hirohito for 26 years. It was made public on Wednesday 22 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-diary-159">[153]</a> According to Takahisa Furukawa, a professor of modern Japanese history at Nihon University, the diary reveals that the emperor "gravely took responsibility for the war for a long time, and as he got older, that feeling became stronger."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a> Jennifer Lind, associate professor of government at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> and a specialist in Japanese war memory said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Over the years, these different pieces of evidence have trickled out and historians have amassed this picture of culpability and how he was reflecting on that. This is another piece of the puzzle that very much confirms that the picture that was taking place before, which is that he was extremely culpable, and after the war he was devastated about this."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">[1]</a></blockquote> An entry dated 27 May 1980 said the Emperor wanted to express his regret about the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese war</a> to former Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> who visited at the time, but was stopped by senior members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a> owing to fear of backlash from far right groups.<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-diary-159">[153]</a> An entry dated 7 April 1987 said the Emperor was haunted by discussions of his wartime responsibility and, as a result, was losing his will to live.<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-diary-159">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Michiji_Tajima's_notes_in_1952">Michiji Tajima's notes in 1952</h4></div> According to notebooks by Michiji Tajima, a top Imperial Household Agency official who took office after the war, Emperor Hirohito privately expressed regret about the atrocities that were committed by Japanese troops during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tajima-notes-131">[126]</a> In addition to feeling remorseful about his own role in the war, he "fell short by allowing radical elements of the military to drive the conduct of the war."<a href="#cite_note-Tajima-notes-131">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vice_Interior_Minister_Yuzawa's_account_on_Hirohito's_role_in_Pearl_Harbor_raid">Vice Interior Minister Yuzawa's account on Hirohito's role in Pearl Harbor raid</h4></div> In late July 2018, the bookseller Takeo Hatano, an acquaintance of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Michio_Yuzawa" title="Michio Yuzawa">Michio Yuzawa</a> (Japanese Vice Interior Minister in 1941), released to Japan's <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a> newspaper a memo by Yuzawa that Hatano had kept for nine years since he received it from Yuzawa's family. The bookseller said: "It took me nine years to come forward, as I was afraid of a backlash. But now I hope the memo would help us figure out what really happened during the war, in which 3.1 million people were killed."<a href="#cite_note-Yuzawa-memo-151">[145]</a> Takahisa Furukawa, expert on wartime history from Nihon University, confirmed the authenticity of the memo, calling it "the first look at the thinking of Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."<a href="#cite_note-Yuzawa-memo-151">[145]</a> In this document, Yuzawa details a conversation he had with Tojo a few hours before the attack. The Vice Minister quotes Tojo saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Emperor seemed at ease and unshakable once he had made a decision."<a href="#cite_note-Yuzawa-memo-151">[145]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"If His Majesty had any regret over negotiations with Britain and the U.S., he would have looked somewhat grim. There was no such indication, which must be a result of his determination. I'm completely relieved. Given the current conditions, I could say we have practically won already."<a href="#cite_note-Yuzawa-memo-151">[145]</a></blockquote> Historian Furukawa concluded from Yuzawa's memo: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Tojo is a bureaucrat who was incapable of making own decisions, so he turned to the Emperor as his supervisor. That's why he had to report everything for the Emperor to decide. If the Emperor didn't say no, then he would proceed."<a href="#cite_note-Yuzawa-memo-151">[145]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diary_of_Chief_Military_Aide-de-Camp_Takeji_Nara">Diary of Chief Military Aide-de-Camp Takeji Nara</h4></div> The diary of Japanese general <a href="/wiki/Takeji_Nara" title="Takeji Nara">Takeji Nara</a> documented Nara's interactions with the emperor and described Hirohito's reactions to Japan's role in instigating the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bix_1992_342–344-160">[154]</a> Nara's diary entries show that Hirohito was well aware of the Mukden Incident and acknowledged that Japanese General <a href="/wiki/Kanji_Ishiwara" title="Kanji Ishiwara">Kanji Ishiwara</a> was its instigator. However, once the emperor justified that the army's actions in Manchuria as necessary, he gradually adapted to the new circumstances and showed little desire to punish those responsible.<a href="#cite_note-Bix_1992_342–344-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hirohito's_preparations_for_war_described_in_Saburō_Hyakutake's_diary">Hirohito's preparations for war described in Saburō Hyakutake's diary</h4></div> In September 2021, 25 diaries, pocket notebooks and memos by <a href="/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Hyakutake" title="Saburō Hyakutake">Saburō Hyakutake</a> (Emperor Hirohito's Grand Chamberlain from 1936 to 1944) deposited by his relatives to the library of the University of Tokyo's graduate schools for law and politics became available to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a> Hyakutake's diary quotes some of Hirohito's ministers and advisers as being worried that the Emperor was getting ahead of them in terms of battle preparations. Thus, Hyakutake quotes Tsuneo Matsudaira, the Imperial Household Minister, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Emperor appears to have been prepared for war in the face of the tense times." (13 October 1941)<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a></blockquote> Likewise, Koichi Kido, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, is quoted as saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"I occasionally have to try to stop him from going too far." (13 October 1941)<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Emperor's resolve appears to be going too far." (20 November 1941)<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"I requested the Emperor to say things to give the impression that Japan will exhaust all measures to pursue peace when the Foreign Minister is present." (20 November 1941)<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a></blockquote> Seiichi Chadani, professor of modern Japanese history with Shigakukan University who has studied Hirohito's actions before and during the war said on the discovery of Hyakutake's diary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The archives available so far, including his biography compiled by the Imperial Household Agency, contained no detailed descriptions that his aides expressed concerns about Hirohito leaning toward Japan's entry into the war."<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"(Hyakutake's diary) is a significant record penned by one of the close aides to the Emperor documenting the process of how Japan's leaders led to the war."<a href="#cite_note-Hyakutake-diary-161">[155]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Documents_that_suggest_limited_wartime_responsibility">Documents that suggest limited wartime responsibility</h4></div> The declassified January 1989 British government assessment of Hirohito describes him as "too weak to alter the course of events" and Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with Hitler are "ridiculously wide off the mark." Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military and if he asserted his views too much he would have been replaced by another member of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-whitehead-assessment-162">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Radhabinod_Pal" title="Radhabinod Pal">Radhabinod Pal</a> opposed the International Military Tribunal and made a 1,235-page judgment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-163">[157]</a> He found the entire prosecution case to be weak regarding the conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war with brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations. Pal said there is "no evidence, testimonial or circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses".<a href="#cite_note-brook-164">[158]</a> He added that conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since.<a href="#cite_note-brook-164">[158]</a> Pal supported the acquittal of all of the defendants. He considered the Japanese military operations as justified, because <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> supported the boycott of trade operations by the Western Powers, particularly the United States boycott of oil exports to Japan. Pal argued the attacks on neighboring territories were justified to protect the Japanese Empire from an aggressive environment, especially the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He considered that to be self-defense operations which are not criminal. Pal said "the real culprits are not before us" and concluded that "only a lost war is an international crime". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Emperor's_own_statements">The Emperor's own statements</h5></div> <dl><dt>8 September 1975 TV interview with <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, USA<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a></dt> <dd>Reporter: "How far has your Majesty been involved in Japan's decision to end the war in 1945? What was the motivation for your launch?"</dd> <dd>Emperor: "Originally, this should be done by the Cabinet. I heard the results, but at the last <a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">meeting</a> I asked for a decision. I decided to end the war on my own. (...) I thought that the continuation of the war would only bring more misery to the people."</dd> <dt>Interview with <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, USA, 20 September 1975<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a></dt> <dd>Reporter: "(Abbreviation) How do you answer those who claim that your Majesty was also involved in the decision-making process that led Japan to start the war?"</dd> <dd>Emperor: "(Omission) At the start of the war, a cabinet decision was made, and I could not reverse that decision. We believe this is consistent with the provisions of the Imperial Constitution."</dd> <dt>22 September 1975 – Press conference with Foreign Correspondents<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a></dt> <dd>Reporter: "How long before the attack on Pearl Harbor did your Majesty know about the attack plan? And did you approve the plan?"</dd> <dd>Emperor: "It is true that I had received information on military operations in advance. However, I only received those reports after the military commanders made detailed decisions. Regarding issues of political character and military command, I believe that I acted in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution."</dd> <dt>On 31 October 1975, a press conference was held immediately after returning to Japan after visiting the United States.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a></dt> <dd>Question: "Your majesty, at your <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> banquet you said, 'I deeply deplore that unfortunate war.' (See also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa%27s_Theory_of_War_Responsibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emperor Shōwa's Theory of War Responsibility (page does not exist)">Emperor Shōwa's Theory of War Responsibility</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E8%AB%96" class="extiw" title="ja:昭和天皇の戦争責任論">ja</a>].) Does your majesty feel responsibility for the war itself, including the opening of hostilities? Also, what does your majesty think about so-called war responsibility?" (<a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reporter)</dd> <dd>Emperor: "I can't answer that kind of question because I haven't thoroughly studied the literature in this field, and so don't really appreciate the nuances of your words."</dd> <dd>Question: "How did you understand that the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima at the end of the war?" (<a href="/wiki/RCC_Broadcasting" title="RCC Broadcasting">RCC Broadcasting</a> Reporter)</dd> <dd>Emperor: "I am sorry that the atomic bomb was dropped, but because of this war, I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima, but I think it is unavoidable."</dd> <dt>17 April 1981 Press conference with the presidents of the press<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a></dt> <dd>Reporter: "What was the most enjoyable of your memories of eighty years?"</dd> <dd>Emperor: "Since I saw the constitutional politics of Britain as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F" class="extiw" title="ja:皇太子裕仁親王の欧州訪問">ja</a>], I felt strongly that I must adhere to the constitutional politics. But I was too particular about it to prevent the war. I made my own decisions twice (<a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a> and the end of World War II)."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_government_assessment_of_Hirohito">British government assessment of Hirohito</h4></div> A January 1989 declassified British government assessment of Hirohito said the Emperor was "uneasy with Japan's drift to war in the 1930s and 1940s but was too weak to alter the course of events." The dispatch by John Whitehead, former ambassador of the United Kingdom to Japan, to Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe was declassified on Thursday 20 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a> in London. The letter was written shortly after Hirohito's death. Britain's ambassador to Japan John Whitehead stated in 1989:<a href="#cite_note-whitehead-assessment-162">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"By personality and temperament, Hirohito was ill-suited to the role assigned to him by destiny. The successors of the men who had led the Meiji Restoration yearned for a charismatic warrior king. Instead, they were given an introspective prince who grew up to be more at home in the science laboratory than on the military parade ground. But in his early years, every effort was made to cast him in a different mould."<a href="#cite_note-whitehead-assessment-162">[156]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"A man of stronger personality than Hirohito might have tried more strenuously to check the growing influence of the military in Japanese politics and the drift of Japan toward war with the western powers." "The contemporary diary evidence suggests that Hirohito was uncomfortable with the direction of Japanese policy." "The consensus of those who have studied the documents of the period is that Hirohito was consistent in attempting to use his personal influence to induce caution and to moderate and even obstruct the growing impetus toward war."<a href="#cite_note-whitehead-assessment-162">[156]</a></blockquote> Whitehead concludes that ultimately Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with Hitler are "ridiculously wide off the mark." If Hirohito acted too insistently with his views he could have been isolated or replaced with a more pliant member of the royal family. The pre-war <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> defined Hirohito as "sacred" and all-powerful, but according to Whitehead, Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military. Whitehead explained after World War II that Hirohito's humility was fundamental for the Japanese people to accept the new 1947 constitution and allied occupation.<a href="#cite_note-whitehead-assessment-162">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms">Titles, styles, honours and arms</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_appointments">Military appointments</h4></div> <ul><li>Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Empire of Japan, 25 December 1926 – upon ascending the throne<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_military_appointments">Foreign military appointments</h4></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Honorary <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, May 1921<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Army">Regular Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, June 1930<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_honours">National honours</h4></div> <ul><li>Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Culture" title="Order of Culture">Order of Culture</a>, 11 February 1937<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h4></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>, Special Class (GCBVO)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose of Finland</a>, with Collar, 1942<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Olav">Order of Saint Olav</a> (StkStOO), with Collar, 26 September 1922<a href="#cite_note-norges1-177">[171]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Knight of the Royal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a> (RSerafO), with Collar, 8 May 1919<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a> (RE), 24 January 1923<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a>, 1922<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Auspicious_Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="The Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn">Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn</a> (KRMBh), 27 May 1963<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Thailand: Knight of the Most Illustrious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a> (KMChk), 30 January 1925<a href="#cite_note-1925AD-182">[176]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: Member of the Most Glorious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya" title="Order of Ojaswi Rajanya">Order of Ojaswi Rajanya</a>, 19 April 1960<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">Order of Sikatuna</a>, 28 September 1966<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: Grand Cross of the National <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a>, 1955<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Royal Family">Italian Royal Family</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a>, 31 October 1916<a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1920-186">[180]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (OMRI), with Collar, 9 March 1982<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_the_Realm" title="Order of the Crown of the Realm">Order of the Crown of the Realm</a> (DMN), 1964</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Pouono" title="Royal Order of Pouono">Royal Order of Pouono</a> (KGCCP), with Collar<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> (GCVO), May 1921</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (civil division) (GCB), May 1921<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom: Stranger Knight Companion of the Most Noble <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> (KG), 3 May 1929; revoked, 1941; restored, 22 May 1971<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom: Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1971">Royal Society</a> (ForMemRS), 1971<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>: Member of the Order of the Crown of Brunei, 1st Class</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, 6 October 1928<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Spain: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, with Collar, 4 June 1923<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Royal Family">Greek Royal Family</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Greek Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Royal Family <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_George_and_Constantine" title="Order of Saints George and Constantine">Order of Saints George and Constantine</a>, with Collar</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a>, 1928<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a>, 8 April 1968<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Ethiopian Imperial Family</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Solomon" title="Order of Solomon">Order of Solomon</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Family">Russian Imperial Family</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called</a>, September 1916<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun had seven children (two sons and five daughters). <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Name </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Birth </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Death </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Marriage </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Children </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Spouse </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Shigeko Higashikuni</a> (Shigeko, Princess Teru) </th> <td>9 December 1925 </td> <td>23 July 1961 </td> <td>10 October 1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Higashikuni" title="Morihiro Higashikuni">Prince Morihiro Higashikuni</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Prince Nobuhiko Higashikuni</li><li>Princess Fumiko Higashikuni</li><li>Naohiko Higashikuni</li><li>Hidehiko Higashikuni</li><li>Yūko Higashikuni</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sachiko,_Princess_Hisa" title="Sachiko, Princess Hisa">Sachiko, Princess Hisa</a> </th> <td>10 September 1927 </td> <td>8 March 1928 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kazuko_Takatsukasa" title="Kazuko Takatsukasa">Kazuko Takatsukasa</a> (Kazuko, Princess Taka) </th> <td>30 September 1929 </td> <td>26 May 1989 </td> <td>20 May 1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toshimichi_Takatsukasa" title="Toshimichi Takatsukasa">Toshimichi Takatsukasa</a> </td> <td>Naotake Takatsukasa (adopted) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Atsuko_Ikeda" title="Atsuko Ikeda">Atsuko Ikeda</a> (Atsuko, Princess Yori) </th> <td> (1931-03-07) 7 March 1931 (age 93) </td> <td> </td> <td>10 October 1952 </td> <td>Takamasa Ikeda </td> <td>Motohiro Ikeda (adopted) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Akihito,_Emperor_Emeritus_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan">Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan</a> (Akihito, Prince Tsugu) </th> <td> (1933-12-23) 23 December 1933 (age 90) </td> <td> </td> <td>10 April 1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michiko_Sh%C5%8Dda" class="mw-redirect" title="Michiko Shōda">Michiko Shōda</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Naruhito,_Emperor_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naruhito, Emperor of Japan">Naruhito, Emperor of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fumihito,_Crown_Prince_of_Japan" title="Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan">Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sayako_Kuroda" title="Sayako Kuroda">Sayako Kuroda</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masahito,_Prince_Hitachi" title="Masahito, Prince Hitachi">Masahito, Prince Hitachi</a> (Masahito, Prince Yoshi) </th> <td> (1935-11-28) 28 November 1935 (age 88) </td> <td> </td> <td>30 September 1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanako_Tsugaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanako Tsugaru">Hanako Tsugaru</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Takako_Shimazu" title="Takako Shimazu">Takako Shimazu</a> (Takako, Princess Suga) </th> <td> (1939-03-02) 2 March 1939 (age 85) </td> <td> </td> <td>10 March 1960 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisanaga_Shimazu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisanaga Shimazu (page does not exist)">Hisanaga Shimazu</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E6%B4%A5%E4%B9%85%E6%B0%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:島津久永">ja</a>] </td> <td>Yoshihisa Shimazu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_publications">Scientific publications</h2></div> <ul><li>(1967) A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-hathitrust(1)-199">[193]</a></li> <li>(1969) Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands.<a href="#cite_note-hathitrust(2)-200">[194]</a></li> <li>(1971) Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer.<a href="#cite_note-hathitrust(3)-201">[195]</a></li> <li>(1974) Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands.<a href="#cite_note-stanford(4)-202">[196]</a></li> <li>(1977) Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-hathitrust(5)-203">[197]</a></li> <li>(1983) Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima.<a href="#cite_note-worldcat(6)-204">[198]</a></li> <li>(1984) A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.<a href="#cite_note-stanford(7)-205">[199]</a></li> <li>(1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-NLA(8)-206">[200]</a></li> <li>(1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. (posthumous)<a href="#cite_note-worldcat(9)-207">[201]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 裕仁 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 昭和天皇 (Shōwa-tennō) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The first foreign trip by the Crown Prince was made in 1907 by the Crown Prince Yoshihito to the then Korean Empire. During that time, while it was considered a foreign country, it had become a colonial protectorate of Japan and would eventually be annexed. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Many foreigners, including those from the occupying power, were from <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a> steeped in monotheistic <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic traditions">Abrahamic traditions</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The reason a visit had not occurred prior to this was, in part, owing to the fact that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_for_Extraordinary_Vicarious_Execution_of_State_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Act for Extraordinary Vicarious Execution of State Affairs (page does not exist)">Act for Extraordinary Vicarious Execution of State Affairs</a> had not yet been put into law. Despite this, visits to the United States had been planned in 1973 and 1974, but never occurred owing to lack of coordination. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Former member of section 20 of War operations of the Army high command, Hara has made a detailed study of the way military decisions were made, including the Emperor's involvement published in five volumes in 1973–74 under the title Daihon'ei senshi; Daitōa Sensō kaisen gaishi; Kaisen ni itaru seisentyaku shidō (Imperial Headquarters war history; General history of beginning hostilities in the Greater East Asia War; Leadership and political strategy with respect to the beginning of hostilities). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich2018_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRich2018">Rich 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/hirohito_emperor.shtml">"Historic Figures: Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)"</a>. BBC History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Historic+Figures%3A+Emperor+Hirohito+%281901%E2%80%931989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fhirohito_emperor.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959337-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959337_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1959">Ponsonby-Fane 1959</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailshirohitomakingof00herbpage22_22–23]-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailshirohitomakingof00herbpage22_22–23]_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2001">Bix 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hirohitomakingof00herb/page/22">22–23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearlharbor.org/the-long-and-eventful-reign-of-hirohito/">"The Long and Eventful Reign of Hirohito"</a>. Pearl Harbor. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pearl+Harbor&rft.atitle=The+Long+and+Eventful+Reign+of+Hirohito&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpearlharbor.org%2Fthe-long-and-eventful-reign-of-hirohito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix201636–37-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix201636–37_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacificWrecks.com" class="citation web cs1">PacificWrecks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificwrecks.com/people/leaders/hirohito/">"Pacific Wrecks - Emperor Hirohito 裕仁 (Shōwa)"</a>. pacificwrecks.com. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pacificwrecks.com&rft.atitle=Pacific+Wrecks+-+Emperor+Hirohito+%E8%A3%95%E4%BB%81+%28Sh%C5%8Dwa%29&rft.au=PacificWrecks.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacificwrecks.com%2Fpeople%2Fleaders%2Fhirohito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix201643-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix201643_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix201670–74-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix201670–74_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, pp. 70–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1959">Ponsonby-Fane 1959</a>, p. 338; see <a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_awaiting_Crown_Prince_Tokyo_Dec1916.jpg" title="File:Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo Dec1916.jpg">File:Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo Dec1916.jpg</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 3 December 1916. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalta_Government_Services_and_Information2020" class="citation web cs1">Malta Government Services and Information (24 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/Pages/2020/July/24/pr201420.aspx">"PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER Speaker Farrugia receives the new Japanese ambassador"</a>. doi.gov.mt. Office of the Speaker (Malta). Retrieved 25 February 2024. <q>These were further enhanced by high-level visits, including the visit to Tokyo by President of Malta George Vella who attended the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Naruhito last October. He noted that the then Crown Prince of Japan Hirohito visited Malta in April 1921 as part of his first European tour and was present for the opening of the new Maltese Parliament.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doi.gov.mt&rft.atitle=PRESS+RELEASE+BY+THE+OFFICE+OF+THE+SPEAKER+Speaker+Farrugia+receives+the+new+Japanese+ambassador&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.au=Malta+Government+Services+and+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mt%2Fen%2FGovernment%2FDOI%2FPress%2520Releases%2FPages%2F2020%2FJuly%2F24%2Fpr201420.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> 小田部雄次『天皇・皇室を知る事典』211頁（東京堂出版・2007年） </li> <li id="cite_note-100-20-445-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-100-20-445_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-100-20-445_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooru_Hayano2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tooru Hayano (September 2001). <bdi lang="ja">昭和天皇</bdi>. <bdi lang="ja">L100人の20世紀</bdi>. 朝日文庫 (in Japanese). 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[A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenji" title="Emperor Tenji">Emperor Tenji</a>; and all sovereigns except <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jit%C5%8D" title="Empress Jitō">Jitō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dzei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yōzei">Yōzei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go-Toba" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-Toba">Go-Toba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi" title="Emperor Fushimi">Fushimi</a> have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Go-Murakami" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-Murakami">Go-Murakami</a>;] <a href="#CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1959">Ponsonby-Fane 1959</a>, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959349-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959349_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1959">Ponsonby-Fane 1959</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959136–137-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1959136–137_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1959">Ponsonby-Fane 1959</a>, pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016186-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2016186_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Mikiso Hane, Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-de-camp, The Honjō Diary, 1983; Honjō Nikki, Hara Shobō, 1975. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi1991-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakabayashi1991_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWakabayashi1991">Wakabayashi 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-14-me-4022-story.html">"Detail All of Hirohito's Role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 14 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Detail+All+of+Hirohito%27s+Role&rft.date=2000-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-aug-14-me-4022-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearlharbor.org/blog/the-long-and-eventful-reign-of-hirohito/#:~:text=Already%2Dtense%20relations%20between%20Japan,supported%20and%20encouraged%20by%20Hirohito.">"The Long and Eventful Reign of Hirohito"</a>. pearlharbor.org. 13 March 2018. 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Retrieved 29 April 2022. <q>Emperor Hirohito, in whose name Japanese soldiers fought in World War Two, was reluctant to start a war with China in 1937 and had believed in stopping it earlier, media reported on Friday, citing a diary by his former chamberlain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diary+shows+Hirohito+didn%27t+want+war+in+China%3A+media&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-japan-hirohito-idUST22065220070309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016319-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2016319_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Fujiwara, Nitchū Sensō ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu, Kikan Sensō Sekinin Kenkyū 9, 1995, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu, 1997, pp. 25–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016320-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2016320_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016339-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2016339_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu, 1997, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991106–108Wetzler199825,_231-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991106–108Wetzler199825,_231_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHidenari1991">Hidenari 1991</a>, pp. 106–108; <a href="#CITEREFWetzler1998">Wetzler 1998</a>, pp. 25, 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Japan's decision for war : records of the 1941 policy conferences. 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W., Dillon, K. V., Goldstein, D. M. (1991). At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor; Revised Edition. United Kingdom: Penguin Publishing Group. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Pike, F. (2016). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/ch3.htm">"Chapter III: Politico-Military Evolution Toward War"</a>. history.army.mil. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.army.mil&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+Politico-Military+Evolution+Toward+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FMacArthur%2520Reports%2FMacArthur%2520V2%2520P1%2Fch3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199852–54-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzler199852–54_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetzler1998">Wetzler 1998</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Fujiwara, Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō, 1991, p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991118-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHidenari1991118_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHidenari1991">Hidenari 1991</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016421-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2016421_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199847–50-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzler199847–50_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetzler1998">Wetzler 1998</a>, pp. 47–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Day of Deceit, Robert B. Stinnett, New York, 2000, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetzler199829,_35-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetzler199829,_35_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetzler1998">Wetzler 1998</a>, pp. 29, 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2016424,_430–31-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2016424,_430–31_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2016">Bix 2016</a>, pp. 424, 430–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearmuseum_emperor-hirohito_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so">"Emperor Hirohito - Nuclear Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emperor+Hirohito+-+Nuclear+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahf.nuclearmuseum.org%2Fahf%2Fprofile%2Femperor-hirohito%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520emperor%2527s%2520office%2520signed%2520off%2Chis%2520ability%2520to%2520do%2520so&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartsch2003" class="citation book cs1">Bartsch, William H. 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Retrieved 9 August 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?page=0&displaySizeSelect=1&pv_page_id=110549&autocomplete_text=">"PREDSJEDNIK TITO U JAPANU"</a>. Slobodna Dalmacija (7187): 5. 9 April 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slobodna+Dalmacija&rft.atitle=PREDSJEDNIK+TITO+U+JAPANU&rft.issue=7187&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1968-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr%2Fpvpages%2Fpvpages%2FviewPage%2F%3Fpage%3D0%26displaySizeSelect%3D1%26pv_page_id%3D110549%26autocomplete_text%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon">The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon">Archived</a> 26 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 7 September 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergey_Semenovich_Levin2003" class="citation book cs1">Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917). Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lists+of+Knights+and+Ladies&rft.btitle=Order+of+the+Holy+Apostle+Andrew+the+First-called+%281699%E2%80%931917%29.+Order+of+the+Holy+Great+Martyr+Catherine+%281714%E2%80%931917%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sergey+Semenovich+Levin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hathitrust(1)-199"><a href="#cite_ref-hathitrust(1)_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007156285">A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan</a>. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1967. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+review+of+the+hydroids+of+the+family+Clathrozonidae+with+description+of+a+new+genus+and+species+from+Japan&rft.pub=Hathi+Trust+Digital+Library&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F007156285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hathitrust(2)-200"><a href="#cite_ref-hathitrust(2)_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007156260">Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands</a>. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1969. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+hydroids+from+the+Amakusa+Islands&rft.pub=Hathi+Trust+Digital+Library&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F007156260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hathitrust(3)-201"><a href="#cite_ref-hathitrust(3)_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007158474">Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan</a>. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1971. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additional+notes+on+Clathrozoon+wilsoni+Spencer+%2F+by+Hirohito%2C+Emperor+of+Japan&rft.pub=Hathi+Trust+Digital+Library&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F007158474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford(4)-202"><a href="#cite_ref-stanford(4)_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/819134">Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands</a>. Stanford University Libraries. 25 February 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+hydrozoans+of+the+Bonin+Islands&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Libraries&rft.date=1974-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F819134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hathitrust(5)-203"><a href="#cite_ref-hathitrust(5)_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008335470">Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea / by Hirohito</a>. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1977. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+hydroid+species+from+the+Gulf+of+Aqaba%2C+Red+Sea+%2F+by+Hirohito&rft.pub=Hathi+Trust+Digital+Library&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F008335470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcat(6)-204"><a href="#cite_ref-worldcat(6)_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hydroids from Izu Ôshima and Niijima. World Cat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647103657">647103657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydroids+from+Izu+%C3%94shima+and+Niijima&rft.pub=World+Cat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647103657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford(7)-205"><a href="#cite_ref-stanford(7)_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1547378">A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n.sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama</a>. Stanford University Libraries. 25 February 1984. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+hydroid+Hydractinia+bayeri+n.sp.+%28family+Hydractiniidae%29+from+the+Bay+of+Panama&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Libraries&rft.date=1984-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F1547378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLA(8)-206"><a href="#cite_ref-NLA(8)_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6611702?">The Hydroids of Sagami Bay / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan</a>. National Library of Australia. 1988. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hydroids+of+Sagami+Bay+%2F+by+Hirohito%2C+Emperor+of+Japan&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Australia&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F6611702%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcat(9)-207"><a href="#cite_ref-worldcat(9)_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II, Thecata. World Cat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154263373">154263373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hydroids+of+Sagami+Bay.+II%2C+Thecata&rft.pub=World+Cat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154263373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_academic_journals">Books and academic journals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?159251-1/hirohito-making-modern-japan">Presentation by Herbert Bix on Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 15 September 2000</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?165148-1/hirohito-making-modern-japan">Booknotes interview with Herbert Bix on Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2 September 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?122238-1/embracing-defeat-japan-wake-world-war-ii">Presentation by John Dower on Embracing Defeat, 1 April 1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?155311-1/embracing-defeat">Booknotes interview with John Dower on Embracing Defeat, 26 March 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr1989" class="citation book cs1">Behr, Edward (1989). Hirohito: Behind the Myth. New York: Villard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394580722" title="Special:BookSources/9780394580722"><bdi>9780394580722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito%3A+Behind+the+Myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Villard&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780394580722&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> A controversial book that posited Hirohito as a more active protagonist of World War II than publicly portrayed; it contributed to the re-appraisal of his role.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Bix, Herbert P.</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_And_The_Making_Of_Modern_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan">Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan</a>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0"><bdi>978-0-06-019314-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+And+The+Making+Of+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019314-0&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction and the 2000 National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2001" class="citation book cs1">Bix, Herbert P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hirohitomakingof00herb">Hirohito and the making of modern Japan</a> (Book) (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060931308" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060931308"><bdi>978-0060931308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+making+of+modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0060931308&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhirohitomakingof00herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2016" class="citation book cs1">Bix, Herbert (2016). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embracingdefeatj00dowe">Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32027-5"><bdi>978-0-393-32027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embracing+Defeat%3A+Japan+in+the+Wake+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32027-5&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fembracingdefeatj00dowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"> awarded Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrea1998" class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141517/https://www.questia.com/library/91972030/in-the-service-of-the-emperor-essays-on-the-imperial">"Chasing a Decisive Victory: Emperor Hirohito and Japan's War with the West (1941–1945)"</a>. In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1708-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1708-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/91972030/in-the-service-of-the-emperor-essays-on-the-imperial">the original</a> on 12 November 2018 – via Archived copy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chasing+a+Decisive+Victory%3A+Emperor+Hirohito+and+Japan%27s+War+with+the+West+%281941%E2%80%931945%29&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1708-9&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F91972030%2Fin-the-service-of-the-emperor-essays-on-the-imperial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fujiwara, Akira, Shōwa Tennō no Jū-go Nen Sensō (Shōwa Emperor's Fifteen-year War), Aoki Shoten, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-250-91043-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-250-91043-1">4-250-91043-1</a> (based on the primary sources)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenari1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hidenari, Terasaki (1991). Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku [Emperor Showa's Monologue] (in Japanese). Bungei Shūnjusha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C5%8Dwa+tenn%C5%8D+dokuhakuroku&rft.pub=Bungei+Sh%C5%ABnjusha&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hidenari&rft.aufirst=Terasaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Palmer_Hoyt1992" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Palmer Hoyt (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hirohitoemperora00hoyt">Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man</a>. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94069-0"><bdi>978-0-275-94069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito%3A+The+Emperor+and+the+Man&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94069-0&rft.au=Edwin+Palmer+Hoyt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhirohitoemperora00hoyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToshiaki_Kawahara1990" class="citation book cs1">Toshiaki Kawahara (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hirohitohistimes0000kawa">Hirohito and His Times: A Japanese Perspective</a>. Kodansha America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-979-8"><bdi>978-0-87011-979-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+His+Times%3A+A+Japanese+Perspective&rft.pub=Kodansha+America&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-979-8&rft.au=Toshiaki+Kawahara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhirohitohistimes0000kawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Laquerre, Paul-Yanic Showa: Chronicles of a Fallen God, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1729431597" title="Special:BookSources/978-1729431597">978-1729431597</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00H6W4TYI">B00H6W4TYI</a></li> <li>Mosley, Leonard Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-111-75539-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-111-75539-6">1-111-75539-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-199-99760-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-199-99760-9">1-199-99760-9</a>, The first full-length biography, it gives his basic story.</li> <li>Pike, Francis. Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945 (2016) 1208pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1959" class="citation book cs1">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ">The Imperial House of Japan</a>. Ponsonby Memorial Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan&rft.pub=Ponsonby+Memorial+Society&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Ponsonby-Fane&rft.aufirst=Richard+Arthur+Brabazon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLAeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakabayashi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021647/http://chinajapan.org/articles/04.1/04.1wakabayashi4-27.pdf">"Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China"</a> (PDF). Sino-Japanese Studies. 4 (1): 4–27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinajapan.org/articles/04.1/04.1wakabayashi4-27.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Emperor+Hirohito+on+Localized+Aggression+in+China&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-27&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wakabayashi&rft.aufirst=Bob+Tadashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinajapan.org%2Farticles%2F04.1%2F04.1wakabayashi4-27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzler1998" class="citation book cs1">Wetzler, Peter (1998). Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1925-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+War%3A+Imperial+Tradition+and+Military+Decision+Making+in+Prewar+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1925-5&rft.aulast=Wetzler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_articles">News articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2018" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Motoko (24 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/asia/japan-hirohito-war-diary.html">"Aide's Diary Suggests Hirohito Agonized over His War Responsibility"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aide%27s+Diary+Suggests+Hirohito+Agonized+over+His+War+Responsibility&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Motoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F24%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjapan-hirohito-war-diary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirohito" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Brands, Hal. "The Emperor's New Clothes: American Views of Hirohito after World War II." Historian 68#1 pp. 1–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24453490">online</a></li> <li>Wilson, Sandra. "Enthroning Hirohito: Culture and Nation in 1920s Japan" Journal of Japanese Studies 37#2 (2011), pp. 289–323. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41337678">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hirohito" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Hirohito">Hirohito</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Hirohito">Hirohito</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018195813/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/history/history11.html">Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun</a> at the Imperial Household Agency website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scarsdalemura-kara.com/emperor.htm">Reflections on Emperor Hirohito's death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386375/">Hirohito</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007894">Newspaper clippings about Hirohito</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Hirohito </div><div><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a></div>Born: 29 April 1901 Died: 7 January 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> 25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Japan&#124;alt=Japan_Emperors_of_Japan_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Japan" title="Template:Monarchs of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.6em"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="660_BC–291_BC" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">660 BC–291 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Jimmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suizei" title="Emperor Suizei">Suizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Annei" title="Emperor Annei">Annei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Itoku" title="Emperor Itoku">Itoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōshō">Kōshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dan" title="Emperor Kōan">Kōan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.6em"><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="290_BC–269_AD" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">290 BC–269 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Drei" title="Emperor Kōrei">Kōrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dgen" title="Emperor Kōgen">Kōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kaika" title="Emperor Kaika">Kaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sujin" title="Emperor Sujin">Sujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suinin" title="Emperor Suinin">Suinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Keik%C5%8D" title="Emperor Keikō">Keikō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Seimu" title="Emperor Seimu">Seimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%ABai" title="Emperor Chūai">Chūai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB" title="Empress Jingū">Jingū</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.6em"><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="269–539" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">269–539</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cjin" title="Emperor Ōjin">Ōjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nintoku" title="Emperor Nintoku">Nintoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rich%C5%AB" title="Emperor Richū">Richū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hanzei" title="Emperor Hanzei">Hanzei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ingy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ingyō">Ingyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ank%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ankō">Ankō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%ABryaku" title="Emperor Yūryaku">Yūryaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Seinei" title="Emperor Seinei">Seinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kenz%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kenzō">Kenzō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ninken" title="Emperor Ninken">Ninken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Buretsu" title="Emperor Buretsu">Buretsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Keitai" title="Emperor Keitai">Keitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ankan" title="Emperor Ankan">Ankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Senka" title="Emperor Senka">Senka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.6em"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="539–710" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">539–710</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kinmei" title="Emperor Kinmei">Kinmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bidatsu" title="Emperor Bidatsu">Bidatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Yōmei">Yōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sushun" title="Emperor Sushun">Sushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Suiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jomei" title="Emperor Jomei">Jomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dgyoku" title="Empress Kōgyoku">Kōgyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dgyoku" title="Empress Kōgyoku">Saimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenji" title="Emperor Tenji">Tenji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dbun" title="Emperor Kōbun">Kōbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Tenmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jit%C5%8D" title="Empress Jitō">Jitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Monmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Genmei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="710–794" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">710–794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Genmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Gensh%C5%8D" title="Empress Genshō">Genshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Shōmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Kōken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Junnin" title="Emperor Junnin">Junnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dnin" title="Emperor Kōnin">Kōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">Kanmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="794–1185" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">794–1185</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">Kanmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Heizei" title="Emperor Heizei">Heizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Junna" title="Emperor Junna">Junna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ninmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninmyō">Ninmyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Montoku" title="Emperor Montoku">Montoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Seiwa" title="Emperor Seiwa">Seiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Yōzei">Yōzei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōkō">Kōkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Uda" title="Emperor Uda">Uda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daigo" title="Emperor Daigo">Daigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzaku" title="Emperor Suzaku">Suzaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Murakami" title="Emperor Murakami">Murakami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Reizei" title="Emperor Reizei">Reizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_En%27y%C5%AB" title="Emperor En'yū">En'yū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kazan" title="Emperor Kazan">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ichijō">Ichijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sanj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Sanjō">Sanjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Ichijō">Go-Ichijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Suzaku" title="Emperor Go-Suzaku">Go-Suzaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Reizei" title="Emperor Go-Reizei">Go-Reizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sanj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Sanjō">Go-Sanjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa" title="Emperor Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Horikawa" title="Emperor Horikawa">Horikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Toba" title="Emperor Toba">Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sutoku" title="Emperor Sutoku">Sutoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Konoe" title="Emperor Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Go-Shirakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Nijō">Nijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rokuj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Rokujō">Rokujō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Takakura" title="Emperor Takakura">Takakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Antoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Go-Toba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1185–1333" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1185–1333</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Go-Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Tsuchimikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Juntoku" title="Emperor Juntoku">Juntoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D" title="Emperor Chūkyō">Chūkyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Horikawa" title="Emperor Go-Horikawa">Go-Horikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shijō">Shijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Saga" title="Emperor Go-Saga">Go-Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fukakusa" title="Emperor Go-Fukakusa">Go-Fukakusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kameyama" title="Emperor Kameyama">Kameyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Uda" title="Emperor Go-Uda">Go-Uda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi" title="Emperor Fushimi">Fushimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fushimi" title="Emperor Go-Fushimi">Go-Fushimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Nijō">Go-Nijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hanazono" title="Emperor Hanazono">Hanazono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Go-Daigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Court" title="Northern Court">Northern Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1333–1392" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1333–1392</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dgon" title="Emperor Kōgon">Kōgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōmyō">Kōmyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Sukō">Sukō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-K%C5%8Dgon" title="Emperor Go-Kōgon">Go-Kōgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-En%27y%C5%AB" title="Emperor Go-En'yū">Go-En'yū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Komatsu" title="Emperor Go-Komatsu">Go-Komatsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1333–1573" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1333–1573</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Murakami" title="Emperor Go-Murakami">Go-Murakami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%8Dkei" title="Emperor Chōkei">Chōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kameyama" title="Emperor Go-Kameyama">Go-Kameyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Komatsu" title="Emperor Go-Komatsu">Go-Komatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shōkō">Shōkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Hanazono" title="Emperor Go-Hanazono">Go-Hanazono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado">Go-Tsuchimikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kashiwabara" title="Emperor Go-Kashiwabara">Go-Kashiwabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Go-Nara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Ōgimachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi-Momoyama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1573–1603" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1573–1603</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Ōgimachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Go-Yōzei">Go-Yōzei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1603–1868" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1603–1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Go-Yōzei">Go-Yōzei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Mizunoo" title="Emperor Go-Mizunoo">Go-Mizunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Meish%C5%8D" title="Empress Meishō">Meishō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Kōmyō">Go-Kōmyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sai" title="Emperor Go-Sai">Go-Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Reigen" title="Emperor Reigen">Reigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Higashiyama" title="Emperor Higashiyama">Higashiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nakamikado" title="Emperor Nakamikado">Nakamikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sakuramachi" title="Emperor Sakuramachi">Sakuramachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Momozono" title="Emperor Momozono">Momozono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Go-Sakuramachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Momozono" title="Emperor Go-Momozono">Go-Momozono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dkaku" title="Emperor Kōkaku">Kōkaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nink%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninkō">Ninkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Kōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1868–1947" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1868–1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shōwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1947–present" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; font-size:90%;">1947–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shōwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>  * <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Japan" title="Empress of Japan">Imperial Consort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB" title="Empress Jingū">Empress Jingū</a> is not traditionally listed. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Japanese_monarchs" title="Family tree of Japanese monarchs">Imperial family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Japanese_throne" title="Succession to the Japanese throne">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperial_tombs" title="Japanese imperial tombs">Imperial tombs</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_Japan" title="Category:Emperors of Japan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_princes" title="Template:Japanese princes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_princes" title="Template talk:Japanese princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese princes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese princes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;;background:#FFFFFF; color:#000000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #CC0033, inset -2px -2px 0 #CC0033;"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;;width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yukihito,_Prince_Take&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yukihito, Prince Take (page does not exist)">Yukihito, Prince Take</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%AE%AE%E6%95%AC%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:建宮敬仁親王">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Yoshihito, Emperor Taishō</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michihito,_Prince_Aki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michihito, Prince Aki (page does not exist)">Michihito, Prince Aki</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%AE%E7%8C%B7%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:昭宮猷仁親王">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teruhito,_Prince_Mitsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teruhito, Prince Mitsu (page does not exist)">Teruhito, Prince Mitsu</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%AE%AE%E8%BC%9D%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:満宮輝仁親王">ja</a>]</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/80px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/120px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/160px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;;width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhito,_Prince_Chichibu" title="Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu">Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahito,_Prince_Mikasa" title="Takahito, Prince Mikasa">Takahito, Prince Mikasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;;width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Emperor Emeritus Akihito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahito,_Prince_Hitachi" title="Masahito, Prince Hitachi">Masahito, Prince Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tomohito_of_Mikasa" title="Prince Tomohito of Mikasa">Prince Tomohito of Mikasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihito,_Prince_Katsura" title="Yoshihito, Prince Katsura">Yoshihito, Prince Katsura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norihito,_Prince_Takamado" title="Norihito, Prince Takamado">Norihito, Prince Takamado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;;width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Emperor Naruhito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihito,_Crown_Prince_of_Japan" title="Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan">Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0033; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #BFA648, inset -2px -2px 0 #BFA648;;width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hisahito_of_Akishino" title="Prince Hisahito of Akishino">Prince Hisahito of Akishino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sesshō" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sessh%C5%8D" title="Template:Sesshō"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sessh%C5%8D" title="Template talk:Sesshō"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sessh%C5%8D" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sesshō"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sesshō" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">Sesshō</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Umayado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yoshifusa" title="Fujiwara no Yoshifusa">Fujiwara no Yoshifusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Mototsune" title="Fujiwara no Mototsune">Fujiwara no Mototsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tokihira" title="Fujiwara no Tokihira">Fujiwara no Tokihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadahira" title="Fujiwara no Tadahira">Fujiwara no Tadahira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Saneyori" title="Fujiwara no Saneyori">Fujiwara no Saneyori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Koretada" title="Fujiwara no Koretada">Fujiwara no Koretada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kaneie" title="Fujiwara no Kaneie">Fujiwara no Kaneie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michitaka" title="Fujiwara no Michitaka">Fujiwara no Michitaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga" title="Fujiwara no Michinaga">Fujiwara no Michinaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yorimichi" title="Fujiwara no Yorimichi">Fujiwara no Yorimichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Morozane" title="Fujiwara no Morozane">Fujiwara no Morozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadazane" title="Fujiwara no Tadazane">Fujiwara no Tadazane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadamichi" title="Fujiwara no Tadamichi">Fujiwara no Tadamichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Motozane" title="Konoe Motozane">Konoe Motozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Motofusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara no Motofusa">Fujiwara no Motofusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Motomichi" title="Konoe Motomichi">Konoe Motomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsudono_Moroie" title="Matsudono Moroie">Matsudono Moroie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Kanezane" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujō Kanezane">Kujō Kanezane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Motomichi" title="Konoe Motomichi">Konoe Motomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yoshitsune" title="Kujō Yoshitsune">Kujō Yoshitsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Iezane" title="Konoe Iezane">Konoe Iezane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michiie" title="Kujō Michiie">Kujō Michiie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Norizane" title="Kujō Norizane">Kujō Norizane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsune" title="Konoe Kanetsune">Konoe Kanetsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Sanetsune" title="Ichijō Sanetsune">Ichijō Sanetsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsune" title="Konoe Kanetsune">Konoe Kanetsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanehira" title="Takatsukasa Kanehira">Takatsukasa Kanehira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tadaie" title="Kujō Tadaie">Kujō Tadaie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Ietsune" title="Ichijō Ietsune">Ichijō Ietsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanetada" title="Takatsukasa Kanetada">Takatsukasa Kanetada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Kanemoto" title="Nijō Kanemoto">Nijō Kanemoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Moronori" title="Kujō Moronori">Kujō Moronori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyuhira" title="Takatsukasa Fuyuhira">Takatsukasa Fuyuhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto" title="Nijō Yoshimoto">Nijō Yoshimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsugu" title="Konoe Kanetsugu">Konoe Kanetsugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto" title="Nijō Yoshimoto">Nijō Yoshimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mochimoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nijō Mochimoto">Nijō Mochimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nij%C5%8D_Kaneyoshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nijō Kaneyoshi (page does not exist)">Nijō Kaneyoshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Akiyoshi" title="Ichijō Akiyoshi">Ichijō Akiyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yasumichi" title="Nijō Yasumichi">Nijō Yasumichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michifusa" title="Kujō Michifusa">Kujō Michifusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mitsuhira" title="Nijō Mitsuhira">Nijō Mitsuhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fusasuke" title="Takatsukasa Fusasuke">Takatsukasa Fusasuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Kaneteru" title="Ichijō Kaneteru">Ichijō Kaneteru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Iehiro" title="Konoe Iehiro">Konoe Iehiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Sukezane" title="Kujō Sukezane">Kujō Sukezane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Michika" title="Ichijō Michika">Ichijō Michika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Uchisaki" title="Konoe Uchisaki">Konoe Uchisaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Naozane" title="Kujō Naozane">Kujō Naozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Nariyuki" title="Nijō Nariyuki">Nijō Nariyuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown Prince Hirohito</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34479#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34479#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34479#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121426121">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/87910387">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54633/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmFpgmWj36WTmdrPbmVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118639641">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056896">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121170893">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121170893">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00083479">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV150358">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35197084">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700719&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071630112">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90502441">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000143200&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000221103">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201718522">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrx6gv583wtt3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675777005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262753005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000127525">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614784606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01476458?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/860896">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118639641.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118639641">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029573629">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580638">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jd62p0">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirohito&oldid=1259742638">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirohito&oldid=1259742638</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hirohito" title="Category:Hirohito">Hirohito</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_Japan" title="Category:Emperors of Japan">Emperors of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_births" title="Category:1901 births">1901 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1989_deaths" title="Category:1989 deaths">1989 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Japanese_monarchs" title="Category:20th-century Japanese monarchs">20th-century Japanese monarchs</a></li><li><a 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